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Observations of LEAP 222 SURFACE CO2, CH4 AND RN CONCENTRATIONS AND EMISSIONS OVER RUSSIA FROM OBSERVATIONS IN TROICA EXPERIMENTS E.V. Berezina A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Pyzhevsky lane, 119017 Moscow, Russia [email protected] Estimation of greenhouse gases emissions is a very important problem but it is complex enough because of nonunifornm distribution of greenhouse gases sources and sinks in the surface atmospheric layer. A chemically inert radioactive gas 222Rn emitted from the soil more or less uniformly over the continents [Biraud at al., 2000] can help in solving this problem. The only significant sink of 222Rn is a radioactive decay and its half-life (~3.8 days) is long enough to use it as a reference tracer for investigations of different atmospheric processes including emissions of different compounds over land [1-5]. 222 In this paper the Rn tracer method for estimation of biogenic CO2 and CH4 emissions over continental Russia from continuous measurements in railroad expeditions TROICA (Transcontinental Observations Into the Chemistry of the Atmosphere) along the Trans-Siberian railroad crossing the immense territory of Russia with different meteorological and geological features is presented. 222 Surface CO2, CH4 and Rn concentrations as well as meteorological parameters were measured simultaneously at a height of about 4-5 meters during the mobile laboratory movement in 7 expeditions 222 from Moscow to Vladivostok and back. The obtained data allowed us to investigate CO2, CH4 and Rn variations over the continent in detail. It was noted that night concentrations of the observed gases are significantly higher than the day ones that is caused by the influence of temperature inversions. During the expeditions surface temperature inversions were observed from 18:00-19:00 to 06:00 - 07:00 LT (LT - local time) in the warm season and from 16:00 to 08:00-09:00 LT in the cold season. At this time CO2, 222 CH4 and Rn concentrations increased to their maximum values being observed near the sunrise. Thus, the stable atmospheric stratification results in accumulation of atmospheric compounds in the surface 222 layer. An example of diurnal variation of CO2, CH4 and Rn concentrations and their accumulation in the surface inversion layer from measurements along the Trans-Siberian railroad from Moscow to Vladivostok in summer 2007 (22.07-05.08) is presented in Fig.1. In unpolluted conditions (NO < 0.3 ppb) there is a high positive correlation (R = 0.75 – 0.95) of 222Rn and the greenhouse gases. We used the slopes of the regression lines for the cases with a high positive correlation (that indicates biogenic sources of the observed gases) and 222Rn flux values estimated from its surface concentrations measured in the expeditions under inversion conditions for different regions of Russia. To calculate 222Rn flux values, we excepted that 222Rn emitted from the soil during the night does not rise above the inversion top which was about 200 meters on average according to the summer measurements in TROICA. The vertical profile of radon concentration up to the inversion top was calculated using a mathematical model based on the non-stationary differential diffusion equation with a variable diffusion coefficient corresponding to inversion conditions. 222Rn flux was calculated from the total 222Rn content change in the vertical column of the atmosphere with time in the period from inversion formation to its destruction for Russian regions with uniform geological and meteorological conditions. The obtained 222Rn flux values are in agreement with the data reported in the literature. The summer values (the measurements from 1999 to 2008) vary over continental Russia from 0.004 to 0.057 Bq/m2s. Thus, we estimated nocturnal biogenic CO2 and CH4 emissions in the surface layer over Russian territory for measurements in summer 2007 (22.07- 05.08) to be from 1.9 to 7.01 mmol/m2h and from 0.002 to 0.02 mmol/m2h, respectively. The obtained results are planned to be supplemented and improved by the data of further expeditions. 222 Fig.1. Spatial distribution of CO2, CH4, Rn concentrations and the inversion top along the Trans- Siberian railroad from Moscow to Vladivostok and back in summer 2007 (22.07-05.08). References [1] S. Biraud et al., 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 105, D1, 1351–1366. [2] H. Dörr et al., 1983, J. Geophys. Res., 88, C2, 1309–1313. [3] M. Shmidt et al., 1996, Tellus, 48, 457–473. [4] C.Dueñas et al., 1999, Atmos. Environ., 33, 501-510. [5] Messager et al., 2008, Atmos.Chem.Phys.Discuss., 8, 1191-1237 Acknowledgments. The work is supported by Russian Basic Research Foundation (project No. 10-05- 00317, 10-05-00272). The authors thank I. B. Belikov, C.A.M. Brenninkmejer, A.M. Grisenko for active participation in the organization of TROICA experiments and all participants for taking part in the measurements during expeditions. CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER VAPOUR FLUXES OF TROPICAL PASTURE AND AFFORESTATION Sebastian Wolf, Werner Eugster, Nina Buchmann ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Switzerland [email protected] Tropical ecosystems play an important role for the global carbon and water cycle. They account for 60% of the global terrestrial gross primary production [1], contain 40% of the carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere [2] and are a major constituent of the global land-atmosphere water exchange [3]. With ongoing deforestation and land-use change, the tropics are increasingly influenced by agroecosystems and pastures [4]. It is not yet fully understood how the carbon and water cycle in the tropics respond to land-use change, particularly in such managed ecosystems, as continuous flux measurements in the tropics are still scarce. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the biosphere- atmosphere interactions of managed ecosystems in the tropics. Our study investigated ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour (H2O) fluxes of tropical pasture and native tree species afforestation with the main focus on seasonal variations and carbon sequestration potentials. Comparative eddy covariance measurements of ecosystem CO2 and H2O fluxes were performed in Sardinilla (Panama) from 2007 to 2009. Pronounced seasonal variations were observed in gross primary production (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (TER) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE), which were closely related to radiation, soil moisture and C3 versus C4 plant physiology. The pasture ecosystem was more susceptible to water limitations during the dry season and thus, the conversion from pasture to afforestation reduced seasonal variations in GPP, TER and NEE. Furthermore, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and associated increases in precipitation variability were found to have a strong impact on seasonal variations of CO2 fluxes, particularly on the pasture ecosystem. Soil respiration contributed about half of TER during nighttime, with only small differences between ecosystems or seasons. Temperature was found to have no effect on ecosystem and soil respiration in Sardinilla. Annual GPP was higher in the pasture (2345 gC m-2 yr-1) than in the afforestation ecosystem (2082 gC m-2 yr-1) but overall lower than reported from tropical forests. Substantial carbon sequestration was found in the afforestation (-442 gC m-2 yr-1, negative values denote ecosystem carbon uptake) during 2008, which was in good agreement with biometric observations (-450 gC m-2 yr-1) revealing a total carbon stock of 2122 gC m-2 in above and belowground biomass. Furthermore, estimates for 2007 and 2009 indicated also strong carbon uptake by the afforestation ecosystem. In contrast, the pasture ecosystem was a similarly strong carbon source in 2008 and 2009 (261 gC m-2) and carbon losses were predominantly associated with high stocking densities and periodical overgrazing. The carbon losses from the pasture originated primarily from soil organic matter. Stable isotope (δ13C) analysis indicated rapid carbon turnover following the land conversion from C4 pasture to C3 afforestation. The afforestation of tropical pasture only marginally affected annual ecosystem-scale evapotranspiration (ET; 1114 vs. 1034 mm yr-1 in 2008), but reduced the seasonal variations in ET and largely increased the soil infiltration potential. About half of the annual precipitation was returned to the atmosphere by ET from both ecosystems. In summary, our results present the first multi-year eddy covariance measured CO2 and H2O fluxes for tropical pasture and afforestation in Panama and are one of the very few ecosystem flux studies from Central America. The results underline the substantial carbon sequestration potential of tropical afforestation and show the impact of seasonal drought and overgrazing on carbon losses from a pasture. Moreover, the land-use change from pasture to afforestation can reduce the seasonal variations of CO2 and H2O fluxes and enhance the ecosystem resilience to seasonal drought. References [1] C. Beer et al., 2010, Science, 329, 834. [2] J. Grace et al., 2001, in: Terrestrial Global Productivity, J. Roy et al., Eds. (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA), pp. 401-426. [3] D. Werth and R. Avissar, 2004, J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 100. [4] P. M. Fearnside, 2005, Conserv. Biol., 19, 680. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMAZONIAN CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI Micael Amore Cecchini (1), Paulo Artaxo(2) (1) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil (2) Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil [email protected] Aerosol particles play an important role on the earth climate, as they interact directly with the incident solar radiation and can alter clouds properties by serving as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) (IPCC, 2007). The goal of this work is to study the Amazonian atmospheric aerosols, particularly those from biogenic emissions, through the characterization of their physicochemical and optical properties. We will analyze the aerosol light scattering properties jointly with their efficiency at acting as CCN. The data were collected during the LBA/AMAZE-08 campaign on the city of Manaus- AM, during the period from February 7 to March 12, at the wet season.
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