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Orkantief Sabine Löst Am 09./10. Februar 2020 Eine Schwere Sturmlage Über Europa Aus

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Orkantief Sabine Löst Am 09./10. Februar 2020 Eine Schwere Sturmlage Über Europa Aus Abteilung Klimaüberwachung Orkantief Sabine löst am 09./10. Februar 2020 eine schwere Sturmlage über Europa aus Autor(inn)en: Susanne Haeseler, Peter Bissolli, Jan Dassler, Volker Zins, Andrea Kreis Stand: 13.02.2020 Zusammenfassung Orkantief SABINE (in Westeuropa CIARA und in Norwegen ELSA benannt) löste am 9./10. Februar 2020 deutschlandweit Sturmböen bis Orkanstärke (12 Bft) aus. Die höchste Böe meldete der Feldberg im Schwarzwald am 10. Januar mit 49,1 m/s bzw. 177 km/h. Der Kern des Orkantiefs zog vom Atlantik kommend über Schottland nach Norwegen, wobei der Kerndruck zeitweise unter 945 hPa lag. Zwischen Nord- und Südeuropa bestanden Luftdruckunterschiede von etwa 80 hPa. Das dadurch generierte Sturmfeld erfasste weite Teile West-, Mittel- und Nordeuropas. In Deutschland war der Sturm, der sich von der Nordsee in Richtung Alpen ausweitete, von teils kräftigen Schauern und Gewittern begleitet. An der Nordsee gab es vom 10. bis 12. Januar mehrere teils schwere Sturmfluten (Abb. 1 und 4). Die extreme Sturmlage war schon Tage vorher angekündigt und es wurde von Tätigkeiten im Freien sowie Reisen während dieser Zeit abgeraten. Sport- und Musikveranstaltungen wurden vorsichtshalber abgesagt. Am 9./10. Februar stellte die Bahn in Deutschland den Verkehr zeitweise ein. Flüge und Fährverbindungen fielen aus. Viele Schulen und Kindergärten blieben am 10. Februar geschlossen. Der Sturm ließ in den betroffenen Ländern Bäume umstürzen und deckte Hausdächer ab. Auf den Britischen Inseln kam es zu Überschwemmungen. In einigen Regionen (auch in Deutschland) gab es Stromausfälle. Abbildung 1: Sturmflut am Weststrand von Norderney. Die Wellen laufen bis auf die Promenade, die als Küstenschutz dient, herauf. [© Frank Kahl, DWD] 1 Abstract The deep low SABINE (also named CIARA in Western Europe and ELSA in Norway) triggered gale up to hurricane force (12 Bft) throughout Germany on 9/10 February 2020. The weather station on the mountain Feldberg in the Black Forest recorded the nationally highest gust of 49.1 m/s or 177 km/h on 10 February 2020. While the centre of the deep low moved from the Atlantic Ocean via Scotland to Norway, the central pressure was temporarily below 945 hPa. There were air pressure differences of about 80 hPa between northern and southern Europe. The resulting storm field covered large parts of Western, Central and Northern Europe. In Germany, the storm spread from the North Sea towards the Alps, and was accompanied by some heavy showers and thunderstorms. Several storm surges, some of them severe, occurred at the North Sea from 10 to 12 January (Fig. 1 and 4). The extreme storm event was announced days before and people were advised to avoid outdoor activities and travels during this time. Sport and music events were cancelled as a precaution. On 9/10 February, the German railways temporarily stopped operating. Flights and ferry connections were cancelled. Many schools and kindergartens remained closed on 10 February. In the affected countries, trees fell down and roofs were damaged by the storm. Floods occurred in the British Isles. In some regions (also in Germany) there were power outages. Beau Mittlere Windgeschwindigkeit in fort- Bezeichnung 10m Höhe über freiem Gelände grad m/s km/h 0 Windstille 0 - 0,2 < 1 1 leiser Zug 0,3 - 1,5 1 - 5 2 leichte Brise 1,6 - 3,3 6 - 11 3 schwache Brise, schwacher Wind 3,4 - 5,4 12 - 19 4 mäßige Brise mäßiger Wind 5,5 - 7,9 20 - 28 5 frische Brise frischer Wind 8,0 - 10,7 29 - 38 6 starker Wind 10,8 - 13,8 39 - 49 7 steifer Wind 13,9 - 17,1 50 - 61 8 stürmischer Wind 17,2 - 20,7 62 - 74 9 Sturm 20,8 - 24,4 75 - 88 10 schwerer Sturm 24,5 - 28,4 89 - 102 11 orkanartiger Sturm 28,5 - 32,6 103 - 117 12 Orkan ab 32,7 ab 118 2 Wetterlage Über dem Nordatlantik lag am 9. Februar 2020 ein umfangreiches Tiefdruckgebiet. An dessen Südflanke hatte sich ein kräftiges Randtief gebildet, welches unter Intensivierung über Schottland nach Norwegen zog und den Namen SABINE erhielt (Abb. 2). Abbildung 2: Zugbahn von Orkantief SABINE vom 8. bis 11. Februar 2020. [Quelle: DWD] Der Kerndruck des Tiefs lag zeitweise unter 945 hPa (Tab. 1; Abb. 3). An der Nordwestküste Norwegens erreichte er seinen Minimalwert von rund 943 hPa. In Tabelle 1 sind einige der Luftdruckwerte aufgeführt. Tab. 1: Auf Meeresniveau reduzierte Luftdruckwerte (hPa) einiger Stationen während des Durchzugs von Orkantief SABINE. [Quelle: DWD] Luftdruck auf WMO-Nr. Station Datum Zeit (UTC) Meereshöhe 03005 Lerwick (Schottland) 09.02.2020 16:00 948,5 03017 Stornoway (Schottland) 09.02.2020 13:00 947,7 03026 Kirkwall Airport (Schottland) 09.02.2020 15:00 945,0 01102 Sklinna Fyr (Norwegen) 10.02.2020 05:00 943,1 01121 Nord-Solvaer (Norwegen) 10.02.2020 07:00 942,7 01217 Molde/Aro (Norwegen) 10.02.2020 00:00 943,9 01259 Buholmrasa Fyr (Norwegen) 10.02.2020 03:00 943,9 3 Zwischen Nord- und Südeuropa ergaben sich Luftdruckunterschiede von etwa 80 hPa (Abb. 3), woraus eine über mehrere Tage andauernde Sturmlage über West-, Mittel- und Nordeuropa resultierte. Abbildung 3: Bodenanalyse vom 10. Februar 2020, 00 UTC. Der Kern des Orkantiefs SABINE befindet sich an der Westküste Norwegens. [Quelle: DWD] In Deutschland traten an der Nordsee erste schwere Sturmböen (10 Bft) am Sonntagmittag (9. Februar) auf. Das Sturmfeld weitete sich dann im Tagesverlauf und am folgenden Tag (10.Februar) Richtung Alpenraum aus, wobei die teilokkludierte Kaltfront von Orkantief SABINE von Sonntagabend bis Montagvormittag Deutschland von Nordwest nach Südost überquerte. Im Bereich dieser Kaltfront wurden die höchsten Windspitzen erwartet. Nachfolgend ließ der Wind zwar im Allgemeinen etwas nach, doch es blieb auch in den folgenden Tagen stürmisch. An einigen Stationen wurden am 11. Februar sogar noch etwas höhere Spitzenböen gemessen als in den Tagen zuvor. Näheres zu den Windgeschwindigkeiten folgt im nächsten Kapitel. In Verbindung mit den anhaltend kräftigen Winden aus westlichen Richtungen kam es an der Nordsee vom 10. bis 12. Februar zu mehreren teils schweren Sturmfluten, wie z.B. in Hamburg. Im Bereich der Kaltfront von SABINE fielen kurzzeitig intensive Niederschläge, aber auch rückseitig der Front gab es noch einige kräftige Schauer. Insgesamt brachte SABINE Tagesniederschläge bis um 40 mm. 4 Windgeschwindigkeiten von SABINE im Vergleich mit KYRILL Sturm- und Orkantiefs bilden sich bevorzugt im Herbst und Winter, da dann die Temperaturunterschiede zwischen den subtropischen und den polaren Gebieten besonders groß sind. Orkanartige Böen (11 Bft) und Orkanböen (12 Bft) treten dabei am häufigsten im Insel- und Küstenbereich sowie in (exponierten) Höhenlagen auf. Sind auch andere Gebiete betroffen, wie bei SABINE, kann man zwar von einem besonderen Ereignis sprechen, doch gab es vor SABINE noch stärkere Orkane. Zu einem dieser Orkane zählt KYRILL, der am 18./19. Januar 2007, ähnlich wie SABINE, ganz Deutschland erfasste und schwere Schäden anrichtete. Im Folgenden werden die Spitzenböen von Orkan SABINE am 9./10. Februar 2020 mit denen von KYRILL am 18./19. Januar 2007 verglichen. Die Abbildungen zeigen zunächst Karten der täglichen Windspitzen. Schon hier fällt auf, dass KYRILL an deutlich mehr Stationen sehr hohe Böen auslöste. Maximale Windspitzen (m/s) während des Orkans Maximale Windspitzen (m/s) während des Orkans SABINE am 09.02.2020 SABINE am 10.02.2020 5 Maximale Windspitzen (m/s) während des Orkans Maximale Windspitzen (m/s) während des Orkans KYRILL am 18.01.2007 KYRILL am 19.01.2007 Bei 28,5 bis 32,6 m/s (11 Bft) spricht man von orkanartigen Böen, bei 32,7 m/s und mehr (12 Bft) von Orkanböen. [Quelle: DWD/CDC] Die maximale Windspitze bei Orkan SABINE meldete der Feldberg/Schwarzwald mit 49,1 m/s (177 km/h) am 10. Februar 2020. Während KYRILL trat am Wendelstein am 18. Januar 2007 dagegen eine Böe von 56,3 m/s (203 km/h) auf. Vergleicht man die absoluten Böenmaxima, die während der Orkane SABINE und KYRILL aufgetreten sind, ergibt sich die in Abbildung 4 dargestellte Häufigkeitsverteilung. Für SABINE wurde dabei der Zeitraum vom 9. bis 11. Februar 2020 betrachtet, wobei die Werte von 260 Stationen in die Analyse eingingen. Für KYRILL war es der 18. und 19. Januar 2007 mit den Werten von 247 Stationen. Die Anzahl betrachteter Stationen war also annähernd gleich. 6 Abbildung 4: Häufigkeit der maximalen Windstärken (Bft) während des Orkans SABINE (9.-11. Februar 2020; 260 Stationen) im Vergleich zu KYRILL (18./19. Januar 2007; 247 Stationen). 12+ bezeichnet hier extreme Orkanböen der Stärke 12 Bft (ab 118 km/h) von mehr als 140 km/h. [Quelle: DWD] Es zeigt sich, dass die Böenmaxima bei KYRILL zu höheren Werten verschoben sind. Während bei SABINE am häufigsten absolute Spitzenböen von 10 Bft auftraten, waren es bei KYRILL solche von 11 Bft. Auswirkungen in anderen europäischen Ländern Auch andere europäische Länder in West-, Mittel- und Nordeuropa hat Orkantief SABINE (in Westeuropa unter dem Namen CIARA und in Norwegen als ELSA geführt) schwer getroffen. Verbreitet wurden Spitzenböen von mehr als 90 km/h erreicht, d.h. Windstärke 10 Bft und mehr. Einen Überblick über die stärksten Windböen im Zeitraum 9. Februar 2020 06 UTC bis 11. Februar 2020 06 UTC in einzelnen Ländern gibt die nachfolgende Tabelle 2 (basierend auf SYNOP-Stationen und Berichten der nationalen Wetterdienste; an anderen Stationen sind noch höhere Werte möglich). Tabelle 2: Spitzenböen (in km/h) im Zeitraum 9. Februar 2020 (06 UTC) bis 11. Februar 2020 (06 UTC) während Orkan SABINE in einigen europäischen Ländern. [Quelle: DWD] Land Station Spitzenböe (km/h) Belgien Chievres 133 Deutschland Feldberg/Schwarzwald 177 Estland Vilsandi 94 Finnland Hanko Russaro 119 Frankreich Cap Corse 219 Irland Mace Head 126 Lettland Ventspils 90 Niederlande Platform F16-A 140 Norwegen Juvasshoe 133 Österreich Brunnenkogel Feuerkogel Loferer 148 Alm Polen Sniezka 198 Schweden Sylarna 133 Schweiz Gütsch ob Andermatt 202 Slowakei Lomnicky Stit 162 Slowenien Kredarica 115 Spanien Estaca de Bares 113 Tschechien Snezka-Postovna 180 Ungarn Kekesteto 112 Vereinigtes Königreich Cairngorm Summit 202 7 Klimatologische Einordnung Bereits in der ersten Januarhälfte 2020 gab es mehrere sehr kräftige Sturmtiefs über dem Nordostatlantik, die zeitweise einen Kerndruck unter 950 hPa aufwiesen.
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