Preface Introduction
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Notes PREFACE 1. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, ll. 584–5. 2. Leo Lowenthal, ‘Caliban’s Legacy’, Cultural Critique 8 (Winter 1987), 7. 3. George Orwell, ‘Politics and the English Language’, Horizon 76 (April 1946), 258. 4. This despite the recent interest in censorship, with important works such as Jonathan Rose (ed.), The Holocaust and the Book: Destruction and Preservation (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001); James Raven (ed.), Lost Libraries: The Destruction of Great Book Collections since Antiquity (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004); Rebecca Knuth, Libricide (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003); Gerhard Sauder, Die Bücherverbrennung (München: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1983). 5. Shirley Hazzard, Greene on Capri: A Memoir (London: Virago, 2000), p. 78. 6. Seneca, De tranquillitate animi, quoted in Luciano Canfora, The Vanished Library (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), p. 57. 7. Max Brod, ‘Epilogue’ to Franz Kafka, The Trial (London: Penguin, 1985), pp. 252–5. 8. Alan Bennett, Kafka’s Dick (London: S. French, 1987), p. 3. 9. George Steiner, Real Presences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), p. 193. INTRODUCTION 1. Robert Barnes, ‘Cloistered Bookworms in the Chicken-Coop of the Muses: The Ancient Library of Alexandria’, in Roy McLeod (ed.), The Library of Alexandria (London: I.B. Tauris, 2000), p. 74. 2. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London: Methuen, 1911), vol. 5, p. 483. 3. Jon Thiem, ‘The Great Library of Alexandria Burned: Towards the History of a Symbol’, Journal of the History of Ideas 40:4 (October–December, 1979), 507. 4. Jorge Luis Borges, ‘The Wall and the Books’, Other Inquisitions (London: Souvenir Press, 1973), pp. 3–4. 5. Lois Mai Chan, ‘The Burning of the Books in China, 213 B.C.’, Journal of Library History 7 (April 1972), 106. 6. W.H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood, Journey to a War (London: Faber, 1939), p. 143. 7. Rosalind Thomas, ‘Literacy and the City-state in Archaic and Classical Greece’, in Alan K. Bowman and Greg Woolf (eds), Literacy and Power in the Ancient World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 35–6. 8. Frederick H. Cramer, ‘Book Burning and Censorship in Ancient Rome’, Journal of the History of Ideas 6:2 (April 1945), 157–96. 171 172 Burning Books 9. Michel de Montaigne, ‘Of the Affections of Fathers to their Children’, The Essays (Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952), p. 192. 10. Cramer, ‘Book Burning and Censorship in Ancient Rome’, 175. 11. Lorne D. Bruce, ‘A Note on Christian Libraries during the “Great Persecution”’, Journal of Library History 15:2 (Spring 1980), 127–37. 12. Charles Maitland, The Church in the Catacombs: A Description of the Primitive Church of Rome (London: Longman, 1847), p. 156. 13. Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger, ‘Introduction’, in William Popper, The Censorship of Hebrew Books (New York: Ktav, 1969), p. vi. 14. George Haven Putnam, The Censorship of the Church of Rome and its Infl uence upon the Production and Distribution of Literature (New York: Putnam, 1906), pp. 176–7. 15. Philip Friedman, ‘The Fate of the Jewish Book During the Nazi Era’, Jewish Book Annual 13:4 (1957–58), 3–13. 16. Kenneth R. Stow, ‘The Burning of the Talmud in 1553’, Bibliothèque d’Humanisme et Renaissance 34 (1972), 435–59. 17. Rabbi Porto from the second edition of Tur ’Orah Hayim (1564), quoted in Stow, ‘The Burning of the Talmud in 1553’, 440. 18. Popper, The Censorship of Hebrew Books, pp. 29–62. 19. Pierre van Paassen, A Crown of Fire (London: Hutchinson, 1961), p. 229. 20. Putnam, The Censorship of the Church of Rome, vol. 1, p. 207; see also vol. 2, p. 479. 21. Robert Darnton, ‘Censorship, a Comparative View: France, 1789 – East Germany, 1989’, Representations 49 (Winter 1995), 47. 22. Darnton, ‘Censorship, a Comparative View’, 46. 23. Gabriel Peignot, Dictionnaire Critique, Litteraire et Bibliographique des principaux Livres condamnés au feu, supprimés ou censurés (Paris: A.A. Renouard, 1806), p. xxv. 24. Charles Ripley Gillett, Burned Books (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932), p. 24. 25. Charles R. Gillett, Catalogue of the McAlpin Collection (Boston, MA: G.K. Hall, 1979), p. x. 26. Cyndia Susan Clegg, ‘Burning Books as Propaganda in Jacobean England’, in Andrew Hadfi eld (ed.), Literature and Censorship in Renaissance England (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), p. 173. 27. Gillett, Catalogue of the McAlpin Collection, p. x. 28. John Milton, Areopagitica, in Selected Essays (Boston: Houghton Miffl in, 1911), pp. 42, 59. 29. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 138. 30. Jacques Derrida, Cinders (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987), p. 59. 31. Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 79. 32. John Hill Burton, The Book-Hunter (Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1862), p. 197. 33. Montaigne, ‘Of the Affections of Fathers to their Children’, pp. 191–2. 34. George Steiner, In Bluebeard’s Castle (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 88; Faulkner quoted in Lynne McFall, ‘Integrity’, Ethics 98:1 (October 1987), 14. 35. Ray Bradbury, ‘At What Temperature Do Books Burn?’, The Writer 80 (July 1967), 19. 1 THE FEAR OF BOOKS 1. Holbrook Jackson, The Fear of Books (London: Soncino Press, 1932), p. 130. 2. Edward Edwards, Libraries and Founders of Libraries (London: Trübner, 1864), p. 85. 3. Isaac Disraeli, ‘The Destruction of Books’, Curiosities of Literature (London: J. Murray, 1791), vol. 1, p. 64. See also his ‘The War Against Books’, Amenities of Literature (London: Edward Moxon, 1841), vol. 3, pp. 389–420. Notes 173 4. Helen E. Haines, ‘Modern Fiction and the Public Library’, Library Journal 49 (15 May 1924), 457. 5. David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951), p. 165. 6. Borges, ‘The Wall and the Books’, Other Inquisitions, p. 59. 7. Matthew Levinger, Enlightened Nationalism: The Transformation of Prussian Political Culture 1806–1848 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), esp. pp. 111–21. 8. Jean Garagnon, ‘French Imaginary Voyages to the Austral Lands’, in Ian Donaldson (ed.), Australia and the European Imagination (Canberra: Australian National University, 1982), p. 102. 9. Thomas Campanella, City of the Sun (London: Journeyman Press, 1981), p. 62; Simon Berington, The Memoirs of Sigr. Gaudentio di Lucca (London: T. Cooper, 1737), p. viii. I would compare this tradition with Karl Popper’s ‘frank hostility’ towards historicism and the rejection of the ‘open society’. Karl Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies (London: Routledge, 1952), vol. 1, pp. 34–40. 10. Sir Thomas More, Utopia, in Susan Bruce (ed.), Three Early Modern Utopias (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 74. 11. More, Utopia, pp. 86–7. The Utopians enjoy most of Plato and more of Aristotle, and a list of classical and modern texts that had, a note in Susan Bruce’s edition confi rms, recently been published. 12. Margaret Cavendish, The Blazing World (London: Penguin, 1994), p. 130; Thomas Northmore, Memoirs of Planetes, in Gregory Claeys (ed.), Utopias of the British Enlightenment (Cambridge: Pickering & Chatto, 1994), p. 181. 13. James Burgh, An Account of the … Cesares, in Claeys (ed.), Utopias of the British Enlightenment, pp. 114–15. 14. Charles Fourier, Theory of the Four Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 281. 15. Fourier, Theory of the Four Movements, p. 87. 16. Mercier, L’An Deux Mille Quatre Cent Quarante (Amsterdam: Changuion, 1786), p. 331 (my translation). 17. Quoted in Jon Thiem, ‘Great Library of Alexandria Burnt’, Journal of the History of Ideas 40:4 (October–December, 1979), 519. 18. Quoted in Stephen J. Whitfi eld, ‘Where They Burn Books …’, Modern Judaism 22:3 (October 2002), 220. 19. See Darrin M. McMahon, Enemies of the Enlightenment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). 20. Sheryl Kroen, Politics and Theater (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), esp. pp. 39–75. 21. Steiner, In Bluebeard’s Castle, p. 24. 22. See I.F. Clarke, The Pattern of Expectation 1644–2001 (London: Cape, 1979). 23. W.H. Hudson, A Crystal Age (London: Duckworth & Co., 1919), pp. 293–4. 24. Hudson, A Crystal Age, p. 296. 25. Luciano Canfora, The Vanished Library (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989), p. 113. 26. Nathaniel Hawthorne, ‘Earth’s Holocaust’, Mosses from an old Manse (Boston: Houghton, Miffl in, 1882), pp. 446–8. 27. Hawthorne, ‘Earth’s Holocaust’, p. 453. 28. Hawthorne, ‘Earth’s Holocaust’, p. 455. 29. William Cowper, ‘On the burning of Lord Mansfi eld’s Library, together with his MSS. by the Mob, in the Month of June, 1780’, Poems (London: J. Johnson, 1782), p. 319. 30. Ilan Stavans, ‘On Packing my Library’, Transition 9:1/2 (2000), 56. 31. Stavans, ‘On Packing my Library’, p. 56. 32. Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals (New York: Vintage, 1989), p. 54. 33. Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals, p. 58. 174 Burning Books 34. Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals, p. 138. 35. Quoted in Thomas H. Brobjer, ‘Nietzsche’s Reading and Private Library, 1885–1889’, Journal of the History of Ideas 58:4 (October 1997), 663–4. 36. Brobjer, ‘Nietzsche’s Reading and Private Library’, 664. 37. Thomas Browne, Religio Medici, in Works (London: Faber, 1963), vol. 1, p. 35. 38. James Anson Farrer, Books Condemned to be Burnt (London: Elliot Stock, 1892), p. 188. 39. William Blades, Enemies of Books (London: Elliot Stock, 1896), p. 3. 40. Lord Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (London: Cawthorn, Sharpe, Hailes, 1811), p. 83. 41. Holbrook Jackson, The Anatomy of Bibliomania (London: Soncino Press, 1930), vol. 1, p. 309, and vol. 2, p. 117. 42. Jackson, Anatomy of Bibliomania, vol. 1, pp. 158–64. 43. Shakespeare, The Tempest, III: ii: 94. 44. Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1902), p. 33. 45. Christopher Marlowe, Dr Faustus, Complete Works (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), vol.