Maryland Historical Magazine, 1919, Volume 14, Issue No. 4

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Maryland Historical Magazine, 1919, Volume 14, Issue No. 4 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. XIV. DECEMBEE, 1919. No. 4. ROBERT SMITH AND THE NAVY GEORGE E. DAVIES ROBERT SMITH, born, Lancaster, Pa., 1757; died, Baltimore, Md., November 26, 1842; Secretary of tbe Navy, July 9, 1801, to April 1, 1809. Appointed Attorney-General Marcb 3, 1805, to August 7, 1805, but continued to act as Secretary of tbe Navy. Secretary of State from March 6, 1809, to Marcb, 25, 1811. Mucb bas been written of Jobn Barry, Paul Jones, and Edward Preble; tbese are our Naval heroes. Mucb less bas been written of the men who made it possible for these Captains to win their victories. Every naval victory is based upon preparation in men and ships; in money and supplies; in Navy Yards and guns. In this preparatory work in our early Navy, Robert Smith is prominent. He was tbe second Secretary of tbe Navy and it was under his direction that we waged one war and prepared for a second. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson was elected the third President of tbe United States, and a new party came into power. It has often been said that this party, the Republican, found its greatest strength among tbe land-owning gentry of Virginia. But there was also a commercial element in this new party 305 306 MARYLAND HISTOEICAL MAGAZINE. whicli demanded representation in the party councils. Balti- more and Philadelphia at this time ranked third and fourth in the size of their commerce, and each of them had returned Elepublicans to the Seventh Congress; so it was natural that Jefferson should offer the position of Secretary of the JSTavy to the acknowledged leader of the Maryland Democracy, Samuel Smith.' There were personal as well as political reasons for this offer. Samuel Smith was one of the largest ship owners on the Atlantic Coast. The " Peggy," the " Sally," and the " Unicom " 1 bore their owner's flag to Leghorn, London, and Cadiz, and brought back news and numerous casks of wine, both of which Samuel Smith shared with his friend, the new President. Judged by the standard of that time, Samuel Smith was well qualified to fill the post offered him, but he chose to decline the offer, stating that his duty " to his constituents and to his private affairs " made this necessary.2 Instead, he suggested the name of John Mason, or " if no merchant would accept—a gentleman from some other profession," evidently having in mind his brother Robert. A few days later he suggested the curious arrange^ ment that was finally adopted.3 Henry Dearborn, the Secretary of War, was appointed acting Secretary of the Navy, but did none of the work. Samuel Smith, without any appointment whatever, and without salary,' acted as Secretary of the Navy. Meanwhile, the place was offered to two Philadelphia gentle- men, and on their refusal, to Robert Smith.4 It was this delay in filling the place that enabled Henry Adams, the historian of this period, to say that Robert Smith was " an amiable and respectable person, but not of much weight, except through his connections by blood or marriage." 5 These are hardly fair words to apply to a man of forty-four, 1 Baltimore Customs " Kegistry," 1800-1809. 1 J. MSS., Mar. 17, 1801, s. 2, v. 76, No. 66. » J. MSS.. Mar. 20, 1801, s. 2, v. 76, No. 76. 4 J. MSS. Mar. 24, 1801, s. 1, v. 8, No. 79; also Mar. 26, Mass. State Hist. Soe., J. MSS., v. 1, s. 7, p. 97. "Adams: Gallatin: 277. EOBEET SMITH AND THE NAVY. 307 who had acquired the largest admiralty practice of his time,6 who had been offered the position of Judge of the Supreme Court of Maryland, and who had had ten years' experience in the Maryland Assembly. Perhaps Robert Smith's best qualifi- cation for his new office lay, as Jefferson phrased it, " not in his reading of Coke-Littleton—but in the fact, that from his infancy he must have been so familiarized with naval things, that he would be perfectly competent to select proper agents and to judge of their conduct." 7 Jefferson's expectations seem to have been fulfilled, for Goldsborough says of him, " he was particu- larly happy in discovering the merits of the most promising young officers, and in bringing forward our Deeaturs, Sommers, Lawrences, Trippes, and Perxys." 8 When the Republicans took office, they found that they were not as free to carry out their naval plans as they had fancied. Our Navy, at the close of the war with France, consisted of thirteen frigates and seventeen smaller vessels. By the law of 1800, Congress authorized the sale of all but six of the frigates, and Benjamin Stoddert, the Federalist Secretary of the Navy, had by April 1st fulfilled this provision of the law, receiving for the twenty-five ships sold some $275,000. Thus the policy, which naval writers have often attributed to Jefferson, was in reality the policy of the Federal party. This reduction of the Navy, considered at the time a great mistake, was in reality a wise move; for the vessels sold were mainly converted merchant- men which were not strong enough to bear the long 24-pound cannon and carronades which were just then coming into use.9 One important question that confronted the new Government was: the disposal of the small remnant of a Navy that was left. Under the law, only three frigates might be retained in active service. To what point, then, should they be sent ? Gallatin's answer to this question was typical of the man. He believed • Bait. Dist. Ct. Reds. 1799-1800. ' J. MSS. s. 1, v. 8, No. 140a, July 9, 1801. »Naval Chron. 212. •J. MSS.JS. 3, v. 1, No. 120. 308 MAETLAND HISTOEICAL MAGAZINE. that the most pressing need of the Government was the payment of its debts. A government, he argued, should be run like a private business and should have no debts. A Navy was a use- less luxury. " Spain," he said, " had a Navy, but no commerce; while Holland, without a Navy, had large commercial interest.10 On the other hand, Robert Smith declared again and again that our best policy lay in maintaining a large naval force. " Such a nation as Spain would not have dared to have committed such aggressions against our rights had she not been under the impres- sion that we were utterly unprepared for war." 11 At another time he writes: " Peace will only come with fear, and that can only be excited by a respectable squadron. I am inclined to believe that nothing but a formidable squadron will prevent all the Barbary powers from making war against us. A feeble force will subject us to the suspicion of purchasing a peace." 12 Jefferson maintained an attitude of neutrality on this subject. Though he had pledged that the Navy should not be further reduced, he liked to humor G-allatin's economical foibles. On the other hand, he allowed Smith to carry on his plans prac- tically without a check. The result of this division in the Cabinet was unfortunate: Smiths' recommendations for supplies were usually cut down by half; and, when he persisted in carrying out his plans, we see the unhappy Secretary of the Treasury, bitterly complaining that he had no means of raising the money. The Government actually waged a foreign war at a distance of 3,000 miles from home on an appropriation that was meant to cover only the maintenance of three frigates upon our own coast. The figures for a single year will illustrate how badly this financial game of cross purposes worked: in 1803, Congress appropriated $114,000.00 for oak timber for new frigates; $174,000.00 was spent; for gunboats, there was a deficit of $46,000.00. There was a total deficit of $306,000.00 in an expenditure of $1,215,000.00, or about one-fourth of the "Adams: Gallatin: 157. " J. MSS., s. 3, v. 2, No. 54. Sept. 9, 1805. a J. MSS., s. 3, v. 1, No. 38. Sept. 4, 1802. EOBEET SMITH AND THE NAVY. 309 total. These figures may be taken to show either bad manage- ment on the part of the Treasury or of the Navy, according to the sympathies of the writer, but in either case, they show bad team work in the Government.13 To return to our question—the disposal of our fleet—it was finally decided to send the squadron to the Mediterranean, At that time we sent about 100 ships a year to Italy and to Smyrna.14 To protect them we paid the Barbary powers about $100,000.00 a year. To Algeria we paid an annuity of $21,000.00. Biennially, we paid $17,000.00 and, besides all this, there were lesser fees of $5,000.00. As General Smith explained in a letter to Commodore Truxton: " The object of the expedi- tion was instruction to our young officers—and because it was conceived that a squadron cruising in sight of the Barbary powers would have a tendency to prevent them seizing on our commerce whenever passion or a desire of plunder might incite them thereto." 15 On May 20th, the final instructions were sent to Commodore Dale, who commanded this, the first squadron ever -sent out to a foreign station: " It is the positive command of the President"—the words are significant of the spirit of independence which was to animate our new Navy—" that on no pretence whatever are you to permit the armed vessels under your command to he detained or searched, nor any of the officers or men belonging to her to be taken from her, by the ships of any foreign power." 18 In addition, Dale was to cruise along the Barbary Coast, returning in December if no one of the powers had up to that time declared war upon us.17 It is not the purpose of this paper to follow out the course of the war that followed with Algiers and Tripoli.
Recommended publications
  • The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, Emigrants, Religious Exiles, Political
    Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924096785278 In compliance with current copyright law, Cornell University Library produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1992 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 2003 H^^r-h- CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE : ; rigmal ^ist0 OF PERSONS OF QUALITY; EMIGRANTS ; RELIGIOUS EXILES ; POLITICAL REBELS SERVING MEN SOLD FOR A TERM OF YEARS ; APPRENTICES CHILDREN STOLEN; MAIDENS PRESSED; AND OTHERS WHO WENT FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO THE AMERICAN PLANTATIONS 1600- I 700. WITH THEIR AGES, THE LOCALITIES WHERE THEY FORMERLY LIVED IN THE MOTHER COUNTRY, THE NAMES OF THE SHIPS IN WHICH THEY EMBARKED, AND OTHER INTERESTING PARTICULARS. FROM MSS. PRESERVED IN THE STATE PAPER DEPARTMENT OF HER MAJESTY'S PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, ENGLAND. EDITED BY JOHN CAMDEN HOTTEN. L n D n CHATTO AND WINDUS, PUBLISHERS. 1874, THE ORIGINAL LISTS. 1o ihi ^zmhcxs of the GENEALOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETIES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THIS COLLECTION OF THE NAMES OF THE EMIGRANT ANCESTORS OF MANY THOUSANDS OF AMERICAN FAMILIES, IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED PY THE EDITOR, JOHN CAMDEN HOTTEN. CONTENTS. Register of the Names of all the Passengers from London during One Whole Year, ending Christmas, 1635 33, HS 1 the Ship Bonavatture via CONTENTS. In the Ship Defence.. E. Bostocke, Master 89, 91, 98, 99, 100, loi, 105, lo6 Blessing .
    [Show full text]
  • Cemetery Names Master .Xlsx
    Salem City Cemetery Names and Location Updated 6/01/2021 Deceased Last Name First Name Birthdate Death Date Grave Location ABBOTT TODD GEORGE 3/1/1969 5/1/2004BLK 102, LOT 3, PLOT 3 ABILDSCOV PETER LAURIDS #N/A 6/12/1922BLK 060, LOT 2 ABILDSKOV ANNA MARIE PETERSON #N/A #N/A BLK 060, LOT 2, PLOT 4 ABILDSKOV ANNIE MARIE PETERSON #N/A 9/27/1985BLK 060, LOT 2, PLOT 2 ABILDSKOV ASMUS PAPE #N/A 4/7/1981BLK 060, LOT 2, PLOT 1 ABILDSKOV DALE P. 6/7/1933 11/2/1985BLK 060, LOT 2, PLOT 5 ADAMS GARY LEE 1/8/1939 7/22/2009BLK 097, LOT 1, PLOT 1 ADAMS GEORGE RUDGER 8/1/1903 11/7/1980BLK 092, LOT 1, PLOT 1 ADAMS GOLDA 6/20/1916 9/1/2002BLK 084, LOT 1, PLOT 3 ADAMS HARVEY DEE 1/1/1914 1/10/2001BLK 084, LOT 1, PLOT 2 ADAMS RUBY MAY HANCOCK 7/31/1905 2/29/2000BLK 092, LOT 1 ADAMS TUCKER GARY 10/26/2017 11/20/2017BLK 097, LOT 1, PLOT 3 EAST ALLEN HAROLD JESSE 12/17/1993 7/7/2010BLK 137, LOT 2, PLOT 4 ANDERSEN DENNIS FLOYD 8/28/1936 1/22/2003BLK 016, LOT 3, PLOT 1 ANDERSEN MARY PETERSON TREMELLING #N/A 1/10/1953BLK 040, LOT 3 ANDERSON ALICE LUCILE GARDNER 5/10/1923 5/25/2003BLK 019, LOT 2, PLOT 3W ANDERSON DENNIS MARION #N/A 4/14/1970BLK 084, LOT 1, PLOT 4 ANDERSON DIANNA 10/17/1957 11/9/1957BLK 075, LOT 1 N 1/2 ANDERSON HOWARD C.
    [Show full text]
  • 1823 Journal of General Convention
    Journal of the Proceedings of the Bishops, Clergy, and Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America in a General Convention 1823 Digital Copyright Notice Copyright 2017. The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America / The Archives of the Episcopal Church All rights reserved. Limited reproduction of excerpts of this is permitted for personal research and educational activities. Systematic or multiple copy reproduction; electronic retransmission or redistribution; print or electronic duplication of any material for a fee or for commercial purposes; altering or recompiling any contents of this document for electronic re-display, and all other re-publication that does not qualify as fair use are not permitted without prior written permission. Send written requests for permission to re-publish to: Rights and Permissions Office The Archives of the Episcopal Church 606 Rathervue Place P.O. Box 2247 Austin, Texas 78768 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 512-472-6816 Fax: 512-480-0437 JOURNAL .. MTRJI OJr TllII "BISHOPS, CLERGY, AND LAITY O~ TIU; PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH XII TIIJ! UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Xif A GENERAL CONVENTION, Held in St. l'eter's Church, in the City of Philadelphia, from the 20th t" .the 26th Day of May inclusive, A. D. 1823. NEW· YORK ~ PlllNTED BY T. lit J. SWURDS: No. 99 Pearl-street, 1823. The Right Rev. William White, D. D. of Pennsylvania, Pre­ siding Bishop; The Right Rev. John Henry Hobart, D. D. of New-York, The Right Rev. Alexander Viets Griswold, D. D. of the Eastern Diocese, comprising the states of Maine, New­ Hampshire, Massachusct ts, Vermont, and Rhode Island, The Right Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form
    NPS Form 10-900 0MB No. 1024-0018 (3-82) Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service ' National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form See instructions in How to Complete National Register Forms Type all entries complete applicable sections______________ 1. Name H historic DUBLIN r-Offl and/or common (Partial Inventory; Historic & Architectural Properties) street & number Incorporation limits of Dublin, N.H. n/W not for publication city, town Dublin n/a vicinity of state N.H. code 33 county Cheshire code 005 3. Classification Category Ownership Status Present Use district public , X occupied X agriculture museum building(s) private -_ unoccupied x commercial park structure x both work in progress X educational x private residence site Public Acquisition Accessible entertainment x religious object in process x yes: restricted X government scientific X multiple being considered yes: unrestricted industrial transportation resources X N/A" no military other: 4. Owner of Property name Multiple ownership street & number (-See Continuation Sheets and individual inventory forms) city, town vicinity of state 5. Location of Legal Description courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. Cheshire County Courthouse/Registry of Deeds street & number 12 Court Street city, town Keene state New Hampshire 6. Representation in Existing Surveys title See Continuation Sheets has this property been determined eligible? _X_ yes _JL no date state county local depository for survey records city, town state 7. Description N/A: See Accompanying Documentation. Condition Check one Check one __ excellent __ deteriorated __ unaltered __ original site _ggj|ood £ __ ruins __ altered __ moved date _1_ fair __ unexposed Describe the present and original (iff known) physical appearance jf Introductory Note The ensuing descriptive statement includes a full exposition of the information requested in the Interim Guidelines, though not in the precise order in which.
    [Show full text]
  • 15Th Annual Student Research and Creativity Celebration, SUNY Buffalo State
    I II III III I I I I I I I I 15th Annual Student Research and Creativity Celebration, SUNY Buffalo State I II III III I I I I I I I I Editor Jill K. Singer, Ph.D. Director, Office of Undergraduate Research Sponsored by Office of Undergraduate Research Office of Academic Affairs Research Foundation for SUNY/Buffalo State Cover Design and Layout: Carol Alex The following individuals and offices are acknowledged for their many contributions: Sean Fox, Ellofex, Inc. Tom Coates, Events Management, and staff, especially Maryruth Glogowski, Director, E.H. Butler Library, Mary Beth Wojtaszek and the library staff Department and Program Coordinators (identified below) Carole Schaus, Office of Undergraduate Research Kaylene Waite, Computer Graphics Specialist and very special thanks to Carol Alex, Center for Bruce Fox, Photographer Development of Human Services Department and Program Coordinators for the Fifteenth Annual Student Research and Creativity Celebration Lisa Anselmi, Anthropology Bill Lin, Computer Information Systems Kyeonghi Baek, Political Science Dan MacIsaac, Physics Saziye Bayram, Mathematics Candace Masters, Art Education Carol Beckley, Theater Amy McMillan, Biology Lynn Boorady, Fashion and Textile Technology Susan McMillen, Faculty Development Betty Cappella, Higher Education Administration Michaelene Meger, Exceptional Education Louis Colca, Social Work Michael Niman, Communication Michael Cretacci, Criminal Justice Jill Norvilitis, Psychology Carol DeNysschen, Dietetics and Nutrition Kathleen O’Brien, Hospitality and Tourism
    [Show full text]
  • Dorchester Pope Family
    A HISTORY OF THE Dorchester Pope Family. 1634-1888. WITH SKETCHES OF OTHER POPES IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA, AND NOTES UPON SEVERAL INTERMARRYING FAMILIES, 0 CHARLES HENRY POPE, MllMBIUl N. E. HISTOalC GENIIALOGlCAl. SOCIETY. BOSTON~ MASS.: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, AT 79 FRANKLIN ST. 1888 PRESS OF L. BARTA & Co., BOSTON. BOSTON, MA88,,.... (~£P."/.,.. .w.;,.!' .. 190 L.. - f!cynduLdc ;-~,,__ a.ut ,,,,-Mrs. 0 ~. I - j)tt'"rrz-J (i'VU ;-k.Lf!· le a, ~ u1--(_,fl.,C./ cU!.,t,, u,_a,1,,~{a"-~ t L, Lt j-/ (y ~'--? L--y- a~ c/4-.t 7l~ ~~ -zup /r,//~//TJJUJ4y. a.&~ ,,l E kr1J-&1 1}U, ~L-U~ l 6-vl- ~-u _ r <,~ ?:~~L ~ I ~-{lu-,1 7~ _..l~ i allll :i1tft r~,~UL,vtA-, %tt. cz· -t~I;"'~::- /, ~ • I / CJf:z,-61 M, ~u_, PREFACE. IT was predicted of the Great Philanthropist, "He shall tum the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the hearts of children to their fathers." The writer seeks to contribute something toward the development of such mutual afiection between the members of the Pope Family. He has found his own heart tenderly drawn toward all whose names he has registered and whose biographies he has at­ tempted to write. The dead are his own, whose graves he has sought to strew with the tributes of love ; the living are his own, every one of whose careers he now watches with strong interest. He has given a large part of bis recreation hours and vacation time for eight years to the gathering of materials for the work ; written hundreds of letters ; examined a great many deeds and wills, town journals, church registers, and family records ; visited numerous persons and places, and pored over a large number of histories of towns and families ; and has gathered here the items and entries thus discovered.
    [Show full text]
  • Francis I. W. Jones Treason and Piracy in Civil War Halifax: the Second Chesapeake Affair Revisited "A Terrible Retribution
    Francis I. W. Jones Treason And Piracy In Civil War Halifax: The Second Chesapeake Affair Revisited "A terrible retribution awaits the city of Halifax for its complicity in treason and piracy." From the diary of Rev. N. Gunnison Reverend Nathaniel Gunnison, American Consul at Halifax, wrote to Sir Charles Tupper, provincial secretary of Nova Scotia, 10 December 1863, stating that the Chesapeake "had been seized by a band of pirates and murder committed" (Doyle to Newcastle 23 Dec. 1863; Lieut. Governor's Correspondence, RG 1). 1 The Chesapeake was an American steamer plying between New York and Portland, Maine, which had been captured by a party of sixteen men, led by John C. Braine, who had embarked as passengers at New York. After a foray into the Bay of Fundy and along the south shore of Nova Scotia, the Chesapeake was boarded and captured by a United States gunboat the Ella and Annie in Sambro Harbor fourteen miles from Halifax. She was subsequently towed into Halifax and turned over to local authorities after much diplomatic burly­ burly (Admiralty Papers 777). The affair raised several interesting points of international maritime law, resulted in three trials before the issues raised by the steamer's seizure, recapture and disposition were resolved and was the genesis of several myths and local legends. It not only provided Halifax with "the most exciting Christmas Week in her history" TREASON AND PIRACY IN CIVIL WAR HALIFAX 473 (McDonald 602), it posed the "most thorny diplomatic problem of the Civil War" (Overholtzer 34)? The story of the capture and recapture of the Chesapeake has been told several times with varying degrees of accuracy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chesapeake Affair Nick Mann
    58 Western Illinois Historical Review © 2011 Vol. III, Spring 2011 ISSN 2153-1714 Sailors Board Me Now: The Chesapeake Affair Nick Mann In exploring the origins of the War of 1812, many historians view the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe as the final breaking point in diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain. While the clash at Tippecanoe was a serious blow to peace between the two nations, Anglo-American relations had already been ruptured well before the presidency of James Madison. Indian affairs certainly played a role in starting the war, but it was at sea where the core problems lay. I will argue in this essay that rather than the Battle of Tippecanoe, it was the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair of 1807 that set Great Britain and the United States on the path towards war. The affair signified two of the festering issues facing the British and Americans: impressment and neutral rights. Though President Jefferson was able to prevent war in 1807, his administration‟s inept diplomacy widened the existing gap between Britain and America. On both sides of the Atlantic, the inability of leaders such as Secretary of State Madison and the British foreign minister, George Canning to resolve the affair poisoned diplomatic relations for years afterward. To understand the origin of the War of 1812, one must consider how the Chesapeake affair deteriorated Anglo-American relations to a degree that the Battle of Tippecanoe was less important that some have imagined. The clash at Tippecanoe between Governor William Henry Harrison and the forces of the Shawnee Prophet has usually been seen as the direct catalyst for the war in much of the historiography dealing with the War of 1812.
    [Show full text]
  • Maryland Historical Magazine Patricia Dockman Anderson, Editor Matthew Hetrick, Associate Editor Christopher T
    Winter 2014 MARYLAND Ma Keeping the Faith: The Catholic Context and Content of ry la Justus Engelhardt Kühn’s Portrait of Eleanor Darnall, ca. 1710 nd Historical Magazine by Elisabeth L. Roark Hi st or James Madison, the War of 1812, and the Paradox of a ic al Republican Presidency Ma by Jeff Broadwater gazine Garitee v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore: A Gilded Age Debate on the Role and Limits of Local Government by James Risk and Kevin Attridge Research Notes & Maryland Miscellany Old Defenders: The Intermediate Men, by James H. Neill and Oleg Panczenko Index to Volume 109 Vo l. 109, No . 4, Wi nt er 2014 The Journal of the Maryland Historical Society Friends of the Press of the Maryland Historical Society The Maryland Historical Society continues its commitment to publish the finest new work in Maryland history. Next year, 2015, marks ten years since the Publications Committee, with the advice and support of the development staff, launched the Friends of the Press, an effort dedicated to raising money to be used solely for bringing new titles into print. The society is particularly grateful to H. Thomas Howell, past committee chair, for his unwavering support of our work and for his exemplary generosity. The committee is pleased to announce two new titles funded through the Friends of the Press. Rebecca Seib and Helen C. Rountree’s forthcoming Indians of Southern Maryland, offers a highly readable account of the culture and history of Maryland’s native people, from prehistory to the early twenty-first century. The authors, both cultural anthropologists with training in history, have written an objective, reliable source for the general public, modern Maryland Indians, schoolteachers, and scholars.
    [Show full text]
  • The Progressive Era Origins of the National Security Act
    Volume 104 Issue 2 Dickinson Law Review - Volume 104, 1999-2000 1-1-2000 The Progressive Era Origins of the National Security Act Mark R. Shulman Follow this and additional works at: https://ideas.dickinsonlaw.psu.edu/dlra Recommended Citation Mark R. Shulman, The Progressive Era Origins of the National Security Act, 104 DICK. L. REV. 289 (2000). Available at: https://ideas.dickinsonlaw.psu.edu/dlra/vol104/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Dickinson Law IDEAS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dickinson Law Review by an authorized editor of Dickinson Law IDEAS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Progressive Era Origins of the National Security Act Mark R. Shulman* Perhaps it is a universal truth that the loss of liberty at home is to be charged to provisions against danger; real or pretended, from abroad. -James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, May 1798' I. Introduction to "National Security" The National Security Act of 19472 and its successors drew the blueprint of the Cold War domestic political order. This regime centralized control of the military services-the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and a newly separate Air Force-in a single executive branch department. It created a new professional organization to collect and analyze foreign intelligence, the Central Intelligence Agency. And at the center of this new national security apparatus, a National Security Council would eventually establish foreign policy by coordinating intelligence and directing military and para-military forces, as well as supervising a National Security Resources Board.
    [Show full text]
  • 1789 Journal of Convention
    Journal of a Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina 1789 Digital Copyright Notice Copyright 2017. The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America / The Archives of the Episcopal Church All rights reserved. Limited reproduction of excerpts of this is permitted for personal research and educational activities. Systematic or multiple copy reproduction; electronic retransmission or redistribution; print or electronic duplication of any material for a fee or for commercial purposes; altering or recompiling any contents of this document for electronic re-display, and all other re-publication that does not qualify as fair use are not permitted without prior written permission. Send written requests for permission to re-publish to: Rights and Permissions Office The Archives of the Episcopal Church 606 Rathervue Place P.O. Box 2247 Austin, Texas 78768 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 512-472-6816 Fax: 512-480-0437 JOURNAL OF A. OF THB PROTESTA:N.T EPISCOPAL CHURCH, IN THE STATES OF NEW YORK, MARYLAND, NEW JERSEY, VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA, AND DELAWARE, I SOUTH CAROLINA: HELD IN CHRIST CHURCH, IN THE CITY OF PHILIlDELPBI.IJ, FROM July 28th to August 8th, 178~o LIST OF THE MEMBER5 OF THE CONVENTION. THE Right Rev. William White, D. D. Bishop of the Pro­ testant Episcopal Church in the State of Pennsylvania, and Pre­ sident of the Convention. From the State ofNew TorR. The Rev. Abraham Beach, D. D. The Rev. Benjamin Moore, D. D. lIT. Moses Rogers.
    [Show full text]
  • Maryland Historical Magazine, 1942, Volume 37, Issue No. 3
    G ^ MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. XXXVII SEPTEMBER, 1942 No. } BARBARA FRIETSCHIE By DOROTHY MACKAY QUYNN and WILLIAM ROGERS QUYNN In October, 1863, the Atlantic Monthly published Whittier's ballad, "' Barbara Frietchie." Almost immediately a controversy arose about the truth of the poet's version of the story. As the years passed, the controversy became more involved until every period and phase of the heroine's life were included. This paper attempts to separate fact from fiction, and to study the growth of the legend concerning the life of Mrs. John Casper Frietschie, nee Barbara Hauer, known to the world as Barbara Fritchie. I. THE HEROINE AND HER FAMILY On September 30, 1754, the ship Neptune arrived in Phila- delphia with its cargo of " 400 souls," among them Johann Niklaus Hauer. The immigrants, who came from the " Palatinate, Darmstad and Zweybrecht" 1 went to the Court House, where they took the oath of allegiance to the British Crown, Hauer being among those sufficiently literate to sign his name, instead of making his mark.2 Niklaus Hauer and his wife, Catherine, came from the Pala- tinate.3 The only source for his birthplace is the family Bible, in which it is noted that he was born on August 6, 1733, in " Germany in Nassau-Saarbriicken, Dildendorf." 4 This probably 1 Hesse-Darmstadt, and Zweibriicken in the Rhenish Palatinate. 2 Ralph Beaver Strassburger, Pennsylvania German Pioneers (Morristown, Penna.), I (1934), 620, 622, 625; Pennsylvania Colonial Records, IV (Harrisburg, 1851), 306-7; see Appendix I. 8 T. J. C, Williams and Folger McKinsey, History of Frederick County, Maryland (Hagerstown, Md., 1910), II, 1047.
    [Show full text]