Maryland Historical Magazine Patricia Dockman Anderson, Editor Matthew Hetrick, Associate Editor Christopher T
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Winter 2014 MARYLAND Ma Keeping the Faith: The Catholic Context and Content of ry la Justus Engelhardt Kühn’s Portrait of Eleanor Darnall, ca. 1710 nd Historical Magazine by Elisabeth L. Roark Hi st or James Madison, the War of 1812, and the Paradox of a ic al Republican Presidency Ma by Jeff Broadwater gazine Garitee v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore: A Gilded Age Debate on the Role and Limits of Local Government by James Risk and Kevin Attridge Research Notes & Maryland Miscellany Old Defenders: The Intermediate Men, by James H. Neill and Oleg Panczenko Index to Volume 109 Vo l. 109, No . 4, Wi nt er 2014 The Journal of the Maryland Historical Society Friends of the Press of the Maryland Historical Society The Maryland Historical Society continues its commitment to publish the finest new work in Maryland history. Next year, 2015, marks ten years since the Publications Committee, with the advice and support of the development staff, launched the Friends of the Press, an effort dedicated to raising money to be used solely for bringing new titles into print. The society is particularly grateful to H. Thomas Howell, past committee chair, for his unwavering support of our work and for his exemplary generosity. The committee is pleased to announce two new titles funded through the Friends of the Press. Rebecca Seib and Helen C. Rountree’s forthcoming Indians of Southern Maryland, offers a highly readable account of the culture and history of Maryland’s native people, from prehistory to the early twenty-first century. The authors, both cultural anthropologists with training in history, have written an objective, reliable source for the general public, modern Maryland Indians, schoolteachers, and scholars. Appearing next spring, Milt Diggins’s compelling story of slave catcher Thom- as McCreary examines the physical and legal battles that followed the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Was seizing escaped slaves the legal capture of fugi- tives—or an act of kidnapping? Residing in Cecil County, midway between Phila- delphia and Baltimore, and conducting his “business” in an area already inflamed by clashes like the violent Christiana riots, McCreary drew the ire of abolitionists. Frederick Douglass referred to him as “the notorious Elkton kidnapper.” These are the seventh and eighth Friends of the Press titles, continuing the mission first set forth in 1844. We invite you to become a supporter and help us fill in the unknown pages of Maryland history. If you would like to make a tax- deductible gift to the Friends of the Press, please direct your donation to Develop- ment, Maryland Historical Society, 201 West Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. For additional information on MdHS publications, contact Patricia Dock- man Anderson, Director of Publications and Library Services, 410-685-3750 x317 or [email protected]. Maryland Historical Society Founded 1844 Officers Thomas A. Collier, Chairman Robert M. Cheston Jr. Assistant Secretary Richard C. Tilghman Jr., Vice Chairman Sandra R. Flax, Vice President Burton K. Kummerow, President Louise Lake Hayman, Vice President Cecil E. Flamer, Treasurer George S. Rich, Vice President M. Willis Macgill, Assistant Treasurer Lynn Springer Roberts, Vice President James W. Constable, Secretary Jacqueline Smelkinson, Vice President Board of Trustees Thomas C. Barbuti Brian W. Hammock Chairpersons Emeriti Justin A. Batoff Patricia King Jackson Jack S. Griswold H. Clay Braswell Jr. Eleanor Shriver Magee Barbara P. Katz Francis J. Carey III George S. Malouf Jr. Stanard T. Klinefelter Virginia Clagett Jayne H. Plank Henry Hodges Stansbury W. Talbot Daley Russell C. Dashiell Jr. Immediate Past Chairman Presidents Emeriti Chandler B. Dennison Robert R. Neall Brian Topping John McShane Alex. G. Fisher Ex-Officio Trustees The Hon. John P. Sarbanes The Hon. David R. Craig The Hon. Stephanie Rawlings-Blake, Representative: William B. Gilmore II The Hon. Kevin Kamenetz, Representative: Richard Parsons John Siemon, Maryland Genealogical Society The Maryland Historical Magazine Patricia Dockman Anderson, Editor Matthew Hetrick, Associate Editor Christopher T. George, Donna B. Shear, James Singewald, Joe Tropea, Editorial Associates Editorial Board Charles W. Mitchell, Chair John S. Bainbridge; Jean H. Baker; Robert J. Brugger; Lois Green Carr; Suzanne E. Chapelle; Marilyn Davis; Toby L. Ditz; Jack G. Goellner; Elizabeth Gray; H. Thomas Howell; Norvell E. Miller III; Edward C. Papenfuse; Lawrence Peskin; Jean B. Russo; James F. Schneider; David S. Thaler ISSN 0025-4258 © 2014 by the Maryland Historical Society. Published quarterly as a benefit of membership in the Maryland Historical Society, spring, summer, fall, and winter. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and/or America: History and Life. Periodicals postage paid at Baltimore, Maryland, and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Please send address changes to the Maryland Historical Society, 201 West Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201. Printed by The Sheridan Press, Hanover, Pennsylvania 17331. MARYLAND Historical Magazine VOLUME 109, NO. 4 (Winter 2014) CONTENTS Keeping the Faith: The Catholic Context and Content of Justus Engelhardt Kühn’s Portrait of Eleanor Darnall, ca. 1710 .........................................................................................391 ELISABETH L. ROARK James Madison, the War of 1812, and the Paradox of a Republican Presidency................. 429 JEFF BROADWATER Garitee v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore: A Gilded Age Debate on the Role and Limits of Local Government ....................................................................................453 JAMES RISK and KEVIN ATTRIDGE Research Notes & Maryland Miscellany ..................................................................................473 Old Defenders: The Intermediate Men, by James H. Neill and Oleg Panczenko Index to Volume 109 ..................................................................................................................494 Cover Justus Engelhardt Kühn, Eleanor Darnall, ca. 1710. With this issue we make an exception to our longtime practice of presenting the cover image as a freestanding piece of the magazine, one that is not connected to any of the articles. (Placing an image from an article on the cover can give that work prominence over the others, something that as a rule we prefer to avoid.) But this portrait of Eleanor Darnall is the centerpiece of Elizabeth Roark’s article, an intriguing work of art history in which she discusses its Catholic iconography in great depth, and we considered its full-color presentation neces- sary to convey the full import of that piece. In Memoriam H. Thomas Howell (1937–2014) We often hear, and believe, that the right people are placed in our lives at just the right time. Such was the case with Tom Howell, MdHS trustee and chairman of the Publications Committee. Retired from a successful legal career, Tom joined the board in 2005 and, in search of an assignment, agreed to help with publications. He loved genealogical research, particularly researching and writing his family’s history, but knew very little about the actual submission, review, or production process. Regardless, he wholeheartedly embraced the challenge and learned quickly. As chairman of the committee, Tom presided over quarterly meetings with assurance and wisdom, keeping discussions on topic, defusing sometimes overly spirited debates, and guiding others toward a collegial consensus. As a trustee, he was also our liaison to the board and spoke eloquently, logically, and sometimes forcefully on our behalf. In hindsight, those moments offered a glimpse of the highly lauded trial lawyer whose colleagues remembered him as “extraordinarily talented, . a superlative lawyer,” and one who “wrote wonderfully [and] had a strong sense of right and wrong.”* Perhaps his greatest contribution to the printed word was his dedication to the Friends of the Press, a restricted fund used only for the production costs associated with new books. Each meeting included a financial report on book sales and the state of the FOP and ended with a reminder to contribute, in which he led by generous example. Several years ago Tom reviewed the MdHS bylaws, realized he had stayed too long, and resigned from the board and as chair—but stayed on the committee. That was a blessing for us, and for the Maryland Historical Society. PDA *“H. Thomas Howell,” Baltimore Sun, December 28, 2014. 390 Maryland Historical Magazine 1. Justus Engelhardt Kühn, Henry Darnall III, ca. 1710. Oil on canvas, 53½ x 44 in. Maryland His- torical Society, Baltimore, bequest of Ellen C. Daingerfield. Justus Engelhardt Kühn’s Portrait of Eleanor Darnall 391 Keeping the Faith: The Catholic Context and Content of Justus Engelhardt Kühn’s Portrait of Eleanor Darnall, ca. 1710 ELISABETH L. ROARK ustus Engelhardt Kühn’s portrait of eight-year-old Henry Darnall III and his Jslave, owned by the Maryland Historical Society, is among the best-known im- ages of colonial American art (fig. 1). Included in nearly every recent American art history survey text, it is important as the earliest extant image of an African in American painting and as one of the first oil paintings created in the southern British colonies. Most interpret the portrait as evidence of the Darnall family’s aristocratic pretensions, clear not only in the slave’s inclusion but also in Henry’s expensive clothing, the carved balustrade, and the