perdiem articles Thomas Edison: Father of Innovation Management For years I have been talking with participants in my innovation workshops around the world about the American inventor, Thomas Edison, and recommending that they study him - his ways of thinking and his methods. If they had gone to the source closest to hand nowadays, Wikipedia, they might have found a lengthy and unintelligible essay. My hope is that this piece might prove to be more useful. by Roger Neill

While Edison’s reputation as an inventor of journeys of discovery – so much so that he other specialised applications that fill our genius, perhaps the greatest the world has often found difficulty in embracing other lives today. known, is secure, widely acknowledged people’s breakthrough concepts. For years throughout the world, his pioneering role - he resisted the benefits of alternating He was not just the inventor in the 1879 of as the father of project management - is current in the supply of electricity, of the flat the electric light bulb: he envisioned and less widely recognised or understood. disc as the medium for recording and created the whole system needed for playback, and of the wireless, the radio. domestic, commercial and street lighting, This situation was substantially of his own This syndrome is quite commonplace including generators, fuses, sockets and all making, the result of his consistent among inventors, both geniuses and lesser the rest of the paraphernalia needed. He management of his personal “brand” – a mortals. The destination having been believed that electricity would sweep away term from a later era, but one which he envisioned, Edison usually moved swiftly gas as the power source for lighting, and would have understood well. Edison the from imaginative leap to systematic he made it become a reality. Great Inventor bestrode the media of his exploration and problem-solving, captured era, personally creating and managing his perfectly in his best-known adage: “Genius Other major projects were aimed at making reputation as a genius and becoming as a is ninety-nine percent perspiration and one unsatisfactory innovations function properly. consequence a major celebrity in his own percent inspiration.” It might be noted that, It is well known that Alexander Graham Bell lifetime. It appeared that he and he alone without that one percent, the remainder of invented the telephone, but less well was the fons et origo. In reality he managed the work is usually redundant. understood that, in order to make Bell’s multiple parallel project teams from quite machine work at all, you had to shout, and early in his extraordinary career – teams My own sense is that even his most even then the sound produced at the other consisting of brilliant and diverse talents, triumphant and visionary successes have end of the line was both faint and crackly. working together to solve problems and been dramatically undervalued. With his Edison set about solving this problem, and find new solutions. “The greatest invention colleagues, he was not just the inventor in in the process, by separating voice-out of the nineteenth century,” the 1877 of the phonograph: in reality he from voice-in successfully, invented not only mathematician and philosopher Alfred North imagined and found a way to make real a fully operational telephone system, but Whitehead wrote, “was the invention of the both the recording of sound and its also the first microphone. method of invention.” playback. That opened the way for the In all of his great inventions, Edison’s teams worked tirelessly not only to solve the technical and design problems, then to “Even his most triumphant and industrialise and commercialise the process, but also continuously to improve the product - sometimes incrementally, visionary successes have been sometimes radically. Edison secured 1,093 dramatically undervalued.” patents during his lifetime, still a record. Edison the Child

Thomas Alva Edison was born on February However, it must be said that Edison was whole recording industry, for much that 11th, 1847 at Milan in rural Ohio. Of Dutch invariably the visionary, the one who happens in sound on radio and television, stock, his father Samuel Edison had been a imagined and initiated each of the great for sound on film, and for the multitude of

Page 1 Continues overleaf... perdiem articles Thomas Edison: Father of Project Management tailor, a carpenter and a tavern-keeper in mechanical communication, the telegraph. In Boston he found backers - for his Canada by the time of his marriage to the Messages were transmitted by Morse code “duplex” telegraph and for another of his well-educated Nancy Elliott in 1828. – dots and dashes – by means of electrical ideas, an electric vote-recorder (his first Thomas was the seventh child born to Sam impulses along a wire. Although he was patent) - so he resigned from Western and Nancy. already partially deaf, Edison could hear Union and became a full-time inventor and entrepreneur. Both products failed, but his next innovation, a machine giving minute- by-minute stock prices (a “stock ticker”) “Edison dashed on to the track, was a success.

The following year, Edison moved to New grabbing the child and pushing York. Shabby, dirty and penniless on arrival, he talked a tea-taster into giving him a him to safety.” packet of tea, which he exchanged in a nearby café for coffee and apple dumplings. Without a bed, he walked the streets that night, the next morning finding a friend who Not surprisingly he was an inquisitive child, these. He invented his own system, which lent him a dollar, which he lived on for asking questions continuously and he installed initially at home, then several days. constantly conducting experiments. On one connected to the house of a friend, then six occasion he sat for hours on goose eggs to houses were linked together. He visited the Gold Indicator Company in see if they would hatch. When he burned New York, an organisation set up to market down the barn as a six year-old, His great facility at telegraphy came about his stock ticker. The still-homeless Edison experimenting with fire, he was thrashed in quite serendipitously. One day in 1862, was allowed to sleep in the battery room the village square by his father, the when Edison was fifteen, he saw the two and pursue his experiments. When the neighbours called out to view the spectacle. year-old son of a stationmaster playing on company’s machine broke down, amid By the age of ten he had a chemical the rail track, a loose freight car rolling some panic, Edison quickly fixed the fault laboratory in the cellar and operated a towards him, unable to stop. Edison and was promoted to Chief Engineer, going primitive home-made telegraph. dashed on to the track, grabbing the child on significantly to improve the effectiveness and pushing him to safety. In gratitude, the of the company’s equipment. School for Edison was a disaster. Starting stationmaster offered to teach Edison at eight he only survived there for three telegraphy, and in three months of intensive He then set up his first company with two months, walking out when the teacher told tuition he became a brilliant operator. He colleagues, a businessman and a publicist, him he was “addled”. From that time on, his went on to take a series of jobs in different to develop and market stock tickers. With mother taught him at home. At ten he was cities as a telegrapher, living in rented this, Edison became a manufacturer, with reading Shakespeare, Dickens, Gibbon’s rooms and spending his wages on workshops in Newark, New Jersey. He Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and equipment for his experiments. expected his staff to work as hard as he the Dictionary of Sciences. Throughout his did, on one occasion locking them in for life he was to become a voracious reader. In Cincinnati, rooming with two actors and sixty hours until together they had tracked a fellow telegrapher, Ezra Gilliland, he down and repaired a fault. Edison the Teenage conceived the idea of sending two Worker-Inventor messages at the same time, in opposite On Christmas Day 1871, he married one of directions along the same wire, a technical his workers, sixteen year-old Mary Stillwell. impossibility at the time. This was a They were to have three children, the first At twelve Edison took his first job, as a problem he did eventually solve, later two being the telegraphically nicknamed newsboy on the railway, hawking moving on to enable four messages to be Dot and Dash. But Edison was mostly an newspapers, magazines, books, postcards, sent at once, two in each direction. Around absent husband and father, working day cigars, fruit and confectionery snacks on this period he also devised electrical rat and night and only taking short naps. He board. There was no salary or wage – he traps and cockroach exterminators. kept invoices and bills on two hooks in his lived purely on the proceeds of his sales. Perhaps he lived uncomfortably close by office, saying “the humbuggery of Robert Louis Stevenson, recalling his great these creatures in his cheap bookkeeping, which I never understood.” journey by train across America in 1879, accommodation. wrote of the newsboys who “imitated the By this time he was caught in power plays manners of the more vulgar drummers or Edison the Young between Western Union and the travelling salesmen who were their steadiest Entrepreneur entrepreneur, Jay Gould, Edison pulled this customers.” Edison worked from seven in way and that by the competitors. Edison the morning until nine in the evening, in moved on to develop pioneering copying between journeys re-stocking and then At twenty-one, frustrated by the work that devices - the electric pen and the studying at the local library. He created and constantly got in the way of his true mimeograph - then went back to the successfully launched the Grand Trunk vocation, he took a job at the Western telegraph he had worked on so assiduously Herald, which he wrote, edited and printed Union office in Boston, in his spare time as a teenager, this time wishing he could on board in the baggage car, using a reading constantly at the public library and develop it from “duplex” to “quadriplex”, so second-hand printing press. haunting the bookshops. He bought that four messages could be transmitted Faraday’s complete works on electricity, simultaneously. He solved the problems During this period Edison became reading it at night. “I’ve got so much to do successfully, supported by Western Union, fascinated by the latest means of and life is so short,” he said to a friend. but when they failed to pay his bills, he took

Page 2 Continues overleaf... perdiem articles Thomas Edison: Father of Project Management the invention to Gould, only to be cheated However two specific areas occupied the from the indentations – a musical, rhythmic by him. So he returned to Western Union, most time and energy – the telephone and sound resembling that of human talk heard who made a fortune out of the invention. All the phonograph. The latter was a indistinctly.” Edison wondered whether this led to lengthy legal disputes regarding completely new concept, the former an human speech could be similarly recorded ownership of the patents and the whole invention that needed significant and reproduced. experience persuaded Edison that he improvement in order to become practically should stop being a manufacturer and go useful. So he connected the telephone transmitter back to being a full-time inventor. and the cylinder machine together and As has already been noted, the Scottish- “shouted the words ‘Halloo! Halloo!’ into Edison the Project Manager born Bell invented the telephone, filing the the mouth-piece, ran the paper back over patent in February 1876. The major the steel point and heard a faint ‘Halloo! The twenty nine year-old Edison now (in drawback of Bell’s instrument was that Halloo!’ in return.” Thus was sound 1876) built new workshops in the woods at outgoing and incoming sounds, transmitter recording born. Menlo Park, New Jersey, only twenty-five and receiver, went through the same miles from New York City. Here he was to device. The speaker had to shout and the A machine was built and a demonstration recruit and lead whole teams of outstanding listener heard this only faintly, through a fog set up for the lab staff. Edison recited “Mary engineers and scientists who worked on of hiss and crackle. Edison was had a little lamb…” into the mouthpiece to many projects in parallel. Some regard this commissioned by Western Union to find an a frankly incredulous audience – until his as his greatest innovation. Certainly it has answer. It became clear to him that sending voice clearly came back reciting the nursery had profound and sustained consequences and receiving should be separated, and rhyme. “There is no doubt that I shall be all over the world. that the signal had to be boosted, but that able to store up and reproduce at any future time the human voice perfectly,” wrote Edison.

“Here he was to recruit and lead The patent application named a number of anticipated usages: the new machine would “be largely devoted to music, either vocal or whole teams of outstanding instrumental – and may possibly take the place of the teacher. It will sing the child to engineers and scientists.” sleep, tell us what o’clock it is, summon us to dinner, warn the lover when it is time to vacate the front porch…and even receive the last messages of the dying. It will Moreover it was to become the most was only the beginning. He needed to enable the children to have dolls that really fecund period of his life. Some inventions invent a new kind of transmitter, speak, laugh, cry and sing… It will preserve were of a specialised nature, of long-term incorporating a form of variable resistance the voices of our great men and enable importance to the future of science and which corresponded to the sounds of the future generations to listen to speeches by technology. Among them, the “tasimeter” voice. a Lincoln or a Gladstone. Lastly, the measured heat very precisely – a gas jet at phonograph will perfect the telephone and a hundred feet, the sun’s corona in an He and his telephone team worked by trial revolutionize present systems of eclipse; the “odorscope” measured smells and error, assessing some two thousand telegraphy.” undetectable to the human nose; the different chemical compounds before megaphone enabled speech to travel over arriving at an ideal solution, carbon. This This is an extraordinary list, clearly the several miles. was positioned as a button between two product of some sort of early “brainstorm”. metal plates. At one stroke, Edison had not Some of the applications took wing as soon only enabled the telephone to function as the phonograph became commercially effectively, but also invented the first available, while others took time to become primitive microphone. Because Bell owned a reality. I particularly like Edison’s the patent on the receiver, his and Edison’s prediction, some half a century in advance, inventions had to be used together, and of the “ansaphone” and its successors. after a period of mutual piracy, Western Union sold their rights to Bell’s company for The first phonographs turned out to be $3.5 million, Edison taking a significant cut. something of a fad. They played for less than a minute and produced faint and fuzzy While working on the telephone, Edison sound. Edison decided to move on and in started work on the phonograph. The 1878, on a vacation with a group of fundamental idea came to him in a flash. scientist friends in the Rocky Mountains, he While doing some work on a message was struck by a thought of his friend, repeater for use in Morse code telegraphy, Professor George Barker, that he might experimentally recording the dots and look at the possibility of producing light dashes of Morse code on to paper wound electrically. round a grooved cylinder, and then “playing back” the indentations, Edison noticed that The existing electrical system, the arc light the pointed stylus he was using on the originally developed by Sir Humphrey Davy paper cylinder “gave off a humming noise in 1808, was “too bright and too big”, wrote Edison's tin-foil phonograph of 1878

Page 3 Continues overleaf... perdiem articles Thomas Edison: Father of Project Management

York City to set up a complete system, including the laying of eighteen miles of underground mains. “I saw every box poured and every connection made on the whole job,” he said. “There was nobody else who could superintend it. I used to sleep nights on piles of pipes at the station.” On September 4th, 1882, the lights were switched on. Edison was thirty five.

Edison the Celebrity

Today we sometimes seem to believe that the cult of celebrity is a modern phenomenon. It clearly is not. The print media in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were well developed, diverse and powerful in their ability to create public heroes.

Like, for example, the Australian diva, Dame Nellie Melba, the great Polish pianist, Paderewski, and the Scottish writer, Robert Louis Stevenson, Thomas Edison became world famous, a legend in his own lifetime. Each of them recognised the importance of projecting clearly and consistently their own personal “brand”, taking responsibility for Edison and assistant experimenting with electric light the management of that process themselves.

Edison. “What we wished for was little In parallel, Edison built a glass-blowing So strong was public interest in him by lights, and a distribution of them in people’s plant at Menlo Park, installed the most 1876 – visitors made pilgrimages in droves houses in a manner similar to gas.” advanced vacuum equipment, calculated to see his workshops in Newark even It is clear that from the start Edison the size and cost of copper mains, worked before he had done his work on the envisioned the complete system, from the on an improved dynamo, driven by steam phonograph or electric lighting – that he generation of the electricity, through its and producing a steady 110 volts, created decided to move lock, stock and barrel to a distribution, to the lamps themselves, a system for sending power from the new campus at Menlo Park. How did he together with necessary fuse systems. So generators, through feeder wires, to achieve such a position? And how did he many parts of this system needed either to distribution points, and from there to sustain and grow it? be invented from scratch, or to have individual buildings and streets. adaptations made to existing inventions. The following year, 1877, the local press Edison was asked around this time how he began to report on Edison’s work on the In developing the lamp, the key problem arrived at his ideas: “Often, perhaps while telephone. Even at this early stage, Edison was that the early filaments tested were walking on Broadway with an acquaintance, presented himself as forthright, even both too expensive and burned out too and talking about quite other matters, amid cantankerous, to journalists. This stance quickly. Edison shifted quickly from the din and roar of the street, the thought can create enemies, but from the news “imaginative leap” to “trial and error”. would suddenly flash in his mind that such reporter’s standpoint it always makes for Eventually he settled on carbon as the a desired thing might be accomplished in a more interesting copy. Edison stoked up basis, a substance he understood well from certain way. He would hasten home, set to media hostility between himself and Bell, earlier work, but he needed to find a work on the idea, and not give up until he referring to the “inexplicable peculiarity” of suitable substrate on which to bond the had either succeeded or found the thing the Scottish inventor’s telephone, allied carbon to a thread, over time testing more impractical.” apparently to the “witches of Salem”. His than 7,500 materials. For a while, cotton flair for publicity was outstanding – courting thread seemed the best candidate, the First, Edison successfully provided the journalists and constantly handing them filament lasting for 45 hours, then lighting system for a newly-built ship, the sensational stories about future cardboard. “Finally, I carbonized a strip of SS Columbia. Then he had eight miles of breakthroughs. bamboo from a Japanese fan, and saw that underground mains laid at Menlo Park, I was on the right track,” wrote Edison. lighting the houses in the village - and lamp Edison consistently courted the scientific Now they had to establish which strain of posts for streets that did not yet exist. press, the phonograph particularly bamboo would be best suited for the stimulating high levels of interest and purpose. It was in the end in Japan that Now he turned his attention to the southern coverage. He was invited to demonstrate it they found exactly what they were looking end of Manhattan, moving his headquarters at a meeting of the National Academy of for. It gave 900 hours of continuous light. there and obtaining agreement from New Sciences in Washington DC, his every

Page 4 Continues overleaf... perdiem articles Thomas Edison: Father of Project Management comment reported by the Washington Post. and continuous demonstrations of the nearly ten years, regarding it as more of a The hall was so packed that the doors were newfangled phonograph. It has to be said novelty item than a major product line, taken off their hinges in order to enable the that everything at the expo was Edison returned to the fray when, in 1886, maximum numbers to hear his overshadowed by the amazing newly- his major rival, Alexander Graham Bell, demonstration of his amazing new erected Eiffel Tower, the clear star of the launched his “graphophone” - an improved machine. show and much admired by Edison. “I like product with a wax-coated cylinder. Edison the French,” he said. “They have big responded with a solid wax cylinder and his On a trip west in 1878 with other leading conceptions. The English should take a leaf team created an electroplated “master” scientists to observe an eclipse, Edison out of their books. What Englishman would record. This was a major breakthrough took along his recently-developed have conceived this idea?” All told there enabling for the first time large numbers of “tasimeter” in order very publicly to measure were over 32 million visitors. copies of each recording to be made. In the the heat of the sun’s corona. In the party financial arrangements following this was Edison’s most consistent journalist- Edison’s Failures invention, Edison was cheated out of the supporter, Marshall Fox of the New York business by his long-term friend and Herald. The experiment was also written up It would be wrong to give the impression business associate, Ezra Gilliland. However by another member of the group, the editor that everything Edison touched was a that company failed and Edison was able to of the most influential scientific magazine, success. His problem was that the dogged buy his patents back cheaply. And when Nature. determination that served him so well when Victor and Columbia became successful he was winning prevented him from with Emile Berliner’s newly invented disc Two years later, having been approached abandoning projects that turned out to be records, Edison eventually followed suit, by a young freelancer on the New York losers. putting out recordings by both popular and Times, Edison set up and financed a new classical artists. magazine, Science. It was, of course, a big One of the most debilitating of these was in supporter of Edison, his interests and his iron ore milling from the mid-1880s. Edison Simultaneously, in 1887 or 1888 Edison ideas. Notwithstanding a short break in believed that he could find a way using became interested in the idea of developing 1882, Science remains one of the world’s magnetism to extract iron from the waste motion pictures, conceiving them most prestigious journals covering original from worked-out Appalachian mines. He (prematurely) with sound. When the inventor scientific research. succeeded after many years, but the of the Kodak camera, George Eastman, process could not compete on price with produced continuous strips of celluloid film, freshly mined ore from new quarries. Yet, Edison realised that he could create a out of this fiasco, Edison created something machine, a pioneering movie camera which “Edison shifted important and new: the Portland cement he called a “kinetograph”. Initially his goal kiln and the process surrounding it, was “to produce pictures representing quickly from enabling America to be self sufficient. objects in motion through an extended Up to that time the material was all period of time.” “Persistence of vision” was imported from Britain. the goal, and this was achieved – using 46 ‘imaginative images per second, creating the illusion of Later he spent several years, past his continuous flow, a “happy combination of leap’ to ‘trial eightieth birthday, trying to develop an photography and electricity,” according to alternative to imported rubber. Having Edison. Motion pictures were made, dozens patiently tested and cross-bred dozens of of them, in the “Black Maria”, a specially and error’.” native American trees, he declared victory – constructed studio at West Orange, New but the price was still too high, and in the Jersey – the first film studio in America. meantime synthetic rubber had been A major marketing opportunity was developed in Germany. At the last presented by the great expositions of the period, and Edison took full advantage of His battle for direct current (DC) versus In 1929 his closest friend and admirer, his celebrity to have his inventions dominate George Westinghouse’s espousal of Henry Ford, organised a special celebration them. At the International Electrical alternating current (AC) turned out to be his of the fiftieth anniversary of Edison’s electric Exhibition in Paris in1881, Edison’s entire most comprehensive defeat, although DC light. At the opening, towards the end of output was displayed, and a French has its supporters even now. President Hoover’s speech, Edison journalist was hired to place regular collapsed. He never fully recovered his laudatory articles in leading French Other “failures” were inventions whose time health and died on October 18th 1931, publications. One outcome was the had not yet come. In 1880 he pioneered aged eighty four. commission to provide lighting for the Great the electric train, and over a long period he Foyer of the Paris Opéra, followed by the worked on his storage battery, considered “Farewell, Thomas Edison,” the Paramount installation of Edison chandeliers at La by Edison “the most valuable of all his newsreel declaimed. “The nation places you Scala, Milan. creations…it will revolutionise among the immortals of America – and of transportation.” Its application to the all time.” Perhaps the greatest of these exhibitions automobile over a century later may yet was the Exposition Universelle of 1889, prove him right. again in Paris. As so often before, Edison dominated the massive Palais des Sound and motion pictures Machines, taking a huge display space and For further reading, I recommend Edison: including a forty foot high incandescent Inventing the Century by Neil Baldwin, lamp mounted on a twenty foot pedestal Having moved on from the phonograph for Hyperion, New York, 1995.

Page 5 Copyright © Roger Neill 2008