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THE POLITICAL ECONOMY of OPIUM REDUCTION in BURMA: LOCAL PERSPECTIVES from the WA REGION Mr. Sai Lone a Thesis Submitted in Part

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THE POLITICAL ECONOMY of OPIUM REDUCTION in BURMA: LOCAL PERSPECTIVES from the WA REGION Mr. Sai Lone a Thesis Submitted in Part THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF OPIUM REDUCTION IN BURMA: LOCAL PERSPECTIVES FROM THE WA REGION Mr. Sai Lone A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Program in International Development Studies Faculty of Political Science Chulalongkorn University Academic Year 2008 Copyright of Chulalongkorn University เศรษฐศาสตรการเมืองของการปราบฝนในประเทศพมา: มุมมองระดับทองถิ่นในเขตวา นายไซ โลน วิทยานิพนธน ี้เปนสวนหนึ่งของการศึกษาตามหลกสั ูตรปริญญาศิลปศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาการพัฒนาระหวางประเทศ คณะรัฐศาสตร จุฬาลงกรณมหาวิทยาลัย ปการศึกษา 2551 ลิขสิทธิ์ของจุฬาลงกรณมหาวิทยาลัย Thesis title: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF OPIUM REDUCTION IN BURMA: LOCAL PERSPECTIVES FROM THE WA REGION By: Mr. Sai Lone Field of Study: International Development Studies Thesis Principal advisor: Niti Pawakapan, Ph. D. Accepted by the Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master’s Degree ___________________________ Dean of the Faculty of Political Science (Professor Charas Suwanmala, Ph.D.) THESIS COMMITTEE ___________________________ Chairperson (Professor Supang Chantavanich, Ph.D.) ___________________________ Thesis Principal Advisor (Niti Pawakapan, Ph.D.) ___________________________ External Examiner (Decha Tangseefa, Ph.D.) นายไซ โลน: เศรษฐศาสตรการเมืองของการปราบฝนในประเทศพมา: มุมมองระดับ ทองถิ่นในเขตวา (THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF OPIUM REDUCTION IN BURMA: LOCAL PERSPECTIVES FROM THE WA REGION) อ. ทปรี่ ึกษา: ดร.นิติ ภวัครพันธุ. 133 หนา. งานวิจัยชิ้นนี้เนนศึกษาผลกระทบดานเศรษฐกิจสังคมของโครงการพัฒนาชนบทที่ดําเนินงานโดยองคกร ชวยเหลือระหวางประเทศดานการพัฒนาที่มีตอความเปนอยูของเกษตรกรผูเคยปลูกฝนเปนรายไดหลัก โครงการฯใน ที่นี้คือ การหามการปลูกฝนในเขตวา รัฐฉาน ประเทศพมา ระเบียบวิธีวิจัยที่ใชในการศึกษาเปนผสมผสานระหวางการ วิจัยเชิงปริมาณและเชิงคุณภาพ มีการเก็บขอมูลโดยการสัมภาษณเชิงลึกกับเกษตรกรผูเคยปลูกฝน เจาหนาที่ทองถิ่น ระดับสูง และเจาหนาท ี่องคกรชวยเหลือระหวางประเทศด านการพัฒนาในเขตวา การทบทวนวรรณกรรมเปน ประโยชนสําหรับแนวทางดานทฤษฎีเพื่อใชวิเคราะหขอมูลที่เก็บมาจากการลงพื้นที่ และใชในการศึกษาคนควา เรื่องราวความสําเร็จ และบทเรียนจากประเทศไทยในเรื่องการปราบฝนซึ่งแสดงใหเห็นวา โครงการปราบฝนสามารถ หลีกเลี่ยงวิกฤติทางมนุษยธรรมได ถาผูที่มีสวนเกี่ยวของทุกฝายเขามามีสวนรวมเปนจํานวนมากที่สุดในการหามการ ปลูกฝน การเปรียบเทียบสภาพทางเศรษฐกิจสังคมของหมูบานที่เปนกรณีศึกษาไดแสดงใหเหนภาพท็ ี่ชัดเจนของ คุณภาพชีวิตของชาวบานกอนและหลังการหามการปลูกฝน ประการแรก มีการสํารวจหาสาเหตุตนตอของการปลูกฝนเพื่อทราบถึงการพึ่งพาทางเศรษฐกิจสังคมของ เกษตรกรผูปลูกฝน และผลกระทบตอเศรษฐกิจระดับทองถิ่น ประการที่สอง การศึกษาครั้งนี้ไดพยายามคนหา ผลกระทบดานเศรษฐกิจสังคมและสิ่งแวดลอมจากการห ามการปลูกฝนที่มีการบังคับใชตามกฎหมายโดยกองกําลัง สหรัฐวา (UWSA) โดยไมมีการเตรียมความพรอมดานความเปนอยูแกเกษตรกรผูเคยปลูกฝน การศึกษานี้ไดเปดเผยให เห็นวาประชากรทองถิ่นไดมีการใชกลยุทธตางๆในการรับมือกับสถานการณนี้ ซึ่งไดแก การขยายพื้นที่การเพาะปลูก พืชอาหาร การอพยพเพื่อไปใชแรงงาน และการทําลายทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ โดยเฉพาะการใชผลผลิตจากปาที่ไมใช เนื้อไมไปในทางที่ไมยั่งยืน ประการที่สาม ไดมีการประเมินกลยุทธและแนวทางดานการพัฒนาของโครงการที่มีการ ดําเนินงานโดยสถาบันระหวางประเทศดานการพัฒนา เพื่อทราบถึงผลกระทบของโครงการเหลานั้นตอความเปนอยู ของเกษตรกรผูเคยปลูกฝน จากการศึกษาพบวา การใหความรูเรื่องเทคนิควิธีการ การใหวัสดุ และการสนับสนุนทาง การเงิน ทําใหปญหาการขาดแคลนขาวไดรับการแกไข อยางไรกตาม็ ยังตองใชเวลาอีกยาวนานในการตอบสนอง ความตองการทางดานเศรษฐกิจแกเกษตรกรผูเคยปลูกฝน การศึกษาครั้งนี้ไดเสนอกลยุทธและแนวทางดานการพัฒนาที่ชวยแกไขปญหาความตองการดานเศรษฐกิจสังคม ของเกษตรกรผูเคยปลูกฝน รวมทั้งเสนอแนะการวิจัยที่ควรมีตอไป ในการศึกษาเรื่องการปลูกพืชทดแทนที่อาจจะมี ผลกระทบที่รุนแรงทั้งทางดานสิ่งแวดลอมและความเปนอยูของเกษตรกรผูเคยปลูกฝน สาขาวิชา การพัฒนาระหวางประเทศ ลายมือชื่อนิสิต: _______________________________ ปการศึกษา 2551 ลายมือชื่ออาจารยที่ปรึกษา: ______________________ v ##5081011624: MAJOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES KEY WORD: OPIUM REDUCTION/ FOOD SHORTAGE/ LIVELIHOOD/ SOCIOECONOMIC NEEDS/ CROP SUBSTITUTION. SAI LONE: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF OPIUM REDUCTION IN BURMA: LOCAL PERSPECTIVES FROM THE WA REGION. THESIS PRINCIPAL ADVISOR: NITI PAWAKAPAN, Ph.D. 133 pp. The focus of this study is on the socioeconomic impacts of rural development projects implemented by international development aid agencies on the livelihood of former opium farmers whose major income source, i.e. opium cultivation, has been banned in the Wa region of Shan state, Burma. A mixture of quantitative and qualitative research methodology was applied in this research. Information had been collected by conducting in-depth interview with former opium farmers, senior local authorities, and project staff of international development aid agencies in the Wa region. Literature review was useful for theoretical approach in analyzing data collected from the field study, and it was also utilized to discover the success stories and lessons learnt from Thai experience on opium reduction which clearly showed that humanitarian crisis could be avoided if the ban on opium cultivation was carried out with the maximum participation of all the stakeholders. Comparison of socioeconomic conditions of the case study villages gives a clear picture of the villagers’ life qualities before and after the opium ban. Firstly of all, the root-cause of opium cultivation had been explored to identify the extent of socioeconomic reliance of the farmers on opium, and the impact of opium on the local economy. Secondly, this study made an attempt to discover the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of opium ban, which authoritatively enforced by the United Wa State Army (UWSA) without any preparation of alternative livelihood for the opium farmers. It revealed the coping strategies adopted by the local population, which included expansion of food cultivation area, migration as causal labour, exploitation of natural resources, particularly non-timber forest products in unsustainable manner. Forest depletion caused by illegal logging and expansion of rubber plantation which carried out in order to fill the coffer of local authorities was also discovered. Thirdly, development strategies and approaches of the projects which implemented by international development institutions have been assessed to identify their impacts on the livelihood of former opium farmers. With technical know-how, materials and financial inputs, the rice shortage problem has been solved to a certain extend, however the economic need of the former opium farmers are still far behind being met. This study suggests development strategies and approaches by which the socioeconomic needs of former opium farmers can be solved. It also recommends further research on other crop substitution endeavours which will have serious impacts both on environment and livelihood of the former opium farmers. Field of study: International Student’s signature: _________________________ Development Studies Academic year 2008 Principal Advisor’s signature: _________________ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply grateful to Dr. Niti Pawakapan, my thesis supervisor for his great support, encouragement, guidance, valuable comments and suggestions starting from the idea formation till the completion of this thesis research with great patience. Without his substantial inputs, this research would never be come out in this shape. I would also like to express my profound gratitude to Professor Dr. Supang Chantavanich, the chairperson of my thesis committee, and the external examiner, Dr. Decha Tangsrifa for their kind advice, guidance, encouragement and moral supports. I am sincerely indebted to Dr. Ronald D. Renard, whose constant kind advice, support, encouragement and concern are indispensible for me to pursuit the higher academic endeavour. And it would not be possible for me to study in the prestige Chulalongkorn University without the financial support from Heinrich Boell Foundation, therefore I would like to extend my great gratitude to Dr. Heike Löschman and Olga Duchniewska. Everyone I have met in the Wa Region and particularly in my research areas, Mong Pawk District, and Pang Kham Headquarters has not only been courteous and kind, but also generous and compassionate. I am humbly grateful to all and deeply regret that I am unable to list all their names. I would, however, like to cite some of those who have provide me great assistance in carrying out this research: Xiao Ming Ling, Bu Loi Kham, Zhao Wen Guang, Chen Yong, Zhao Lao Zhang, Xiao Gao, Kuod Bao, Johnny and Khun Lu Maha. I would also like to express sincere thanks to the MAIDS program staffs and responsible persons in Chulalongkorn University for their assistance during my study, and all my classmates for sharing their knowledge and experiences. And last, but not the least, I heartily wish to record my deepest love to my parents, (Tao Jar Ho) and Daw Nang Arm, whose dedications, contributions, scarifies and guidance towards building my life are simply incalculable. And many sincere thanks to my beloved wife, Nang Kham Tip, my two sons, Sai Tip Seng and Sai Kham Lao, and all my younger brothers and sisters for their untiring supports, understanding and inspiration up to now. This work is entirely made in their honor. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ( THAI) ……………………….…………………..…………………. iv ABSTRACT ( ENGLISH) ………………….……………………….…................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………….……………………..................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………....….…………..…………...........……... vii LIST OF TABLES ………………………….……………………..……….............. x LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………..……............ xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
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