Lesson from the 1995 Hanshin Awaji Earthquake and Japan’s Disaster Reduction Policy
JICA, Human Resource Development Programme for Disaster Reduction in Pakistan October 1st, 2019
Ryosuke Aota, Professor Graduate School of Disaster Resilience and Governance University of Hyogo, JAPAN Purpose of the Lecture
1. Japan has had many natural disasters. Especially, the 1995 Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake has given the society huge shock. 2. It changed not only disaster management system, but also gave the concept to disaster resilient society. 3. The lesson from that disaster has become the base for Japan’s disaster management. (1) Overconfidence in modern technology and lack of disaster management policy (2) Immediate and flexible emergency response (3) Long term and wide range of recovery and reconstruction (=build back better) (4) Variety of needs and lack of government capacity (5) Self, mutual and public support (6) Disaster resilient society against future huge disasters Japan is a Disaster Country (prone to natural disasters like earthquake, tsunami, typhoon, land slide and snowstorm) year Disaster Dead and missing Big disasters in Japan (dead and missing with more than 1932 Mikawa Earthquake 2,306 1,000 after 1932, 1932 Makurazaki Typhoon 3,756 Re : White Paper on Disaster 1946 Nankai Earthquake 1,443 Management, Cabinet Office 2016) 1947 Katherine Typhoon 1,930 1948 Fukui Earthquake 3,769 • There used to be huge flood 1954 Huge Rainfall in Kyushu, Shikoku, 1,013 disasters in the past. Chugoku • We had confidence in 1954 Huge rainfall in Wakayama 1,124 overcoming water related disasters by developing hard 1955 Toyamaru Typhoon 1,761 infrastructure. 1958 Kanogawa Typhoon 1,269 • We had forgotten huge 1959 Isewan Typhoon 5,098 earthquake disasters until Hanshin Awaji 1995 Hanshin Awaji Earthquake 6,437 2011 East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 22,010 Recent Earthquake Disasters in Japan (after the Hanshin Awaji) 1. Tottori West Quake (Jun. 2000, M7.3) 2. Geiyo Qauke (Mar. 2001, M6.7) 3. Miyagi Offshore Quake (May 2003, M7.1) 4. Tokachi Offshore Quake (Sep. 2003, M8.0) 5. Niigata Chuetsu Quake (Oct. 2004, M6.8) 6. Fukuoka West Offshore Quake (Mar. 2005, M7.0) 7. Noto Peninsula Quake (Apr. 2007, M6.9) 8. Iwate/Miyagi Inland Quake (Jun. 2008, M7.2) 9. Great East Japan Quake (Mar.2011, M9.2) 10. Kumamoto Quake (Apr. 2016, M7.3) 11. Northern Osaka Earthquake (Jun. 2016, M6.1) 12. Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Quake (Sep. 2018, M6.7)
• Japan has entered seismic activity period. • Many inland earthquakes are said to be signal before huge disasters in the ocean trench. Japan’s Destiny against Earthquake Disaster
Nankai Trough Quake
102 years Tonankai Nankai Quake Quake Tokai102 Quakeyears
102 years
147 years 32 hours later
90 years 2 years later
Future Earthquake
( Chart by the Cabinet Office ) Future Huge Disasters in Japan
Nankai Trough Earthquake (Event probability: 70-80% within 30 years) - Estimated numbers of deaths/missing persons: 323,000 (2016) to 231,000 (2019) - Estimated total collapsed or burned houses: 2,386,000 (2016) to 2,190,000 (2019) - Estimated damage: 1.7 trillion USD
Tokyo Metropolitan Earthquake (Event probability: 70-80% within 30 years) - Estimated numbers of deaths/missing persons: 23,000 - Estimated total collapsed or burned houses: 610,000 - Estimated damage: 1 trillion USD
We aim the damage will be reduced by 50 to 80% through disaster risk reduction activities in the next ten years from 2014. The Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake in 1995
(1) Date 5:46 am in January 17th, 1995
(2) Damage ・ Number of dead and missing : 6,435 ・ Number of injured : 43,792 ・ Number of totally collapsed or burned houses : 111,054 ・ Number of partially collapsed or burned houses :144,341 ・ Cuts in water supply : more than 1.3 million houses (at the maximum) ・ Failure of power supply : around 2.6 million houses (〃) ・ Interruption of gas supply : around 860,000 houses (〃) ・ Disconnected telephone lines : more than 300,000 lines (〃) Overconfidence in Modern Technology and Lack of Disaster Management
1. Paralyzed urban infrastructure (Challenging issue) • Collapsed Hanshin Expressway(～Sep. 30th,1996) • Railway service interruption (19 lines, 376.5km) • Less anti-seismic buildings and houses (against Japan’s intensity 5, old building code before 1981) (Lesson) • Anti seismic infrastructure, building code against Japan’s intensity 7 • Public transportation, school, facility (=duty) • Private house (= encouragement, subsidy) Overconfidence in Modern Technology and Lack of Disaster Management
2. Lack of preparation (Challenging issue) • Misunderstand about earthquake disaster (= It never hits in Kansai Area.) • Overconfidence in technology and hard infrastructure (= The infrastructure always can protect us.) • Less emphasis on soft measures • No preparation for post-disaster stage (= No idea of what to do, Much more confusion than it can be expected.) (Lesson) • Literacy for disaster risk reduction • Public awareness and disaster education • Community empowerment, government capacity building Immediate and Flexible Emergency Response (by Mr. Toshitami Kaihara, Former Governor of Hyogo)
1. Lack of understanding earthquake disaster → We have strengthened disaster management system against earthquake disaster.
2. Lack of staff on night and holiday duty • Only a few staff had reached the government headquarter building within 30 minutes after the disaster. → We have provided duty system all the time throughout year and made special apartments for government staff.
3. Lack of information and damage assessment • The prefecture government could neither collect information from municipality governments, nor sent it to the national government. • The government was not able to comprehend the whole image of the disaster. → We have developed information and damage assessment system. 【disaster standby lodging】 Immediate and Flexible Emergency Response (by Mr. Toshitami Kaihara, Former Governor of Hyogo)
4. Less capacity of disaster management center • Cooperation among different stakeholders (police, firefighting agency), self-defense forces was not enough. → We have newly built disaster management center where we could share information among relevant organization.
5. Emergency traffic route • Some roads were damaged or paralyzed. Other roads were crowded by many private cars, which prevented rescue and relief vehicles from passing through. 【disaster management center building】 → We have set emergency traffic route in the case of huge disaster.
6. Volunteer coordination • Although many volunteers rushed to the local governments, we had not had well coordinating system.
→ We have established “voluntary plaza or center” to coordinate volunteers. 【secretariat drill】 Long Term and Wide Range of Recovery and Reconstruction (= Build Back Better)
B.B.B. covers all areas of the society !
1. Housing (shelter :7 months, temporary house :5 years, public housing :aging) 2. Community (continued) 3. Livelihood (continued) 4. Medical, Health, Welfare (continued) 5. Industry, Employment (10 years) 6. Education (10 years) 7. Culture (10 years) 8. Infrastructure (3 years) 9. Disaster management (5 years) Lesson : Evacuation Place
1. Evacuation center (school, public facility) (1) Lack of space and privacy (Challenging issue) • 317,000 evacuees at 1,138 places (at maximum, 2 weeks after that quake) •Much stress, especially for women (ex. difficult to change clothes), children, aged, disabled and other vulnerable people • Easy to cause infectious disease • Long period (at maximum 8 months) (Lesson) • Keep privacy to separate by cardboard or curtain • Special care service to each individual need (New challenging issue) • Accommodation at private car (economic syndrome) or at broken house Lesson : Evacuation Place
(2) Lack of consideration on elderly or disabled people (vulnerability) (Challenging issue) • Number of toilets were not enough. Elderly refrained from drinking water, which caused dehydration and other illness. • Family with disabled gave up staying at the place to go back to their collapsed house (Lesson) • Make temporary bed by cardboard • Care by medical staff • Special evacuation place by making use of welfare facility Lesson : Evacuation Place
(3) Less food and daily commodities (Challenging issue) • Slow delivery, delivery with mismatch or overlap • Heavy traffic jam or road collapse • One pattern food(bento or bread), less consideration on nutrition • Difficult to sort out piles of commodities (Lack of know-how for delivery) (Lesson) • Hot cooked meal by volunteers or SDF (Self Defense Forces) • Ensure food and commodities from makers or supermarkets (agreement) • Manpower by delivery company • Arrange between mass delivery by the national government and detailed sort by the local government. Lesson : Temporary Housing
2. Temporary House • 48,300 houses in 634 places • Rental fee is free, but pay for use of essential utilities (electricity, gas and water supply) (Challenging issue) (1) Difficult to ensure sites for temporary houses • Less space in urban or flat areas, some sites were in remote areas (2) Difficult to complete many temporary houses in short term • It took seven months to complete all of the temporary houses (3) Divided community • Many applications, Drawing lots to decide who will reside and where they will be locate (4) Full of stress • Loss of family, property or job • Unfamiliar area, new relationship, uncertainty about future • Sleeplessness, alcoholism, suicide, isolated death Lesson : Temporary Housing
(Lesson) (1) Community center • Tea room, karoke, craft, seasonal event • Exchange among residents (2) Special care • Life support advisor, social worker, health nurse, volunteer • Barrier free (3) Basic facility • Shops (food, electric appliance, beauty parlor) and restaurant • Daycare center, medical clinic (4) Make use of apartment as another type of temporary house • Merit : rapid to move, basic facility (toilet, bath), cost-effective for government, • Demerit : isolation Lesson : Permanent Housing 1. Rebuild houses for themselves (Challenging issue) • No compensation to loss of private house (no intention, no fault) by the government • No public grant to rebuild house, indirect support (interest subsidy) by the government • Double loan (for both collapsed house and new house) • Dispute over rebuilding vs repairing at condominium (friction among residents) • Many residents gave up reconstruction
(Lesson) • Direct subsidy to rebuild house • National grant to totally or heavily collapsed house (maximum 3 million JPY) • Local government grant • Public donation • Mutual housing aid (ex. annual premium 5 thousand JPY, aid with maximum 6 million JPY) Lesson : Permanent Housing 2. Relocate to public housing with low rental fee (Challenging issue) (1) Aging and Isolation at public housing (as of 2015. Hanshin-Awaji) • 50.8 % of households were over 65 • 46.9 % of households were single-occupant (2) Rebuild new community (3) Solitary death (4) Friction with neighboring community (Lesson) • Watch over aged people • Life support advisor, health nurse, volunteer • Community plaza • Not only collective but also detached house Variety of Needs
• Needs cannot be treated in the same way (not • Government service tends to unified, standard) be standardized. • Each person has its own needs. • We should recognize variety • There are many variety of vulnerability. of needs. • “Common needs” vs “Small but many unmet • Small needs are easily to be needs” left behind. • We should give them (ex.1) Aged people detailed support. (ex.2) Physically, intellectually or mentally challenged people (ex.3) Women with small children, pregnant lady, • Government sector is baby, infant, school children familiar with providing mass (ex.4) Low incomed people care service. (ex.5) Foreign people • Private sector is flexible to (ex.7) People who lost their family, orphan take care of individual needs. Self, Mutual and Public Support
(Public Sector) (Private Sector)
National Public Support Company Government Self Support Mutual Prefecture Support Public & Private Partnership NPO/Community Municipality Mutual Support Self Support Police Family / Individual
・Public support → Government implements disaster management ・Mutual support → Community people, NPOs, companies cooperate with each other ・Self support → Individual citizen/company implements for himself/ itself Governance for Disaster Resilient Society in JAPAN
1. From “government” to “governance” 2. Function of “public sector” (national & local government)
(1) Institutionalization (law, (1) Mass care service ordinance, organization) (2) Standardization (2) Hard infrastructure Hard (3) Financial resource (3) Normalization Approach infrastructure by public (4) Authorization (4) Formality sector Public–Private partnership 3. Function of “private sector” Care for Mass care individual service (NGO/NPO, business company, ,community, citizen ) ” person
Approach (1) Outreach & onsite (1) Respond to by private (2) Soft measure individual, minority, sector Soft measure (3) Human resource unmet needs (4) Close relationship with (2) Diversity local people (3) Informality Self Support and Community Development
1. Self support • Protect us for ourselves • “Anti-seismic housing” and “immediate evacuation” are key issues to decrease the number of death toll (=disaster risk reduction). Fire fighting agency, (Challenging issue) Police, SDF 8000 (22.9%) • Raising awareness is not easy. Natural disaster does not come often. • Anti-seismic costs much. Neighbors, 27000 (77.1%) • Children do not always live in parents house. There are many vacant houses because of depopulation. Who rescued the people buried in the debris ? (from Disaster 2. Community development Management White Paper) • We cannot live alone. Community is important to spend our lives. • Self support and community development should accelerate with each other. • Relief activities are mainly implemented by neighbors. (=short term) • Each member is a main actor for community development. (=long term) Community
(Challenging issue) (1) Poor interpersonal relationship, especially, in urban city (2) Young generation are not interested in community activities. (3) New community at both temporary and permanent housing sites
(Lesson) (1) Autonomous disaster reduction group (at both stages) • Disaster drill and training • Storage for rescue and relief equipment, food, water and daily commodities (2) Community development association (at post disaster stage) • Residents, land owners, other stakeholders who are engaged in community • They themselves decide the development with the assistance from experts. • They cooperate with government. (3) Community disaster management plan (at pre disaster stage) • Community members make their plan to prepare for future disaster. Community Development (One Advanced Case)
• This community was developed by the cooperation among community residents, experts and Kobe municipality office. • This stream was developed to ensure Community stream water for fire-fighting as well as for daily at Matsumoto, life at emergency times, based on the Hyogo Ward, Kobe City lesson. • It is significant that the community residents manage the stream to take care of environment as well as to enhance
personal relationship. Power Point by Prof. Ikuo Kobayashi Mutual Support by Volunteer, NPO/NGO and Other Supporters
（Emergency aid stage) 1.3 million volunteers got together from all over Japan → First year of volunteerism in Japan
1. Take care of affected people at evacuation center (ex.) prepare meals / deliver relief goods / child care
2. Professional volunteer ( ex. medical doctor, nurse, architect, lawyer researcher）
3. Amateur volunteer (ex. university student, businessman, housewife, retired person) Mutual Support by Volunteer, NPO/NGO and Other Supporters
(Recovery & reconstruction Stages) 1. Take care of affected people at temporary housing ( prevent isolation / build new community )
(ex.) Seishin No.7 temporay housing site（120 buildings with 1,060 houses） • Number each building for easy identification • Write the manual to use electricity and water supply in big letters • Set the watering time every morning (=greeting time) • Friendly center for exchange among residents • Build face to face relationship between volunteers and affected residents Mutual Support by Volunteer, NPO/NGO and Other Supporters
(Characteristics) • Pick up individual needs, closed to affected people, heart to heart • Private matters (hot food, debris, furniture) • Immediate and flexible ( ⇔Government must follow the law, formal) • New idea, professional Hard • Complement public support infrastructure Approach by public sector (Challenging issue) Public – private • Coordination among different supporters or stakeholders partnership • Cooperation with government Care Mass care for service each (institution) (Lesson) person • Volunteer center • Intermediary organization Approach by CSR (Cooperate Social responsibility) private • sector Soft measure Future Huge Disasters in Japan Nankai Trough Earthquake (Event probability: 70-80% within 30 years) - Estimated numbers of deaths/missing persons: 323,000 (2016) to 231,000 (2019) - Estimated total collapsed or burned houses: 2,386,000 (2016) to 2,190,000 (2019) - Estimated damage: 1.7 trillion USD Nankai Trough Quake 102 years Nankai Tonankai Tokai Tokyo Metropolitan Earthquake (Event probability: 70-80% within Quake Quake 102Quake years 30 years) 102 years - Estimated numbers of deaths/missing persons: 23,000 - Estimated total collapsed or burned houses: 610,000 147 years 32 hours later - Estimated damage: 1 trillion USD 90 years 2 years later We aim the damage will be reduced by 50 to 80% through disaster risk reduction activities in the next ten years from 2014. Future Earthquake ( Chart by the Cabinet Office ) Damage Estimates 1. Expected death toll : around 323,000 people (at worst case) in 24 prefectures Death Death Death Death Prefecture (Tsunami Prefecture (Tsunami Prefecture (Tsunami Prefecture (Tsunami Height) Height) Height) Height) 109,000 80,000 49,000 43,000 Shizuoka Wakayama Kochi Mie (33m) (20m) (34m) (27m) 42,000 31,000 23,000 17,000 Miyazaki Tokushima Aichi Oita (17m) (24m) (22m) (15m) 12,000 7,700 5,800 3,500 Ehime Osaka Hyogo Kagawa (21m) (5m) (9m) (5m) 2,900 1,600 1,500 Kanagawa Nara 1,700 Chiba Tokyo (10m) (11m) (31m) 1,200 1,200 800 Okayama Kagoshima Kyoto 900 Hiroshima (4m) (13m) (4m) 200 Shiga 500 Yamanashi 400 Gifu 200 Yamaguchi (5m) Disaster Reduction Goal in the Next Ten Years
1. Strengthen Emergency Disaster Control Measures 2. Measures against earthquake disaster (1) Anti-seismic building and lifelines (2) Fire prevention measures (3) Landslide and liquefaction countermeasures 3. Measures against tsunami disaster (1) Breakwater and embankment against tsunami (2) Safe and secure evacuation route Disaster Reduction Goal in the Next Ten Years
4. Disaster Education and drill 5. Cooperation with volunteers 6. Consider local situations (1) Urban area: high rise building, underground mall, zero meter area (2) Rural area: depopulated community, mountainous area
• Anti-seismic building : We can make the number of collapsed housing reduce by 60%. • Immediate evacuation : We can make the death toll reduce by 90%. • Not only “self support” but also “mutual and public support” is important. Characteristics of Heavy Rainfall Disaster
We can forecast when the disaster comes !
１ ． We might have looked down on disaster caused by heavy rainfall.(ex. river flooding, landslide) ① We should change ideas about heavy rainfall due to weather fluctuation. ② We didn’t expect overflood across rivers. ③ There are many people living in landslide risk areas. ④ Because of urbanization, many people have their houses along valleys.
２．We should be more sensitive about evacuation. ① Many residents have not evacuated in advance. ② Evacuation announcement by government was not always effective for residents. Characteristics of Heavy Rainfall Disaster
４．How do we cope with people in need (vulnerable people)？ ① Aged, challenged, baby, child, foreigner and others ② If we cannot protect those survived people, it leads to secondary disaster.
５. Local government capacity is still limited. ① Unexperienced local government has not accumulated know-how how to respond to disasters. ② Small-scaled municipal government does not have enough resources (financial, technical, manpower) ③ Mutual support system should be strengthened among local governments
６．How should we make use of volunteers coming from outside affected areas ? ① Number of volunteers are not enough, when there are many affected areas. ② Volunteer coordination is still not enough. Summary (Japan’s Disaster Management Based on that Lesson) Disaster Management Act (Revised in 2016 & 2017) Ex. 1. Overconfidence in modern technology and lack of disaster management • Idea of “disaster risk reduction” into “build back better” • Idea of public, mutual
( Short term and long term ) and self support 2. Immediate and flexible ＋ 3. Long term and wide range of • Combination between recovery and reconstruction emergency response hard infra and soft
(=build back better) measures ＋ • Variety of needs • Support to vulnerable ( Stakeholder ) people
• Information sharing with 4. Variety of needs and lack ＋ 5. Self, mutual and public residents of government capacity support • Cooperation with volunteer • Community disaster management plan 6. Disaster resilient society against future huge disasters • Environment on evacuation places 南三陸町 Collective Relocation and Land Development
Ａ Level ２ Height with １６ ｍ The highest Tsunami Ｂ Level １ Height with 7.7 ｍ Tsunami with high probability 36 Relocation to Hilly Site (Promotion of Collective Relocation for Disaster Reduction）
Government Cost for land Cost for Subsidy to affected Purchase creation developing residents (interest on affected lands public facilities housing loan, move) from residents
Affected Cost for purchasing Cost for building residents land space house ー ー Human Resource Development (Graduate School of Disaster Resilience and Governance) 1. Establishment April 1, 2017 2. Background (1) Disseminate lessons taken from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and other past disasters (i) Earthquakes highlighted potential issues in urban society. • Road, railway, and other types of structural infrastructure • Factories, commercial facilities, and other facilities • Lack of capacities by communities where residents have weak relationships • Elderly residents and other vulnerable people who may be left behind (ii)Experienced long term recovery and reconstruction beyond immediate response after the earthquake • Measures have been taken in the various time spans of one month, one year, five years, ten years, and twenty years. • As the focus of “building back better” was not narrowly limited to “emergency management,” it covered various areas of housing, industry, infrastructure, education, culture, health, welfare, etc. 38 Human Resource Development (Graduate School of Disaster Resilience and Governance)
(2) Develop human resources that will build a disaster resilient society (i) Contribute to society in the areas of education and research through systematizing and theorizing the lessons (ii) Develop human resources in the area of not only “public administration,” but also “corporate,” “NPO,” “community,” “volunteer,” and various other sectors (hereinafter called “operating bodies”)➡ Concept of governance (co-governance) (iii) Develop human resources with more practical academic knowledge and findings which have been based on the experiences and lessons from past disasters.
39 Human Resource Development (Graduate School of Disaster Resilience and Governance) 2. Characteristics (1) Integrate “disaster risk reduction” into “building back better.” (i) Importance should be put on “disaster risk reduction,” the concept of reducing damage as much as possible, rather than preventing disasters. (ii) The concept of “disaster risk reduction” saw the light through the process of “building back better” from the damage of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. The both are inextricably associated with each other. (2) The school’s education and research targets policy for disaster resilience and governance. (i) Public policy that is conducted by national government and local government. (ii) BCP (Business Continuity Plans) and management strategy by corporations (iii) Action plans by NPOs and communities (iv) Practical activities conducted in order to build the afflicted area back better. 40 Human Resource Development (Graduate School of Disaster Resilience and Governance)
(3) Importance is put mainly on humanities, social science (i) Combine related studies of “public administration,” “economics,” “urban planning,” “architecture,” “social science,” “psychology,” “education,” “information science,” “law,” “nursing,” and “welfare” in a cross-sectoral manner. (ii) Learn both professional knowledge and practical ways of responding (iii) Develop human resources that will contribute to “planning and conducting measures” “Implementing emergency management,” “disaster risk reduction education” “coordinating various operating bodies,” and others. (4) Providing continuing education (education for adults) (i) Provide advanced education targeting local government officials, teachers of elementary schools/junior high schools/senior high schools, business-related persons, etc. (ii) People who graduated from this school and returned to the workplace will contribute to building a disaster resilient society as more immediate fighting strengths. 41 Human Resource Development (Graduate School of Disaster Resilience and Governance)
1. Develop leaders who will build a disaster resilient society (1) Take note of “self-help,” “mutual support,” as well as “public support.” (2) Develop core human resources in each operating body. (i) Local government: human resources with a wide range of knowledge and various experiences concerning disaster resilience and governance. (ii) Corporations: human resources with detailed knowledge on business continuity and contribution to the disaster stricken areas. (iii) Community, NPO, volunteer: human resources who will contribute to improvement of disaster risk reduction ability of the community (iv) Elementary and high school: human resources with a detailed knowledge on disaster response, reopening of school education, assistances for the disaster areas. (3) Develop coordinators who can facilitate to link, complement and cooperate among various operating bodies. 42 Educational Philosophy and Goals Four main areas in providing education
2. Main areas in providing education Area (iv) : Governance for disaster resilience and (1) Priority is put on humanities and social science. governance Focusing on “operating (2) Recognize the importance of soft measures, not bodies” and “relationships” only hard infrastructure.
(Example) Organizational and human behaviors, Area (iii): emergency systems and countermeasures, Area (ii): Management for Communication for disaster disaster risk reduction drill/education disaster resilience resilience and (3) Concept: and governance governance Focusing on Focusing on “organizations” “A disaster resilient society” will be realized “people” when various operating bodies cooperate by Area (i): Assessment for “recognizing disaster risk,” “examining how disaster resilience and people and organizations should respond to governance those risks.” Focusing on “risks”
43 Educational Philosophy and Goals Area Purpose Fields to be studied (example)
(i) Assessment for Characteristics of hazards / States of To assess factors causing a disaster resilience suffering damage / Social vulnerability / disaster by focusing on “risks.” and governance Disaster risk reduction measures Psychology of disaster victims / Social (ii) Communication To explore human behavior and psychology / Disaster risk reduction for disaster psychology by focusing on education / Inheritance of lessons learned resilience and “humans.” from disasters / Assistance for evacuees / governance Volunteer work To manage risks in emergency Response to disaster / Urban planning / (iii) Management for case and make preparations on a Community based disaster risk reduction / disaster resilience routine basis by focusing on Corporative disaster risk reduction / and governance “organizations.” Regeneration of local industry Governance / Legal system / National (iv) Governance for To study co-governance by strategy / Local government administration disaster resilience focusing on various “operating / Assistance for disaster victims / and governance bodies” and their “relationships. “ International disaster risk reduction cooperation 44
Education Method: Curriculum Examination of academic Complementing by Basic courses: 4 courses for
undergraduate 6 units (Compulsory) AcquisitionMaster’sdegree of (academic)
disaster risk dissertation reduction Special Special education is Special policy for disaster resilience and possible governance policy “I” and “II” research “I” research “II” Fieldwork for disaster resilience and - 4 units - 4 units governance “I” and “II” (Compulsory) (Compulsory)
Special practice “I”: 2 units Special practice “II”: 2 (Compulsory) units (Compulsory)
Specialized courses: 4 courses for 8 units (Compulsory elective); 3 courses for 6 units (elective)
Assessment for disaster resilience and governance: (ex.) “History of natural disasters”, “living environment assessment theory”, and “disaster risk reduction information/geospatial information theory”
Communication for disaster resilience and governance: (ex.) “Social psychology theory”, “disaster risk reduction education and psychological care theory”, and “theory on assisting evacuation life”
Management for disaster resilience and governance: (ex.) “disaster response management theory”, “urban planning theory for disaster resilience and governance”, and “theory on building local industry back better”. 45 Governance for disaster resilience and governance: National disaster risk reduction strategy theory, disaster risk reduction theory by local government administration, and disaster victim assistance policy theory. Research Purposes / Goals
1. Utilize experiences and lessons “Hyogo area and its people” have accumulated, as research resources (i) Research on “building back better” from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake that have been developed by local governments and citizens (ii) Research on support for the other areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake, the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, etc. (iii) Research on preparation for future disasters, such as the Nankai Trough Earthquake and Tokyo Metropolitan Earthquake. 2. Sort out and systematize experiences and lessons of past disasters accumulated by various operating bodies. 3. Promote cooperation and liaison with institutions related to disaster risk reduction located in new urban area of the east part of Kobe (ex.: Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution, UN-related institutions, JICA Kansai) (i) Joint research/joint project (ii) Internship 46 Graduate Students
1. Admission policy (1) A person who is willing to study disaster resilience and governance based on basic education received in the faculty he/she graduated from (2) A person who desires to study theory and practical activities related to disaster resilience and governance, based on his/her experiences in the workplace 2. Diploma Policy (1) A person who fully understands the philosophy and education (goal and content) of this graduate school (2) A person who is fully motivated to improve her/his own ability with the purpose of taking leadership of the next generation, contributing to society, etc. (3) A person who has aptitudes for mastering the intended specialization areas; for example, logical thinking and expressive power, etc. 47 Graduate Students
3. The current number of students are 30. (1) Students moving up from undergraduate Human resources in (2) Dispatched public officers public administrations, corporations, schools, (3) Other adults NPOs, communities, etc.
4. A doctoral program (latter period) has also been established, where we develop researchers who take leadership for disaster resilience and governance.
48 Human Resource Development
1. Local government: Disaster risk reduction and risk management department / Risk management section at a general affairs department / Department related to disaster recovery and reconstruction, including health, welfare, education, and industry / Department engaging in planning and implementing of policy, and practical measures.
2. Corporations: BCP (Business Continuity Plan) and BCM (Business Continuity Management) sector / Department engaging in emergency management measure, disaster support and CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)
3. Elementary and high school: Provide guidance to pupils or students, and school support activities at the afflicted area 49 Human Resource Development
4. NPO/NGO: Disaster risk reduction education, evacuation, and assistance for disaster victims / Play central roles when cooperating with national and local governments
5. Community: Play a central role with a community and volunteer members.
6. Practical specialist: Promote coordination among various “operating bodies.”
7. Researcher: Play a core role in research on policy for disaster resilience and governance. 50 Thank you for your attention !
If you have any enquiries, please do not hesitate to contact to me