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Governance for Disaster Resilient Society in Japan

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Governance for Disaster Resilient Society in Japan Local Government Capacity in Japan Third Country Training Programme on Disaster Risk Management and Building Disaster Resilient Communities April 23rd, 2019 Ryosuke Aota, Professor Graduate School of Disaster Resilience and Governance University of Hyogo, JAPAN Japan, Disaster Country (prone to natural disasters like earthquake, tsunami, typhoon, land slide and snowstorm) year Disaster Dead and missing Big disasters in Japan 1932 Mikawa Earthquake 2,306 (dead and missing with more than 1,000 after 1932, 1932 Makurazaki Typhoon 3,756 Re : White Paper on Disaster 1946 Nankai Earthquake 1,443 Management, Cabinet Office 2016) 1947 Katherine Typhoon 1,930 1948 Fukui Earthquake 3,769 There used to be huge 1954 Huge Rainfall in Kyushu, Shikoku, 1,013 flood disasters in the Chugoku past. 1954 Huge Rainfall in Wakayama 1,124 1955 Toyamaru Typhoon 1,761 We had not experienced huge earthquake 1958 Kanogawa Typhoon 1,269 disasters until Hanshin 1959 Isewan Typhoon 5,098 Awaji for those 50 years. 1995 Hanshin Awaji Earthquake 6,437 2011 East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 22,010 Recent Earthquake Disasters in Japan (after Hanshin Awaji) 1. Tottori West Quake (Jun. 2000, M7.3) 2. Geiyo Qauke (Mar. 2001, M6.7) 3. Miyagi Offshore Quake (May 2003, M7.1) 4. Tokachi Offshore Quake (Sep. 2003, M8.0) 5. Niigata Chuetsu Quake (Oct. 2004, M6.8) 6. Fukuoka West Offshore Quake (Mar. 2005, M7.0) 7. Noto Peninsula Quake (Apr. 2007, M6.9) 8. Iwate/Miyagi Inland Quake (Jun. 2008, M7.2) 9. Great East Japan Quake (Mar.2011, M9.2) 10. Kumamoto Quake (Apr. 2016, M7.3) 11. Northern Osaka Earthquake (Jul. 2018, M6.1) 12. Hokkaido Iburi Earthquake (Jun. 2018, M6.7) • Japan entered seismic activity period. • Many inland earthquakes are said to be signal before huge disasters in ocean trench. Future Huge Disasters in Japan (Ex.1) Nankai Trough Earthquake (Event probability: 70-80% within 30 years) - Estimated numbers of deaths/missing persons: 323,000 Estimated damage: 1.7 trillion USD (Ex.2) Earthquake whose epicenter is directly below Nankai Trough Quake Tokyo, the capital city 102 years Nankai Tonankai Tokai Quake Quake 102Quake years (Event probability: 70-80% within 30 years) 102 years - Estimated numbers of deaths/missing persons: 23,000 147 years 32 hours later - Estimated damage: 1 trillion USD 90 years 2 years later We aim the damage will be reduced by 50 to 80% by disaster risk reduction activities in the next ten years (from 2014). Future Earthquake ( Chart by the Cabinet Office ) Purpose of This Lectures (April 23rd and 24th) 1. The Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake in 1995 not only has given the society huge shock, but also has shown us the importance of “Build Back Better”, which triggered social innovation. 2. One of the most shocking matters was the limit of government capacity. Both the national and local government could not immediately get damage information. Their response was slow and fell into confusion. 3. On the other hand, many volunteers rushed into the affected sites. NPO/NGO developed their activities for affected people. That was the first opportunity in Japan. 4. Self, mutual and public support was recognized, as the lessons from that disaster. 5. The lesson has become the base of disaster management in Japan, which was passed down to the following disasters, including the Great East Japan Earthquake. Purpose of This Lectures (April 23rd and 24th) 6. In the first lecture (today), I will focus on local government capacity. 7. The efforts by local government extend from Disaster emergency aid to the whole stage in disaster cycle. Preparedness Emergency Aid 8. And the development of private sector will be Disaster Reduction addressed in the second lecture tomorrow. Mitigation Recovery 9. We realize collaboration and cooperation between B.B.B both sectors is crucial to make disaster resilient society. 10. We understand co-governance by making use of “decentralization” and “private sector” Less Vulnerability Leads to “Recovery” just means to bringing back to normal Disaster Resilient Society (the stage before disaster) (ex) recovery of electricity, gas, water supply, recovery of road, railway 【Disaster hits vulnerable parts in the society】 Ex.：fragile building / collapsed ground / the elderly / We should get rid of the disabled / the poor / petty enterprise vulnerability 【Less vulnerability leads to disaster resilient “Build Back Better” means creating a new society to meet needs, and society】 decreasing vulnerability of the society ・Disaster reduction in each stage of mitigation, (ex) reconstruction of housing, livelihood, community, preparedness, emergency aid, recovery and B.B.B elderly Difference between “Recovery” and “Build Back Better” Why is Local Government a Major Body to Respond to Disaster ? 1. The national government are not close to affected sites and cannot immediately start disaster response. 2. The response by the national government tends to be standardized. It is difficult to reflect locality and diversity into the response, recovery, B.B.B and preparation. 3. The local government is closer to citizens. It is easier to pick up their variety of needs. 4. Decentralization has accelerated the power of local government. Local Government System in Japan 1. Prefecture • Wide area local government • Wide area management, coordination affairs among municipalities, complementary affairs • Elected governor (tenure of office :4 years) • 47 prefectures 2. Municipality (city, town, village) • Basic local government (closest to residents) • No legal difference among city, town and village • City should have population with more than 50,000 • Designated city, which has more than 700,000 population (equivalent to prefecture) • Elected mayor • 790 cities, 745 towns and 183 villages (total:1,718 municipalities, as of April, 2015) 3. Metropolitan ward • 23 wards in Tokyo Metropolitan government (prefecture) • Elected mayor • Equivalent to municipality Decentralization of Authority 1. Basic Idea • Roll allotment should be clarified between the national and local government. • Local government should increase independency and autonomy. • Local society should be achieved with full of individuality and vitality. ２．Purpose • From hierarchical to equal relationship between the national and local government • From standardized system controlled by the national government to comprehensive but diversified one initiated by citizens ３．Function • Abolish assigned function through which national government could fire governor and mayor • Establish new rule when the national government interfere with local government • Promote transfer of authority from the national to local government • Revise rules on structure and staff of local government • Rationalize national subsidy and ensure local tax • Develop local government system • Revise national management plan Role of National & Local Government by Disaster Countermeasure Basic Act (National government) (Prefecture) • Disaster management • Disaster management plan plan • Wide area management, coordination affairs among • Total coordination municipalities, complementary affairs with local government, for disaster management designated public • Police affairs (Municipality / Special ward) organization • Intermediary between • Disaster management plan national & • Fire fighting affairs • Instruct and advise municipality • Water prevention affairs local government government • Semi pubic entity (ex. Coop, industry, social, women, aged, youth, sports club) • Autonomous disaster reduction organization Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake in 1995 (1) Date 5:46 am in January 17th, 1995 (2) Damage ・ Number of dead and missing : 6,435 ・ Number of injured : 43,792 ・ Number of totally collapsed or burned houses : 111,054 ・ Number of partially collapsed or burned Houses :144,341 ・ Cuts in water supply : more than 1.3 million houses (at the maximum) ・ Failure of power supply : around 2.6 million houses (〃) ・ Interruption of gas supply : around 860,000 houses (〃) ・ Disconnected telephone lines : more than 300,000 lines (〃) Lesson from the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake (Characteristics) Lesson : Massive earthquake struck metropolitan area with population of around 3 million 1. Role of 1. Paralyzed urban functions (hard infrastructure) “public support” “mutual support” 2. Livelihood and housing reconstruction for affected and “self support” people (human being) 3. Government could not cope with all of the problems 2. “Build back better” at each stage and field. by local initiative • Stage: rescue, relief, recovery and reconstruction • Field: emergency management, housing, urban I will explain the lessons, based on “the Report of the 10-Year infrastructure, industry, health, medical, welfare, Recovery & Reconstruction education and others. Overall Verification and Recommendations” “Report of the 10-Year Recovery & Reconstruction Overall and Recommendations” compiled by Hyogo Prefecture Government The local government verified and compiled the 10-year recovery & reconstruction (1995 to 2004). ( 12 keynotes of recommendations) 1. Safe and secure community development 2. Inclusive society 3. Recovery and Build Back Better initiated by local government and decentralization of authority 4. Active participation in cooperation with citizens 5. Practical disaster management system 6. Emergency aid and housing reconstruction 7. Consideration on vulnerable people including elderlies 8. Local revitalization and prosperity 9. Distinctive communities using local culture, cityscape and scenery 10.Inter-regional coordination and exchange
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