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Protection and Research on Cultural Heritage in the Chuy Valley, the Kyrgyz Republic Ak-Beshim and Ken Bulun

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Protection and Research on Cultural Heritage in the Chuy Valley, the Kyrgyz Republic Ak-Beshim and Ken Bulun The Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Central Asia Volume 13 Protection and Research on Cultural Heritage in the Chuy Valley, the Kyrgyz Republic Ak-Beshim and Ken Bulun Institute of History and Cultural Heritage of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties 2017 Chief Editors： Kazuya YAMAUCHI（Teikyo University) Bakit AMAMBAEVA（The Institute of History and Cultural Heritage of National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic） Editors： Masashi ABE（The Tokyo National Research Intitute for Cultural Properties） Shogo KUME（Tokyo University of the Arts） Hiroo KANSHA（Keio University） Masatoshi YAMAFUJI（The Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties） Contributors： Kazuya YAMAUCHI（Teikyo University） Hidehiro SOHMA（Late Professor, Nara Women`s University） Toshio NAKAMURA（Nagoya University） Jumpei KUBOTA（Research Institute for Humanity and Nature） Mitsuko WATANABE（Nara Women`s University） Masashi ABE（The Tokyo National Research Intitute for Cultural Properties） Sigeo SAITO（Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Fellow PD） Chie AKASHI（Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Fellow PD） Saiji ARAI（The University of Tokyo） Shogo KUME（Tokyo University of Arts） Hiroo KANSHA（Keio University） Masatoshi YAMAFUJI（The Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties） Bakit AMANBAEVA（The Institute of History and Cultural Heritage of National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic） Aidai Suleimanova（The Institute of History and Cultural Heritage of National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic） Valery Kolchenko（The Institute of History and Cultural Heritage of National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic） Valentina Sankova（National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic） Protection and Research on Cultural Heritage in the Chuy Valley, the Kyrgyz Republic, Ak-Beshim and Ken Bulun March 2017 Issued by Japan Center for International Cooperation in Conservation, Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Independent Administrative Institution National Institutes for Cultural Heritage 13-43 Ueno Park, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8713 TEL: ＋ 81-3-3823- 4898 http://www.tobunken.go.jp/~kokusen 91 Appendix 1 Suiye ( 砕 葉 ) and Ak-Beshim: a Historical Development at the Western Tien-shan in the 7th to the First Half of the 8th Century1) Shigeo SAITO 1. Introduction at Ak-Beshim, and introduce the relationship between it and Suiye. The historical importance of the Suiye Garrison ( 砕葉鎮 ) known as the westernmost foothold of the 2. A Historical Development of Suiye Tang Dynasty has been recognised for a long time, 2.1. Suiye and the Western Türk Qaghanate in its relationship to the Four Garrisons of Anxi ( 安 This chapter reviews how various forces, such 西 四 鎮 ), the Tang’ s footholds to rule the Western as the Western Türk Qaghanate, the Tang Dynasty Regions. First of all, K. Otani discussed the brief and the Tibetan Empire, extended to the Western history of the Four Garrisons of Anxi (Otani 1925), Region, and interacted with Suiye, based on the and then, T. Matsuda (1970, pp. 357–391), S. Ise results of previous studies. (1955), and H. Sato (1958) made great achievements The Western Türk Qaghanate is the first force in the study of this area. Nevertheless, each study that extended its influence to Suiye. The western is fragmentary, and overviews of the history of Türk Qaghanate was the western part of the the Tarim Basin including Suiye, and its previous nomadic confederation of Türks ( 突 厥 ), which studies have not been conducted rigorously since was established on the Mongolian Plateau in 552, T. Moriyasu (1984) and C. Beckwith (1987) studied and founded by Ishtämi Qaghan ( 室 点 密 可 汗 ),2) the development of the Tibetan Empire. On the the younger brother of Yili Qaghan ( 伊 利 可 汗 ; other hand, since the great work of M. Naito Bumïn Qaghan), the founder of Türk Qaghanate. (1988), dealing with the history of the Western Türk The Türk Qaghanate was divided into the Eastern Qaghanate, who were nomads in the northern Tien- and Western Türk Qaghanates on either side of the shan Mountains and deeply involved with the Suiye, Altai Mountains. The throne of the Western Türk it is necessary to correlate all of the prior studies. Qaghanate was succeeded by Ishtämi Qaghan’ s Furthermore, although little was dealt in the above descendants.3) studies, archaeological research has been conducted Initially, the territory of the Western Türk in the Western Tien-shan area and Suiye, including Qaghanate was the Yulduz Grassland (now known by K. Kato who has published an overview (Kato as the Bayanbulak Grassland) (Matsuda 1970: 248– 1997). Among the revealed objects, there is an 287). Afterwards, Nijue Chuluo Qaghan ( 泥撅処羅可 epitaph written in Chinese, which has an important 汗 ) moved it to near Beshbalïq (present-day Jimsar) relevance to Suiye, and research has been published (Shimazaki 1977: 181–182), and Ton Yabghu Qaghan on this topic. ( 統葉護可汗 ) moved it to near Suiye (Matsuda 1970: Due to the above, this paper will present the 287–288; Naito 1988: 2–3). activities of various forces over Suiye in the 7th– Suiye is a transliterated form of Sūyāb in the 8th centuries and their historical development in Islamic sources. Although its original meaning was chronological order, based on a discussion and the Chuy River, it had already become a place name summary of the previous studies. Then, it will by the Tang period, meaning the Chuy River and the address the Du Huaibao Stele ( 杜懐宝碑 ) unearthed plains along the river (Naito 1988: 1–2). Suiye City 92 ( 砕 葉 城 , present-day Ak-Beshim4)) was established It is also called as Qianquan ( 千 泉 ). The land was there. Xuanzang visited Suiye City in 6305), and hundred lis square, and had many ponds, marshes documented the city in the Great Tang Records on and rare trees. Forests were so thick, and the climate the Western Regions ( 大唐西域記 ), Volume 1, p. 18. was so cool and humid, it is summer resort for the Qaghans. Traveling 500 lis (ca. 220 km) to the northwest of Da Qing Lake (Issyk-Kul), we arrive at the city of This is the record of Xuanzang’ s visit to Si Yabghu the Suiye River. The city is 6 or 7 lis (ca. 2.5–3 km) Qaghan of the Western Türk Qaghanate in order to in circuit; merchants of various states here came be assured a safe journey to India to seek Dharma. from surrounding nations congregate and dwell. The According to this record, Xuanzang met Si Yabghu soil is favourable for red millet and for grapes; the Qaghan at Suiye Garrison. However, since Si Yabghu woods are not thick, the climate is windy and cold; Qaghan was going hunting, he ordered Damozhi to the people wear garments of twilled wool. Traveling send Xuanzang to Ordu. The document states that from Suiye westward, there are a great number of Ordu, the home of Si Yabghu Qaghan, was located isolated towns; in each there is a chieftain; these away from Suiye Garrison. are not dependent on one another, but all are in Additionally, Naito studied the descriptions of submission to the Türks. the homes of successive Qaghans of the Western Türk Qaghanate, and Qaghans of Western Türk It is noteworthy that merchants came to Suiye Qaghanate origin after its collapse in various Garrison from surrounding nations to dwell, and the Chinese and Islamic manuscriptss. Finally, she cities, including Suiye Garrison, submitted to the concluded that Ordu of the Western Türk Qaghanate Western Türk Qaghanate. Suiye Garrison was the had been located in the Chuy-Ili Mountains, north international commercial city, and its submission of Suiye Garrison, from the reign of Ton Yabghu to the Western Türk Qaghanate strengthened the Qaghan, who was contemporay with Xuanzang, until Qaghanate’ s power. the Türgish Dynasty, which strengthened its power Then, where was the home of the Western Türk after the collapse of the Western Türk Qaghanate Qaghanate? Naito considered this question in detail (Naito 1988: 48). (Naito 1988: 1–21). She also took note of Xuanzang’ On the other hand, according to the description s manuscript. found in the Daci'en-Si Sangzang Fashi Zhuan, Qianquan was the summer resort of the Qaghans. Daci'en-Si Sangzang Fashi Zhuan ( 大慈恩寺三蔵法 Qianquan is identified as prsent-day Merke, west 師伝 ), Volume 2 of Suiye Garrison, which was thought to be the Travelling 500 lis northwest along the sea (Issyk- summer resort for the Qaghans of the Western Türk Kul), we arrived at Suiye. We met Si Yabghu Qaghanate (Matsuda 1970: 288–289). Qaghan6) ( 肆 葉 護 可 汗 ) of the (Western) Türk The Qaghans of the Western Türk Qaghanate Qaghanate. He was just going hunting, horses were moved seasonally around Suiye Garrison. According so strong…He was pleased with the (Xuanzang’ s) to the description of the Great Tang Records on meeting, and told “I am going to somewhere, and the Western Regions , it is noteworthy that Suiye return in a few days. You go to ordu ( 牙 帳 ).” He Garrison was an independent city for one of had Damozhi ( 答 摩 支 ), the tarqan, send (me to chieftains, but not for Qaghans. ordu) and rested me…Travelling 400 lis (ca. 176 km) west from here (ordu), we arrived at Pingyu ( 屏聿 ). 93 2.2. Extension of the Tang Dynasty to the Wu ( 則 天 武 后 ) was pleased with recovery of the Western Region “Four Garrisons during the Zhenguan ( 貞観 ) period The Western Türk Qaghanate lost its power in (627–649),” which means Suiye was one of them. 630, because of internal divisions among influential Second, as seen above, when the Four Garrisons of people. Afterwards, the Tang dynasty extended Anxi were initially established, the Tang had Yipi from the Tarim Basin to Suiye Garrison.
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