MONGOLS, TURKS, AND OTHERS BRILL’S INNER ASIAN LIBRARY edited by NICOLA DI COSMO DEVIN DEWEESE CAROLINE HUMPHREY VOLUME 11 MONGOLS, TURKS, AND OTHERS Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World EDITED BY REUVEN AMITAI AND MICHAL BIRAN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2005 On the cover: Mongol horsemen in combat, from RashÊd al-DÊn’s J§mi" al-taw§rÊkh, MS Supp. Persan 1113, fol. 231v. © Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mongols, Turks, and others : Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world / edited by Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran. p. cm. — (Brill’s Inner Asian library ; vol. 11) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 90-04-14096-4 1. Mongols—History. 2. Turkic peoples—History. 3. Eurasia—History. I. Title : Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world. II. Amitai, Reuven. III. Biran, Michal. IV. Series. DS19.M648 2004 950’.04942—dc22 2004054503 ISSN 1566-7162 ISBN 90 04 14096 4 © Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands This volume is dedicated to the memory of our teacher David Ayalon (1914–1998) CONTENTS List of Maps .............................................................................. xi Preface ........................................................................................ xiii List of Abbreviations .................................................................. xv Notes on Dates and Transliterations ........................................ xvii List of Contributors .................................................................... xix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 PART I EARLY CONTACTS Early Pastoral Societies of Northeast China: Local Change and Interregional Interaction during c. 1100–600 BCE ........ 15 Gideon Shelach Beasts or Humans: Pre-Imperial Origins of the “Sino-Barbarian” Dichotomy .................................................... 59 Yuri Pines Early Eurasian Nomads and the Civilizations of the Ancient Near East (Eighth-Seventh Centuries BCE) ............................ 103 Askold I. Ivantchik PART II THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD What Nomads Want: Raids, Invasions and the Liao Conquest of 947 ........................................................................ 129 Naomi Standen True to Their Ways: Why the Qara Khitai Did Not Convert to Islam ........................................................................ 175 Michal Biran viii contents The Turks of the Eurasian Steppes in Medieval Arabic Writing ........................................................................................ 201 Yehoshua Frenkel PART III THE MONGOL EMPIRE AND ITS SUCCESSORS The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered ...................... 245 Peter Jackson The “Great Yasa of Chinggis Khan” Revisited ...................... 291 David Morgan A Reappraisal of Güyüg Khan ................................................ 309 Hodong Kim War and Peace between the Yuan Dynasty and the Chaghadaid Khanate (1312–1323) ............................................ 339 Liu Yingsheng The Resolution of the Mongol-Mamluk War ........................ 359 Reuven Amitai Mongols and Merchants on the Black Sea Frontier in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Convergences and Conflicts ...................................................................................... 391 Nicola Di Cosmo Nomad and Settled in the Timurid Military .......................... 425 Beatrice Forbes Manz PART IV INTO THE MODERN PERIOD The Mongols and China: Cultural Contacts and the Changing Nature of Pastoral Nomadism (Twelfth to Early Twentieth Centuries) .................................................................. 461 Elizabeth Endicott contents ix Russia and the Eurasian Steppe Nomads: An Overview ...... 483 Moshe Gammer Contemporary Pastoralism in Central Asia ............................ 503 Anatoly M. Khazanov and Kenneth H. Shapiro Index .......................................................................................... 535 LIST OF MAPS Map 1. Eurasia .......................................................................... 12 Map 2. Northeast China and the location of the Chifeng Area ................................................................ 17 Map 3. China in the Warring States Period (453–221 BCE) ............................................................................ 92 Map 4. The Near East and the Eastern European Steppe (8th–7th centuries BCE) .............................................. 121 Map 5. North China in the 930s and 940s .......................... 165 Map 6. Asia, ca. 1142: The Qara Khitai Empire ................ 193 Map 7. Central Muslim Lands during the Time of the Mamluk-Mongol War (ca. 1260–1320 CE) .............. 385 PREFACE This volume is based on the work of a research group on “The Interaction of Nomadic Conquerors with Sedentary People in China and the Middle East,” which was active in the Spring of 2000 at the Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) at the Hebrew University of Jeru- salem. We are grateful to the current Director of the IAS, Prof. B.Z. Kedar, and the Executive Director, Ms. Pnina Feldmann, for their encouragement and assistance. We would also like to extend our thanks to the then Director, Prof. Alex Levitski, and Executive Director, Ms. Liebe Maimon, for all of their support, which enabled us to carry out our work. Special thanks are also due to our colleague Prof. David Shulman, who earlier served as Director of the IAS, and gave us sound advice and encouragement at a preliminary stage. We are also happy to take the opportunity to express our gratitude to the staff at the IAS for all of their assistance and good cheer: Shani Freiman, Batya Matalov, Dalia Aviely, Smadar Danziger, Annette Orrelle. Finally, it is a pleasant duty to thank several of our colleagues who read various sections of this work in manuscript and made valu- able comments: Israel Eph'al, Steven Kaplan, Nimrod Luz, Yuri Pines, Gideon Shelach, Michael Zand and the anonymous reviewer for Brill. Most papers collected here were given at the weekly seminars of the group or during the conference “Euroasian Nomads and the Outside World” that was held on 4–5 June 2000 at the IAS. Nicola Di Cosmo and Liu Yingsheng have replaced their original papers with new ones. Askold I. Ivantchik kindly answered our late invita- tion to contribute a paper, to help round out the volume. We are also thankful to Kenneth H. Shapiro, whom we have not met and who was neither at the research group nor conference, for co-author- ing the paper with Anatoly Khazanov. All authors are to be thanked for their cooperation and good will at what was an unexpectedly lengthy editorial process. R.A. and M.B. Jerusalem Spring 2004 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AEME Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies CAJ Central Asiatic Journal CHC Cambridge History of China CHAC Cambridge History of Ancient China EI1 Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition EI2 Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd edition EIr Encyclopedia Iranica FgrHist Jacoby, F. Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker. Leiden, 1923–. HJAS Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies IG Inscriptiones Graecae JA Journal asiatique JAH Journal of Asian History JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JESHO Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society JSAI Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam JW Jiu Wudai shi LS Liao shi MS Monumenta Serica MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica PFEH Papers in Far Eastern History PSRL Polnoe Sobranie Russkikh Letopisei RHR Revue de l’histoire des religions ROC Revue de l’orient chrétien SAA State Archives of Assyria TJ Zizhi tongjian TP T’oung Pao WF Wittfogel, Karl A. and Feng Chia-sheng. History of Chinese Society: Liao (907–1125 ). Philadelphia, 1949. XW Xin Wudai shi YS Yuan shi NOTES ON DATES AND TRANSLITERATIONS 1. Dates are generally given according to the Gregorian calendar. Hijrì and Chinese dates are given only when they have a special rel- evance in a particular article. When both hijrì and Gregorian dates are given, the hijrì comes first, followed by a slash and the Gregorian date. In Persian books, occasionally the shamsì year is given: if so, this is marked before the Gregorian date, and followed by the abbre- viation S. and a slash. 2. Chinese names and terms have been transliterated according to the Pinyin system. 3. Arabic words, titles and names have been transliterated according to the system used in the International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. Words and names of Persian origin have usually been transliterated as if they were Arabic (e.g., Juwaynì, not Juvaynì, nàmah, not nàme). Common words and place names, such as sultan, mamluk, Bukhara, Baghdad, are written without diacritical points. Well-known place names are given in their accepted English forms,