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THE AND AN ANCIENT ’S STATE IDEOLOGY OF “MANGILIK EL” PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020)

THE TONYUKUK AND AN ANCIENT TURK’S STATE IDEOLOGY OF “MANGILIK EL”

Nurtas B. SMAGULOV, PhD student of the of the Department of History, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan, [email protected]

Aray K. ZHUNDIBAYEVA, PhD, Head of the Department of Kazakh literature, accociate professor of the Department of Kazakh literature, Shakarim state University of (SSUS), (State University named after Shakarim of city Semey), Kazakhstan, [email protected]

Satay M. SIZDIKOV, Doctor of historical science, professor of the Department of , L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan, [email protected]

Arap S. YESPENBETOV, Doctor of philological science, professor of the Department of Kazakh literature, Shakarim state University of Semey (SSUS), (State University named after Shakarim of city Semey), Kazakhstan, [email protected]

Ardak K. KAPYSHEV, Candidate of historical science, accociate professor of the Department of International Relations, History and Social Work, Abay Myrzkhmetov University, Kazakhstan, [email protected]

Nurtas B. SMAGULOV, Aray K. ZHUNDIBAYEVA, Satay M. SIZDIKOV, Arap S. YESPENBETOV, Ardak K. KAPYSHEV: The Tonyukuk And An Ancient Turk’s State Ideology Of “Mangilik El” -- Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 17(6). ISSN 1567-214x

ABSTRACT Purpose of the study. Studying and evaluating the activities of Tonykuk, who was the state adviser to the Second Turkic Kaganate, the main ideologist responsible for the ideological activities of the Kaganate from 682 to 745, is an urgent problem of historical science. In the years 646-725 he worked as an adviser on political and cultural issues of the three Kagan. The work reveals the essence of the secrets of the activities of Tonykuk, who was a state adviser and chairman of the Supreme Court. The purpose of the study is to analyze the

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activities of Tonykuk and identify the origin of the national idea of all ethnic groups living in Kazakhstan. Methodology. In the course of work, historical archives were studied, as well as the strodes of historians involved in the issues of the Turkic Kaganate. The paper analyzes the ethnic origin, ethnogenesis, tribal composition, state structure of the ancient Turks. Main findings. The article reveals the essence of the secrets of the activities of Tonykuk, who was a state adviser and chairman of the Supreme Court. Social Implications. The study shows how the nationwide idea of all the ethnic groups inhabiting Kazakhstan was born. Originality/Novelty of the study. Currently, there is relatively little research into the activities of Tonykuk as a historical figure. Comprehensive studies of the origin of the national idea of all ethnic groups inhabiting Kazakhstan in the context of historical events and activities of Tonykuk were not found in the analysis of previous studies.

Introduction Tonyukuk was a great persona who left behind an indelible mark in the history; was known for his exceptional intelligence; left undying fame for himself; subordinated to his wisdom, strength, foresight; left the great heritage, carved a song of a deep sorrow, joy, courage and perseverance of his people on a rock (Zholdasbekov et al., 2000, p. 37). One of the founders of the Second Turkic Khaganate, a son of Kok Turk’s tribal union, a great person Tonyukuk was the Counselor for three kagans and led troops in the most difficult times. In 1897 well-known Siberian archaeologist D.A. Clements found a priceless heritage of ancient Turkic period - the Tonyukuk monument complex in the of Central . In 1898 the inscriptions on the monument were photographed and estampages were made. The first translation and publication of the inscriptions were made by V.V. Radlov. Tonyukuk monument is located 66 km away from Bain-Tsokto, on the right bank of the Tola river, in the middle of a populated area Nalayha (Klyashtornyj, 2003, p. 68). Since the days of preparation for independence war of the Kok Turks Tonyukuk never defeated in those battles that he led in the period of continuous service for state during the reign of Ilterish kagan, Kapagan kagan and Bilge kagan (Çandarlioğlu, 2013, p. 57).

With a sharp mind, deep knowledge and abilities in warfare he served as the advisor for the three Turkic kagans and masterfully organized military affairs and diplomatic relations with neighboring countries.

The purpose of the study is to identify how this outstanding historical figure influenced the formation of the national idea of the present.

Methodology In the course of the study, the historical (historical-genetic) method was used, which implies the consideration of any phenomenon in its development: nucleation, formation and death (Mauch and Tarman, 2016). However, when analyzing the transformation of institutions, phenomena and processes, it was important to establish causal relationships in the process of historical changes in the phenomenon process being studied in

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order to identify how the general national idea of the peoples of Kazakhstan was born and developed. At the same time, it was important in a huge number of different processes and events to highlight those that are most relevant to the task.

Theorethical background

The question of origin of the Second Turkic Khaganate’s kagans’ advisor and the main ideologist of the revived Khaganate Tonyukuk comprehensively considered in science researches. Famous sinologist N.Ya. Bich urin first raises the question of Tonyukuk in his work "History of the peoples that lived in " published in 1851. He wrote, “Ashide Yuanzhen was detained by affair ruler Wang Peng Lee. It happened that Gudulu made a foray. Yuanzhen asked for permission to inspire generations to pay off the guilt. It was allowed. As soon as the generation is obeyed, the Gudulu made a conspiracy with them in consequence of which all, and Abo, and Dagan, downgraded to the ranker» (Bichurin, 1950, p. 267). Many researchers from V. Thomsen and famous sinologist F. Hirt consider Yuanzhen and the famous ancient Turkic sage Tonyukuk as one man and devoted their science research work for this person. They substantiate the subject of research by verified facts and make a scientific opinion on this question (Bahzar, 2019; Fedulova et al., 2019). The researcher academician V.V. Barthold gives the following information in his work, “In the Chinese sources Tonyukuk mentioned only from 716; with regard to its role in Elterish reign, those feats and achievements that Tonyukuk attributes to him, according to the Chinese, were the work of Ashide Yuanzhhen, supposedly killed in 689, at war with Turgeshes” (Barthold, 1968, p. 314). Relying on the information that V.V. Barthold gives, the first mention of the Tonyukuk name in Chinese sources only begins in 716. Also, the Chineese doubt on the exclusive role of Tonyukuk, his exploits and activities during the reign of Elteris and Kutlyk kagans, and believe that he wrote it by himself. According to the Chineese researchers this is the result of Ashide Yuanzhen activities, which died during the war with Turgeshs in 689. In this work V.V. Bartold wrote that sinologist F. Hirt gives certain evidence regarding the fact that Yuanzhen and Tonyukuk is the same person. Rumors of the Tonyukuk death in the Far East could spread by Mo-ch'o (Kapaghan kagan) and Tonykok himself. From a political point of view between Kapagan kagan of the Second Turkic Khaganate and the Chinese have been established good relations, despite their temporary nature: the disappearance of the most dangerous enemy of the Chinese people, "traitor" Yuanzheng created a favorable environment for strengthening these friendly relations. In this regard, you may notice a mistake of Chinese court chroniclers. Because at the beginning of the military campaign, the second commander of the Turkic khaganate was Yuanzhen, then Mo-ch'o (Kapaghan) took his place. Historians explain this change by the death of Yuanzhen. The researcher academician V.V. Barthold in the last years of his life for the first time found the key to the Turkic secret writing. In the encyclopedic research article devoted to Danish scientist W. Thomsen who made an invaluable contribution to the study of Turkic culture, V.V. Bartold returned again to

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his opinion and gives the following assessment, “V.Thomsen devoted pages of his research work "On the identity Tonyukuk", published in 1916 for Tonyukuk person who was an advisor to the three Khans, who wrote about himself as the main participant in the political revival of the Turks» (Barthold, 1977, p. 764). Also academician V.V. Barthold gives the following information in his work, “According to the hypothesis of sinologist Hirt, adopted by Radlov and Thomsen, Tonyukuk was born in the period of Chinese domination over the Turks, as if he was destined to become Chineese (as Thomsen understands the text), he did not perish, but only presumed to be dead in one of the early battles, then resurrected under his Turkish name. And for a long time he headed the Turk . He proudly talked about his exploits on inscriptions as examples to follow, the data for future generations” (Barthold, 1977, p. 764). After analyzing, we can conclude that Tonyukuk born during the reign of the Chineese people over the Turks and intends to become a Chineese. Wise Tonyukuk hadn’t died and only considered to be dead in one of the battles by assumption of F.Hirt. Later, he rose from the death by his Turkic name; for a long time he led the Turkic Empire and in his writing conveyed his great deeds as an example for future generations. Well-known orientalist-historian, archaeologist, anthropologist and one of the leading scientists specializing in the history and culture of the Central Asia peoples A.N. Bernstamm characterizes Tonyukuk in his fundamental monograph "Socio-economic structure of the Orkhon-Yenisei Turks. VI- VIII centuries". He is described as a great leader who laid the foundation of the Second Turkic Khaganate. It also indicates that Tonykok and Yuanzhen are the same person. Later A.N. Bernstamm gives the following assessment of the Tonyukuk’s historic decision during the Turks liberation struggle against in the period of 679 - 682 years, “Tonyukuk (Yuanzheng) - Turk - he grew up in China. He proposed to fight against the rebelled Turks while he was in prison. After his release, he joined the Turks and led them against China. Tonyukuk was a part of large and famous clan... The main thing is that Tonyukuk was the ideological ally and main adviser of Elterish kagan” (Bernshtam, 1946, p. 180). In the fundamental work "Western Mongolia and Uryankhai region", G.Ye. Grumm-Grzhimaylo associated sudden improvement of Kutlug-Elterish kagan with the accession of Tonyukuk to Kok Turks. “Tonyukok attracted many Turkic clans to his side as a faithful companion of Kutlug, but despite this Kutlug’s raid on the land of the it was not able to improve his difficult situation” (Grumm-Grzhimaylo, 1926, p. 285). G.Ye. Grumm- Grzhimaylo refers in this work to F. Hirt statement that Tonyukuk and Yuanzhen one and the same person. But the answer to this question he leaves to F. Hirt. Basing on the opinion of G.Ye. Grumm-Grzhimaylo, recognizing that Ashide Yuanzhen and Tonyukuk are two people L.N. Gumilyov writes, “Kutlug win over Ashide Yuanzhen and Tonyukuk who speak chineese. And he used them for his own purposes. Such people know very well weaknesses of opponents and know how to overcome them. And indeed, after a while the shape of the war is changing dramatically» (Gumilyov, 1994, p. 272). Probably because of the complexity of the Tonyukuk origin and many contradictions in the scientific opinions on this subject L.N.

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Gumilyov did not study it in depth. I.V. Stebleva who made a scientific analysis of Tonyukuk written records argues that the contribution of this great personality in the creation of the Second Turkic Khaganate is very high. She writes, “Tonyukuk belonged to Ashide clan, the second in nobility and he was a really prominent figure, who played an important role in the history of the Second Eastern Turk Empire. With his help Kutlug came to power and was proclaimed as a kagan. In further Tonyukuk as the advisor and the first kagan trustee participated and partly led military campaigns of Turks, first at Ilteris kagan reign, then under his successor - Kapagan kagan reign. After a brief disgrace at the start of Bilge kagan reign Tonyukuk regained functions of the kagan adviser in all matters of the Turkic khaganate, including in the military issues" (Stebeleva, 1965, p. 80). Well-known scientist, turkologist S.G. Klyashtornyj claims that, "After joining to Kutlug Yuanzhen have adopted Turkic name Tonyukuk” (Klyashtornyj S.G.. (2003; 103). S.G. Klyashtornyj substantiated his claim as follows, "The name Yuanchzhen also consists of two parts. Its first part - the yuan, "the first-born" - has the same meaning as the Turkic “ton”. The second part – zhen, “a jewel, a treasure” - in meaning literally coincides with the Turkic “joquq” (joq –“appreciate, store, exalt"). Thus, it can be stated that the names Tonyukuk and Yuanzhen semantically equivalent. Like other Turkish leaders before transition to the Kutlug side Tonyukuk had a Chinese name (Klyashtornyj, 2003, 106). The word "ton" in the name Tonyukuk can be associated with the word "yuan" in Chinese, and uquq with the meaning "jewel" with the word "zhen", which in Chinese means "precious", "valuable." He concluded that Tonyukuk and Yuanzhen one and the same person. The book of Myrzatai Zholdasbekov and Karzhaubay Sartkozha "Complete atlas of Orkhon monuments", which was published in 2007, focuses on the etymology of the word Tonyukuk, “Tuj - the first syllable of the word hawk (tuygyn). If in the warriors were "bori", then in the time of the Second Turkic Khaganate first-line warriors are called "hawks". Tuj-uqoq – battle leader. Therefore, it is possible that he was called "Hawk". Uqoq - sage, philosopher, wit. He studied for 4-5 years in the school where aristocrats of Chinese Tang Empire studied. He is an educated and talented man. Moreover, he is the advisor of kagans such as Elterish- Kutlug, Kapagan and Bilge» (Zholdasbekov and Sartkozhauly, 2007, p. 320). S.M. Syzdykov makes analysis of the etymology of the word Tonyukuk, “In our opinion, taking into account the opinion of the scientists who studied this question before us, we recognize that there is a complex of historical reasons for the appearance of this name on the scene. Firstly, if we consider Tujuquq environment, we will see that he was Bilge kagan’s father-in-. In his youth he lived for 13 years in the capital of China, there he was educated and trained. At that time, khaganate management divided into "Ashina" and "Ashide". It is known that there was an overwhelming majority of the Ashina. However, without the support of Ashide khaganate would not be so strong. In 682 Ashina Kutlug kagan was able to create the Second Turkic Khaganate only after securing the support of Ashide. Tonyukuk wrote that he was a kagan’s adviser and a commander” (Syzdykov, 2014, p. 75).

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S.M. Syzdykov who is deeply and thoughtfully studied the etymology of the name Tonyukuk and its origin comes to the following scientific conclusions based on the opinion of the Chinese historian Ma Shang Shu, “Tujuquq has his origin from Sebek clan of the Karluk tribe Chigil. And his mother was from the Karluk tribe Moulo. Thus, there is the native called Uqoq, where lived Karluk tribes, as well as the burial place (korym) of ancient Turkic kagans. There is a clear correlation between the word "Uqoq" and "uquq", the second syllable in the word "Tujuquq". Very harmonious that Tonyukuk was given the name Ukok, which is a sacred place of the Scythian, and Hun rulers and thinkers. From this we can see that the word "Uqoq" not only does not contradict the meaning of the word «Uqoq» (sage, philosopher, mind), but complements and reveals the meaning of the word" (Syzdykov, 2014, p. 40). In his book, "Gök-Türkler", A. Tashagyl relying on Chinese sources comprehensively studied Tonyukuk contribution to the creation and prosperity of Kok Turk khaganate. He published an extensive scientific work on the political system, history, customs and culture of the peoples of Kok Turk state by relying on primary sources and ancient Chinese manuscripts. Ahmet Tashagyl’s "Gök-Türkler" book was awarded the highest assessment by internationally renowned scientists. In the paragraph "Tonyukuk’s escape from China and joining Kutlug" of 3 volume book "Gök-Türkler" Ahmet Tashagyl writes about the Tonyukuk identity, “Ashide Yuanzhen in the position of inspector of tribes subservient to Shyn (China) troops was captured by the deputy head of Whang Penley. Later, during a Kutlug raid on China Ashide Yuanzhen was forgiven. He also asked Kutlug to reinstate him in a previous post. After permission, Tonyukuk returned to the countryside, where his tribe lived. Later he became Kutlug's supporter. Kutlug noticed Tonyukuk by his prudence, organizational abilities and military skills and appointed him as Apa (military leader). Thus the leadership of the troops and military affairs has moved fully under his command. And other commanders were pleased that Kutlug took him to join. Other contenders for the post of military leader were also Ashide. These commanders were mostly in the forefront because of their deep knowledge. Therefore, Kutlug which relied on the good qualities of this tribe chose Tonyukuk as his deputy” (Taşağıl, 2014, p. 335). In the first summer of Yuen-Shun reign in 682 Kutlug rebelled against China (Bichurin, 1950, p. 266). Kutlug orgin is coming from the Ashina tribe; he was educated in China and he headed Turkic people in the liberation movement against China, who had been under the yoke of China for 50 years during the period from 630 to 680. At this time Tonyukuk masterfully took an advantage of this very important political event, joined the Kutlug rebellion against the empire. Kutlug perfectly mastered the skills and tricks of war and used in rebellion against China not the old methods, but completely new ones. He created a strategic plan for the battle against the Chinese Empire, outfitted Turkic troops and taught guerrilla warfare against superior strength to overcome them. He also put in key positions his close companions in arms and reliable relatives. After declaring himself as a kagan he awarded two younger brothers by the title of yabgu. He made Tonyukuk as a companion in arms

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and entrusted him with the strengthening of the military forces and diplomatic relations. Because he greatly contributed to the creation of the Turkic state, has received Chinese education and was a good politician (Smagulov and Tashagyl, 2015, p. 56). Tonyukuk has left recordings in his honor on bitig tash in life. He described the war against the enemies of the second Turkic state, the victory and his prowess at the command of the troops. Because of his uncommon intelligence and thought-out policy Tonyukuk was able to fully describe the internal and foreign policy of the Second Turkic Khaganate. Famous scientists, turkologists B. Thomsen, V.V. Radlov, E. Chavannes, H.N. Orkun, G.Ye. Grumm-Grzhimaylo, V.V. Barthold, A.N. Bernshtam, S.E. Malov, L.N. Gumilyov, G. Aydarov, S.G. Klyashtornyj, M.Zh. Zholdasbekov, K. Sartkozha, A. Tashagyl and others have studied the events engraved on the surface of bitig tash through deep historical research of time, the name of , rivers and the countryside, the names of individuals who were directly involved in the hostilities and developed a definite conclusion. It says following about the war for the independence of the in the , “Those who had survived (among stones and sockets) joined together, and (they) were seven hundred people. Two parts of them were horsemen, and other part was footmen. He who seven hundred people. Made follow him – was I – “”, the eldest among them. He said: “Gather!”. It was I who gathered! I, wise Tonyukuk, wanted to explain my kagan and thought: whether (the future kagan) distinguishes the difference between greasy and gaunt bulls?” I thought long: “A gaunt bull can not contest with a greasy one!” as gave me intelligence, I was the one who rose (put, announced, acknowledged) the kagan! I, the Wise Tonyukuk Boila Baga Tarkhan, In alliance with Elterish kagan, killed a lot of Tabgaches (Chinese) in the south, in the east a lot of Kitans, in the north – Oguzes» (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 123). At the end of the battle the Civil War under Elterish Kutlug and Tonyukuk leadership ended with a victory in 682 (History – treasures of mankind’s intellectual treasury, 2006, p. 370). The authors of "Complete atlas of Orkhon monuments" explain that boila- baga-tarkhan is a military rank of Tonyukuk (Zholdasbekov and Sartkozhauly, 2007, 320). It means that Boyle Baga-Tarhan is Tonyukuk’s title, the title of which is given for the second man after Khan, leader, Batyr that just leads the troops. Moreover, Tonyukuk was main commander (apa tarkan). In writings on bitig tash lots of lines were devoted to the performance of its functions of Apa Tarkan. The most important thing - he was co-regent, without his approval any decision of national importance was not accepted. Tonyukuk’s opinion always transmitted to kagan and eventually executed. He is aygushy, ie main state advisor (Zuev, 2002, p. 228). In his scientific researches devoted to the history of the Karluk-Karahan state scientist and researcher S. Syzdykov concludes that: “According to Chinese sources, the phrase "apa-tarhan" in Tonyukuk inscriptions means the post of a commander-in-chief” (Syzdykov, 2014, p. 259). In turn, this is interconnected with the conclusion of the famous sinologist F.A. Zuev. And Turkish scientist Ahmet Tashagyl defines the term "apa tarhan" as commander-in-chief of the army in his work «Kök Tanrı'nın Çocukları»

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(Taşağıl, 2015, p. 160). In this regard, we can say that all of the above scientists have come to a consensus on "apa tarkhan" definition. The rebellion of 682 had succeeded, and on the historical scene appeared the famous Second Turkic Khaganate. Wise Tonyukuk directly participated in the creation of the Second Turkic Khaganate and he is the one who formulated the state ideology of the newly created khaganate. The writings main character of carved on stone monuments Tonyukuk begins the history with his life story. It says, “I myself, wise Tonyukuk, lived in Tabgach (Chinese) country. (As the whole) Turkic people was under Tabgach (China) subjection. Turkic people not being with their kagan, separated from Tabgach (China). (Then) having left their kagan, joined Tabgach (China) again» (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 123). From these words, we can understand that Tonyukuk was the son of one of the leaders of Turkic tribes. Because in those days, only descendants of the tribe leaders were left in hostage in the imperial palace, where they trained and educated (Zholdasbekov et al., 2020, p. 37). It means that wise Tonyukuk brought up with the Chinese from a young age was and got an education there. Tabgach rulers aim was to destroy the newly established Turkic state and not give it to strengthen its position. They tried to incite the people to their neighbor Tokuz-Oghuz tribe. But Tonyukuk, who was brought up in the Tabgach country from an early age and fully mastered all the techniques against the enemy, anticipated the disaster with exceptional foresight and kept his spies among Toguz-Oguz. Tonyukuk defeated Tokuz-Oghuz after knowing about the tabgach’s violent plans against Kok Turks. Ahmet T., who dedicated his work to Tonyukuk’s active personality, writes the following about this event, “Kutlug kagan appointed Tonyukuk as Apa Tarkhan (commander) of newly revived khaganate who escaped from Chinese prison to the Kok Turks states. The government strengthened by Tunyukuk, his plans and the ability to plan for future action, as well as the skills to execute that plan. Tonyukuk heard the news from his spies, made a courageous decision in time and fought against disparate tribes of Chinese, kytan (Tabgach) and Toguz Oguz. As a head of two thousand Kok Turks army he won six thousand army of toguz Oguz. Thus, the newly created State was saved from destruction because of timely action of Tonyukuk. In the end, the Turks united in the territory of Orkhon-Yenisei” (Taşağıl, 2015, p. 160). This story is carved on the bitik tash of Tonyukuk, “The messenger’s words were as follows б “A kagan came to the throne of Nine Oguzes people. He sent Kuny Sengun to Tabgach (China). He sent Tonra Semik to Kitan. He sent them with the following words: Turks are few now. They used to go to wars! Their kagan was great and as an advisor he was wise. If these two are alive they would kill their neighbours Tabgaches (Chins). They would kill Kitan in the east. And us, Oguzes would kill. (Let) Tabgach (China attacked from the south, Kitan – from the east, I (i.e.Oguz) attacked from the north. Do not let their master give orders (litr. go) in the land of noble Turks! Let us fall upon them (from three sides)!” When I heard these words, I could not sleep nights and could not be calm by days. I prayed for the sake of our kagan after that. I judged as follows: “Tabgaches (China), Oguzes, Kitans decided to join together and attack us. then it is necessary to have great

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force to crush! We have two – three thousand spear-bearers at Kitans in the east, at Tabgach in the south, in Kurudun in the west, at Oguzes in the north. We need to recall all of them!”. I, Bilge Tonyukuk, asked my kagan to listen to (this advice). He listened to and did, what he thought to be right. I was ordered (to pitch a camp) in near the lake Kekung. Oguz advanced along the Togla river in the lake Ingek. They had six thousand spear bearers. We were two thousand. We fought. Tengri was gracious to us. We scattered and threw them into the lake. On the way of pursuit some more were died. After this Oguzes (gave up) joined us in great numbers. Having heard that I brought the Turkic people to Otuken land and that I, wise Tonyukuk, had settled in the land of Otuken, the people from south, west, north and east joined us” (Sartkozhauly,2012, p. 123). In difficult times for the head of the state Tonyukuk using his ingenuity came up with a rescue plan and helped to take away troubles from the newly created state. After this victory, the Turkic people gathered at the sacred place Otuken in Altai. Tonyukuk’s decision to place Turkic people near Otuken found great support among the people. In the worldview of Turkic people the decision to settle on Otuken brought not only prosperity and solidarity of all, but it was also a guarantor of development in social and political terms, due to the strong rule of kagan and stability in the of trade relations with neighboring countries. In 692, after the Kutlug kagan death according to the country management law of the Kok Turks his 27 years old younger brother Kapagan took the throne. Tonyukuk became his faithful companion, a wise adviser, and served him faithfully. In this regard, Tonyukuk or dered to carve on the stone slabs, “When Kapagan kagan was thirty three … wasn’t sleeping at nights, did not have calmnee by days. Shed red blood and perspired. I served and gave all my force. Dericted long (far) military forays. I, The Wise Tonyukuk would not rule (the country), or if I was not here, then on the land of Kapagan kagan, on the land of gracious Turks, neither a family nor a single person would not have a ruler“ (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 126). Tonyukuk retained his position of the kagan’s advisor under Kapagan kagan reign. He was actively involved in the conducting of domestic and foreign policy of the Second Turkic Khaganate. Known for its history of Turkish military skill, wisdom and resourcefulness Tonyukuk strengthened the Second Turk Empire in the political and economic sphere. In the Turkic history Tonyukuk is known for his military skills, wisdom and resourcefulness. He strengthened the Second Turkic Empire in the political and economic sphere. He gathered the Turkic tribes in Otukan and defined as the main goal to transform their country into an empire. To achieve his goal, he went on an ongoing basis in the invasion. In the time of Kapagan kagan the agreement was concluded between Kapagan kagan and Chinese female emperor Wu Zetain about returning Togul of Yellow River to Turks (plain Shugay-zhynys). After some time, Wu Zetain cancelled the agreement. Kapagan kagan being angry with this equipped an army and sent them to the east. This time, his army defeated 23 cities of the Tang Empire and returned with a big booty (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 128). With all possible sincerity successful Turks military operations against Tang Empire carved on stone slabs of Tonyukuk, “Since the Turkic people

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became strong and Turkic kagan mounted the throne, they did not go with war to Shantung towns and the seas. I asked my kagan and moved the army. I reached my army to Shantung towns and the seas. Twenty-three towns were destroyed” (Sartkozhauly, 2012, 124). In his book, "Monuments of ancient Turkic writing”, S.E. Malov who studied Orkhon monuments writes following, “Tonyukuk took commanding and succeeded by taking twenty-three cities” (Malov, 1951, p. 66). All of these achievements were reached because of the wisdom in government management, far-sighted policy and military skills of Tonyukuk. Tonyukuk took over the whole responsibility and activity on kagan protection during the impending threat from hostile nations which are against Turkic people. Wise Tonyukuk described accepted bold decisions as Boila Baga-Tarkhan on "eternal stones", “Tabgaches’ kagan (China) was our enemy. The kagan of “Ten Arrows” was our enemy. But our first enemy was the strong Kyrgyz kagan. These three kagans joined and agreed to gather their forces on the Altun . Having formedan alliance they told: “we went on campaign against the Turkic kagan to the east! If not we then he would (kill) us! Their (i.e. Turks) kagan is great and advisor – is wise. If we look back, do not join in alliance and do not struggle (with them), then they will go away (without punishment)” then the Turgesh kagan told: “There is my people there! And Turkic people is in confussion (now)! And Oguzes” - said he “are also in discord!” having heard these words I could not sleep at nights, and lost quietness by days. Then I decided… We shall fight … said I. When I heard that the road to Kegmen is (only) one and it had been blocked (by snow), I told: that won’t do to go this way. I look for a person who knew that place… …(There) was a stopping place, he brought us there. “if to start then there would be one horse’s speed before lodging for the night”, - he said. I said: “if to go that way then it might be”. I thought over, and asked my kagan “Bring cavalry troop!” (Malov, 1951, p. 67). Tonyukuk took the initiative and offered to attack Kyrgyz in a short time without waiting for the summer and subdue them in the short term. In this regard, the biggest difficulty was the fact that there was opportunity tocross by other ways than through Sayan plateau, because the passage through Kegmen (West Sayan) was guarded. Attacking on the passage would be foolish, because the Kyrgyz put forward 80 thousand soldiers and could deter the arrival of Turkic troops untill Turgesh and Tabgach imperials arrival. The Turks had hoped the successful completion of their campaign only in case of a surprise attack. Tonyukuk found a guide among the " azs" who undertook to show them a different way (Gumilyov,1994, p. 297). Because in 709 Kutlug’s eldest son Mogilyan conqured azs tribe. At this time, the Kyrgyz kagan army was in Abakan River valley (Grumm- Grzhimaylo, 1926, p. 297). So, Tonyukuk offered Kapagan kagan to attack Kyrgyz tribes where they did not expect the attack. He proposed to attack them not through passage Kegmen, but through a more complicated and dangerous path that passes directly through the Sayan ridge. In ancient times, a kagan is not possessed unlimited power in Turkic society. In decision making kagan consulted with his surroundings, considered with the opinion of advisors. This is a

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special feature of the nomadic (Abzhanov, 2011, p. 86). March full of risk demanded special wisdom and inexhaustible courage. Tonyukuk was able to expertly explain the plan of military incursion, to convince Kapagan kagan and to lead Turkic army against the Kyrgyz. Course of events is described in the "eternal stone" of Tonyukuk monuments as follow, “I thought over, asked my kagan “Bring cavalry troop!”. Having gone across the river Ak-Termel I left rear camp. I made a road up through the snow, walking the horses, leaning on wooden staffs. While two soldies raised in the east. We crossed Ybar Bashi. We went down on the slope. We reached Togbery on the slope in ten nights. A guide was slaughtered, having lost the way. The kagan caught us. …We swam across the river, stopped several times. On the slope of the mountain we went at a trot day and night. Brought down arrows on . …fought with their army. Their khan gathered the army. We fought them, killed their kagan. Kyrgyz people surrendered our kagan. We came back from Kyrgyz people» (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 125). In ancient times, there is an iron discipline in the Turkic army. People who refused to obey orders or who failed to obey the order severely punished. For example, the Tonyukuk army lost in the and encountered difficulties while trying to cross the mountains in order to suddenly attack on Kyrgyz. The guide was executed for his mistake. Victorious Tonyukuk’s campaign against Kyrgyz took place in winter of 711. Because this event well-described on Kultegin’s bitik tash. If we look at the inscriptions on Kultegin monuments, “Kultegin was twenty-six-year- old. We went on a campaign against Kirgiz. Dissecting lance-deep snow we marched around the Kogman mountains and fell upon Kirgiz people. We fought with their kagan at the Soŋa mountains. Kultegin mounted Bayirqu's (white stallion) and attacked. He hit one man with an arrow and killed two men with spear. He was attacking until the backbone of Bayirqu's white stallion was broken. We killed the Kirgiz kagan and conquered his country.” (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 63). If we take into account that Kultegin born in 685, he was exactly 26 years old in 711. So, because of Tonyukuk’s ingenuity, Kultegin’s undoubted courage and endurance of the Turkic soldiers, one of the allied forces was out of order which opposed to the khaganate (Gumilyov, 1994, p. 298). Tonyukuk took the risk and prevent the possibility of a secret attack of Kyrgyz khaganate by successfully completing a difficult and dangerous plan. In 711 the Turks started a campaign against Turkesh. Judging by the words of Tonyukuk on "eternal stone", at that time the Tang Empire united with the “on ok” people, that was under the leadership of turgesh and went on a campaign against the Eastern Turkic khaganate (Mynzhan, 1994, p.129). “A messenger came from Turgesh kagan. The word of his was as follows: “we go on campaign to kagan from the east. If we do not attack, then their (i.e. Turkic) kagan is great, his advisor – is wise, this or that way, he might kill us”. “So the Turkic kagan started out” – he said. “All “Ten Arrows” people started out” – he said. – “(among them) there is also Tabgaches’ (China) army” (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p.125). At this time, internal and external situation of Turgesh was unstable which replaced the destroyed West Turkic khaganate. In addition, there was no

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internal unity in the state. Turgesh ruler Soge kagan allocated a land to his younger brother Zheng. In the short run Zheng dissatisfied with the fact that his brother gave him a few people and the authorities. In 709 he rebelled and migrated to the East Turkic khaganate to Kapagan kagan. Zheng offered to jointly overthrow Soge. Kapagan kagan invaded khaganate and defeated Soge, who died in the battle. In the annals of Xin Tang Shu internal stress in Turgesh khaganate described by following way, “Soge and Shunu began to lead the country together. Shunu was offended that his land was small and joined Mo-ch'o. He said that if he performs against his brother, he would lead the army. Mo- ch'o kept Shunu with him”. And so, there was 20 thousand army against Soge that captured him (Chinese sourses about Kazakhstan history, 2006, p. 287). Ancient Turks very carefully prepared for a war, whether it will be a protection of the country or an uprising. In addition to monitoring of the internal socio-political status of a hostile country, they sent spies, collected secret information, made opportunities of diplomatic relations in the tradition. They paid more attention to the number of military forces, skills and abilities of commanders who seek to unite among existing and potential competitors. Instead of waiting for the final outcome, they wanted to carry out military operations in enemy territory (Abzhanov, 2011, p. 81).

Results and discussion

Obviously, Tonyukuk learned about the political state of Turgesh khaganate through older brother of Soge kagan. Kapagan kagan didn’t want to risk and put only 20 thousand soldiers against Turgesh during the campaign. He appointed his youngest son Inal kagan and tardush shad Mogilyan to lead an army. And Tonyukuk was appointed as an advisor-mentor (Gumilyov, 1994, p. 299). In the ancient society, kagan did not possess unlimited power. He took into account the opinions and advice of others in making government decisions (Abzhanov, 2011, p. 86). Therefore, appointed Turks kagan army commanders in difficult times can make their own decisions without the consent of kagan. Responsibility for the execution of the decision taken by the Board of statesmen and generals entrusted to people who took the lead. Situation of the country before the military operations are described as follows on the Tonyukuk monuments, ““Let them pitch a camp in Altun mob!” Tonyukuk told me the Bilge (wise): “Lead the army! Tell me what are the difficulties? What else can I suggest? If (somebody) comes (i.e. joins us), then the number of (brave men) will increase, if (nobody) comes, then gather different news (litr. words, “tongues”)”. We were in Altun mob. Three messengers came, their words were similar: “One kagan with his army went on campaign. The army of “Ten Arrows” people went on campaign too. They told that they would gather in the step of Yarysh”. Having heard these words, I told them the kagan. What to do?! With the reply (from khan) With the reply (from khan) a messenger came: “Sit! – it was said. – “Do not hurry to go, keep the guard as good as possible! Do not allow to crush yourself!” – he said. Begyu kagan ordered me to tell this. I sent a message to Apa-tarkhan (Commander-in-chief): “Wise Tonyukuk – is cunning, he himself offered to me to send the spear bearers. Having heard these words, I sent the spear bearers. I crossed the

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Altyn mob through absence of roads. We crossed without the ford the river. We reached Bolchu early in the morning without stops for night” (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 125). Kapagan kagan instructed his commanders to defend. But Tonyukuk went to war. He decided to use a military approach, which assumes the attack on the enemy from an unexpected side by rapid response of . He crossed the Black Irtysh, went to the vanguard of Turgeshes, located at the foothills of Bolchu and defeated them. Captivated Turgeshes informed that “Ten Tyumen army gathered in the Yarysh step (100 thousend)” (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 125). Turkic commanders heard this news and offered to return back. But Tonyukuk did not deviate from his plan and convinces commanders to risk and attack enemies. The military doctrine of the Turkic people paid a lot of attention to military and patriotic inspiring soldiers. Patriotic work is carried out on a large scale among the soldiers before the decisive battle (Abzhanov, 2011, p. 84). Tonyukuk in solemn form spoke to commanders and Turkic soldiers, who knew about the superior forces of the Turkic troops and afraid to go on the attack. He said, “I am- Tonyukuk the wise! We crossed Altyn mod on the absence of roads. Went across the Irtysh river Without the ford. We came as the greats! We were not tired. When Tengri Umai, Sacred land and are gracious to us, why do we need to retreat?! Why should we be afraid of their number? Let us attack them as if they are few!” (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 125). Unconditionally believed in Tonyukuk’s fiery speeches Turkic warriors imbued with fighting spirit and fury went on the attack to defeat the enemy. Wise Tonyukuk took into account the fact that the military skills of winning party rose. So, he led the army with high military-patriotic and psychological spirit. Then crushed recovered and went on the offensive to Turgeshes. “The second day they came down with great force (litr. like fire). We fought. They were twice more than we. Due to Tengri We were not afraid of their number. We fought. We won the Tardush Shad. We captured their kagan. And their yabgu and shad killed there” (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 125). In this clash it became apparent the superiority of the cavalry of the Turks - Turgesh army was completely defeated and Soge kagan was captured (Gumilyov, 1994, p. 300). Turgeshe state collapsed. “We took to prison about fifty persons. That night we sent (messengers) to every nation. Having heard these words, beks and people of “Ten Arrows” all came and subdued” (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 125). In the result of Yuolchu battle all Turkic tribes from Balkhash, , -kul, and lands became part of Kok Turk khaganate (Çandarlioğlu; 2013, p. 61). The Turks considered all conquered related tribes as their people. Therefore, they are not persecuted. Only a certain amount of taxes charged, and military trained people accepted to the Turkic troops system. A number of on-ok tribes, who did not want to obey to the Turks, moved to the south of the . In order to secure the victory and rule the all and Central Asia Turkic army under the rule of Tonyukuk, Kultegin and son of Kapagan kagan Inel kagan went for campaign to the south. “When I was settling down and gathering the coming beks and people a few people ran away. I led to campaign the army of “Ten Arrows” people. We were still fighting and pursuing them. Having swimming cross the Pearl river, crossing the Binlik mountain – where

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Tinsi’s son lived… we pursued (the enemy) till Temir-kapyg (Iron Gates). We made (them) return back. Inel kagan… tadzhiks and tokhars … The whole sogdian people leading by Asuk came and obeyed… those days the Turkic people reached the Iron Gates. There was no master in the mountains where Tinsi’s son lived. When I, Wise Tonyukuk, reached that place, he presented me yellow gold, white silver, girls and women, treasury, on camels in huge number” (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 126). After the subjugation of Turgeshes all people of black Turgeshes moved to inland. The Turks supplied a military group who performed their duty and returned back all the defectors to the Central Tien Shan. They continued their aggressive activity; captured and reached Temir kakpa () in the south (Grumm-Grzhimaylo, 1926, p. 314). So the wise Tonyukuk was able to implement all the strategic plans that he has made. Tunyukuk got all glory and honor in the victory over the enemies. Turkic army crossed directly Zhetysu, passed the Syr Darya and reached the Badakhshan mountains. The threat for khaganate from the west was eliminated. And all goals and tasks in military operations were carried out. As a result of capable army managing of wise Tonyukuk, skillful in leadership, conducting battles and military affairs, the soldiers were able to reach Kok Turks Iron Gate in the south. These lands since the beginning of our era were regarded as the natural borders of and Turan. The Kok Turks army firstly met Muslim- Arab troops in this campaign. Kultegin tells about this historic event as follow, “A brave man attacked us. We asked and sent Kultegin forward together with a few men. It was a great battle” (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 63). Perhaps because of Kultegin fight with all the courage, he was able to resist the enemy's army and defeated it. He was able to save the main forces of Turkic troops. After news of the complete victory of its troops, the capture of Soge and large mining Kapagan kagan decided that the West was completely enslaved and there is no sense in further lifetimes of Turgesh kagans (Gumilyov, 1994, p. 300). After returning from the campaign, he said Shunu, "You brothers can not be faithful to each other, how can you be true to me", - and killed both brothers (Bichurin, 1950, p. 297). In 714 Kapagan kagan demanded matchmaking from the . Chinese emperor has to agree with the requirements of the Turkic kagan. This will be the pinnacle of Turkic khaganate military power and ensure the formation as the master of the Great Steppe. In the book Xin Tang shu translated by N.Y. Bichurin it is states that, “Highly elated about victory Mo-ch'o (Kapagan) found Chzhugo beneath his dignity ans became too proud. He brought the military power of the time to force of the Seli times, increased subservient lands to ten li. All barbarians obeyed him” (Bichurin, 1950, p. 270). There is no doubt that the above Tonyukuk victories largely contributed to maintaining an advantageous policy for khaganate at political situations. Turkic flag embroidered with gold wolf head and proudly fluttered in the space from the Pacific Ocean the Iron Gate. Despite the great work of the wise Tonyukuk to unite the Turkic people after unfair attitude of Kapagan kagan to subordinated peoples there appeared disagreements within the Turkic people.

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Rigid reign of kagan and oppressions rised a people’s dissatisfaction. This escalated into a rebellion. Referring to Chinese sources, the Turkic khaganate often had the uprisings because of the hard attitude of the Great Turkic Kapagan kagan to the people (Taşağıl, 2015, p. 180). The Xin Tang shu source gives the following characteristics to socio- political status of the Second Turkic Khaganate in the last years of Kapagan kagan reign, “With age, he has become harsher and crueller. Therefore, tribes gave up on him and started to turn away from him. The left hand 5 dulu and right hand 5 of “ten arrows” people announced that they completely pass under the hand of the king ... Because of the frequent attacks on the state as the Mo-ch'o Karlugh, the king ordered dunhu and military leaders in these lands to unite and vice the enemy” (Chinese sourses about Kazakhstan history, 2006, p. 186). The Turkic khaganate weakened and exposed to the crisis due to the wrong policy of Kapagan kagan to Turkic people. It caved on the stone in honor of Bilge kagan, “Having gathered his force the Kagan was mistaken. Tengri above, below the sacred water did not curse the kagan. The people of Nine Oguzes moved to China. Tabgach (Chinese) people came here” (Zholdasbekov and Sartkozhauly, 2007, p. 104). Tonyukuk did not agree with the Kapagan kagan actions against the and ten arrows people. Kapagan kagan death saved the Second Turkic Khaganate from the political crisis. The Xin Tang shu source gives following information, “Again Mo-ch'o marched against ba-e-gu (bayyrku) as a part of "nine tribes”, fought with them on the Tola river and completely broke ba-e-gu. Mo-ch'o was highly elated about victory and carelessly rested in the dense forest. The survived ba-e-gu people suddenly attacked and cutted of the Mo-ch'o head. Then ba-e-gu sent his head to the royal capital through Hao Lintsyuan the kagan’s smbassador in the lands of the barbarians” (Chinese sourses about Kazakhstan history, 2006, p. 187). So, in 716 Kapagan kagan defeated ba-e-gu on the Tola River and conquered them. But it was the last campaign of cruel Kapagan kagan, who served all his life for the sake of khagnate. During his return to Otuken he was caught in bayyrku net who acted by a Chinese instigation and died. Before his death Kapagan kagan had violated the law on inheritance and granted the title of "small khan" to his eldest son Inal as his heir (Gumilyov, 1994, p. 314). Therefore, son of Kapagan Inal kagan took the throne of the Second Turkic Khaganate. This solution is openly violated the ancient Turkic tradition of succession to the throne. Traditionally Turkic throne passed from an elder brother to younger brother. Only then it could be transferred to cousins. According to the ancient law of the Turks inheritance belonged to the great Tardush shad Mogilyan, the eldest son of Kutlug- Ilteris. Besides, Inal was not able to prevent a crisis, to keep the country and lead it. He was not able to establish peace in the country. Raids and rebellions of Oguz also did not stop. Country’s recovery fell on Mogilyan and Kultegin shoulders. They headed war against Oguz. They needed to change kagan in order to retain the integrity of the country. But Inal kagan disagreed with that (Çandarlioğlu, 2013, p. 64). The real power was in the hands of the Turkic "Mangilik El" leader, a victorious commander Kultegin batyr. For the sake of an internal political, national, cultural and spiritual unity of the

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Turkic state Kultegin carried out a coup d’etat and took the board into his own hands. At this time, Alp Eletmish, who held the post of commander in the Horde, moved to the Kultegin rebellion at the beginning of the political crisis. He showed himself as responsible to the state fate and proved their loyalty to the Turkic law. The younger son of Kutlug kagan Kultegin destroyed newly proclaimed Inal Kagan and his advisers. Kapagan kagan leaved alive only Tonyukuk among other advisers. After a military coup in the Turkic khaganate capital the power passed to the Kutlug kagan’s eldest son Mogilyan. At the beginning of his reign Mogilyan asked his younger brother Kultegin to take the throne. But in 716, Kultegin, who took the political power by force, did not violate the ancient Turkic law and relinquished power. He helped his brother Mogilyan to take the throne and to get the title of "Bilge kagan". Kultegin was a real leader of "Mangilik El", commander of the troops and the true ruler of the khaganate. After inauguration Mogilyan "Bilge Kagan" appointed Kultegin as his left hand and passed military affairs to his hands. At the time when Kapagan Hagan died Kultegin killed all his viziers. In that case only because of the fact that Tonukuk daughter Po Beg was the Mogilyan’s wife they saved his live, took away only his position and sent back to his tribe. A little later the Turgesh leader Sulu declared himself as kagan and created disharmony among the Turkic tribes. Mogilyan called again Tonyukuk and asked advices on the internal affairs of the state. Those days Tunyukuk was more than 70 years old and people respected and honored him (Bichurin, 1950, p. 73). Eventually Tonyukuk using his high position returned to his old position and without his consent or against his rigid "no" haven’t made any important state solution (Zuev, 2002, p. 169). Bilge Kagan considering the outstanding wisdom and great people’s respect to Tonyukuk, who headed the state Supreme Court for 10 years returns his position of Boila Baga Tarkhan and state counsellor. Tonyukuk again as in the days Kutlug kagan took over the real power in khaganate and became the owner of a high and powerful political position. In order to keep the khaganate Bilge Kagan wanted to immediately conclude an agreement with the Chinese Empire according to Tonyukuk advice. Because Bilge kagan headed the Second Turkic Khaganate when it experienced internal and external political crisis. This was caved on bitig tash dedicated to Bilge kagan, “For the name and fame of the would not perish, (that Tengri) enthroned (me). I did not become ruler of wealthy and prosperous people at all; (on the contrary,) I became a ruler of poor and miserable people, who were food- less inside and cloth-less outside. I and Kultegin, my younger brother, consulted together. For the name and fame of people, which our father and uncle had ruled, would not perish, and for the sake of Turkish people, I did not sleep at night and I did not relax by day. Together with my younger brother, Kultegin, I worked to death and I won. Having won and gathered in that way, I did not let people split into two parts like fire and water…People, wondered over the countries, vagrant people came back utterly exhausted, without horses and without clothes came back” (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 103). From this we can conclude that the ruler of the Turks Ashide Bilge kagan, who called back wise Tonyukuk, was able to successfully solve the internal problems of the state. Turkic tribes that fled to the Chinese Empire during the reign of cruel Kapagan kagan, as a

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consequence of the state adviser Tonyukuk came back to the Second Turkic Khaganate. Bilge Kagan planned to march against Tang Empire to strengthen the Second Turkic Khaganate. But the wise Tonyukuk said to Bilge Kagan, "at the moment it is impossible to do, because the current emperor of the is a brave man, and the country for many years lived in prosperity and their unity is strong, they do not have internal problems, which we can use. Moreover, our troops collected recently and can not be used now” (Chinese sourses about Kazakhstan history, 2006, p. 189). Tonyukuk, who received the title of "baga tarhan" under the Bilge kagan reign, determined the internal and foreign policy of the state. For example, once Bilge Kagan wanted to build a walled city on the Turkic land like in China. On this occasion, Tonyukuk gave the following advice Bilge Kagan, “We should not do so, because we are the people who spent their entire lives in the steppes full of water and forests. Our daily live keep us in the fortress as if we are on military exercises. Kok Turks number is less than a hundredth of the Chinese. In contrast, we have only the style of our lifes. In severe times we equip the army and go to battle. The weak times we retreat to the borders of our boundless steppes and fight there. But if we are inside the walls and fortresses, the Tang army will surround us into the ring and take over us” (Çandarlioğlu, 2013, p. 65). Another Bilge kagan’s idea was to build a Buddhist temple in the country and spread a religion and philosophy of among the Turks. But at the time the main ideologist of Kok Turks khaganate has a different opinion. He said, “Both of them weaken the lust for power inherent in the people. This doctrine is not the way of strength and courage. If you want Turkic people to exist, we must never let this doctrine to stong and settle in our country (Çandarlioğlu, 2013, p. 65).

Khaganate achievements are multiplied by the day and forced the Tang Empire to worry. Eventually, in 720 the Chinese army came out to battle against Turkic army. According to the plan, which was formed in Chang'an, Khitans, Tatabyns and Basmyls have to achieve Bilge kagan’s army by different ways and capture him. In order to support the fisrt units were mobilized 300000 troops (Gumilyov, 1994, p. 318). Wise adviser Tonyukuk fearlessly gave an advice to Bilge kagan, who was concerned about the oncoming army. Because Tonyukuk knew that there was no unity among commanders of opposite troops. “Even taking into account that the entire army is coming, we can transport all people to the north in three days prior to their arrival. And after they run out all the supplies they will turn back” (Chinese sourses about Kazakhstan history, 2006, p. 90). However, Basmyls reached Turkic khaganate center among the firsts. But they were afraid of straight attack and turn back after hearing that the other commanders still on the way. Bilge Kagan intended to attack the retreating Basmyls. But Tonyukuk had different goals and gave an advice one more time, “troops are away from their homeland and those who came to a foreign land will fight to the death. And no one can stop them. Therefore, rather than to attack them now we should trace back to their place and smash them” (Chinese sourses about Kazakhstan history, 2006, p. 190). On

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the advice of Tonyukuk Turkic troops rapidly moved and freely reached the Basmyls center Besbalyk and quickly attacked, captured it. At the Besbalyk gate victorious and strong spirited Turkic army in traditional armor and long swords met tired Basmyls. Basmyls surrendered to Kok Turks because of the desperate situation. Turkic troops ended the war as they were supposed, penetrated into the rear of the Chinese empire and robbed Liangzhou. The Liangzhou fortress commandant Yang Jingshshu ordered commanders to equip an army and fight the Turks. At that time wise Tonyukuk said, “If Yang Jingshshu will keep the defence in the city, we must conclude an agreement with him. If his army came out of the city, we can fight with them in a battle” (Chinese sourses about Kazakhstan history, 2006, p. 190). Yang Jingshu, relying on their military superiority, led the army for a decisive battle with the Turks. Turkic army had a power and a superior cavalry, which had no equal in the battles in the desert. They unconditionally won over the Chinese army and destroy it. Winning glory of Turkic warriors spread to the whole Great Steppe. Now Turkic state has great authority and prestige in the international arena. And its military force only multiplied. All Turkic peoples and tribes moved to the political center in Otukene and expressed a desire to join the khaganate. These achievements could be realized only through the tireless work of the three great personalities Bilge, Kultegin and Tonyukuk "without sleep at night, without rest during the day for the sake of Turkic people". Leaders of hostile Chinese empire also recognized wise and genius Tonyukuk. They constantly waited troubles from the Turks. In 725 the Chinese emperor decided to visit the Taishan on the east. President of state cabinet Zhang Yue advised "to strengthen the army and beware of the Turks". Then the Minister of Military Affairs Pei Guang-thin said, “prayer to ask for rain during a drought by sacrifices made in order to bring news of the victory to God and the god of the Earth”. Then Zhang Yue said, “even if the Turks have offered to enter into the agreement, it is very difficult to establish mutual relationship of trust with them. Moreover, their kagans kept the people under control through the honesty and generosity. A Kultegin - master of war, Tonyukuk - sedate man who has a great experience and a wisdom multiplying with years. If these three great personalities will march to the east to the land under the leadership of our master, they will take an advantage of this opportunity; how can we defend against them” (Bichurin, 1950, p. 76). Because to Bilge kagan’s fair and skillful management of a Turkic people and commander Kultegin’s military achievement the Second Turkic Khaganate again became a strong state. Kagan’s advisor wise Tonyukuk invented new methods of war against the enemies of the Turkic people, managed an active defense policy and problems of the inner spiritual and ideological unity of the state and successfully executes them. The purpose of the "Great Three" - Bilge Kagan, Kultegin and Tonyukuk – to repair the khaganate. They ptotected the Turkic people from enemies and helped them to find a rich and vast land. And they made the Great Steppe into the Promised Land. For the sake of the peaceful life of the Turkiс people, they went to battle in four corners of the world. They united tribes under their leadership without using a force, taught them to live in peace.

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Eventually, the internal and external policy of “great three” Bilge kagan- Tonyukuk-Kultegin had its results. Great three wore, enriched and strengthened the weak, "hungry and naked" people since the reign of Kapagan kagan. As a result, the period from 722 to 741 was the most peacefull to the Turkic people (Syzdykov, 2014, 78). About this time, it is carved on the wise Tonyukuk monument as follows, «people became people. I got older. I reached old age» (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 126). Tonyukuk is a man of politics. In connection with his feature an academician Barthold compares it with a skillful politician Talleyrand of French history. And his desire to establish the monument within his lifetime, using the word "I" in the text from the beginning to the end means that he wanted to leave a memory of himself in history (Zholdasbekov, 2012, p. 96). There is opinion in the Kazakh historiography about the similarity of Tonyukuk with the wise Korkyt Ata (M. Zholdasbekov, R. Salgarin, S.M. Syzdykov). Saying in his inscriptions, that, «I did not allow the supremecy of the strong enemy over the Turkic people. I did not allow enemy’ horses to tramble down (our land). If Elterish kagan did not rule the country, and if I myself did not rule (the country), there would not be neither country nor people! For kagan was in power, I myself was in power too, the country became the country, people became people. I got older. I reached old age”, – he shows that it aims primarily to fight for the unity and peace of the people (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 126). In the Tonyukuk monument the main purpose for the stability of the state is the unity of kagan who has all the power and wise counselor. The single- hearted unity of all forces is very important. And it also tells about the Turkic people loss of the statehood, the kagan, obedience to others, subsequent recovery, measures of the new Kagan after coming to power to unite people, the power given to the Turkic people in the night without sleep, in the day without rest, shedding his blood red. It is left for the next generation in the form of the adress. And here the concept of "Mangilik El", the spirit of independence and freedom resonate (Syzdykov, 2013, p. 202). Tonyukuk’s adress is an invaluable heritage that awakens the conscience, honor and consciousness of the Turkic people, involuntarily raises questions. It teaches that statehood is in unity, harmony of Turkic people (Ensegenuly, 2008, p. 309; Abduali et al., 2019; Mullins, 2019; Ferris, 2019). The scientist-turkologist K. Sartkozhauly gives the following assessment of Tonyukuk, “Tuj-uquq considered the unity of the people, the continuation and preservation of kagan power, statehood foundations as his aim and proposed the idea of "Mangilik El". He willed the idea of "El Mangilik" for the next generation…He offered the idea of Mangilik El (Eternal El) as Turkic reign’s aim. This idea, this goal has become a major slogan of modern Kazakh State. Thus, the wise priest of Kok Turks khaganate Tuj- uquq left the Everlasting Covenant for the next generation (Sartkozhauly, 2013, p. 20).

Conclusion

Tonyukuk - the founder of the Second Turkic Khaganate and statesman, who was the direct cause of strengthening the internal situation of the

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country. In 682 Tonyukuk joined Kutlug in their struggle against the Chinese empire. Due to the Tonyukuk’s merger to rebels, who had a great respect among the Turkic tribes, Kutlug’s situation changed dramatically. Because of Tonyukuk a lot of Turkic tribes joined to rebellion. Kutlug, who started the rebellion for independence of the Turkic people, received the title of "Elterish" with the direct Tonyukuk’s participation. The wise Tonyukuk lived from 646 to 741, made an invaluable contribution to the achievement of political independence of the Turkic people. He was an adviser and mentor of the Second Turkic Khaganate kagans, enlightened people with the idea of "Mangilik El". Turkologist S.M. Syzdykov writes, "Even if the word “Mangi" is not mentioned, it is indicated by the double repetition of the word "el" in the sentence on the left side of the second matrix of Tonyukukinscriptions, "People become again the People!". And this, in turn, can mean "Mangilik El" (Syzdykov, 2014, p. 178). The basic principle of the "Mangilik El" idea adopted by Tonyukuk was to use the active defensive strategy in international politics of the Second Turkic Khaganate. The main ideological position of the state was the protection of all the Turkic peoples from the influence of the Chinese empire. Because the enmity between the Chinese and the Turks was not just a competition or a war for influence between two countries (Gapsalamov et al., 2020; Frolova et al., 2019; Wati et al., 2020; Limba et al., 2019; Dobrovolskienė et al., 2017). It was irreconcilable clash of two different worldviews and cultures, two different spiritualities and cultures. Fortresses of the Great Steppe and the Great China were opposed to each other. The ideology of Turkic khaganate in spite of the defensive policy was more progressive in ideological terms (Husnutdinov et al., 2019; Sagdieva et al., 2019; Zamaletdinov et al., 2014; Saenko et al., 2019; Bigagli, 2019; Tarman and Acun, 2010; Yigit, 2018). Tonyukuk, Bilge kagan, Kultegin held a rational foreign policy in geopolitical games and improved the well-being of the population. They established stability in the country and contributed to the establishing of unity and peace. The Second Turkic Khaganate firmly became a state with strong national security, foreign policy and military. It had wise international relations around the country (Mason, 2019; Szydlowski, 2019; Arifin et al., 2019; Sokip et al., 2019). The main ideologist of Turkic khaganate Tonyukuk believed that Turkic khaganate submission to Chinese empire was the result of inner political instability of khaganate people and not being commitment to the traditions of their ancestors. According to the Kultegin monument, it was a hard time when Turkic khaganate was subordinated to another state, «The lords and people went unfair. Since they give way to Chinese people, since they were defrauded by them, younger and elder brothers became revengeful and enemy to each other. Turkish people were exiled. The kagans were exiled. Chinese people made your kind sons slave; made your beautiful daughters’ servant». Through these lines, he left on Bitik Tash eternal admonition to future generations (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 61). The rulers of Turkic khagnate called people for unity. They considered if the internal unity of the Turkic nation is be strong, they will be able to save the cultural and spiritual wealth, will be united, only then they will be able to resist the Chinese. It said on the Kultegin’s bitig tash, «If you stay in the land of Otukan, and

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send caravans from there, you will have no trouble. If you stay at the Otukan mountains, you will live forever dominating the countries!” (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 65). In the understanding of the Turkic peoples Otukan is a sacred place. The ancient Turks considered the time spent on the ground of Otukan as a time of self-administration, happy life. The idea of finding such a sacred and good place that brings happiness to people comes from ancient times (Duisenov, 1986, p. 11). In the worldview of Turkic people Otukan was not only a symbol of the welfare and peace among the Turkic people, but also a guarantee of social and economic growth by the unshakable power of kagan and stable trade relations with neighboring countries. It is said on Tonyukuk monument, «I did not allow the supremecy of the strong enemy over the Turkic people. I did not allow enemy’ horses to tramble down (our land). If Elterish kagan did not rule the country, and if I myself did not rule (the country), there would not be neither country nor people! For kagan was in power, I myself was in power too, the country became the country, people became people. I got older. I reached old age», which indicates that his aim was the struggle for the unity and peace of the people (Sartkozhauly, 2012, p. 126). In the monuments of Kultegin, Tonyukuk, Bilge kagan there is considered the all Turkic state ideology. Also, there is given a central concept of the statehood as a guarantee of the freedom and independence of the Turkic peoples with a common culture, history and genealogy. It is the foundation of inexhaustible strength and power of the Turkic khaganate founders in connection with such concepts as "nation", "state", "freedom" and "independence". This glorious country even in those days was a rarity. State unity - the basis of the state ideology “Mangilik El” of the ancient Turks". Therefore, the wise Tonyukuk’s cherished goal was to create a state ideology "Mangilik El"through a "united Turkic people". They acted to implement this particular ideology.

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Contribution of the authors Nurtas B. SMAGULOV wrote the main part of the article, found archival sources, researched methodologies on the topic, compared scientific analyses, and studied the periods from Tonykok to modern Kazakhstan Aray K. ZHUNDIBAYEVA found archival sources, researched archival sources on the topic. Satay M. SIZDIKOV researched archival sources on the topic, and studied the periods from Tonykok to modern Kazakhstan Arap S. YESPENBETOV researched archival sources on the topic, conducted scientific analyses, and studied the periods from Tonykok to modern Kazakhstan Ardak K. KAPYSHEV conducted scientific analyses, and studied the periods from Tonykok to modern Kazakhstan

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