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Detección De Agriopis Aurantiaria Hübner (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) En Galicia

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Detección De Agriopis Aurantiaria Hübner (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) En Galicia Cuad. Soc. Esp. Cienc. For. 26: 181-186 (2008) «Actas de la I Reunión sobre Sanidad Forestal» DETECCIÓN DE AGRIOPIS AURANTIARIA HÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA, GEOMETRIDAE) EN GALICIA Rosa Pérez Otero 1, José Pedro Mansilla Vázquez 1,2 y Pilar Vega Alonso 3 1 Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro (Diputación Pontevedra), Subida la Robleda s/n. 36153- PONTEVEDRA (España). Correo electrónico: [email protected] 2 Departamento de Producción Vegetal. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Campus Universitario. 27002-LUGO (España) 3 Xunta de Galicia. Consellería do Medio Rural. Servicio de Montes e Industrias Forestais. Ronda da Muralla, 70 bajo 2º. 27071-LUGO (España) Resumen El espacio Ancares-Caurel es un gran espacio verde que en Galicia se extiende a lo largo del Sureste de la provincia de Lugo. Cuenta con una importante representación de especies arbóreas o arbustivas autóctonas entre las que destacan Betula celtiberica, Quercus robur, Quercus pyrenaica, Sorbus aucuparia, Fagus sylvatica o Erica australis. En el mes de mayo de 2006 se detecta un área defoliada por el geométrido Agriopis aurantiaria que en aquel momento afectaba principalmente a los pies de Betula celtiberica, aunque ya en junio, momento en que tuvo lugar la crisalidación, alcan- zaba a otras especies, estimándose la superficie atacada en 30 hectáreas. En 2007 vuelve a observar- se la defoliación, iniciándose en este caso a finales del mes de abril, alcanzándose la máxima densidad larvaria en mayo, cuando se calcula que el área afectada comprende ya cerca de 500 ha. En este trabajo se describe la especie y los daños causados, y se aportan las curvas de vuelo del lepidóp- tero y los resultados de un ensayo de control efectuado en laboratorio con un insecticida biológico. Palabras clave: Betula, Defoliación, Ancares, Oruga INTRODUCCIÓN los valores naturales. En este espacio dominan especies arbóreas y arbustivas autóctonas como Dentro de la amplitud de ecosistemas de Quercus robur, Quercus pyrenaica, Betula celti- interés que presenta la comunidad autónoma berica, Sorbus aucuparia, Fagus sylvatica o gallega, las Sierras orientales ocupan un lugar Erica australis. preponderante debido a su topografía de eleva- Las especies vegetales presentes en el ámbi- das pendientes y valles angostos, que les han lle- to descrito son susceptibles de sufrir ataques de vado a mantener su configuración original sin diversa índole causados por diferentes patóge- apenas influencia humana. Constituyen un espa- nos y plagas. Entre estas últimas, y a nivel de cio natural enclavado en las comarcas de O parásitos de la masa foliar, ciertos lepidópteros y Caurel y Os Ancares, que comprenden el sudes- coleópteros son las especies de insectos más te de la provincia de Lugo, y que constituyen el dañinas. Dentro de los primeros, la familia Lugar de Interés Comunitario (LIC) Ancares- Geometridae, una de las más ricas en especies Caurel, declarada zona de especial protección de en todo el mundo, contiene especies verdadera- ISSN: 1575-2410 © 2008 Sociedad Española de Ciencias Forestales 181 R. PÉREZ OTERO et al. «Detección de Agriopis aurantiaria hübner (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) en Galicia» mente nocivas como Operophtera brumata y DESCRIPCIÓN DEL INSECTO otras, cuyos ataques suelen ir acompañados de los de otros lepidópteros como tortrícidos o noc- Adulto. Las características del imago difie- tuidos. En mayo de 2006 empezó a observarse ren según se trate de insectos macho o hembra. una defoliación en el LIC Ancares-Caurel aso- El macho presenta 32-40 mm. de envergadura ciada a la elevadísima presencia de larvas de una alar, aunque la abundancia o escasez de alimen- especie de geométrido: Agriopis aurantiaria to tiene una gran repercusión en el tamaño final Hübner. Se trata de una especie ampliamente (GÓMEZ DE AIZPURÚA, 1987). Presenta colora- distribuida en Europa que se encuentra en el sur ción variable, desde el naranja amarillo pálido al de Escandinavia, Irlanda, Inglaterra, Centro marrón oscuro (en Ancares todos los ejemplares Europa, Francia, mitad septentrional de España, recogidos han sido de color amarillo pálido). Italia, los Balcanes y Asia. Hasta el momento de Las antenas tienen forma pectinada. Por su su detección en la zona referida en 2006, no se parte, las alas anteriores presentan 2 o 3 líneas habían detectado ataques de consideración en transversales de color morado y su aspecto es nuestro país; sin embargo, ya un mes después de moteado, especialmente el de la línea más exte- la detección mencionada, la defoliación alcanza- rior, que suele aparecer ligeramente interrumpi- ba un área de 30 hectáreas y los árboles estaban da. Las posteriores son más claras que las defoliados en porcentajes superiores al 50% de anteriores, con un punto discal oscuro y dos su masa foliar (Figura 1). A consecuencia de la líneas o ninguna transversales. proliferación de esta especie existente anterior- La hembra mide 10-11 mm. de longitud. Es mente en nuestra fauna (GÓMEZ DE AIZPURÚA, micróptera, es decir, con sólo pequeñas alas 1987), comenzamos un estudio de la misma deformadas, y presenta largas patas que le per- para, entre otros objetivos, identificarla adecua- miten desplazarse rápidamente. Su color es gris- damente y conocer su dinámica y comporta- marrón. miento en la zona afectada con el fin último de Huevo. Mide 0.71-0.87 mm. de largo por tratar de limitar su avance, cuestión que, como 0.38-0.51 mm. de ancho. Es de color verde claro se verá, no ha podido lograrse debido a dificul- o amarillo claro, virando al rojo ladrillo. Su tades de diversa índole. En las siguientes pági- forma es ahusada con estrías longitudinales. La nas se describe someramente el insecto, se hembra los deposita de forma aislada o en refieren las observaciones sobre su biología en pequeños grupos sobre las ramas y ramillas de la zona afectada de Galicia, los daños que ha los árboles. producido y las medidas de contención adopta- Oruga. Pasa por cinco estadíos de desarro- das, y se expone un ensayo de eficacia en labo- llo, alcanzando en el último una longitud de 25- ratorio a base de un insecticida biológico. 30 mm. Puede tener un color variable, desde Figura 1. Efectos de la defoliación sobre Quercus robur en Ancares-Caurel 182 Cuad. Soc. Esp. Cienc. For. 26: 181-186 (2008) «Actas de la I Reunión sobre Sanidad Forestal» tonalidades negras o grises hasta marrones, cas- OBSERVACIONES SOBRE LA BIOLOGÍA taños u ocres más o menos anaranjados. Los DEL INSECTO costados son de color gris anaranjado con una línea longitudinal negra. La cabeza es naranja Se trata de una especie univoltina. Los adul- con un veteado más o menos oscuro (Figura 2). tos emergen, en función de las condiciones cli- A lo largo de todo su desarrollo, se dejan máticas, durante los meses de octubre, pendular de los finos hilos sedosos que generan noviembre y en algunos casos diciembre, proce- y que facilitan su dispersión, especialmente en dentes de las crisálidas que se encuentran en el los primeros estadíos. suelo (MANSILLA et al., 2007). En las trampas de Crisálida. Con una longitud de 0,9-1,2 cm., feromona que fueron instaladas en la zona de es de color castaño claro, la punta del cremaster Ancares-Caurel (Figura 3), las capturas de es larga y su terminación, bífida. machos tuvieron lugar únicamente hasta el mes Figura 2. Oruga de Agriopis aurantiaria sobre hojas de Sorbus aucuparia Figura 3. Ortofoto y croquis de las zonas con trampas 183 R. PÉREZ OTERO et al. «Detección de Agriopis aurantiaria hübner (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) en Galicia» de noviembre, con un pico en la primera semana Plaga polífaga, ataca tanto a árboles foresta- (Figura 4). Las hembras pasan la mayor parte de les como frutales, siendo especialmente frecuen- su corta vida trepando por el tronco. De actividad te en bosques naturales a base de especies nocturna, el apareamiento tiene lugar tras el cre- forestales frondosas, pero también en parques y púsculo. Una vez fecundada, la hembra se dirige borduras realizadas con aquellas especies. Entre a las ramas y ramillas de las plantas y deposita sus plantas huésped se puede citar al sauce, los huevos aisladamente o en pequeños grupos. haya, tilo, avellano, espino albar, arándano, Pasa el invierno en estado de huevo, eclosionan- manzano, rosa, erica, brezo, serbal y en general do las orugas hacia el mes de abril y permane- a árboles de hoja caduca, aunque también se han ciendo en este estadio hasta junio. Durante este registrado ataques sobre Picea y Larix en tiempo pasa por cinco estadios larvarios y oca- Francia (BARBEY, 1925). siona fuertes defoliaciones en las plantas ataca- das (Figura 5); al inicio de su desarrollo, las orugas toman el alimento de las zonas interner- DAÑOS CAUSADOS EN EL LIC viales pero, más desarrolladas, devoran la totali- ANCARES-CAUREL dad del limbo, respetando únicamente el nervio principal. Desde el mes de junio y hasta noviem- Los daños son provocados por los diferentes bre se produce la crisalidación, que tiene lugar en estadios larvarios que, al alimentarse de las tierra a poca profundidad. Puede invernar en este hojas, ocasionan fuertes defoliaciones. También, estado ocasionalmente. si el ataque es precoz, puede afectar a las yemas 450 CURVA DE VUELO 400 350 300 250 200 Capturas 150 100 50 0 15/01/2006 30/01/2006 14/02/2006 01/03/2006 16/03/2006 31/03/2006 15/04/2006 30/05/2006 14/06/2006 14/07/2006 13/08/2006 27/09/2006 11/12/2006 26/12/2006 30/04/2006 15/05/2006 29/06/2006 29/07/2006 28/08/2006 12/09/2006 12/10/2006 27/10/2006 11/11/2006 26/11/2006 Días Figura 4. Curva de vuelo de Agriopis aurantiaria en Ancares-Caurel. Año 2006 Figura 5. Detalle de la defoliación sobre Betula celtiberica 184 Cuad.
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