BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT OF NEW ROAD, LITTLE LONDON AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRYSIDE by Dr Paul Sterry Contents: 1. Summary. 2. A brief history. 3. Notable habitats alongside New Road and in the neighbouring countryside. 4. Protected and notable found on New Road and in the surrounding countryside.

Appendix 1 - Historical land use in Little London and its influence on biodiversity. Appendix 2 - (Butterflies and ) recorded on New Road, Little London 2004-2019 (generalised OS Grid Reference SU6159). Appendix 3 - Ageing Hedgerows.

About the author : Paul Sterry has BSc and PhD in Zoology and Ecology from Imperial College, London. After 5 years as a Research Fellow at the University of Sussex working on freshwater ecology he embarked on a freelance career as a wildlife author and photographer. Over the last 35 years he has written and illustrated more than 50 books, concentrating mainly on British Wildlife, with the emphasis on photographic field guides. Best-selling titles include Collins Complete British , Collins Complete British Wildlife and Collins Life-size Birds.

Above: Barn Owl flying over grassland in the neighbourhood of New Road.

1. Summary Located in the Parish of Pamber, Little London is a Biodiversity hotspot with New Road at its environmental heart. Despite the name New Road is one of the oldest highways in the village and this is reflected in the range of wildlife found along its length, and in the countryside bordering it. New Road has significance for wildlife far beyond is narrow, single-track status. Its ancient hedgerows and adjacent meadows are rich in wildlife but of equal importance is its role as a corridor of wildlife connectivity. Recognised by statutory bodies and planning authorities alike wildlife corridors are vitally important in an era where piecemeal habitat destruction results in local extinctions for some and , and biological isolation for many others.

It is hardly surprising that New Road and its neighbouring countryside are so biologically rich because Pamber Parish is itself exceptional. In statutory terms it is the most important one for wildlife in the whole of the Basingstoke & Deane Borough Council area. Roughly 25% of the land has Site of Special Scientific Interest status because of its wildlife; and in terms of area, it accounts for roughly 37% of SSSI land for which Basingstoke & Deane BC is the Local Planning Authority. In addition, the Parish harbours seven ancient woodland SINCs plus UK BAP Priority Habitat Inventory sites. Unsurprisingly, it also hosts a generous suite of notable and protected species.

The rich biodiversity found in Pamber Parish is a consequence of centuries of varied land management, largely dictated by changes in agricultural economics and, in historic terms, the limited physical resources available. Its designated land does not exist in isolation and there is good reason to suppose that, in the past, much of Parish had biodiversity comparable to that found in current SSSIs and SINCs. New Road and the neighbouring countryside is a good example of land that falls outside statutory designation but which still retains rich biodiversity. Fortunately its environmental credentials are evident for anyone with eyes to look and an appreciation of what they are seeing. 2. A brief history In the past, the countryside that borders New Road was more wooded than it is today. Historical records demonstrate a forest ancestry just as old as the Ancient semi-natural woodland of neighbouring Pamber Forest SSSI, with which its woodland cover was contiguous as recently as 200 years ago or so.

Map 1. Above left: an 1824-1827 Enclosure Map (Courtesy/Copyright Hampshire Records Office) showing New Road and Little London, with woodland highlighted in green. Above right: the situation today with a rough illustration of what woodland remains (and its status) and what has been destroyed marked in red. Discrepancies between the maps can be attributed to, amongst other things, boundary changes and minor mapping errors made nearly 200 years ago.

The 1824-1827 Enclosure Map shows forested land extending from the existing southern boundary of Pamber Forest SSSI south to New Road, Little London and east to the settlements along Silchester Road. Further woodland was present south of New Road as well. Since then, all of these enclosed areas have had their woodland destroyed, replaced either by agricultural land or grassland of varying quality in terms of biodiversity.

Above: Framed by Silchester Road to the east and New Road to the north is an area of land, much of which is now known as Berry Court Farm. Prior to its purchase by the current owners it was known as Rackett’s Farm and the 1911 sale of this land (Lot 20) makes interesting reading, and demonstrates the farming use to which the land was put.

Above: Good quality grassland (Map 2, location 5) photographed on 24 July 2019. Taken from the adjacent public footpath, the field hosted the best display of Greater Bird’s-foot Trefoil in Little London. There is every reason to suppose immediately adjacent fields contain similar biodiversity which would become more obvious with reduced grazing pressure. These fields represent the last vestiges of Rackett’s Farm’s good quality grassland. Land to the south has been largely been industrialised or subjected to intensive farming. 3. Notable habitats alongside New Road and in the neighbouring countryside In terms of significance to native wildlife species and biodiversity there are three important habitat types in the general vicinity of New Road: deciduous woodland, belts and hedgerows; grassland; and watercourses.

Above: Map 2, a Defra magicmap of New Road, Little London and neighbouring countryside marked with areas of biodiversity interest, plus locations where biological pluses and minuses have occurred recently.

1 Natural /BAP Priority Habitat Inventory Deciduous woodland. 2 Natural England/BAP Priority Habitat Inventory Floodplain Grazing Meadow. 3 Ancient Byway known locally as Gypsy Lane whose ancestry may date to the era of Roman occupation. 4 Garden adjacent to New Road and Gypsy Lane which has been the subject of a biodiversity study for 20 years. 5 Good quality grassland. 6 Ancient Hedgerow. 7 Ancient Tree Belt. 8 Good quality grassland, currently grazed. 9 Watercourse known as Little London Brook. 10 Good quality grassland, currently cut for hay. 11 Good quality grassland, currently grazed. 12 Kinghern Copse SINC Ancient Woodland. 13 Former arable land, now converted to organic hay production and seasonal grazing. 14 Woodland, felled in the last year. 15 Former good quality hay meadow, destroyed in recent years and now used for intensive arable farming.

3a. Deciduous Woodland and Hedgerows The previous importance to wildlife of New Road’s ‘lost’ woodland is hinted at by looking at its tree belts and hedgerows, in locations where these are the last remnants of earlier forest. For example, on the north and south sides of New Road and alongside the lane running south from SU 6190 5925 (known locally as Gypsy Lane) the woody species composition suggests that their heritage as boundary banks dates back at least 450 years and no fewer than 12 Wild Service-trees grace the banks of the latter site; map and documentary evidence lends weight to the contention about ancestry.

Above: Hedgerow bordering New Road with flowering Hawthorn (left, Map 2 location 6) and veteran Wild Service-trees growing alongside Gypsy Lane (right, Map 2 location 3).

The number of tree and species present in a native hedgerow or tree belt increases with time, through natural colonisation. There are several tried and tested ecological methods for estimating hedgerow and tree belt age, determined by counting the number of woody species contained in a given length (see Appendix 3). Along the hedgerow length of New Road in Little London, at least 19 species of woody shrub and tree are present.

Of particular interest is the native tree belt to the south of New Road (Map 2, location 7) whose long-term heritage is demonstrated not only by mapping evidence but also by the number of woody tree and shrub species it harbours. These include a minimum of 15 species visible from New Road: English ; Ash excelsior ; Alnus glutinosa ; English Ulmus procera (aka minor var. vulgaris ); Holly Ilex aquifolium ; Sweet Castanea sativa ; Hawthorn Crategus monogyna ; Elder nigra ; aucuparia ; ; Goat Salix capraea ; Crack Willow Salix fragilis ; Grey Willow Salix cinerea ; Wild Cherry avium ; and Silver . By any determining method you care to use, the tree belt in question has a heritage dating back at least 450 years old.

Basingstoke and Deane BC are obliged to treat ancient woodlands, native tree belts and hedgerows with the statutory respect they deserve, and their commitment is enshrined in their Supplementary Policy Document (Landscape, Biodiversity and Trees SPD) . Page 55 of the document states: ‘Tree belts and woodlands - A minimum buffer of 20 metres should be provided between the edge of the woodland/tree belt and the development. Where a minimum buffer is proposed, information will be required to demonstrate that this will be adequate to prevent any adverse impact upon the woodland or tree belt feature. Where it is considered the woodland and/or tree belt form part of an important wildlife corridor, for example of particular importance to bats, or where the woodland is ancient in origin, then the council will expect buffers exceeding the 20 metres minimum as a precautionary principle and especially for major development. ’

This is in line with the National Planning Policy Framework NPPF, published in July 2018, which affords trees and ancient woodland the same protection as listed buildings. Paragraph 175c1 of the NPPF states that when local planning authorities are determining applications, they should consider whether: ‘...development resulting in the loss or deterioration of irreplaceable habitats (such as ancient woodland and ancient or veteran trees) should be refused.. .’

3b. Grassland In the context of New Road, and southern England generally, grassland and meadows are manmade habitats in the historical sense and require regular cutting to remain in that state. To an untutored eye, one bit of grassland is much like another but in terms of biodiversity this is an illusion. Good quality so-called ‘unimproved’ meadows (i.e. ones that have not been ploughed, artificially seeded or treated with chemicals) harbour rich biodiversity but are a rare commodity these days. Most of what we see today in north Hampshire is wildlife-unfriendly ‘improved’ grassland with significantly depleted biodiversity. This only elevates the importance of good quality ‘unimproved’ grassland and meadows; these are especially rich in Little London.

Above: Good quality grassland adjacent to New Road (Map 2, location 13 ) on 21 April 2016. Below: Former intensive arable land, now used for organic hay production and seasonal grazing (Map 2, location 2) on 14 May 2017.

3c. Watercourses Little London Brook runs more-or-less parallel to, and to the south of, New Road. It is a typical watercourse for this part of north Hampshire, usually full and fast-flowing from October to April, seasonally drying down at other times but prone to flash floods. This is reflected in the Flood Zone status of the land bordering Little London Brook and the designation of adjacent land as ‘ Natural England/BAP Priority Habitat Inventory Floodplain Grazing Meadow’ (map 2, location 2).

Above: Map 3, an Environment Agency map showing Little London Brook (which the EA class as a ‘main river’) and Flood Zone risk in relation to parts of New Road, Little London.

Above: Water Vole (left) and Water Shrew (right) photographed in Little London Brook. 4. Protected and notable species found along New Road and in the surrounding countryside 4a. Mammals associated with Little London Brook. Water Shrew Neomys fodiens and Water Vole Arvicola terretris are both recorded in Little London Brook; being riverine species it is entirely reasonable to suppose that both are found along the entire length of Little London Brook. The former species is protected under Schedule 6 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, the latter under Schedule 5, and both are UK BAP Priority species. As with Little London Brook’s aquatic invertebrate communities, these mammals rely on good water quality to ensure their survival and the species themselves, and the environment they inhabit (including terrestrial margins to their freshwater habitats), are protected.

Above: Map showing the locations of records (as recorded on Hampshire Biodiversity Information Centre and National Biodiversity Network databases) for two protected species: Water Vole and Water Shrew .

4b. Bats All bat species are protected by a variety of laws including the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). They are notoriously difficult to survey and, for example, it is not always possible to assign species status to Myotis bats through sound surveys alone. Therefore, it should be assumed that the group is seriously under-recorded. Nevertheless, a minimum of eight species are known, with records from all corners of the Pamber Parish, including New Road, Little London. They are: Common Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus ; Soprano Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus ; Serotine Eptesicus serotinus ; Brown Long-eared Bat Plecotus auritus ; Noctule Nyctalus noctula ; Natterer’s Bat Myotis nattereri ; Whiskered Bat Myotis mystacinus or Brandt’s Bat Myotis brandtii ; and Western Barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus . The presence of the last species is of greatest significance among the area’s bats because of its rarity and sparse national distribution; it is a UK BAP Priority species.

Above: Bats and bat-workers in Little London (above left) and the currently known distribution of bats (8 species) in the Pamber Parish, including New Road, Little London (above right).

4c. Amphibians Five out of seven native Amphibian species are recorded in a pond that is adjacent to New Road (Map 2, location 4). These are: Common Frog Rana temporaria ; Common Toad Bufo bufo ; Palmate Newt Lissotriton helveticus ; Smooth Newt Lissotron vulgaris ; and Great Crested Newt Triturus cristatus . All have varying degrees of statutory protection (Common Toad is BAP Priority Species for example) but Great Crested has the highest level of safeguard – Schedule 1 under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. All British amphibians, including Great Crested Newt, are essentially terrestrial animals that return to water for a brief period to breed. It follows that the terrestrial environment in the immediate vicinity of any breeding pond should attract scrutiny from planning authorities.

Above: Map showing the location of a pond, adjacent to New Road, used for breeding by Great Crested Newts and four other amphibian species. Great Cresteds were recorded, in numbers, in 2019 and records have been submitted to Natural England; they will appear subsequently on Hampshire Biodiversity Information and National Biodiversity Network databases.

Above: Grass Snake (left) and Common Toad (right) photographed in the vicinity of (and crossing) New Road, Little London. 4d. Reptiles Of the four native British reptile species that occur in Pamber Parish, two are known to occur in the vicinity of New Road, Little London. These are Grass Snake Natrix natrix and Slow-worm Anguis fragilis . Both are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (plus amendments) which means it is illegal to intentionally injure or kill these species.

4e. Butterflies Being visible and relatively easy to identify, butterflies can be used as indicators of the health or otherwise of the countryside – as biological barometers. Give or take, nudging 60 species are regularly recorded in Britain and of these a minimum of 33 have been recorded in the vicinity of New Road, Little London. Among their numbers the most significant in the context of New Road are meadow species – ones whose larvae feed on grasses and other grassland plants. These include: Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina; Ringlet Aphantopus hyperantus; Marbled White Melanargia galathea; Gatekeeper Pyronia tithonus; Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus; Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris; Essex Skipper Thymelicus lineola; Large Skipper Ochlodes sylvanus; Common Blue Polyommatus icarus; and Small Copper Lycaena phlaeas . None of these species will breed in agriculturally ‘improved’ grassland (their larval foodplants are absent) which makes the occurrence of these formerly common and widespread butterflies alongside New Road particularly significant. Their survival is entirely dependent upon the way in which the grassland is managed.

Iconic butterfly species such as Purple Emperor Apatura iris, Silver-washed Fritillary Argynnis paphia and White Admiral Limenitis camilla make a more occasional appearance in the vicinity of New Road. Most are probably wandering individuals but female Purple Emperors have been observed - laying on the larval foodplant Goat Willow Salix capraea in New Road.

4f. Moths As an indication of the biodiversity significance of New Road, it is interesting to use moths as a biological barometer. Something of the order of 2,500 species of have occurred in Britain and 800 or so have been recorded throughout nearby Pamber Forest as a whole, since records began nearly 50 years ago. By comparison, more than 450 species of moths have been recorded over the last 15 years (Appendix 2) from a single location on New Road, Little London (Map 2, location 4), mainly species whose larvae feed on the leaves of woodland trees and . This phenomenal number provides a strong indication the biological significance of New Road and the neighbouring countryside.

Above: Hawk-moth Sphinx ligustri , one of the more spectacular moth species to occur along New Road, Little London.

5g. Wild Service-tree Sorbus torminalis This species is widely accepted as being a good indicator of the ancient ancestry of any woodland or tree belt in which it grows. Wild Service-tree was supposedly beloved of the Romans and encouraged by them, possibly sometimes planted. The fruits are sometimes known as ‘chequers’ and can be made into an alcoholic drink, suggesting a link between the tree and the frequency of pubs named 'Chequers Inn' or similar. Wild Service-trees are widespread in Pamber Forest, with several hundred individuals being known; this is by far the best site for the species in north Hampshire. Elsewhere in the Parish its status is less certain. A particularly fine specimen (plus smaller individuals) grows in Kinghern Copse SINC, no fewer than 12 venerable trees adorn the margins of Gypsy Lane and a tree of flowering age grows in a garden hedgerow on the southern side of New Road.

Figure 7. Wild Service-tree Sorbus torminalis in Pamber: a flowering tree (above left) and the species’ currently known distribution in the Parish (above right).

Appendix 1 - Historical land use in Little London and its influence on biodiversity. Not to belittle it, but Little London and New Road’s good fortunes in the biodiversity department are down to luck. Underlying clay and gravel mean the land is agriculturally poor and for centuries it was fit for little more than growing trees, cutting hay and grazing a few animals. Land ownership and tenancy regimes meant much of the population scratched a living from relatively small plots: one man with an axe and a scythe, and not much more. This historically small-scale, English-style subsistence farming resulted in a mosaic of land use and habitats that persists alongside New Road today, in places. And looking at old maps and reading the landscape’s archaeology and ancient hedgerows means you can trace the history of land use back to the days of Roman occupation. To use rather flowery language, the landscape of Little London and New Road is like a palimpsest - an ancient parchment manuscript, used and reused over time with previous text and boundaries scraped away and overwritten but not entirely obscured. Hints of the past can be discerned by those with a keen and informed eye.

Appendix 2 - Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) recorded on New Road, Little London 2004-2019 (generalised OS Grid Reference SU6159) Ghost Moth Hepialus humuli; Orange Swift Triodia sylvina; Gold Swift Phymatopus hecta; Common Swift Korscheltellus lupulina; Map-winged Swift Korscheltellus fusconebulosa; Leopard Moth Zeuzera pyrina; The Festoon Apoda limacodes; Skin Moth Monopis laevigella; Common Clothes Moth Tineola bisselliella; Case-bearing Clothes Moth Tinea pellionella; Leaf Miner Lyonetia clerkella; Lunar Hornet Moth Sesia bembeciformis; Currant Clearwing Synanthedon tipuliformis; Yellow-legged Clearwing Synanthedon vespiformi;s Red-belted Clearwing Synanthedon myopaeformis; Red-tipped Clearwing Synanthedon formicaeformis; Bird-cherry Ermine Yponomeuta evonymella; Moth Ypsolopha dentella; Diamond- back Moth Plutella xylostella; Brown House-moth Hofmannophila pseudospretella; White-shouldered House-moth Endrosis sarcitrella; Parsnip Moth Depressaria radiella; Chequered Fruit-tree Tortrix Pandemis corylana; Barred Fruit-tree Tortrix Pandemis cerasana; Large Fruit-tree Tortrix podana; Brown Oak Tortrix Archips crataegana; Variegated Golden Tortrix Archips xylosteana; Tortrix Archips rosana; Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana; Light Grey Tortrix Cnephasia incertana; Green Oak Tortrix Tortrix viridana; Bramble Shoot Moth Notocelia uddmanniana; Codling Moth Cydia pomonella; Twenty-plume Moth hexadactyla; Water Veneer Acentria ephemerella; Brown -mark Elophila nymphaeata; Garden Pebble Evergestis forficalis; Small Magpie Anania hortulata; Rusty-dot Pearl Udea ferrugalis; Rush Veneer Nomophila noctuella; Mother of Pearl Pleuroptya ruralis; Gold Triangle Hypsopygia costalis; Meal Moth Pyralis farinalis; Large Tabby ; Wax Moth Galleria mellonella; Moth ; Thistle Ermine Myelois circumvoluta; Indian Meal Moth Plodia interpunctella; Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris; Essex Skipper Thymelicus lineola; Large Skipper Ochlodes sylvanus; Dingy Skipper Erynnis tages; Clouded Yellow Colias croceus; Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni; Large White Pieris brassicae; Small White Pieris rapae; Green-veined White Pieris napi; Orange-tip Anthocharis cardamines; Purple Hairstreak Favonius quercus; White-letter Hairstreak Satyrium w-album; Small Copper Lycaena phlaeas; Common Blue Polyommatus icarus; Chalk Hill Blue Polyommatus coridon; Holly Blue Celastrina argiolus; White Admiral Limenitis camilla; Purple Emperor Apatura iris; Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta; Painted Lady Vanessa cardui; Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae; Peacock Aglais io; Comma Polygonia c-album; Dark Green Fritillary Argynnis aglaja; Silver-washed Fritillary Argynnis paphia; Speckled Wood Pararge aegeria; Marbled White Melanargia galathea; Gatekeeper Pyronia tithonus; Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina; Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus; Ringlet Aphantopus hyperantus; December Moth Poecilocampa populi; Pale Eggar Trichiura crataegi; Lackey Malacosoma Neustria; Fox Moth Macrothylacia rubi; Drinker Euthrix potatoria; Lappet Gastropacha quercifolia; Scalloped Hook-tip Falcaria lacertinaria; Oak Hook-tip Watsonalla binaria; Pebble Hook-tip Drepana falcataria; Chinese Character Cilix glaucata; Peach Blossom Thyatira batis; Buff Arches pyritoides; Figure of Eighty Tethea ocularis; Poplar Lutestring Tethea or; Satin Lutestring Tetheella fluctuosa; Common Lutestring Ochropacha duplaris; Oak Lutestring Cymatophorina diluta; Yellow Horned flavicornis; Frosted Green Polyploca ridens; March Moth aescularia; Grass Emerald Pseudoterpna pruinata; Geometra papilionaria; Blotched Emerald Comibaena bajularia; Common Emerald aestivaria; Small Emerald Hemistola chrysoprasaria; Little Emerald Jodis lactearia; Birch Mocha Cyclophora albipunctata; Maiden's Blush ; Blood-Vein Timandra comae; Mullein Wave Scopula marginepunctata; Small Blood-vein Scopula imitaria; Cream Wave Scopula floslactata; Least Carpet Idaea rusticata; Small Fan-footed Wave Idaea biselata; Dwarf Cream Wave Idaea fuscovenosa; Small Dusty Wave Idaea seriata; Single-dotted Wave Idaea dimidiata; Satin Wave Idaea subsericeata; Treble Brown Spot Idaea trigeminata; Small Scallop Idaea emarginata; Riband Wave Idaea aversata; Vestal Rhodometra sacraria; Gem Nycterosea obstipata; Flame Carpet Xanthorhoe designata; Red Twin-spot Carpet Xanthorhoe spadicearia; Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet Xanthorhoe ferrugata; Large Twin-spot Carpet Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata; Silver-ground Carpet Xanthorhoe montanata; Garden Carpet Xanthorhoe fluctuata; Common Carpet Epirrhoe alternata; Yellow Shell ; Mallow Larentia clavaria; Shoulder Stripe ; Streamer ; Beautiful Carpet Mesoleuca albicillata; Purple Bar Cosmorhoe ocellata; Phoenix Eulithis prunata; Eulithis mellinata; Barred Straw Gandaritis pyraliata; Small Phoenix Ecliptopera silaceata; Red-Green Carpet siterata; Autumn Green Carpet ; Dark Marbled Carpet citrata; Dysstroma truncata; Barred Yellow Cidaria fulvata; Blue-bordered Carpet Plemyria rubiginata; Carpet Pennithera fermata; Grey Pine Carpet Thera obeliscata; Carpet Thera Britannica; Cypress Carpet Thera cupressata; Broken-barred Carpet Electrophaes corylata; Mottled Grey Colostygia multistrigaria; Green Carpet ; July Highflier Hydriomena furcata; May Highflier Hydriomena impluviata; Small Waved Umber Horisme vitalbata; Scallop Shell Hydria undulata; Sharp-angled Carpet unangulata; November Moth Epirrita dilutata; Pale November Moth Epirrita christyi; Autumnal Moth Epirrita autumnata; Winter Moth Operophtera brumata; Rivulet Perizoma affinitata; Small Rivulet Perizoma alchemillata; Sandy Carpet Perizoma flavofasciata; Slender Pug tenuiata; Foxglove Pug Eupithecia pulchellata; Mottled Pug Eupithecia exiguata; Lime-speck Pug Eupithecia centaureata; Freyer's Pug Eupithecia intricata; Eupithecia absinthiata; Currant Pug Eupithecia assimilata; Common Pug Eupithecia vulgata; White-spotted Pug Eupithecia tripunctaria; Grey Pug Eupithecia subfuscata; Tawny Speckled Pug Eupithecia icterata; Bordered Pug Eupithecia succenturiata; Ochreous Pug Eupithecia indigata; Narrow-winged Pug Eupithecia nanata; Brindled Pug Eupithecia abbreviata; Oak-tree Pug ; Cypress Pug Eupithecia phoeniceata; Pug Eupithecia lariciata; Dwarf Pug Eupithecia tantillaria; V-Pug Chloroclystis v-ata; Green Pug Pasiphila rectangulata; Double- striped Pug Gymnoscelis rufifasciata; Dingy Shell Euchoeca nebulata; Small White Wave albulata; Small Yellow Wave ; Seraphim Lobophora halterata; Early Tooth-striped Trichopteryx carpinata; Small Seraphim Pterapherapteryx sexalata; Yellow-barred Brindle Acasis viretata; Magpie Abraxas grossulariata; Clouded Border Lomaspilis marginata; Peacock Moth Macaria notata; Sharp-angled Peacock Macaria alternata; Tawny-barred Angle Macaria liturata; Latticed Heath Chiasmia clathrata; Little Thorn advenaria; Brown Silver-line Petrophora chlorosata; Speckled Yellow Pseudopanthera macularia; Lilac Beauty syringaria; August Thorn Ennomos quercinaria; Canary-shouldered Thorn Ennomos alniaria; Dusky Thorn Ennomos fuscantaria; September Thorn Ennomos erosaria; Early Thorn Selenia dentaria; Purple Thorn Selenia tetralunaria; Scalloped Hazel Odontopera bidentata; Scalloped Oak Crocallis elinguaria; Swallow-tailed Moth Ourapteryx sambucaria; Feathered Thorn Colotois pennaria; Orange Moth Angerona prunaria; Brindled Beauty hirtaria; Oak Beauty ; Biston betularia; Spring Usher leucophaearia; Scarce Umber ; Agriopis marginaria; Erannis defoliaria; Waved Umber Menophra abruptaria; Peribatodes rhomboidaria; Satin Beauty ribeata; Alcis repandata; Great Oak Beauty Hypomecis roboraria; Pale Oak Beauty Hypomecis punctinalis; Engrailed Ectropis crepuscularia; Brindled White-spot Parectropis similaria; Grey Birch punctulata; Common Heath Ematurga atomaria; Bordered White piniaria; Cabera pusaria; Cabera exanthemata; White-pinion Spotted Lomographa bimaculata; Clouded Silver Lomographa temerata; Early Moth Theria primaria; Light Emerald Campaea margaritaria; Barred Red Hylaea fasciaria; Hawk-moth convolvuli; Privet Hawk-moth Sphinx ligustri; Pine Hawk-moth Sphinx pinastri; Lime Hawk-moth Mimas tiliae; Eyed Hawk-moth Smerinthus ocellata; Poplar Hawk-moth; Humming-bird Hawk- moth Macroglossum stellatarum; Oleander Hawk-moth nerii; Elephant Hawk-moth elpenor; Small Elephant Hawk-moth ; Buff-tip Phalera bucephala; Puss Moth vinula; Alder Kitten Furcula bicuspis; Sallow Kitten Furcula furcula; Furcula bifida; Lobster Moth Stauropus fagi; Iron Prominent Notodonta dromedaries; Pebble Prominent Notodonta ziczac; Great Prominent Peridea anceps; Lesser Swallow Prominent Pheosia gnoma; Swallow Prominent Pheosia tremula; Coxcomb Prominent Ptilodon capucina; Maple Prominent Ptilodon cucullina; Scarce Prominent Odontosia carmelita; Pale Prominent Pterostoma palpina; Marbled Brown Drymonia dodonaea; Lunar Marbled Brown Drymonia ruficornis; Chocolate-tip curtula; Figure of Eight Diloba caeruleocephala; Oak Processionary Thaumetopoea processionea; Vapourer Orgyia antique; Pale Tussock pudibunda; Yellow-tail Euproctis similis; Black Arches Lymantria monacha; Dew Moth Setina irrorella; Rosy Footman Miltochrista miniata; Muslin Footman Nudaria mundane; Red-necked Footman Atolmis rubricollis; Four-dotted Footman Cybosia mesomella; Orange Footman Eilema sororcula; Dingy Footman Eilema griseola; Scarce Footman Eilema complana; Buff Footman Eilema depressa; Common Footman Eilema lurideola; Garden Tiger Arctia caja; Clouded Buff Diacrisia sannio; White Ermine lubricipeda; Buff Ermine Spilosoma lutea; Muslin Moth mendica; Ruby Tiger Phragmatobia fuliginosa; Jersey Tiger Euplagia quadripunctaria; Scarlet Tiger Callimorpha dominula; Cinnabar Tyria jacobaeae; Kent Black Arches Meganola albula; Short-cloaked Moth Nola cucullatella; Least Black Arches Nola confusalis; Turnip Moth Agrotis segetum; Heart & Club Agrotis clavis; Heart & Dart Heart & Dart; Dark Sword-grass Agrotis ipsilon; Shuttle- shaped Dart Shuttle-shaped Dart Flame Axylia putris; Flame Shoulder Ochropleura plecta; Large Yellow Underwing Noctua pronuba; Lesser Yellow Underwing Noctua comes; Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing Noctua fimbriata; Lesser Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing Noctua janthe; Least Yellow Underwing Noctua interjecta; Autumnal Rustic Eugnorisma glareosa; True Lover's Knot Lycophotia porphyrea; Pearly Underwing Peridroma saucia; Ingrailed Clay mendica; Purple Clay Diarsia brunnea; Small Square-spot Diarsia rubi; Setaceous Hebrew Character Xestia c-nigrum; Double Square-spot Xestia triangulum Dotted Clay Xestia baja Six-striped Rustic Xestia sexstrigata; Square-spot Rustic Xestia xanthographa; Gothic Naenia typical; Green Arches prasina; Red Chestnut Cerastis rubricosa; Nutmeg Anarta trifolii Grey Arches Polia nebulosa; Cabbage Moth Mamestra brassicae; Dot Moth Melanchra persicariae; Pale-shouldered Brocade Lacanobia thalassina; Bright- line Brown-eye Lacanobia oleracea; Broom Moth pisi; Lychnis Hadena bicruris; Antler Moth Cerapteryx graminis; Feathered Gothic Tholera decimalis; Pine Beauty Panolis flammea; Small Quaker Orthosia cruda; Blossom Underwing Orthosia miniosa; Lead-coloured Drab Orthosia populeti; Powdered Quaker Orthosia gracilis; Common Quaker Orthosia cerasi; Clouded Drab Orthosia incerta; Twin-spotted Quaker Anorthoa munda; Hebrew Character Orthosia gothica; Brown-line Bright-eye Mythimna conigera; Clay Mythimna farrago; White-point Mythimna albipuncta; Smoky Wainscot Mythimna impure; Common Wainscot Mythimna pallens; L-album Wainscot Mythimna l- album; Shoulder-striped Wainscot Leucania comma; Shark Cucullia umbratica; Mullein Cucullia verbasci; Minor Shoulder-knot Brachylomia viminalis; Sprawler sphinx; Deep-brown Dart Aporophyla lutulenta; Black Rustic Aporophyla nigra; Pale Pinion Lithophane social; Grey Shoulder-knot Lithophane ornitopus; Blair's Shoulder-knot ; Lithophane leautieri; Early Grey Xylocampa areola; Green-brindled Crescent Allophyes oxyacanthae; Merveille du Jour Griposia aprilina; Brindled Green Dryobotodes eremite; Large Polymixis flavicincta; Satellite Eupsilia transversa; Chestnut vaccinii; Dark Chestnut ; Brick circellaris; Red- line Quaker Agrochola lota; Yellow-line Quaker ; Flounced Chestnut Agrochola helvola; Brown-spot Pinion Agrochola litura; Beaded Chestnut Agrochola lychnidis; Centre-barred Sallow Atethmia centrago; Lunar Underwing Omphaloscelis lunosa; Barred Sallow Tiliacea aurago; Pink-barred Sallow Xanthia togata; Sallow Cirrhia icteritia; Subacronicta megacephala; aceris; Acronicta leporine; Alder Moth ; Acronicta psi; Knot Grass ; Coronet ligustri; Marbled Beauty Bryophila domestica; Copper Underwing Amphipyra pyramidea; Svensson's Copper Underwing Amphipyra berbera; Mouse Moth Amphipyra tragopoginis; Old Lady Mormo Maura; Bird's Wing Dypterygia scabriuscula; Brown Rustic Rusina ferruginea; Straw Underwing Thalpophila matura; Euplexia lucipara; Angle Shades meticulosa; Double Kidney Ipimorpha retusa; Olive Ipimorpha subtusa; Dingy Shears Apterogenum ypsillon; Dun-bar Cosmia trapezina; Lunar-spotted Pinion Cosmia pyralina; Dark Arches monoglypha; Light Arches Apamea lithoxylaea; Clouded-bordered Brindle Apamea crenata; Clouded Brindle ; Dusky Brocade Apamea remissa; Small Clouded Brindle ; Large Nutmeg Apamea anceps; Rustic Shoulder-knot Apamea sordens; Slender Brindle Apamea scolopacina; Marbled Minor Oligia strigilis; Tawny Marbled Minor Oligia latruncula; Middle-barred Minor Oligia fasciuncula; Cloaked Minor Mesoligia furuncula; Rosy Minor Litoligia literosa; Common Rustic Mesapamea secalis; Lesser Common Rustic Mesapamea didyma; Small Dotted Buff Photedes minima; Small Wainscot Denticucullus pygmina; Dusky Sallow Eremobia ochroleuca; Ear Moth Amphipoea oculea; Rosy Rustic Hydraecia micacea; Frosted Orange Gortyna flavago; Treble Lines; Uncertain Hoplodrina octogenarian; Rustic Hoplodrina blanda; Vine's Rustic Hoplodrina ambigua; Small Mottled Willow Spodoptera exigua; Mottled Rustic Caradrina Morpheus; Pale Mottled Willow Caradrina clavipalpis; Rosy Marbled Elaphria venustula; Scarce Silver-lines bicolorana; Green Silver-lines Pseudoips prasinana; Oak Nycteoline Nycteola revayana; Nut-tree Tussock coryli; Burnished Brass Diachrysia chrysitis; Golden Plusia Polychrysia moneta; Silver Y gamma; Beautiful Golden Y ; Plain Golden Y ; Spectacle Abrostola tripartita; Clifden Nonpareil Catocala fraxini; Red Underwing Catocala nupta; Blackneck Lygephila pastinum; Herald Scoliopteryx libatrix; Beautiful Hook-tip Laspeyria flexula; Straw Dot Rivula sericealis; Waved Black Parascotia fuliginaria; Snout Hypena proboscidalis; Pinion-streaked; Snout Schrankia costaestrigalis; Fan-foot Herminia tarsipennalis; Small Fan-foot Herminia grisealis.

Appendix 3 - Ageing Hedgerows. The number of tree and shrub species present in a native hedgerow increases with time, through natural colonisation. In the 1970s Dr Max Hooper devised a method of estimating the age of a hedgerow by counting the number of woody species in a 100 ft (30.5 meters) length of hedge. This is referred to in ecological circles as ‘Hooper’s Law’: if you multiply the number of species present by 99 years and then deduct sixteen, this gives you a rough idea of the age of the hedge. The likelihood is that many remaining hedges in our Parish were planted around 300 years ago to define boundaries. Much older hedgerows are also present and are likely to represent either boundaries of ancient byways or remnants of ancient woodland. When ageing hedgerows, field observations need to be corroborated by reference to maps and literature.