What Phylum? What Class? What Order? What Family? What Next? 24 Options 17 Options 31 Options 129 Options

From iBOL to Planetary Biodiversity “We are in the midst of the Sixth Mass Extinction, this time caused solely by humanity’s transformation of the ecological landscape.”

Hall of Biodiversity American Museum of Natural History

“One sixth of all species may go extinct by 2100 under current policies.”

Accelerating extinction risk from climate change. Urban MC, Science (2015) Call to Action − Moral Obligation/Aesthetics Call to Action − Planetary Sustainability

The nine planetary boundaries Stockholm Resilience Centre, Online (2009) Call to Action − Quest for Knowledge

Humanity spends billions of dollars each year to advance understanding of our world New Horizons Mission ($700M)

“We explore because we are human, and we want to know.”

Stephen Hawking Loss of Species = Irrevocable Loss of Knowledge

Books of Life

Japanese Canopy Plant: Marbled Lungfish: 150 billion characters 133 billion characters Protecting Books Burning the Books of Life Banking the Library of Life Banking the Library of Life Banking Seeds Banking the Library of Life Indexing the Library of Life Indexing Animal Life Through Morphology Indexing Animal Life Through Morphology

$250 Billion to Describe 5 Million Species

The cost of describing the entire animal kingdom. Carbayo & Marques, Trends in Ecology & Evolution (2011) Mega-Science Projects: The Limits to Investment

Large Hadron Collider $9B

Hubble Telescope $10B Advancing Science

“No method of advancing science is so productive as the development of new and more powerful instruments and methods of research”

George Hale April 28, 1928 New Instruments for Indexing Biodiversity

The Rise of Automated DNA Sequencers New Methods of Research for Indexing Biodiversity

Registering Species Through DNA Barcodes Mega-Science (>$1B) Projects: Key Components

Scientific Plan

Management Structure

International

Long Duration

Solidarity Mega-Science 2015: Three Telescopes

$2.5B $1.0B

European Extremely Large Telescope Brazil & 14 European nations

$1.5B

Thirty Meter Telescope Giant Magellan Canada, China, India, Japan, Moore Foundation & 2 US universities Australia, Korea, & 8 US universities Rise in Publications for One Mega-Science Project

Hubble Space Telescope Hubble Space Telescope 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Publications for Hubble and for DNA Barcoding

DNA Barcoding Hubble Space Telescope 900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 International Barcode of Life Project (2007)

5 Years

500K Species

$100M iBOL Launch — 2010

Nagoya, Japan – Oct 20, 2010

Guelph/Toronto, Canada – Sept 24-26, 2010 Rise of Barcode Coverage — 2010 Rise of Barcode Coverage — 2013 Rise of Barcode Coverage — 2015 The Rise of Barcode Coverage — 500K Species

500

400

300

200 Species (K) Species 100

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Barcode Coverage for Animals, Fungi and Plants The Rise of Barcode Coverage — 500K Species

500

400

300 iBOL has delivered coverage 200 for Species (K) Species less100 than 10% of all multicellular species

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Assembling Specimens Sequencing Specimens 1200 Barcode Production at CCDB 1000

800

600

400 Barcodes (K) Barcodes 200

0 Informatics Platform — BOLD Can we Barcode the Planet? How large is the task? 10M species 20M species or more? Canada and Our Planet

Surface Area: 7% of global land surface Biodiversity: 1% of the global biota Can We Barcode All Canadian Species?

Plants: 10K Animals: 85K

Fungi: 15K Protists: 10K Barcoding All Canadian Plants

6K Vascular Plants 5.5K of 5.6K 5K

0K 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Barriers to Progress on Animals

Identifications Difficult Sequence Recovery Difficult

Many Undescribed Species Formalin Preservation

Canada’s rank in new species descriptions

th 6 8th 14th

1990 2000 2010 Few Taxonomic Specialists Old Specimens Automating Species Counts

1 2 Sequence Clusters 3 versus Species 4 5 6 7 8 9

A DNA-based registry for all animal species: The Barcode Index Number (BIN) System. Ratnasingham & Hebert. PLOS ONE (2013) Biodiversity Automation Automating Species Counts

BOLD:AAF3452 BOLD:AAC9004 Sequence Clusters BOLD:AAB4123 versus Species BOLD:AAA3260 BOLD:AAA7781

BOLD:AAF3512

BOLD:AAF3297

BOLD:AAF3129

BOLD:AAE3351

Biodiversity Automation One BIN Page of 420,000 on BOLD

BOLD:AAB8479 Biodiversity Automation Species Counts versus BIN Counts

2000

1750 7 1500 1. Mammals 6 2. Butterflies 1250 3. Birds 4. Molluscs 1000 5. Fishes 6. Spiders # of BINs 750 5 7. Noctuoids 4 500 3 250 2 1

0 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 # of Species Biodiversity Automation Species Counts versus BIN Counts

2000 10

1750

1500 1. North American Adelgids 2. Surinam Mammals 1250 9 3. ACG Sphingids 4. Australian Fishes 1000 5. Romanian Butterflies North American Aphids # of BINs 750 6. 7. Aquarium Fishes 500 8 8. Argentine Birds 7 6 9. UK Lepidoptera 250 3 4 10. Finnish Beetles 12 5 0 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 # of Species Biodiversity Automation Species Counts versus BIN Counts

1400

1200

1000 The Automation of 800 Species Counts A species count can now be 600 obtained for any site by # of BINs barcoding many specimens 400 and allowing BOLD to assign the sequences to BINs 200

# of Species Biodiversity Automation How Many Species are Shared Between Sites?

Biodiversity Automation How Many Species are Shared Between Sites?

1% shared

Canada

Costa Rica

Biodiversity Automation How Many Species are Shared Between Sites?

18% shared

Costa Rica Argentina

Biodiversity Automation Automating Taxonomic Assignments

Plutellidae - Ypsolophidae Brachodidae - Sesiidae Hesperiidae - Papilionidae Lycaenidae - Riodinidae

Sphingidae - Saturniidae Ichneumonidae - Braconidae Formicidae - Vespidae Apidae - Crabronidae

Biodiversity Automation Automating Taxonomic Assignments

What Phylum? What Class? What Order? What Family? What Next? 24 Options 17 Options 31 Options 129 Options

Lepidoptera

Insecta

Arthropoda Complete Linnaeus

New BIN Achlya flavicornis

Drepanidae

BIN Only

BOLD:AAC2792 Biodiversity Automation Recollecting Canada’s Insect Species Recollecting Canada’s Insects

Species Count 29,985 Known

Canada’s Biodiversity Mosquin et al. Canadian Museum of Nature (1995) Recollecting Canada’s Insects

Species Count 55,000 Estimated

Canada’s Biodiversity Mosquin et al. Canadian Museum of Nature (1995) 1. Barcoding Insects in 68 Schoolyards

68 schools 3 weeks 1. Barcoding Insects in 68 Schoolyards

3000 2929 BINs 2500

2000

1500 BINs

1000

500 10% of our known insects 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Specimens Sequenced 2. Barcoding Insects in One Backyard

GUELPH 2. Barcoding Insects in One Backyard

5000 4700 BINs 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 BINs 2000 1500 1000 500 16% of our known insects 0 0K 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K 30K 35K 40K Specimens 3. Barcoding Insects in 45 National Parks

2012 2013 2014 3. Barcoding Insects in 45 National Parks

45 39,808 BINs 40

30 29,985 Species Known

25 BINs (K) 20

5 133% of our known insects 0 0 200 400 600 800 Specimens (K) Barcoding Canadian Insects

60K

50K 57,350 BINs

40K

30K 29,985 Species Known 20K

10K 191% of our known insects

0K 1 200K 400K 600K 800K 1.0M 1.2M Barcoding Canadian Animals

80K

70K 69,200 BINs

60K

50K 49,500 Species Known

40K

30K

20K

10K

0K 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Probing Biodiversity with DNA Barcodes

1. Are estimates of global number of animal species accurate? ?

2. Has competition been the primary force in limiting the number of animal species? ? 3. Are most species old? ? How Many Species of Insects?

“The question of how many terrestrial species exist is all but reduced to one of how many arthropod species there are. With beetles accounting for about 40% of all described arthropod species, the truly pertinent question is how many beetle species exist.”

Beetle Species Mean: 1.5M

Insect Species Mean: 5.5M

New approaches narrow global species estimates for beetles, insects, and terrestrial arthropods. Stork et al. PNAS (2015) Canadian Insect Orders — BINs vs Species

4.5

3.5 Coleoptera

3 Lepidoptera Hemiptera BINs 2.5 10 2 Log 1.5

0.5

0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Log10 Known Species Canadian Insect Orders — BINs vs Species

4.5 Diptera

4 Hymenoptera

3.5 Coleoptera

3 Lepidoptera Hemiptera BINs 2.5 10 2 Log 1.5

0.5

0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Log10 Known Species Canadian Insect Orders — BINs vs Species

36K Known Species BIN Estimate

17K

Species/BINs Observed 7.2K 6.7K 7K 4.9K 4.5K 4.5K 3.2K 3K 3.1K 2K Diversity of 99 Families of Diptera — BINs vs Species

10,000

1000

100 BINs Observed 10

Diploid Haplodiploid

1 1 10 100 Number of Known Species in Family Diversity of Canadian Cecidomyiidae Number of BINs Number

Log2 Number of Specimens What Did We Learn About Insect Diversity?

50K

20K

9K 6K 5K 4K

Diptera Hymenoptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Hemiptera Others Insect Species (Canada) — 94K estimated Prior work — 55K estimated What Did We Learn About Insect Diversity?

50K

20K

9K 6K 5K 4K

Diptera Hymenoptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Hemiptera Others Insect Species (Canada) — 94K Insect Species (Global) — 9.4M (versus 5.5M) What Did We Learn About Cecidomyiidae Diversity?

Cecidomyiidae (Canada) —20K estimated Prior work —1K estimated What did We Learn About Cecidomyiid Diversity?

Estimated Species (Canada) — 20K Estimated Species (Global) — 2M “It would appear that God has an inordinate fondness for stars and beetles.” J.B.S. Haldane “On further thought, it would appear that God has an inordinate fondness for stars and midges.” More Hyperdiverse Lineages

Harpacticoids Nematodes Acarina Implications of Species Counts Naming Conventions Big Sky survey - “Simply too many stars to name”

Sirius, the dog-star RA: 6h45m8.9s Dec:-16°42’52.1’’ Implications of Species Counts Naming Conventions Big Barcode survey - “Simply too many species to name”

Hessian Fly (Mayetiola destructor) BOLD: ABV9277 What Limits the Number of Species?

Competition? Difficulty of Speciation?

Is it by chance that the most diverse lineages of insects are haplodiploids? Species Ages: Case Studies

Just how common are cases such as the cichlid fishes of the African Rift Lakes? Are Most Species Millions of Years Old?

18 260,783 Specimens 16 8860 Species 1166 Genera 14 x = 6.27% 12 r2 = 0.01 10

6 Mean NN Distance NN Mean 4

0 0 50 100 150 200 Number of Congeneric Species Probing Biodiversity with DNA Barcodes

1. Are estimates of global number of animal species accurate? No?

2. Has competition been the primary force in limiting the number of No animal species? ?

3. Are most species old? Yes? Looking Ahead Barcoding All Canadian Species Done Environments • Terrestrial • Freshwater Animals • Vertebrates • Insects Plants • Vascular

Others • Seaweeds

Barcode Records Barcoding All Canadian Species Done Not Done Environments • Terrestrial • Marine • Freshwater Animals • Vertebrates • Nematodes • Insects • Mites Plants • Vascular • Non-Vascular

Others • Seaweeds • Protists • Fungi

Others • Seaweeds • Protists • Fungi Barcode Records 1.5M Barcoding All Canadian Species Done Not Done Environments • Terrestrial • Marine • Freshwater Animals • Vertebrates • Nematodes • Insects • Mites Plants • Vascular • Non-Vascular

Others • Seaweeds • Protists • Fungi Barcode Records 1.5M 1.5M+ Completing a Barcode Library for Eukaryotes

5M 30M 5M 20M 40M 20M 70M 30M 50M 35M 25M 20M A Mega-Science Project for Biodiversity

Probing Species with DNA Barcodes A Mega-Science Initiative: Planetary Biodiversity Mission

Inventory of Species Library of Life Advanced Bio-surveillance Ecology, evolution & Resource for genomic Track and forecast biotic morphology analysis change

Time Frame 2016-2020 2020-2040

Clarify scientific goals and impacts Build scientific & societal support Carry out PBM Secure funding ARCHIVAL Nodes

Collecting, organizing and preserving specimens. Accessing, validating and interpreting barcode records BIOTRON Nodes

DNA extraction, sequence analysis & validation, DNA archive Informatics Node Think Tanks

Ecology Evolution Taxonomy Technology Genomics

Extracting Scientific Insights Alliances

Taxonomy Data Policy From iBOL to Planetary Biodiversity

Species Loss New Instruments

5 Years

5M Specimens

500K Species New Methods iBOL Delivers — 2015

A Pilot for the Planet 2015 − 2020 By 2040 6K 70K Animals Vascular Plants 60K 69K of 72K 5K 5.5K of 5.6K 50K 4K 40K 3K 30K 2K 20K 10K 1K 0K 0K Probing Species with DNA Barcodes iBOL Canada Developing PBM PBM Complete BIO’s Research Team

Research Informatics Admin Collections Sequencing Education & Outreach C Philanthropy