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Vodič Za Preliminarnu Determinaciju Gusenica U Srbiji Na Osnovu Morfoloških, Bihejvioralnih I Ekoloških Karaktera

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Vodič Za Preliminarnu Determinaciju Gusenica U Srbiji Na Osnovu Morfoloških, Bihejvioralnih I Ekoloških Karaktera UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET NIŠ DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Master rad Vodič za preliminarnu determinaciju gusenica u Srbiji na osnovu morfoloških, bihejvioralnih i ekoloških karaktera Kandidat: Mentor: Aleksandra Trajković 297 prof. dr Vladimir Žikić Niš, 2020. UNIVERSITY OF NIŠ FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Master thesis Preliminary Identification Guide to Caterpillars of Serbia Based on Morphological, Behavioral and Ecological Traits Candidate: Mentor: Aleksandra Trajković 297 Prof. Vladimir Žikić, PhD Niš, 2020. Dr Vladimiru Žikiću: Profesore, hvala Vam što ste mi mentor. Sub- i superfamiliji, kolegama, prijateljima i svima kojima su zbog mene gusenice postale tema razgovora, objekat (blagog) interesovanja i uopšte neizostavan deo svakodnevice (prevashodno enterijera): Hvala vam što se kladite na mene. Biografija Aleksandra Trajković rođena je u Nišu, 9. novembra 1996. godine. Nakon završene osnovne škole, upisuje medicinsku školu dr Milenko Hadžić u Nišu, smer fizioterapeutski tehničar, i završava je sa odličnim uspehom. Osnovne akademske studije upisuje 2015. godine na Prirodno-matematičkom fakultetu u Nišu, na Departmanu za biologiju i ekologiju, koje završava u junu 2018. godine prosekom 9,00. Iste godine, upisuje master akademske studije na Departmanu za biologiju i ekologiju, smer Biologija. Letnji semestar akademske 2018/19 provodi na Erasmus+ programu studentske mobilnosti, na Univerzitetu u Bjalistoku, Poljska, na Institutu za biologiju i hemiju, koji završava sa najvišim ocenama. Master akademske studije završava u matičnoj ustanovi, prosečnom ocenom 9,94. Sažetak Identifikacija gusenica do nivoa pripadnosti užoj taksonomskoj kategoriji otežana je diverzitetom taksona u okviru reda Lepidoptera, kao i nedostatkom odgovarajuće literature za determinaciju. Heterogenost u morfologiji i ekologiji ove grupe organizama ukazuju na izuzetan biološki značaj, ali i na kompleksnost precizne identifikacije. U okviru ovog istraživanja, izvršena je sistematizacija postojećih podataka, kategorizacija gusenica prema svim aspektima životne forme i evaluacija efikasnosti korišćenja određenih karaktera na osnovu njihove stabilnosti u taksonu. Za izradu vodiča, korišćeni su literaturni izvori, evropske on-line baze podataka i žive i preparirane jedinke gusenica iz zbirke materijala Departmana za biologiju i ekologiju Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Nišu. Nakon analize podataka, kreiran je politomi vodič koji, polazeći od tri osnovne trofičke grupe, gusenice svrstava u više od 100 ponuđenih finalnih taksonomskih kategorija. Pored osnovnih koraka u vodiču, ponuđene su i dodatne sugestije za preliminarnu determinaciju. Ovakav pristup rešavanju taksonomskog statusa gusenica biće značajna osnova za kreiranje preciznih ključeva u okviru manjih podgrupa u redu Lepidoptera. Ključne reči: gusenica, Lepidoptera, Srbija, determinacija, varijabilnost Abstract The identification of caterpillars to the higher taxa level is a challenging task due to the diversity within the order Lepidoptera as well as due to the absence of adequate determination literature. The heterogeneity in the morphology and ecology of this group of organisms indicates not only the great biological importance but also the complexity of precise identification. In the following thesis, caterpillars were categorized according to all life form aspects, through the systematization of the existing data. Furthermore, the efficiency in using certain traits as diagnostic was evaluated based on their stability in a specific taxon. The references used for the purpose of making the guide included exploration of literature sources and European online databases and examination of live and preserved caterpillar specimens from the material collection of the Department of Biology and Ecology of Faculty of Mathematics and Science in Niš. Following the data analysis, a polytomous guide was created using three fundamental trophic groups as a starting point to assort caterpillars into more than a hundred final taxonomic categories. Along with the elementary steps, the guide offers some additional suggestions for the preliminary determination. The approach of this kind to determining the taxonomic status of caterpillars would serve as a significant basis for further creation of the precise identification keys to within the subgroups in the order Lepidoptera. Key words: caterpillar, Lepidoptera, Serbia, determination, variability Sadržaj 1. Uvod .............................................................................. 1 1.1. Diverzitet .................................................................... 1 1.2. Značaj adulta .............................................................. 1 1.3. Značaj gusenica .......................................................... 2 1.4. Karakteristike gusenica ............................................... 4 1.4.1. Životni ciklus .................................................................... 4 1.4.2. Opšta morfologija ............................................................ 4 1.4.3. Strategije odbrane od predatora ..................................... 6 1.5. Distinkcija gusenica od drugih larvi ............................. 7 2. Ciljevi rada ................................................................................. 9 3. Materijal i metode .................................................................... 10 3.1. Materijal .................................................................... 10 3.2. Metode ..................................................................... 10 3.2.1. Metodologija profilisanja taksona ................................ 10 3.2.3. Pojmovnik ....................................................................... 13 4. Rezultati ................................................................... 16 GRUPA I: INTERNI FOLIVORI I DETRITOFAGI ...................... 16 GRUPA II: GRADITELJI KUĆICA I SKLONIŠTA ..................... 18 GRUPA III: EKSTERNI FOLIVORI ......................................... 20 5. Diskusija .................................................................................. 35 4.1. Morfologija kao dijagnostički karakter ........................ 35 4.2. Bihejviorizam i ekologija vrste kao dijagnostički karakteri .................................................................................36 4.3. Ograničenja Vodiča ................................................... 37 5. Zaključak .................................................................................. 39 6. Literatura .................................................................................. 40 1. Uvod 1.1. Diverzitet Leptiri, noćni leptiri i moljci (Lepidoptera) drugi su po redu najbrojniji red u okviru klase insekata (Kristensen et al., 2007). Prema aktuelnim podacima, postoji približno 172 000 vrsta u svetskoj lepidofauni. Grupisane su u 131 familiju od čega je 85, sa različitom zastupljenošću, prisutno u Evropi (Mitter, et al., 2017). Neformalna taksonomija deli red na dve velike grupe organizama: Micro- i Macrolepidoptera, pri čemu prvu čine moljci, a drugu dnevni i noćni leptiri. Podaci dostupni u bazi Catalogue of Life (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/), u okviru projekta Species 2000, ukazuju na najviši stepen diverizifikacije u okviru makrolepidopterskih superfamilija Noctuoidea i Geometroidea (noćni leptiri) i Hesperioidea i Papilionidea (dnevni leptiri). U Srbiji je, prema podacima nalaza iz baza civilne nauke (www.biologer.rs; http://alciphron.habiprot.org.rs) prisutno oko 200 vrsta dnevnih leptira i približno 2400 vrsta noćnih leptira i moljaca. 1.2. Značaj adulta S obzirom na to da pripadnici lepidofaune pokazuju najveću radijaciju među primarnim herbivorima (Felton, 2008), značaj ovih organizama ogleda se u doprinosu ukupnom biodiverzitetu i biomasi (i do 93 procenata u tropskim kišnim šumama), ali i u funkciji koju imaju u datom ekosistemu (Lamas, 2004). Uloga oprašivača zastupljena je i među diurnalnim (pri čemu najefikasnije Nymphalidae) i nokturnalnim letačima (primarno markolepidopternim familijama Noctuidae, Geometridae, Erebidae i Sphingidae (Pellmyr, 1992)). Noćni oprašivači odgovorni su za produkciju brojnih jedinjenja od značaja za čoveka: miris jasmina i narcisa potiču od sekundarnih metabolita selekcionisanih za privlačenje vrsta iz superfamilije Noctuoidea (Okamura, et al., 2016) U trofičkim sistemima, predstavljaju primarni izvor hrane insektivornim organizmima (Santolamazza-Carbone et al., 2014). Naučna primena ogleda se u 1 efikasnosti imaga kao bioindikatora za praćenje antropogenih transformacija habitata. Pokazuju senzitivnost na diskretne promene svih sredinskih uslova i kao takvi su najčešće korišćeni model takson iz klase insekata u konzervacionim, ekološkim i genetičkim studijama (Meng et al., 2017). Visoko specifične strategije reprodukcije (genitalije ključ brava (Mikkola, 2008), fiziologija, hemijska ekologija, mutualizmi i tri- trofičke interakcije omogućile su najranije demonstracije prirodne selekcije i fenomena evolucione dinamike (Kleynhans et al., 2014) 1.3. Značaj gusenica Larve Lepidoptera su poznate kao gusenice. Zbog svog diverziteta i brojnosti, značajne su za ekološke procese svih terestričnih ekosistema. Insektivorni kičmenjaci, kao što su na primer, ptice, u velikoj meri usklađuju svoje aktivnosti (gnežđenje) prema sezonskoj dinamici svojeg najomiljenijeg plena; tj. intervalima u godini u kojima su gusenice najbrojnije. U ovom delu sveta, to je proleće, kada su vegetativni delovi
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