/,., .

Claim No.

Anne Giwa-Amu Claimant

-and-

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 1St Defendant ~Iarper Collins Publishers Ltd 2°~ Defendant

~,I..Y „~ S sS/~ ,q ~P+ '~a¢raa Pt~RTICULARS OF CLAIM m y e

~~NTY G~~

1)The Claimant is a qualified Solicitor and obtained her LL.B degree from the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). The Claimant lived in Nigeria from 1961 — 1974. She is a UK resident and the author of the literary novel `SADE'/'SADE United We Stand'.

2) In 1993, the Claimant started writing the literary novel now entitled SADE which was based on her own knowledge and experiences in Nigeria. Over many years, the Claimant had carried out extensive research, visited the Red Cross Centre at Guilford and interviewed a number of people, including Dr Patrick Ediomi Davis (Paddy Davies) who had worked for the Biafran Propaganda Secretariat. Paddy Davies obtained a degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) on the use of propaganda in civil war focusing on the Biafran experience. The Claimant collated and interpreted material and compiled the sequence of events in SADE exerting a substantial amount of skill, labour and judgement.

3)Between 1994-1995, the Claimant sent a copy of her manuscript to the 2"d Defendant along with other publishing houses. Although Heinemann UK accepted Sade for

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publication under the African Writers' Series they failed to publish. Chinua Achebe was one of the founding editors of the African Writers' Series which had been established to promote black African literature. The novel was also accepted for publication by Longman UK who also failed to publish following to a policy decision not to publish Nigerian literature due to a lack of market.

4)In 1996, the Claimant self published SADE. She asserted her right to be identified as the author of the work in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright Design and Patents Act 1988. The Claimant owns the copyright to the literary works, the photograph and graphic image on the front cover. A CIP catalogue record for the book is available from the British Library. The Claimant was issued with an ISBN — 0 9529174 0 8. SADE was printed and bound in Great Britain by Cox &Wyman Ltd at a cost of £3,000 for 3,000 copies. The sale price was £8.99 per copy. Sade was distributed by Turnaround Publishers Services and their sales report in January 1997 indicated that 101 copies were sold through bookshops. After commission the Claimant was paid £764.60. In February 1997 the Claimant was paid £1,318.83 and in March 1997 the Claimant was paid £1,565.61. There was one print run.

5)BADE was launched on 15 December 1996 at the Africa Centre, Covent Garden. The launch was attended by the acting Nigerian High Commissioner, His Excellency U.O. Okelce, Dr Paddy Davies, a number ofjournalists and writers. SADE generated a great deal of interest and was reviewed by over 20 newspapers and magazines including; The Western Mail, Pride, The Nigerian (The official magazine of the High Commission), Africa Today, West Africa, New African, Business in Africa, New Nation, Det Sker & Kultur, Pan Africa, and Ovation. The Claimant was interviewed by the BBC World Service and by various newspapers and magazines.

6)In 1998, the Claimant sent a copy of her manuscript to Heinemaim Educational Books Ltd, Nigeria. Chinua Achebe, a writer linked to the Biafra propaganda effort, was the main decision maker on the Board of Directors at Heinemann. The Claimant was told that Chinua Achebe read and accepted SADE for publication for Senior Secondary School level. The Claimant provided Heinemann with the IBM compatible floppy disk containing the type set novel. Heinemann requested a subtitle and the Claimant provided two alternative titles, `The Rising Sun' and `United We

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Stand'. In 1999, Sade was published by Heinemann under the sub-title `Sade United We Stand'. The Claimant granted Heinemann a 20 year licence from 26 March 1998 for the Nigerian market only. Heinemann Nigeria failed to account for the number of copies sold or pay any royalties whatsoever.

7)At all material times the lst Defendant was the author of the infringing literary work entitled Half of a Yellow Sun(HAYS). The 1St Defendant was born in 1977 after the period she writes about. She claims to have written HAYS after reading thirty-one Nigerian/Biafran books as listed in her bibliography. She claims to have excluding SADE/ SADE United We Stand from her reading list. Her first novel Purple Hibiscus starts with the words: `Things started to fall apart...'. `Things Fall Apart' being the title of the first novel written by Chinua Achebe. During an interview with the Premium Times, the lst Defendant confirmed that her father, Professor James Nwoye Adichie, knew Chinua Achebe as they worked at the same university in Nsukka. She stated that when Chinua Achebe moved out of his house at the university he gave the house to her father, Professor Adichie. The 1St Defendant admits that she benefited from living in Chinua Achebe's house. More recently the 1St Defendant attended various events where Chinua Achebe was present. She continues to use her association with Chinua Achebe to promote her literary career despite Achebe's death in 2013.

8)During her interview with the Premium Times, the 1St Defendant stated that after the publication of her first novel; Purple Hibiscus, Chinua Achebe wanted to arrange a meeting with her. She was sent an email by Achebe's son providing her with Chinua Achebe's telephone number. The 1St Defendant claims that after this communication she started working on HAYS and a few years later, one of her editors (Mitzi Angel, Anjali Singh or Robin Desser) gave Chinua Achebe the final manuscript. Achebe read the manuscript and endorsing it for publication. He provided the 1St Defendant with the blurb, (see www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/108378-chinua- achebe-at-82-we) stating:

`We do not usually associate wisdom with beginners, but helve is a new water endowed with the gift ofancient stoNytellers. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie knows what zs at stake, and what to do about it...She isfearless, or she would

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not have taken on the intimidating horror ofNigeria's civil war. Adichie came almostfully made.' CHINUA ACHEBE

In addition, Chinua Achebe's poem,from `Mango Seedling' in Christmas in Biafra and Other Poems appears on the first page:

Today Isee it still — Dry, wire-thzn in sun and dust ofthe dry months — Headstone on tiny debNis ofpassionate courage.

Also the back cover of HAYS contains a blurb by Crlinua Achebe:

`A new w~ite~• endowed with the gift ofancient storytellers'

9)The Wylie Agency were Chinua Achebe's literary agents at the time and also accepted the 1St Defendant and Biyi Bandele (aka Biyi Bandele-Thomas)their books. lst Biyi Bandele worked with the 1St Defendant to adapt Sade for a screen play. The Defendant and Biyi Bandele knew Chinua Achebe having met with him and spoken to him on a number of occasions. Biyi Bandele adapted the novel `Things Fall Apart' by Chinua Achebe for a screen play and took part in the performance. Biyi Bandele and the 1St Defendant travelled together in Nigeria prior to the production of the film HAYS.

10)At all material times the 2"d Defendant carried on business as the publishers of the infringing novel. The 2"d Defendant was aware that the Claimant owned the copyright to SADE and failed to conduct due diligence on receipt of the infringing manuscript from The Wylie Agency.

11)The Claimant first became aware that SADE had been copied in July 2013 when the film HAYS was advertised in London. The Claimant saw a poster depicting the love story between a mixed race woman (played by Thandie Newton) and a black man with the backcloth of the Nigerian civil war. The heroine in SADE was also mixed race and married to a black man. Seeing the poster provoked the Claimant to

4 purchase a copy of the book HAYS. The heroine in the book HAYS was not mixed race.

12)On receiving the book HAYS,the Claimant discovered that the cover art was similar to SADE. The front cover of SADE was a digitally altered profile picture of a young black girl. The cover art picked up the colours from the Biafran flag -red, black and yellow excluding green from the artwork. The image of the model was superimposed onto a yellow, orange and red background representing emblem of the rising sun from the Biafran flag. The girl's hair was overlaid in black and the author's name was in black. The title was in red. Although the heroine Sade was `half-caste' the Claimant did not use a `half-caste' model on the cover art. In July 2013, the Claimant complained to the 2"d Defendant that the front cover of SADE had been copied. The 2°d Defendant described their cover art in HAYS as `a black woman in profile with a burst of red, yellow and black, colours reminiscent of the flag of Biafra'. The 2"d defendant had also excluded the colour green from the cover art. The 2°d Defendant has since changed the front cover of HAYS.

13)On reading HAYS the Claimant discovered that the setting, structure, plot, language, themes, characterisation, incidents, content, form, subject matter, supporting arguments, and scenes were substantially similar to SADE. HAYS incorporated almost every aspect of SADE whilst expanding on the dialogue and content.

SETTING STRUCTURE &PLOT 14)SADE is set in post colonial Nigeria, 1960 —1970. Within this time frame,the Claimant choose key historical events upon which to develop the fictional plot. The historical events not only form the backcloth to the novel but provide the structure for the fictional plot. Without exception, this entire historical back cloth has been incorporated in HAYS:

i) The corruption and political unrest that followed Nigerian independence from Britain, especially in the Western region.(SADE page 13, 122, 157 /HAYS page 21, 88, 89, 91, 111, 125. 126, 209, 210, 211, 214, 233, 245, 307) ii) The north-south dichotomy. (SADE page 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 157, 176 /HAYS page 128, 140, 142, 155, 170, 227) 4

iii) The first Igbo Coup d'etat of 16 January 1966 which was said to have been designed to end corruption and vote-rigging . (SADE page 132, 133/ HAYS 123, 124, 128) iv) The harassment and killing of Igbo people that followed the Igbo coup of January 1966.(SADE page 139, 140, 142, 143 /HAYS page 132, 133, 141) v)Political party thugs transported around the Sabon Garis to kill Igbos and set fire to property.(SADE page 140 /HAYS page 146, 147) vi)Igbos being attacked and killed in Kano and their property is looted.(SADE page 140/ HAYS 146, 147, 153 ) vii)Igbo university lecturers forced to flee from the North(SADE page 140 /HAYS page 166) viii) Not~therners demanding secession, - `Araba'. (SADE page 141, 145, 152, 157, 159 /HAYS page 153 ) ix)Ojukwu's plea for Igbo's to return to the North. (SADE page 143/ HAYS page ) x)The British academics in the north encouraging their students to riot and incite the killing of Igbos. (SADE page 140/ HAYS page 157, 174) xi)The second Coup d'etat by Northerners 6 months after the first coup.(SADE page 143/ HAYS page 136, 137 , 138, 142) xii)Igbo soldiers killed in their barracks following the second coup.(SADE page 144, 145/ HAYS page 137, 140) xiii) Igbo civilians killed in the North and West forcing them to flee to the Eastern region.(SADE page 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 174 /HAYS page 142, 144, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170) xiv) Lieutenant Colonel Yakubu Gowon declaring himself Supreme Commander of the armed forces and Head of the National Military Government of Nigeria during a radio broadcast and stating that the basis for unity does not exist. (SADE page 159/ HAYS 158 ) xv)The British intervention in Nigerian affairs. (SADE page 159, 210/ HAYS page ) xvi) Gowon and Ojukwu agree the Aburi Accord.(SADE page /HAYS page 159, 319) xvii) Lieutenant Colonel Ojulcwu's radio broadcast declaring Eastern Nigeria as the independent State of Biafra.(SADE page 192 /HAYS 161, 162) xviii) The British and Russians arm Nigeria.(SADE page 194/HAYS page 278, 314) xix) The Federal troops capture Nsukka(SADE page 195, 205/ HAYS page 178, 179) xx)Biafra suffers from the influx of refugees and the Nigerians impose a food blockades. (SADE page 196/HAYS page 166, 173, 237) xxi) Biafrans begin to die from kwashiorkor.(SADE page 196, 20~, 214 /HAYS page 338, 339, 347) xxii) Gowon orders a `police action' to take back Biafra.(SADE page 205/HAYS page 177, 180) xxiii) Biafran civilians are bombed and killed.(SADE page 206, 207, 218, 219, 229/HAYS page 202, 203, 261, 263, 274, 316, 317) xxiv) Families build bunkers and camouflage their propei-ry.(SADE page 196, 234, 235, 236 /HAYS page 204, 275, 276, 279, 287, 288, 289, 331, 343) xxv) Biafran soldiers capture the Midwest, including Benin. The Biafran troops march for Lagos. (SADE page 209, 210/HAYS 199) xxvi) The Federal troops re-take Benin and the midwest.(SADE page 211, 212 /HAYS page 204) xxvii) The Nigerians begin a scorch earth policy with food blockages on Biafra(SADE page 214/ HAYS page 237) xxviii) Biafra suffers from fuel shortages.(SADE page 214 /HAYS page 379) xxix) Biafra suffers from a shortage of salt. (SADE page 214/HAYS page 262, 293. 329, 377 ) xxx) Biafran hospitals suffers shortages of medicines. (SADE page 212, 227 / HAYS page 264 xxxi) Biafrans begin to eat lizards, and leaves. (BADE page 214/DAYS page 353, 406) xxxii) Schools are converted into relief centres/ refugee camps to distribute food and medicines. (SADE page 220 / HAYS page 269, 279, 285, 286, 347) xxxiii) The Red Cross brings food into Biafra. (SADE page 238 /HAYS page 279, 281, 283) xxxiv) The Red Cross deliver letters/packages. (SADE page 229, 239/HAYS page 376) xxxv) Uli Airport becomes the only link to the outside world. (SADE page 219, 220, 2211 HAYS page 309, 310 , 341, 368, 369, 373) xxxvi) Europeans leave Biafra and Nigeria. (SADE page 210, 233/HAYS page ) xxxvii) The fall of the Biafran capital, Umuahia, is expected. (SADE page 222/ HAYS page ) xxxviii) The Federal troops capture Onitsha(SADE page 224 /HAYS page 305) xxxix) Women take food to the Biafran soldiers on the front line. (SADE page 237/HAYS page 360 ) xl)Biafran people queue for relief food. (SADE page 228/ HAYS page ) xli)The Federal troops capture Enugu(SADE page 238/ HAYS page) xlii) The Federal troops capture the Biafran capital, Umuahia(SADE page 238, 240, 241, 242, 244, 247/ HAYS page 366, 367, 379, 380, 382, 383, 385, 386. 395)

15)Although the land mass of Nigeria is over 923,768 square kilometres made up of over 67 Cities and over 500 ethnic groups and languages, the 1St Defendant has mentioned and used the same Cities and places in HAYS that appear in SADE. Many of the fictional incidents created around those locations are the same. For example, Kingsway Department Store in Lagos. The store sold imported food, books, records, alcohol, men's clothing, women's clothing and baby clothes. The store held exhibitions on Indian craft and the like. In SADE,the heroine's sole purpose for visiting the store was to purchase clothing for her unborn baby. She buys blue as she wants a boy. This incident is copied in HAYS where Olanna visits Kingsway, Lagos for the sole purpose of purchasing baby clothes for an unborn baby. She buy pink as her cousin wants a baby girl. In both novels there is a play around the colours: pink 1St for girls, blue for boys. (SADE page 137, 138 /HAYS page 131). In addition, the Defendant has mentioned and used the same Countries and Cities outside Nigeria:

0 i) England(SADE page 10, 13, 70, 104, 243 /HAYS page 77, 79, 138, 166, 189, 379 ) ii) Britain/UK(SADE page 26, 194, 233 /HAYS page 278, 314) iii) London(SADE page 10, 15, 35, 98, 247 /HAYS page 57, 61, 103, 135, 150, 188, 209, 214, 329) iv) Oxford University.(SADE page 11 /HAYS - in the film the twins are introduced as Oxford graduates) v) Russia(SADE page 194 /HAYS page 199, 278 ) vi) America/ United States(SADE page 220 /HAYS page 258, 295) vii) Neighbouring States to Nigeria: Cotonou, Dahomey (SADE page 249)/Cameroon (HAYS page 188) viii) Nigeria(BADE page 12, 194 /HAYS page 163, 170, 258, 277, 334, 378) ix) Biafra(SADE page 192, 249 /HAYS page 177, 199, 258, 274, 275, 280, 332, 333, 368, 378) x) Midwest(SADE page 151, 209, 210, 151/ HAYS page 199, 204) xi) Benin(SADE page 120, 135, 148, 149, 154, 174, 187, 211, / HAYS page 422) xii) Northern Region/North.(SADE page 139, 140, 225 /HAYS page 142, 155, 166, 173 ) xiii) Kano(SADE page /HAYS page 123, 128, 142, 150, 153) xiv) Kano railway station.(SADE page 140 /HAYS page 146, 148) xv) Sabon Garis(SADE page 140 /HAYS page 38, 45, 166 ) xvi) Zaria(SADE page 142 /HAYS page 132, 136, 144, 154) xvii) University of Zaria(SADE page 142 /HAYS page 157) xviii) Kaduna(SADE page /HAYS page 132, 137, 138) xix) Sokoto(SADE page 140 /HAYS page 144 xx) Eastern Region/East.(SADE page 186, 231, 225 /HAYS page 161) xxi) Umuahia(BADE page 35, 70, 71, 74, 127, 131, 146, 152, 153, 185, 222, 235, 238, 240 /HAYS page 185, 189, 194, 195, 196, 197,274, 285, 286, 308, 367, 376, 379, 380, 382, 383, 385, 386, 395, 428) xxii) The outskirts of Umuahia(BADE page 244 /HAYS page 386) 7 xxiii) A hospital in Umuahia(SADE page 202, 226 /HAYS page 263) xxiv) An old school in Umuahia used as a refugee camp(SADE page 206, 240 /HAYS page 287, 279, 347) xxv) Bunker in Umuahia(SADE page 218, 219, 234 /HAYS page 204, 261, 279, 331, 347 ) xxvi) Onitsha(SADE page 71, 224, 238 /HAYS page 177, 305, 422) xxvii) Enugu(SADE page 195, 238 /HAYS page 142, 161, 285, 328, 334, 335, 422) xxviii) Uli Airport(SADE page 219, 241, 244 /HAYS page 309, 329, 341, 372) xxix) Red Cross relief camp, Biafra.(SADE page 240 /HAYS page 348) xxx) River Niger(SADE page 71, 224 /HAYS page 70) xxxi) Nsukka(SADE page 195, 205 /HAYS page 31, 41, 47, 68, 76, 178, 185, 197, 218, 226, 285, 340, 385, 416, 429) xxxii) Nsulcica University(SADE page 205 /HAYS page 328, 335, 416) xxxiii) Refugee camp in Biafra(SADE page /HAYS page 345) xxxiv) Western Region/West (SADE page 225 /HAYS page 233, 245, 306) xxxv) Ibadan(SADE page 13, 119, 157 /HAYS page 71, 89) xxxvi) Ibadan University(SADE page 13, 247 /HAYS page 28) xxxvii)Il coyi (SADE 80, 107 /HAYS page 57) xxxviii) Ilcoyi Club(SADE page 114 /HAYS page 30) xxxix) Federal Palace(SADE page 114 /HAYS page 57) xl) Lagos(SADE page 42, 35, 79, 104, 106, 114, 119, 186, 211 / HAYS page 53, 55, 59, 88, 101, 123, 128, 131, 138, 152, 204, 262, 334, 335, 423, 424, 432) xli) Kingsway, Lagos(SADE page 137) (HAYS page 53, 131 ) xlii) South(SAl)E page 176 /HAYS page 155) xliii) Roman Catholic Church(SADE page 98, 231 /HAYS page 230 xliv) Shrine by the river(SADE page 88 /HAYS page 86) xlv) Boys' Quarters(SADE page 113 /HAYS page 224)

10 xlvi) Village(SADE page 87 /HAYS page 89))

16)SADE uses both international and local music to set the scene. HAYS does the same and also uses the same musicians:

i. Beethoven.(SADE page 38/HAYS page 328 ) ii. English music(SADE page 21 /HAYS page 122, 180, 331) iii. Classical music(SADE page 39/HAYS page 14, 109 ) iv. Highlife music(SADE page 39/HAYS 37, 80, 85, 109, 129, 134, 202, 329) v. Miriam Makeba(BADE page 110/HAYS Miriam Makeba — `Where did the naughty little flea go' is used at the introduction of the film HAYS) vi. Black American music(SADE page 11, 39/HAYS 229)

17)In both novels, music is used in similar incidents to create mood. For example, when Clive get Obi pregnant, Sade sings along with the Supremes: `Where did our love go?',thinking about how much she loves Clive. (SADE page 46) When Odenigbo gets Amala pregnant, Olanna listens to Edna singing along to Billie Holiday' `My Man'. (HAYS page 229) Edna asks her `Why do you love him?'

18)Another unusual feature in SADE is that the Nigerian situation is examined from a global perspective and timeframe. At the start of the novel, SADE presents the racism that dominated 1940-1950s English society. It moves on to shows that although such attitudes survived, the sixties was a period in history of great social change bringing emancipation of many kinds and a voice to the black community, especially due to the influence of the black American musicians and politicians such as Martin Luther King. References to this and the black music of the era, such as the Anti-Apartheid singer Miriam Makeba and James Brown are used to frame the text. Again, HAYS is similar and also looks at the Nigerian situation from a global perspective and time frame. For example:

There is reference to the racism that dominated English, America and South Africa society (SADE page 21, 22, 24, 26, 28 /HAYS page 17, 18, 50, 51, 54,

11 213)and the fact that Africans were thought to be of less intelligence.(SADE page 27/HAYS page 112)

ii. There is reference to the racial discrimination Africans were subjected to in Africa. For example, both Sade and Olanna are given preferential treatment over non Westernised Nigerians because Sade(SADE) is half English and Olanna(HAYS) has been brought up to be as European as possible. (SADE page 34, 203, 204 /HAYS 17, 36, 370)

iii. Due to the influence of these racist ideas, the educated Nigerians are shown to adopt the European racial stereotypes. The looking down on other Nigerians who are not Westernised and aspire to be as European as possible. For example, Nigerians are seen to `mimic' the way English people speak and behave, straighten their hair, wear wigs, adopt the English educational system, political system, legal system, culture and language. (SADE page 35, 36, 37, 49 /HAYS page 19, 22, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49, 61, 69, 73, 93, 110, 241, 269, 289, 345, 346)

iv. SADE and HAYS refer to the Anti Apartheid struggle going on in South Africa (SADE page 39 /HAYS page 51, 110). Both novels refer to colonisation in Africa and the European justification that Africans were not capable of ruling themselves.(SADE page 21/ HAYS page 15, 110) They both refer to slavery(SADE page 21/HAYS page 81)

v. Both SADE and HAYS refer to the black American movement. (SADE page 11, 39 /HAYS page 102)

19)Whilst SADE is composed of 250 pages and 36 chapters of relatively equal length, HAYS is composed of 433 pages and 37 chapters of varying length incorporating every location, historical event, and fictional event mentioned in BADE.

20)The complicated non-linear structure and plot used in SADE has been adopted in HAYS. Chapter one of SADE introduces the heroine Sade, the houseboy Innocent, the twins Taiwo and Kehinde, Sade's Nigerian father Justice Felix Uwaifo and her

12 English mother Susan Uwaifo. Chapter 2 and 3 digresses to England in the late 1940s to early 1950s telling Susan and Felix's story. Chapter 4 returns to the early 1960s and continues with Sade's story. The plot continues in chronological order and Sade flies to Lagos to live with her husband Emeka in Ikoyi. Her twin cousins move to Ibadan, western region. The plot digresses again when Sade receives a letter from her father detailing events that have already taken place in Ibadan, the death of her cousin and the State of Emergency. The plot returns to Lagos and continues in chronological order up to the first Igbo coup of January 1966 (chapter 17). As life appears to return to normal, Sade goes baby shopping at Kingsway, Lagos. However, the plot digresses again as Eureka's brother arrives from the North telling of events that have already taken place. Again the story returns to Lagos and events leading up to the second coup six months later. Sade and Erneka are forced to flee Lagos. They stay with her parents in Benin for one week before going to Umuahia. Following the declaration of Biafran independence, Umuahia becomes the capital of Biafra. The story digresses back 6 months to 1967 and the Biafran withdrawal from Benin (page 229). Susan's perspective is given through her letters to Sade. The story returns to Sade's situation in Umuahia and ends with the fall of the Biafran capital..

21)Similar to SADE,HAYS starts in Nigeria during the early 1960s and ends in Biafra in the late 1960s. The main characters are the British educated elite, their families and uneducated houseboys. Chapter 1 starts in Nsuklca introducing Ugwu, Odenigbo and Olanna. Chapter 3 is set in Lagos, introducing Richard and Susan, who are English, Olanna's twin Kainene and her parents, Chief Ozobia and his wife. Page 77 digresses to England in the late 1940s or early 1950s to tell Richards' story. The story returns to Richard's situation in Lagos and his mixed race relationship with Kainene. The plot moves to the East leading up to the first Igbo coup of 1966 (HAYS page 123). After the coup, life appears to return to normal and Olanna collects her cousin from the North to go baby shopping at Kingsway, Lagos.(HAYS page 128, 131). Olanna and her cousin flee thugs in Lagos and go to Kano. There is the second coup by Northerners(HAYS page 138), Olanna flees from Kano and returns to the East. The plot digresses in chapter 19 with a return to the early 1960s and the trouble in the Western region. Chapter 25 returns to Olanna's plight in

13 Biafra. The last part of HAYS returns to the late 1960s and ends with the fall of Umuahia.

LANGUAGE 22) Both SADE and HAYS are written from a third person point of view, allowing the main characters to take turns jumping from one perspective to another. The language in SADE is unusual. It is a blend of the standard English, pidgin English and a few Igbo words. The pidgin English and Igbo words are used in dialogue to show a sign of belonging. Language is used as a subtle device acting as a barometer for the social and political situation, portraying barriers and differences in the community. Sade spealcs standard English as well as the local pidgin English. Her British educated father believed that English was `the language of the educated elite' which would give Sade more social cachet and superiority. Therefore, he did not encourage her to speak the `native tongue'.(SADE page 149) When she is fleeing Lagos the soldiers at the checkpoint aslc Sade to prove that she is not Igbo by her native tongue. She responds in pidgin English which is enough to save her and her Igbo husband. Similarly, Olanna(HAYS) speaks English by `mimicking-the- oppressor English accent'. (page 91). Olanna's father believed that she should be as `European as possible'(page 61). When Olanna comes across a mob looking for Igbos' in Lagos, she is able to switch from English to Yoruba to save herself and her Igbo cousin. (HAYS page 23)

23)SADE uses very few similes but these also appear in HAYS: SADE and HAYS compares the killing of people with the killing of animals: • `slaughtered like goats'(SADE page 139) • `killed like goats.'(SADE page 238). • Igbos are described as being driven from the north `Like dogs.'(SADE page 194). • `bleating like a goat before he died'(HAYS page 130). • `They are killing us like ants.'(HAYS page 144). • `Those madmen were chasing us like runaway goats'.(HAYS page 145)

SADE and HAYS compare the inen at a gathering to men in mourning:

14 • `...chiefs who appeared to be in mourning...'(SADE page 72) • Looking down as men in mourning often did(HAYS page 193)

SADE and HAYS compare the bunkers which offer shelter from the bombs to a grave: • `the grave bunker'(SADE page 234) • `the bunkers are mass graves'(HAYS page 204) • `Sometimes she imagined the bunker itself collapsing...made her think of a grave...'(HAYS page 261)

24)Also, SADE uses very few metaphors but the few that are used appear in a similar form in HAYS: • `deadly silence'(SADE page 145) • `tense silence'(SADE page 206) • `deadly silence'(SADE page 245) • `a frenzied silence'(HAYS page 148) • `strange silence'(HAYS page 194) • `long silence'(HAYS page 374)

• `An unearthly calm'(SADE page 240) • `unsettling peace'(HAYS page 392)

• `the earth trembled'(SADE page 234) • `the earth vibrated'(HAYS page 280)

• `...the pilot eased the aircraft to the point of no return'(SADE page 246) • Now to the Point of No Return.'(HAYS page 347)

25)Just as SADE translates Nigerian names into English(SADE page 31) so too HAYS translate Olanna and Kainene into English even though these are not Nigerian names. (HAYS page 58)

26)In addition, HAYS uses some of the same fictional names that appear in SADE:

15 i) Baby is the name of the Eze's wife in SADE.(SADE page 175)

Baby is the name of Olanna and Odenigbo's daughter in HAYS.(HAYS page 169)

ii) Mohammed is the night-watch-man to Sade and Emeka.(SADE page 107)

Mohammed is Olanna's first boyfriend in HAYS. (HAYS page 28, 42, 43)

iii) Eze is Eureka's father.(SADE page 74)

Eze is Ugwu's uncle.(page 177) and the name of a character in a book.(HAYS page 405)

iv) Susan is Sade's racist English mother.(SADE page 20)

Susan is Richard's racist English girlfriend.(HAYS page 53)

27)In the same way that some characters are named after historical figures in SADE,this is also done in HAYS. In addition, some of the names given to Nigerian's are used to create ridicule and humor. This is also done in HAYS: i. Kennedy, Bogart, Nixon, Truman are Eureka's brothers named after American presidents.(SADE 174) ii. Baby is the Eze's wife(SADE page 175) iii. Innocent is the name of Justice Uwaifo's houseboy.(SADE page 9) iv. Godpower is the name of Eureka's Coolc.(SADE page 112) v. Patience is the name of Sade's baby nurse.(SADE page 160) vi. Boniface is Eureka's army friend.(SADE page 148)

vii. Baby is Olanna's adopted daughter. (HAYS page 169) viii. Churchill is the name of Kainene's `fiance'(DAYS 57, 235) ix. Jomo is the gardener(HAYS page 74)

16 x. Amala is the name of the girl brought for Odenigbo to have a child with. Amala is a type offood in Nigeria. (HAYS page 247)

28)SADE examines the attitudes of the Westernised Nigerians who mimic the European attitudes towards the `native' people. The educated elite look down on the `natives' and refer to them as `bush'. For example, Obi is refered to as `bush' because she cooks the feet of a chicken.(SADE page 35); Sade views her Dr Uwaifo's mistress as `bush' for using the expression: `Hey-who! It has happened-oh!'(SADE page 49). HAYS does the same. For example, Olanna is referred to as being `like a bush woman' because she had her hair plaited in thread. (HAYS page 44); Ugwu describes his own accent as a `bush accent'.(HAYS page 93); Odenigbo says his mothers behaviour is understandable as she comes from a `small bush village'. (HAYS page 101); Olarula's father's mistress is described as being `from the bush' (HAYS page 218); Olanna remembers a man because of his `bush accent'(HAYS page 269); Eberechi refers to a man as a `bush man' for not pronouncing `Bee-afra'. (HAYS page 289),

29)Similar expressions appear in SADE and HAYS: • `It has happened-oh!'(SADE page 49), • `O mego! It had happened!'(HAYS page 123)

• `But things have calmed down.' (SADE page 186) • `Things will calm down'.(HAYS page 133)

30)Similar imagery appears in SADE and HAYS: • Sade throws `the vase of freshly picked lilies' down the stairs. (SADE page 128) • Olanna throws away the plastic flowers in the house.(HAYS page 47) • Odenigbo runs over the lilies in the garden. (HAYS page )

• `The blood of the Igbos moved down from North to South and from West to Eastern Nigeria'.(SADE page 225)

17 • `...he draws a map of Nigeria and traces in the Y shape of the rivers Niger and Benue in bright red.' (HAYS page 82)

31)There is also similar descriptions: • She never really wanted Obi to die. (SADE page 213) Still the children played, the cock crowed, the goats mated and the hens laid their eggs. Life carried on regardless of death.(SADE page 214) • If she died...the bunker would still smell like a freshly tilled farm and the sun would rise and the crickets would still hop around. The war would continue without them.(HAYS page 280)

• The twins in SADE have a halo(SADE page 9 ), • Odenigbo in HAYS has a halo(HAYS page 29).

• The women's garments in SADE make them `resemble outsized butterflies weighed down by gold'. (BADE page 72 ), • Miss Adebayo is compared to a fruit bat with `print dresses that billowed around her body like wings'. (HAYS page 21). • `She surveyed the heavy gold and coral around the older woman's fat neck...' (BADE page 100) • Jewellery on fat women's necks.(HAYS page 134) • `The rows and rows of gold around her neck weighed her down' (HAYS page 135)

THEMES 32)The central theme in both BADE and HAYS is conflict. The subsidiary themes include identity, race, gender, culture, family, post colonialism, Nigerian politics, love, betrayal, loyalty, violence, religion.

33) Conflicts of interest are of paramount importance in BADE both in Sade's private life and the public life of Nigeria. The main conflict framing the text is between federalism and tribalism. The political and military situation is intense, but as seen through Sade's eyes it is simplified. Further information regarding the politics of the

1s situation is presented by the male characters, Justice Uwaifo, Emeka, Chukwuma, Clive and Boniface. This is the same in HAYS where conflicts of interest are of importance in Olanna's private life and the public life of Nigeria. The politics of the situation is presented by the male characters Odenigbo, Richard, Colonel Madu and Mohammed.

34)Another theme where conflict is evident is that of identity. In SADE the parallel relationship between Sade and Nigeria begins with a picture of peace both in the life of Sade and in the life of Nigeria. This picture gradually changes and is replaced by a picture of mounting tensions, insurmountable problems, suffering and high emotion associated with the struggle for Biafran independence. Similarly, HAYS also begins with a picture of peace in the life of Olanna and Nigeria. This picture also gradually changes and is replaced by a picture of mounting tensions, insurmountable problems and high emotion associated with the struggle for Biafran independence.

35) Conflict and tension is also evident in the theme of religion. Another parallel relationship in SADE is that between Christianity and native customs in the family set-up. For instance, in Sade, Justice Uwaifo prays in the Catholic way when the twins return from England. In the same breath he pours libation in the African traditional religion's way(SADE page 14-15). Also, the Eze who assembles his family every morning for Christian prayers, is buried in the traditional way as native rites take precedent. In addition, at Clive and Obi's wedding and also at the wedding of Sade and Emeka,there are two separate ceremonies. The first is under native law and custom followed by a more reserved and constrained Roman Catholic Church ceremony. There is a direct contrast and stark difference between the native law and custom ceremony and the Christian ceremony. Hence a dichotomy is portrayed between Catholicism and native belief. Again, this parallel relationship is copied in HAYS. For instance, Nnaemeka's father blessed the kola nut the native way but ends his prayer by calling upon the name of Jesus(HAYS page 164), Also, although Odenigbo's mother is heard singing Christian songs she threatens to consult the dibia to obtain native medicine to drive Olanna away as she believes Olanna is a witch. (HAYS page 98). Also, Olanna who is Catholic and has a ~vhite wedding (HAYS page 201) also plans to perform the native law and custom wedding. Also both Sade

19 and Olanna pay for native rituals to be performed for the return of their loved ones. (SADE page 95 /HAYS page 433).

36)The theme of conflict is also raised between polygamy and monogamy. Polygamy is often considered the norm as demonstrated by the Eze and his three wives. However, Justice Uwaifo and Susan pretend to have a monogamous marriage even though he had a wife under native law and custom before he married Susan.(SADE page 26). HAYS also presents polygamy as the norm as demonstrated by Ugwu's father's polygamous household. Just as Sade's father keeps women outside, so too does Olanna's father.

37)Sade highlights the tensions in Nigerian society, underlining the very disparate nature of Nigeria. Diversity is a cause of tension and conflict. Tensions between living a privileged and western lifestyle are balanced against the effects colonialism had on Nigerian society. Even the privileged realise that in creating a Nigeria composed of the vastly differing regions of north and south, the British are the root cause of the civil war rampaging their country. (SADE page 141) HAYS adopts the same arguments, presenting diversity as the cause of tension and conflict. Again the British are portrayed as the root cause of the civil war.

38)The status and role of women in Nigerian society is a constant backdrop to SADE and HAYS. Disappointment on the birth of female children is common. For example, Sade's father resents her for being female(SADE page 15,30), whilst Olanna(HAYS) feel resentment for Odenigbo's mother for rejecting her granddaughter. Male domination is evident in the beatings and suppression of female opinions and desires. However, the women in both SADE and HAYS are portrayed as strong and forceful characters. For example, both Mama Emeka(SADE) and Mama(HAYS) are strong women who are respected within the family.

39)The unusual way that SADE is mystified by witchcraft, sacrifices and the African belief system also appears in HAYS. Both Sade and Olanna(HAYS) are accused of being witches. Both are initially dismissive of the witch doctors but end up paying for sacrifices. In both novels Mama Emeka(SADE) and Mama(HAYS) give their educated sons native medicine to drink. CHARACTERISATION

40)SADE and HAYS use real historical characters to move plot forwards. Lieutenant Colonel Ojukwu and Lieutenant Colonel Gowon are used in both novels. (SADE page 159, 192/ HAYS page 158, 161, 170, 171, 173, 181) The fictional protagonists in both SADE and HAYS are the British educated Nigerian elite, their families and uneducated house staff. The heroine in SADE, Sade and the heroine in HAYS, Olanna have similar basic situations, problems and endings. The love story in Sade rested on the tripod of Sade, her first love Clive, her Igbo husband Emeka and their baby who was not the natural child of the marriage. Similarly, the love story in HAYS rested on the tripod of Olanna, her first love Mohammed, her Igbo husband Odenigbo and their baby who was not the natural child of their marriage. Just as Clive remains in the background throughout SADE, so too Mohammed remain in the background throughout HAYS. Some of the similarities between Sade and Olanna in terms of their basic situation, problems and ending are listed below:

i. Sade and the houseboy Innocent are introduced in chapter one(BADE page 9). The setting is a modern house with tropical gardens.

Olanna and the houseboy Ugwu are introduced in chapter one(HAYS page 22). The setting is a modern house with tropical gardens.

ii. Sade is described as beautiful with long hair worn in plaits(SADE pages 9, 16,19, 34,110).

Olanna is described as beautiful with long hair worn in plaits(HAYS pages 23, 28, 60).

iii. Sade's father is from Benin City, midwestern region of Nigeria. (SADE page 31). Sade marries an Igbo man from Umuahia.

Olanna's parents have a farm in Asaba which was in the midwestern region of Nigeria. (HAYS page 30) They are from Umunnachi, on

21 the border with the Midwestern region. Olanna marries an Igbo man from Abba.

iv. Sade has fresh flowers arranged in the house which have been picked from the garden. This is an English custom and not something Nigerian's do. (SADE page 19, 20,128)

Olanna has flesh flowers arranged in the house which have been picked from the garden. (HAYS page 47)

v. Sade was born in England(SADE page 30). She attends a British secondary school in Nigeria(SADE pages 10, 11). Sade's father respects the British educational system and is condescending towards indigenous universities. (SADE page 13)

Olanna attends a British secondary school in Nigeria. (HAYS page 61) Her father wants her to be as European as possible and is condescending towards indigenous universities.(HAYS pages 32,61 ) She goes to England for university. (HAYS page 22, 49)

vi. Sade is suspected of witchcraft. (SADE page 16, 216, 217)

Olanna is suspected of witchcraft.(HAYS page 212)

vii. Sade's father is fat and she thinks he looks ridiculous in his tennis outfit.(SADE page 12)

Olanna's father is fat and she pities him.(HAYS page 219) viii. Sade's father commits adultery.(SADE page 166, 232)

Olanna's father commits adultery. (HAYS page 217)

ix. Sade's relationship with her father is strained.(SADE page 38,39)

22 Olanna's relationship with her father is strained.(HAYS page 219)

x. Sade's father resented her for being a girl.(SADE page 15)

Olanna resented Odenigbo's mother for rejected Baby because she is female.(HAYS page 250)

xi. Sade is a member of the old colonial club where she spends time with Clive and then with her husband, Emeka.(SADE page 33,114) Sade plays tennis.(SADE page 33) Olanna is a member of the old colonial club where she spends time with Mohammed and then with her husband Odenigbo. (page 30, 44, 229) Olanna plays tennis.(HAYS page 51)

xii. Despite black being an unfashionable colour to wear to parties in 1960s Nigeria, Sade wears a black dress to the first party in the novel (SADE page 19)

Olanna wears a black dress to the first party in HAYS(HAYS page 60) xiii. Sade has twin cousins.(SADE page 9)

Olanna is a twin.(HAYS page 58) xiv. Sade likes highlife music. (SADE page 39)

Olanna likes highlife music. (HAYS page 37)

xv. Taiwo gives Sade a fashionable 1960s mini dress he brought back from England.(SAD~E page 15)

23 Chief Okonji gives Olanna a fashionable lace brought back from Europe.(HAYS page 34)

xvi. Sade is not politically aware. She listens but does not contribute to the political discussions and does not associate music with politics. (BADE page 39)

Olanna's ways are described as `unintellectual'. She only contributed to the political discussions to try to impress Miss Adebayo and soon gave up. (HAYS page 51) xvii. Sade is in a relationship with Clive who loves her. Clive is handsome. They do not get married. Sade marries an Igbo man, Emeka ~~ho is not handsome. Clive remains in the background up to the end of the novel. (SADE pages 12,16, 47, 48, 78,156)

Olanna is in a relationship with Mohammed who loves her. Mohammed is handsome. They do not get married. Olanna marries an Igbo man, Odenigbo who is not handsome. Mohammed remains in the background up to the end of the novel.(HAYS page 28, 42, 45,189) xviii. Sade regards her uncles' mistress as a `bush' woman.(SADE page 49)

Olanna is told that her father's mistress is a `bush' woman.(HAYS page 218)

xix. On discovering that Obi is pregnant for Clive, Sade isolates herself and no longer wants to go to the club.(SADE page 61)

On discovering that Amala is pregnant for Odenigbo, Olanna isolates herself and no longer wants to go to the club. (HAYS page 230, 232)

xx. Sade defies her parents' wishes by leaving her parents' home in Benin to go to live with her husband, Emeka, in Lagos. (SADE pages 80, 81, 24 83,85) Sade and Emeka are forced to flee Lagos.(SADE pages 146, 147,148, 149, 150, 151) They stay with her parents in Benin for one week before travelling to Umuahia.(SADE pages 151, 174, 188)

Olanna defies her parents' wishes by leaving her parents' home in Lagos to go to live with Odenigbo in Nssuka and later marrying him. (HAYS pages 31, 41)Olanna and Odenigbo are forced to flee Nsukka. (HAYS 178,179) They stay with Odenigbo's mother for one week in Abba before travelling to Umuahia. (HAYS pages 185, 194)

xxi. Sade lived with her parents in Benin until she moved to Lagos to live with her husband Emeka. Due to her relationship and marriage to an Igbo man she ends up in Biafra.(SADE pages 147, 149)

Olanna lived with her parents in Lagos until she moved to Nsuka to live with her fiance Odenigbo. Due to her relationship and marriage to an Igbo man, Olanna ends up in Biafra.(HAYS pages 31,41, 59) xxii. When Sade discovered that Clive was in a relationship with Obi she still wants to continue her relationship with him.(SADE pages 48,67, 79) When Clive marries Obi, Sade gets drunk and allows herself to be seduced by Emeka who is Obi's brother and Clive's brother-in-law. (SADE pages 79-80)

When Olanna discovers that Odenigbo is in a relationship with Amala she still wants to continue her relationship with him. (HAYS page 45) When Olanna discovers that Odenigbo has had sex with Amala, she gets drunk and has sex with Richard who is her sisters' fiance and her future brother-in-law(HAYS page 234). xxiii. Sade's husband, Emeka is educated in England(SADE page 104)

25 Olanna's husband, Odenigbo is educated overseas.(HAYS page 3) xxiv. Sade tempts Clive with cigarettes to lure him away from the party to seduce him. (SADE page 46)

Olanna tempts Richard with wine to lure him to her flat to seduce him. (HAYS page 134)

xxv. After Sade has sex with Clive, her father is suspicious due to her body language. He asks: `Did he touch you?' Sade does not respond but shakes her head. Sade ends up pregnant. (SADE page 54)

After Odenigbo has sex with Amala, Olanna becomes suspicion due to his body language. She tells him: `You touched Amala'. She expects him to responds but he does not respond. Amala ends up pregnant. (HAYS page 56) xxvi. The child of Sade's marriage is the result of her having sex with Clive on one occasion before her marriage to Emeka(SADE page 155). Following her Catholic wedding ceremony she does not commit adultery.

The child of Olanna's marriage is the result of Odenigbo having sex with Amala on one occasion before they get married.(HAYS page 231). Following her Catholic wedding ceremony she does not commit adultery. xxvii. Sade attends Catholic church and questions the relevance of a Christian God in the African setting. She looks at the crucifix. (SADE page 99)

Olanna attends a Catholic church and questions the relevance ~f a Christain God in the African setting. She loops at the crucifix. (HAYS page 201, 230)

26 xxviii. Sade's husband Emeka supports Biafran nationalism. (SADE page 192)

Olanna's husband Odenigbo supports Biafran nationalism. (HAYS page 162)

xxix. Sade suspects Emeka of infidelity with Ndali in Biafra.(SADE page 233)

Olanna suspects Odenigbo of infidelity with Alice in Biafra.(HAYS pages 378,386)

xxx. Sade goes to a village where her cousin tells her that a tree has a god residing in it -the sacred sills cotton tree. Sade pretends to be the god of the tree. (SADE page 68)

Olanna goes to the village where Odenigbo told her that a tree had a spirit residing in it and she looks up at the sacred udala tree to see if she can find the spirit.(HAYS page 190)

xxxi. Sade is told that Idowu's mother was bewitched and went to London for treatrr~ent but that the doctors could not cure her. (SADE page 68) Sade is told that her mother was cursed by another wife so her son would die and return as a spirit child. (SADE page 157,165,166, 167)

Olanna is told that she cannot conceive as Odenigbo's mother has done native medicine on her. She goes to London for treatment but the doctor cannot help her. (HAYS page 98, 104, 105, 214,217 ) Ugwu believes that Amala is a Spirit person.(HAYS page 239)

xxxii. Sade is Roman Catholic and has a white wedding. She also has a native law and custom ceremony.(SADE pages 16, 83,97, 98)

27 Olanna is Roman Catholic and has a white wedding . She also plans to have a native law and custom ceremony. (HAYS pages 200, 201) xxxiii. Sade faints after cutting of her wedding calve and is carried indoors where she flings off her veil.(SADE page 105)

Olanna cuts her wedding cake and has to run outside to lie flat on her belly due to an air raid. Someone tugs at Olanna's dress and tells her to remove it. (HAYS page 202, 203) xxxiv. Sade thinks it uncivilised of Emeka to goes swimming in white underpants which cling to his backside. (SADE page 116) Sade's father wears tight tennis shorts which make him look `ridiculous'. (SADE page 12)

Olanna often teased Odenigbo because his white tennis shorts were are too tight around his buttocks. (HAYS page 100)

xxxv. Sade is initially dismissive of native medicine but later pays a witch- doctor to carry out ritual sacrifices to get Clive back.(SADE pages 63, 64,66, 95)

Olanna is initially dismissive of native medicine but later pays a witch- doctor to perform ritual sacrifices to get her sister Kainene back. (HAYS page 105, 433) xxxvi. Sade uses a photograph of Clive in native ritual to bring Clive back to her. (SADE page 95)

Olanna uses a photograph of Kainene in native ritual to bring Kainene back.(HAYS page 433) xxxvii. Sad~'s circumstances are m3~sti~ed by her visits to the witch doctor/native priestess where she pays for ritual sacrifices.(SADE

28 pages 64,65, 66, 67,87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,163,164,165, 166,167,168, 171,172,173)

Olanna's circumstances are mystified by Odenigbo's mother visits to a witch doctor/diaba and Olanna's inability to conceive(HAYS pages 96, 97, 98, 99,104,105, 212,213 ), and by Olanna paying for ritual sacrifices.(HAYS page 433) xxxviii. Sade has a close relationship with her cousins. She is swept off her feet when Taiwo hugs her. (SADE page 9)

Olanna has a close relationship with her cousins. She anticipates being knocked down by Arize's hug. (HAYS page 39)

xxxix. Sade tells Sophia that fabric for Clive's wedding is `nice' even though she hates it because Clive has betrayed her trust. (SADE page 59)

Olanna tells Arize that a design for her wedding dress is `lovely' even though it is `ugly' because Odenigbo has betrayed her trust. (HAAS page 225)

xl. Sade travels from Benin to the East for Obi's wedding.(SADE page 70)

Olanna travels from the East to Benin to search of Kainene.(HAYS page 422)

xli. Sade hallucinates and sees snakes. (SADE page 91)

Olanna hallucinates and sees burning owls.(HAYS page 156)

xlii. Sade's Uncle Sam offers her advice when Clive leaves her pregnant. (SADE page 84)

29 Olanna's Aunty offers her advise her when Odenigbo gets Amala pregnant. (HAYS page 226) xliii. Sade's parents do not approve of her marriage to Emeka but Sade defies them and marries Emeka and moves to his house. (SADE page 84, 85,86 )

Olanna's parents do not approve of her relationship with Odenigbo but Olanna defies them, goes to live with him and marries him. (HAYS page 33)

xliv. Sade lives with her husband in Ilcoyi, Lagos. The compound has a fully developed garden with bougainvillea and high gates. (SADE page 107, 108) They have Yoruba staff. Whilst in Biafra, Sade is informed that the house had been looted.(SADE page 186)

Olanna lives with her parents in Ikoyi, Lagos. The compound has a garden with bougainvillea and gates. (HAYS page 32, 131) Whilst she is in Biafra, she is informed that the Yoruba staff would loot the house.(HAYS page 1~8)

xlv. Sade's husband drinks brandy and gets drunk.(SADE page S0,86)

Olanna's husband drinks brandy and gets drunk. (DAYS page 225, 380,381)

xlvi. When Sad.e tells Clive that she is pregnant he laughs at what he regards as bad news.(SADE page 120)

When Odenigbo tells Olanna that Amala is pregnant, Olanna laughs at what she regards as bad news. (HAYS page 231)

xlvii. Sade examined her belly in the mirror for signs of pregnancy. (BADE page 123)

30 Olanna examines her belly in the mirror because she cannot get pregnant. (HAYS page 232) xlviii. Sade's cousin Taiwo is killed during the political unrest in Ibadan and she is unable to attend the funeral.(SADE page 126)

Olanna's cousin Azire is killed during the political unrest in Kano and she is unable to attend any funeral.(HAYS page 147, 160) Olanna's twin, Kainene is presumed dead after attempting to cross into Nigerian territory.(HAYS page 433)

xlix. When they quarrel, Sade locks Emelca out of her room and he pleads to be allowed in. (SADE page 128,129)

When they quarrel, Olanna locks Odenigbo out of her flat and he pleads to be allowed in. (HAYS page 225)

1. Sade goes baby shopping at Kingsway, Lagos. She buys blue in anticipation of a baby boy. (SADE pages 137,138)

Olanna goes baby shopping at Kingsway, Lagos. She buys a pink pram and white dress with pink trimmings in anticipation that her cousin will have a baby girl. (HAYS pages 128,131)

li. Sade prepares a bedroom in Lagos for the arrival of her baby but the bedroom is never used due to the trouble in Lagos. (SADE pages 138, 146)

Olanna prepares a bedroom in Nsukka for the arrival of her cousins' baby. (HAYS pages 123) The bedroom is never used due to the trouble in Lagos and Kano. (HAYS pages 133, 147, 148)

31 lii. Sade is told that her dead brother kept reincarnating as her brother. (SADE page 165) Eureka's albino brother is said to have been a white man in his previous life. (SADE page 177)

Olanna tells Odenigbo that that when she reincarnates, Kainene will be her sister. (HAYS page 433) Richard is said to have been a black man in his previous life. (HAYS page 108) liii. Eureka tells Sade that if he dies she is to stay with his mother so his son is brought up as an Igbo man.(BADE page 217)

Odenigbo tells Olanna that if he dies she should decide what happens to his body and not his mother. (HAYS page 187) liv. Bade is in the bedroom planning to have sex with her husband. Eureka comes into the bedroom and pulls out a shot gun. He clutches his wrapper. (BADE page 123, 124)

Olanna is in the bedroom planning to have sex with her husband. Odenigbo comes into the bedroom with adouble-barrelled gun. He ties his wrapper.(HAYS page 336) lv. Eineka purchases air tickets for Sade without consulting her and she refuses to use them (BADE page 127)

Olanna's mother purchases air tickets for Olanna without first consulting her and Olanna refuses to use them.(HAYS page 190) lvi. Sade's new baby nurse, Patience, i.s instructed to bath in Dettol. (BADE page 161)

32 Olanna instructs the new houseboy, Ugwu, to bath in Dettol.(HAYS page 48) lvii. Sade escapes the killing of Igbo people in Lagos. The soldiers suspect that she is Igbo and aslc her to speak Bini. She responds in pidgin English. Clive her ex-boyfriend drives her to Benin. She sees dead bodies on the roadside, men in uniform searching out Igbo's, beatings and the looting of Igbo property. (SADE pages 148, 149, 150, 151)

Olanna escapes the killing of Igbo people in Lagos and Kano. She is suspected of being Igbo in Lagos but speaks in Yoruba. Mohammed her ex-boyfriend drives her to the railway station. She sees dead bodies on the roadside, men in uniform searching out Igbo's, beatings and the looting of Igbo property. (HAYS page 146, 147,148,149) lviii. On her return from Lagos, Sade tells her mother how they escaped from Lagos and her mother collapses. (SADE page 153)

On her return from Kano, Odenigbo tells Olanna's parents about her escape from Kano and her mother collapses.(HAYS page 157)

lix. Sade's son is believed to be the reincarnation of her brother. (SADE page 157)

Olanna's adopted child is said to be the reincarnation of her mother-in- law. (HAYS page 253)

lx. Sade chokes the baby when feeding him.(SADE page 155)

Olanna chokes Baby when feeding her.(HAYS page 266)

33 lxi. A week after arriving at her family home in Benin, Sade travels with her husband and baby to Umuahia. (Sade page 146,152,154,174, 185,187,188)

A week after arriving at Odenigbo's family home in Abba, Olanna travels with her husband and Baby to Umuahia. (HAYS 184, 185) lxii. Sade is with Emelca listening to the radio when they hear the declaration of Biafran independence. (SADE page 193)

Olanna is with Odenigbo listening to the radio when they hear the declaration of Biafran independence. (HAYS page 161) lxiii. On arriving in Umuahia, Sade is forced to shelter in a bunker from the Nigerian bombing raids. (SADE page 219,234, 235,236 )

On arriving in Umuahia, Olanna is forced to shelter in a bunker from the Nigerian bombing raids. (HAYS page 261, 274,275, 276, 279, 280) lxiv. Sade realises that life would carry on if she died. (SADE page 214)

Olanna realises that life would carry on if she died. (HAYS page 280) lxv. Sade and the family survive on relief food. (SADE page 238)

Olanna and the family survive on relief food.(HAYS page 268, 269, 270) lxvi. Sade's son does not suffer from kwashiarkor in Umuahia.(BADE page 222)

Olanna's baby does not suffer from Kwashiorkor in Umuahia.(HAYS page 339)

34 lxvii. Sade is offered a flight out of Biafra by Mrs Amadi but she remains with her husband. (SADE page 211)

Olanna's mother offers her tickets to fly out of Biafra but she remains with her husband. (HAYS page 190) lxviii. Sade takes up voluntary work in Umuahia to help with the war effort. (SADE page 202, 203,226)

Olanna takes up voluntary work in Umuahia,for the war effort. (HAYS page 344)

lxix. Sade's mother flies out of Nigeria leaving her in Biafra. She flies to London. (SADE page 233)

Olanna's mother flies out of Nigeria leaving her in Biafra. She flies to London. (HAYS page 189)

lxx. Sade receives letters in Biafra which have been opened and read by her husband.(SADE page 233)

Olanna receives letters in Biafra which have been opened and read by her mother. (HAYS page 189)

lxxi. Sade and her baby escape before the fall of the Biafran capital, Umuahia. A Red Cross Landrover drives them out of Umuahia. The driver is lackadaisical about starting the engine and driving off. Then he drove fast. (SADE page 244, 247)

Olanna and her baby escape before the fall of Umuahia. Odenigbo drives them out of Umuahia. He has trouble starting the engine. Then he drove fast. (HAYS page 385, 386)

35 lxxii. `On the outskirts of Umuahia' Sade falls asleep. (SADE page 244)

`On the outskirts of Umuahia,' Olanna asked, `Did you do anything with Alice?'(HAYS page 386)

lxxiii. Sade goes to `the point of no return'(SADE page 246)

Olanna goes to `the point of no return'.(HAYS page 347) Richard goes to `The point of no return'. (HAYS page 406) Kainene goes to `The point of no return'.(HAYS page 347, 406)

41)Apart from the similarities between the heroines Sade and Olanna(HAYS), there are similarities between the basic situations, problems, ending and characterisation of Sade's husband, Emeka and Olanna's husband, Odenigbo:

i. Emelca is Igbo from Eastern Region of Nigeria. (SADE page 12, 70, 71)

Odenigbo is Igbo from Eastern Region of Nigeria. (HAYS page 4, 5,6)

ii. Emeka was educated in England. (BADE page 104)

Odenigbo was educated overseas. (HAYS page 3)

iii. Emelca is a medical doctor. (SADE page 43, 104)

Odenigbo is called `doctor'. (DAYS page 326)

iv. Emeka drinks brandy and gets drunk.{SADE page 80)

Odenigbo drinks brandy and gets drunk. (HAYS page 32, 232)

v. Emelca employs a thirteen year old Igbo baby-nurse. (SADE page 161)

36 Odenigbo employs a thirteen year old Igbo houseboy. (HAYS pale 5)

vi. Emelca owns and drives a car. (SADE page 108)

Odenigbo owns and drives a car. (HAYS page 16)

vii. Emeka has his own house in Lagos. (SADE page 107)

Odenigbo has his own house in Nsuklca. (HAYS page 3, 4) viii. Emeka owns a gun. (SADE page 124)

Odenigbo owns a gun. (HAYS page 336)

ix. Emeka invites Sade to live with him in Lagos before they get married. (SADE page 80,81)

Odenigbo invites Olanna to live with him in Nsukka before they get married. (HAYS page 21, 24, 47)

x. Emeka has a houseboy, cook and gardener. The cook considers himself to be of a higher statue to the houseboy. (SADE page 112,113, 125)

Odenigbo has a houseboy, gardener and cook. The cook considers himself of higher status to the gardener. (HAYS page 93)

xi. Emelca listens to the news and is politically motivated. Odenigbo listens to the news and is politically motivated.(HAYS page 29, 32)

xii. Emelca is confident and challenges Sade's father who does not want Sade with him. (SADE page S1,83, 84)

37 Odenigbo is confident and challenges Olanna's father who considered him wrong for Olanna.(HAYS page 32)

xiii. Emeka is forced to abandon his house in Lagos. (SADE page 144, 145, 146, 147)

Odenigbo is forced to abandon his house in Nsulcka. (HAYS page 335)

xiv. Emeka is forced to abandon his job in Lagos. (SADE page 144, 145, 146, 147) Odenigbo is forced to abandon his job in Nsukka. (HAYS page 178, 335)

xv. Emelca stays at Sade's family house for a week before going to Umuahia. (SADE page 148,149,154, 174)

Odenigbo stays at his family house for a week before going to Umuahia. (HAYS page 184, 189, 194)

xvi. Emeka greets the new Igbo baby nurse in Igbo and `undresses her with his eyes'. (SADE page 161)

Odenigbo greets the new Igbo houseboy in Igbo. (HAYS page 4, 5) He has sex with his mother's help.(HAYS page 224, 232)

xvii. Emeka is jubilant at the declaration of Biafran independence.(SADE page 192,193)

Odenigbo is jubilant at the declaration of Biafran independence. (HAYS page

xviii. Emeka works in Umuahia and supports the war effort. (SADE page 185)

Odenigbo works in Umuahia and supports the war effort. (HAYS page )

38 xix. Emeka builds a bunker in Umuahia. (SADE page )

Odenigbo builds a bunker in Umuahia. (HAYS page 204)

xx. Sade sees that Emeka is like his mother. They are both disciplined and determined and obsessed with duty. (SADE page 235)

Ugwu sees that Odenigbo is like his mother. They are stocky build with vibrant energy and strong. (HAYS page 94)

xxi. Emeka blames Sade for his mother's injury. (SADE page 190)

Odenigbo blames Olanna for his mother's death. (HAYS page 298, 299)

xxii. Emeka does not challenge his mother when she whips the children and takes over the care of Sade's baby. (SADE page 180,182)

Odenigbo does not challenge his mother's `unreasonable' behaviour when she takes over the cooking in his house and drives Olanna away. (HAYS page 94, 95, 96, 97,99,101,102) xxiii. In Umuahia, Eureka's relationship with Sade deteriorates. (SADE page 190)

In Umuahia, Odenigbo's relationship with Olanna deteriorates. (HAYS page 382) xxiv. In Umuahia, Eureka is suspected of having a relationship with Ndali. (SADE page 233)

In Umuahia, Odenigbo is suspected of having a relationship with Alice. (HAYS page 386)

xxv. Emelca does not leave Biafra even when faced with the imminent fill of the capital. (SADE page 226,235)

39 Odenigbo does not leave Biafra even when faced with the imminent fall of the capital. (HAYS page )

In addition, Odenigbo(HAYS) shares similarities with Justice Uwaifo (SADE):

i. Justice Uwaifo abandons the village woman who has had his children in favour of Susan because she is white and therefore regarded as `above the primitive' and prestigious.(SADE page 26)

Odenigbo abandons the village woman, Amala, who has has his child in favour of Olanna because he regards her as `special' having just come back from London and mimics `the-oppressor English accent'. (HAYS page 22, 51)

ii. Justice Uwaifo likes classical music and listens to Beethoven. He has no patience for modern music. (SADE page 13, 38)

Odenigbo listens to classical music, Beethoven in particular. He does not understand highlife. (HAYS page 328)

42)Also, Eureka's mother, `Mama Eureka'(SADE) shares a lot of similarities with Odenigbo's mother, `Mama'(HAYS). Their basic situations, problems and endings are similar. The characterisations is also similar:

i. Mama Eureka is Igbo, uneducated and lives iri the family house in Eastern Nigeria. (SADE page 101,174)

Mama is Igbo, uneducated and lives in the family house in Eastern Nigeria. (HAYS page 95)

ii. Mama Eureka is portrayed as a fat, domineering woman.(SADE page 100, 174,180)

40 ~1ama is portrayed as a fat, domineering woman. (HAYS page 94,99)

iii. Nlam~ ~meka intimidates others and is not afraid of a fight. (SADE page 180, 189)

Mama intimidates other and is not afraid of a fight. (HAYS page 96, 99)

iv. Mama Emeka keeps the key to the store on her person - around her neck. (SADE page 196)

Mama keeps the key to Odenigbo's house on her person —tied in her wrapper. (HAYS page 196)'

v. Mama Enieka uses native medicine and gives Emeka her native concoction to drink.(SADE page 21'~

Mama used native medicine and puts native medicine into Odenigbo's food. (HAYS page 98,214)

vi. Mama Emeka suspects Sade of using witchcraft on Emeka.(SADE page 216)

Mama suspects Olanna of using witchcraft on Odenigbo.(HAYS page 96, 97)

vii. Mama Emeka takes part in Christian prayers. (SADE page 180,197)

Mama sings Christian church songs. (HAYS page 97) viii. Mama Emeka becomes a widow.(SADE page 202)

Mama is a widow. (HAYS page )

ix. Mama Emeka refuses to flee from the family house as the Federal troops advance so Sade leaves Umuahia without her. (SADE page 239)

41 Mama refuses to flee from the family house as the Federal troops advance so Olanna and Odeigbo leave without her. (HAYS page 195)

43)In SADE the twins, Taiwo and Kehinde are introduced in Chapter 1. Similarly, in HAYS the twins Olanna and Kainene are introduced in Chapter 1 and 2. Whilst Taiwo and Kehinde are traditional Yoruba names given to twins, there were no traditional Igbo names given to twins. Again the basic situations, problems, endings of the twins in SADE and HAYS is similar:

i. Taiwo and Kehinde have just arrived back from England. Their parents are from the midwest region of Nigeria.(SADE page 10)

Olanna and Kainene have just arrived back from England. Their parents have a farm in Asaba(HAYS page 30) in the midwest region of Nigeria. They are from Umunnachi(DAYS page 191) which borders with the midwest region.

ii. Taiwo and Kehinde have completed their A levels in London, England. (SADE page 11)

Olanna and Kainene have completed their degrees in London, England. (HAYS page 49, 57)

iii. Taiwo and Kehinde were expected to obtain places at Oxford University.(SADE page 11) In the elm script to HAYS, Kainene is said to have obtained her masters at Oxford University. Olanna obtained a degree in Sociology in London. (HAYS page 49)

iv. Taiwo and Kehinde are viewed as failures by Sade's father because they obtained places at an indigenous university.(SAD page 13)

Olanna is viewed as a failure for not studying oi~e of the proper sciences.(BAYS page 49)

42 Olanna's husband is viewed as a failure by Chief Ozobia because he works at an indigenous university.(HAYS page 32,33)

v. Taiwo and Kehinde's parents are wealthy. (SADE page )

Olanna and Kainene's parents are wealthy.(HAYS page )

vi. Taiwo and Kehinde are expected to take over their father's hospital when they complete their degree. (SADE page 36)

Kainene takes over her father's business' on completing her degree.(HAYS page

vii. Taiwo and Kehinde go to Ibadan University. (SADE page 36)

Olanna meets Odenigbo at the Ibadan University theatre. (HAYS page ) viii. Taiwo and Kehinde are in relationships with the sisters, Sophia and Marylyn. (SADE page 61) Taiwo and Kehinde both have a relationship with Sophia.(SADE page 119, 158) Taiwo gets annoyed and chats up another student. (SADE page 119) Kainene stops speaking to Sophia. (SADE 158)

Olanna and Kainene both have sex with Richard.(HAYS page 253, 256) Kainene gets annoyed and burns Richards manuscript. (HAYS page 258) Kainene stops speaking to Olanna. (HAYS page 273)

ix. Taiwo is killed by political party thugs. (SADE page 126, 158, 162)

Kainene is presumed dead after grossing into Federal territory. (HAYS page 433)

44)In Sade there are two houseboys, Innocent and Bunmi. Similarly, there are two houseboys, Ugwu and Harrison, in HAYS. There are similarities between the houseboy Innocent(SADE) and the houseboy, Ugwu(HAYS):

43 i. Innocent is introduced on the first page of the novel.(SADE page 9)

Ugwu is introduced on the first page. (HAYS page 3) ii. Innocent works in a modern house with garden.(SADE page 9,10,14, 15, 19, 20,102,160,230)

Ugwu works in a modern house with a garden. (HAYS page 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 14, 15) iii. Innocent does not know what a tray cloth is(SADE page 14)

Ugwu does not know what fried rice is(HAYS page 23). iv. When there is a power cut Innocent brings in a bush light causing the shadows to chase one another on the wall.(SADE page 15)

When Ugwu turns on the electric light he marvels that there are no shadows. He compares the lack of shadows with the electric light to the shadows created by the bush lights in his village.(HAYS page 7)

v. Innocent is Igbo.(SADE page 9)

Ugwu is Igbo. (HAYS page 6)

vi. Innocent brings his thirteen year old sister, Patience, to be ababy-nurse. (SADE page 161)

Ugwu's aunty brings Ugwu who is 13 years old to work as a house boy. (HAYS page 1) vii. Innocent and Patience are forced to flee from Benin to the East where they go missing. (SADE page 230)

44 Ugwu is forced to flee from Nsukka to Umuahia with the family. He also goes missing. (HAYS page 381)

45)The character of Susan, her basic situation, problems and ending is also similar to that of Richard in HAYS.

i) Susan is English. (SADE page 21)

Richard is English. (HAYS page 57)

ii) Susan is accustomed to hearing racist comments about black people. (SADE page 22)

Richard is accustomed to hearing racist comments about black people. (HAYS page 53,54)

iii) Susan makes racist comments about black people.(SAI)E page 24)

Richard makes racist comments and thinks as a racist.(HAYS page 111, 430)

iv) Susan's parents were not wealthy and the house she shared with Felix in England suffered from damp.(SADE page 29)

Richard's parents were not wealthy and the house he shared with his parents in England was crumbling, draughty and damp. (HAYS page 77)

v) Susan falls in love with a black man, Felix Uwaifo. They live in 1960s Nigeria.

Richard falls in love with a black woman, Kainene. They live in 1960s Nigeria.

vi) Susan suffers from sun burn in the heat in Nigeria.

45 Richard suffers from sun burn in the heat in Nigeria.

vii)Felix sees marriage to Susan as a way of being accepted into the elite white world. (SADE page 26)

Richard sees marriage to Kainene as a way of belonging in Biafra. (HAYS page 168)

viii) Susan is widowed at the end of the war.(SADE page 232)

Richard loses Kainene who is presumed dead. (HAYS page 407, 430)

46)There are similarities in the basic situation, problem and outcome between Obi (SADE), and Kainene(HAYS):

i. Obi's father is an Eze/Chief and a millionaire(SADE page 37)

Kainene's father is a Chief, owns half of Lagos and is described as `nouveau rich'. (HAYS page 31, 57, 99)

ii. Obi is ugly.(SADE page 37)

Kainene is ugly.(BAYS page 69)

iii. Obi is Igbo. (SADE page 12)

Kainene is Igbo.(HAYS page 310)

iv. Obi has protruding front teeth(SADE page 36, 115)

Kainene has slightly larger front teeth.(HAYS page 403)

v. Obi wears a wig. (BADE page 36) 46 Kainene wears a wig. (HAYS page 69)

vi. Obi removes her wig in public to reveal her natural hair in cornrows. (SADE page 115)

Kainene removes her wig in public to reveal her natural hair in cornrows. (HAYS page 25)

vii. Obi is thin.(SADE page 36, 41)

Kainene is thin. (HAYS page 69) viii. Obi is very dark-skinned.(SADE page 36,37)

Kainene was very dark-skinned. (HAYS page 225, 407)

ix. Obi's father gives Obi a house to entice a man to marry her.(SADE page 37). Clive moves into the house in Lagos.(HAYS page 113)

Kainene's father gives Kainene a house to entice a man to marry her. (BADE page 69) Richard moves into the house in Port Harcourt.(HAYS page 180)

x. Clive tells people that Obi is his wife even before they are married. People refer to Obi as Clives's wife. (SADE page 12)

Richard tells people that Kainene is his wife before they are married. People refer to Kainene as Richard's wife.(HAYS page 310)

xi. Obi cooks and serves a chicken's foot.(BADE page 35)

Kainene gets her cools to serve crickets. (HAYS page 402)

47 xii. Obi supports Clive financially.(SADE page 121)

Kainene supports Richard financially.(HAYS page )

xiii. Clive ends his relationship with Sade who is beautiful for Obi who is ugly and rich.(SADE page 47)

Richard ends his relationship with Susan who is pretty for Kainene who is ugly and rich. (HAYS page 66)

xiv. Obi crosses from Federal held territory in Benin to Biafran held territory where she dies. (SADE page 211, 212, 213)

Kainene crosses from Biafran held territory in the East to Federal held territory at Ninth Mile where she goes missing and is presumed dead.(HAYS page 403, 406, 430, 431, 433)

47) There are also similarities between the characters of: a. Captain Boniface(SADE) and Colonel Madu(HAYS) (Annex 1)

b. Eze/Chief Nzeogwu(SADE) and Chief Ozobia(HAYS). (Annex 1)

c. Idowu(SADE) and Arize (HAYS)(Annex 1)

d. Uncle Sam and Miriam(SADE) and Uncle Mbaezi and Aunty Ifeka(HAYS) (Annex 1)

LITERAL COPYING 48) The literal copying in HAYS consists of short phrases and a couple of words followed by the non literal rewording of incidents from SADE. For example:

i. SADE — In Lagos, Sade, Ernelca and Boniface approach a checkpoint. The soldiers are searching for Igbo's. Sade responds to the soldiers by speaking in pidgin English which saves them.

48 MAYS — In Lagos, Olanna and her cousin approach a group of thugs searching for Igbo's. Olanna responds by speaking in Yoruba which saves them.

SADE `You are Ibo?'a soldier shouted at Emeka. `I am not Ibo. Iam from Benin,' Emeka looked panic stricken... `I no dey speakBini,'the soldier mifnicked in jest. (SADE page 148, 149)

HAYS Somebodyfi°oin the crowd called out, `We are counting Igbo people. Oya, come and ident~ yourselves. Ynu are Igbo7' Arize muttered under her b~•eath, 7kwuna okwu,' as if Olanna was thinking ofsaying anything, and then shook her head and started to speakfluent, loud Yoruba...' (HAYS page 132) ii. SADE — Sade, Emeka, Boniface, Clive, Obi, Chukwuma and the two children squeeze into Clive's Volkswagen after soldiers commandeer Eureka's car. HAYS - Ugwu and other Biafran soldiers squeeze into a Volkswagen they have commandeered.

SADE `We dey comnzandee~~ dis motor!' he banged on the bonnet with his hand. `Where key?' Without a~Zy dispute Eureka handed over the keys to his treasured possession. They all hatched helplessly as it was driven ativay. `You can go!' one ofthe soldier's shouted at them. Fearfully, they all climbed into Clive's Vo[kswctgen. Sade and her new-born were given the luxury ofthe front passenger seat while Obi sat on Eureka's lap, next to Boniface and Chukwuma in the back. Sarah cried relentlessly as she was passedfrom one person to another. (page 150)

HAYS It's a long walk,'somebody said, and High-Tech laughed and said, We hill commandee~~ a car, ofcourse. ...They waited awhile before a dusty Volkswagen Beetle drove towards them and spread across the road and blocked it. The car stopped, and afew ofthen2 Ganged on the bo~tnet. `Get out! Bloody civilians!'

49 iii. The same radio broadcast by Lieutenant Colonel Ojukwu declaring Biafran independence is quoted in both novels. In both SADE and HAYS the fictional characters listening to the broadcast are located in the Eastern region of Nigeria. The Igbo's celebrate the declaration by dancing and singing. Sade and Olanna do not dance or sing.

Sade (pale 192-193): Sade sat in the lounge tivith the rest ofthe family, listening to the news on the radio. There had been rumours ofBiafran independence and everyone wanted to hear the declaration fo~~ themselves. The Izeavy rain poured down outside and the dull room fell into a deadly silence as the broadcast began. `Fellow counhymen and women,'came the voice over the roaring thunderstof•m outside. `You, t7~e people ofEastern Niget~ia: Conscious ofthe supreme. authority ofAlmighty God over all mankind, ofyour duty to yourselves and posterity. Aware that you can no longer be protected in yout~ lives and in your property by any government based outside Eastern Nigeria...' Sade looked around at thefaces ofeager anticipation. She did not want Biafran Independence. She wanted to go back to Lagos. `...I, Lieutenant Colonel Clzukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu...'the stranger's voice proceeded, `Military Governor ofEastern Nigeria, by virtue ofthe authority and pursuant to the principles recited above, do hereby solemnly proclaim that the territory and region known as and called Eastern Nigeria, together with her .continental ,shelfand territorial waters shall henceforth be an Independent Sovereign State ofthe name and title of "The Republic ofBiafra ".' `The silence in the room was immediately shattered with laughter andjubilation. A frantic glow ofpride andjoy lit up Eureka'sface. Mama Eureka began to clap, dancing and singing in Ibo'. S`ade watched unenthusiastically as the junior wives and children joined in the chorus. (BADE page 192-193)

HAYS pale 161-162). But Odenigbo didn't need to deliver the letter because the secession was announced that evening. He sat on the bed with the radio placed on the bedside cabinet. The reception Izad little static, as ifthe radio waves understood the importance ofthe speech. Ojukwu's voice was unnzistalzable; it was vibrantly male, charismatic, smooth: Fellow countrymen and women, you the people ofEastern Nigeria: Conscious ofthe supreme authority ofAlmighty God over all Jnankind; ofyour duty ove~Rposterit; aware

50 ~,

that you can no longer be protected in your lives and in your° p~operry by any government based outside Eastern Nigeria; determined to dissolve all political and other ties between you and theformer Republic ofNigeria; having mandated me to proclaim on your behalf and in your name that Eastern Nigeria be a sovereign independent Republzc, now therefore I do hereby solemnly proclaim that the territory and region known as and called Eastern Nigeria, together wzth her continental shelfand territorial waters, shall henceforth be an Independent Sovereign State ofthe name and title of "The Republic of Biafi^a. He took Izis glasses offand grabbed Baby's little hands and began to dance around in ciJ~cles ~~ith her. Olanna laughed and then felt as ifshe werefollowing a script, as if Odenigbo',s excitement would abide nothing but more excitement. She sat up and shivered. She had wanted the secession to happen, but now it seemed too big to conceive. Odenigbo and Baby were moving round and round, Odenigbo singing off-key...(HAYS pg 162)

NON-LITERAL COPPING 49)The non-literal copying of incidents taken from every chapter of SADE amount to wholesale pillaging. The incidents have been reworded and scattered throughout HAYS. There is a close imitation of the language between the incident in SADE and HAYS. The key words to the incident in SADE also appear in HAYS. Also, the supporting arguments to the incidents are the same in both books. Due to the volume of extraction, the incidents are listed in Annex 1.

50)This unique combination of setting, structure, plot, language, themes, characterisation, content, form, subject matter, scenes and supporting arguments' expressed in Sade are not commonplace and are the result of the independent skill and labour contributed by the Claimant in creating the copyright work. The combination of features abstracted from every chapter of SADE amount to a substantial part of the work.

51)On discovering the breach of her copyright in July 2013, the Claimant contacted the 2°d Defendant, Lipsync Productions, the British Film Institute and Slate Films to notify them of the infringement and provide them with copies of SADE. The 2"a Defendant changed the fiont cover of HAYS,but continued to publish. The 2°d

51 Defendant informed the Claimant that they had contacted the 1St Defendant who denied reading SADE.

52)As a substantial amount of original material found in SADE, an earlier copyright work also appears in HAYS a later work, the 1St Defendant could not have included this by coincidence. As the 1St Defendant had access to Sade prior to the publication of HAYS,an inference of copying is raised.

53)A chapter by chapter list of similarities between Sade and HAYS is contained in Annex 1 to these particulars of claim as it would be disproportionate to list them all in this document

PARTICULARS OF COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT

The 1St Defendant infringed the Claimant's copyright in that she:

a) copied or authorised the use of the cover art on SADE b) reproduced the expression of the intellectual creation which went into SADE; c) misused the shill, labour and judgement that the Claimant put into creating SADE. d)failed to identify the Claimant as the author e) falsely attributed that that she was the author ~ copied a substantial part of SADE including the characterisation, themes, structure, plot, language, incidents, names, setting g) wilfully misrepresented the infringing work as her original literary work h) created a literary forgery i) wrongly authorised the 2"d Defendant and other third parties to do `acts restricted by the copyright' without the Claimant's permission. j) authorised the 2"a Defendant to publish and sell copies of the infringing work. k) authorised the 2"d Defendant to publish and distribute the infringing work 1) authorised The Wylie Agency to misrepresent the infringing work as her original literary work, promote and sell the work for profit m)authorised third parties to arrange and perform readings of the infringing work n).authorised third parties to make adaptations of the infringing work, including the film adaptation by Biyi Bandele

52 /,.

o) authorised Biyi Bandele to direct a film of the infringing work p) obtained funding for the unauthorised production of the film, HAYS.

The 2°d Defendant infringed the Claimants' copyright in the they:

a)Failed to conduct due diligence in breach of their duty of care. b)made copies of the infringing work c)authorised other third parties to print copies of the infringing work. d)copied the front cover of SADE e)authorised third parties to copy and adapt the image of SADE ~ registered Ms Adichie with various organisations holding her out as the original author of the infringing work g)issued copies of the book to the public via bookshops, libraries and other venues h)authorised 3rd parties to issue copies to the public. i) possessed copies and distributed and sold copies of the infringing work in the course of its business j) provided the means for making infringing copies by transmitting by means of a telecommunication system, knowing or having reason to believe the transmission was to be used to make infringing copies, k)issued electronic copies to the public and autharised third parties to do the same; 1) authorising third parties to arrange readings and adaptations m)communicated the work to the public.

PARTICULARS OF LOSS AND DAMAGE a)As a consequence of the infringement of the Claimants copyright, royalty payments that were due to the Claimant were wrongly paid the 1St Defendant. b)The 1St defendant has wrongly obtained financial and other prizes on the infringing novel HAYS which were due to the Claimant.

c) Also, as a consequence of the infringement of copyright by the 2"d Defendant the revenue from book sales and licence fees that should have been paid to the Claimant were wrongly obtained by the 2"d Defendant.

53 d) ~y reason of the above the Claimant has su.~fered loss of profit and damage:

• The royalty payments clue to the ~lairnant were wrongly paid to the 1$t Defendant. • Profits ~h~ lst and 2"d Defendamt wrongfully made from exploiting Sade by use of the infringing navel, HAYS. Licence fees

to s69 of 54)In respect of daz~ages awarded the Clairrian~ is entitled to interest pursuant ~li~ Coun~~ Court Act 19 4 at such rakes and for such period as the Court see fit.

A.IVL~ TIDE CLI~I T ~LAIIVIS: (1} Damages. (2) ~cco~ant of Profit. {3) Additional datr~ages. (4) Inj~ctian against ~'iature inf'rin~ement. (5) Delivery up and d~s~ruction of all infringing copies. (4) Interest pursuant to s69 of the Cotari~y Court Apt 19$4.

Dated 11 Jc~Iy 2d 16

S~TA.'TE~ENT OF TRUT~-I I believe that the £acts stated in these Particulars ofClaire are true.

~~ ._ signed:...... ~`. ~`~::'.'...... ~ ~ ..

To the ls t Defendant Ta the 2°d Defendant To the Court IvIana~er