Documenting the Cultural Life of the German Minority in Czechoslovakia After 1945

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Documenting the Cultural Life of the German Minority in Czechoslovakia After 1945 Writing Poems for the Paper: Documenting the Cultural Life of the German Minority in Czechoslovakia after 1945 D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) eingereicht an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institut für Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft von Dale Askey Die Präsidentin der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. Sabine Kunst Die Dekanin der Philosophischen Fakultät Prof. Dr. Gabriele Metzler Erstgutachter: Prof. Michael Seadle, PhD Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Lynne Tatlock, PhD Datum der Einreichung: 09.01.2018 Datum der Promotion: 16.02.2018 Askey – Writing Poems for the Paper 2 Erklärung über die selbstständige Abfassung meiner Dissertation Hiermit erkläre ich, Dale Askey, Matrikel-Nr: 588304, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation selbstständig und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die Dissertation wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt oder veröffentlicht. Hamilton, Ontario, Kanada, den 6. Dezember 2017 Dale Askey Askey – Writing Poems for the Paper 3 Abstract At the conclusion of the Second World War, a reconstituted Czechoslovakia expelled the majority of its German population. A small community of 200,000-300,000 remained behind, consisting mainly of individuals with specialized trades or skills, in mixed marriages, and/or with antifascist credentials. For various reasons, many related to Cold War political realities and endemic anti-German discrimination in Czechoslovakia, these individuals largely disappeared from view. The expelled Sudeten Germans rapidly assimilated into post- war German society, in the process forming an influential and politically active interest group that cast a further shadow over the Germans who remained behind. Although well less than 10% of the pre-war German population remained, this community attempted to reestablish an active cultural life. Demands for the right to express their culture began immediately after the expulsions and persisted until the fall of Communism in 1989 and beyond. In this dissertation I address two questions related to the cultural aspirations of this small community. First, I explore whether it is possible to document the community’s attempts to maintain a German cultural identity by tracking their literary efforts. Despite restrictions on publication, it emerged that the community did actively produce literature. I recorded these texts in a bibliography that offers an entry point for further research on the German minority. The other question delves into constructing an analysis of the broader cultural politics of this community. By virtue of close engagement with the community’s newspaper while searching for literature, it was possible to trace the arc of these developments, in particular the impact of changes set in motion by the Slánský trial, the Prague Spring, and the period known as Normalization. The presentation of this material here addresses a significant lacuna in research on this community. The dissertation concludes with a chapter where I pursue the question of the extent to which the practices and policies of research libraries enable and thwart research on marginal communities. I reflect on the gap between libraries’ claim to be neutral organizations and the impact of human decisions and biases on collections and offer some concluding suggestions for changes that would help libraries address critical gaps in the human record. Askey – Writing Poems for the Paper 4 Zusammenfassung Am Ende des zweiten Weltkriegs hat die wiederhergestellte Tschechoslowakei die Mehrheit ihrer deutschen Bevölkerung vertrieben. Eine kleine Gemeinschaft von 200,000- 300,000 blieben im Lande, die überwiegend aus Menschen bestand, die über benötigte industriellen Fachkenntnissen verfügten, in Mischehen lebten und/oder antifaschistische Aktivitäten nachweisen konnten. Aus verschiedenen Gründen, oft verbunden mit den politischen Realitäten des kalten Kriegs und der vorherrschenden antideutschen Diskriminierung in der Tschechoslowakei, verschwanden diese Menschen aus dem Blickfeld der Geschichte. Die vertriebenen Sudetendeutsche integrierten sich schnell in die deutsche Nachkriegsgesellschaft; im Laufe dieser Integration bildeten sie eine einflussreiche und politisch engagierte Interessengruppe, die einen weiteren Schatten über die verbliebenen Deutsche warf. Obwohl weit weniger als 10% der deutschen Vorkriegsbevölkerung vorhanden war, versuchte diese Gruppe von Verbliebenen ein aktives kulturelles Leben wiederherzustellen. Der Anspruch auf das Recht, ihre Kultur pflegen zu dürfen, wurde gleich nach der Vertreibung erhoben und dauerte bis zum Ende des Kommunismus und weiterhin an. In dieser Dissertation gehe ich zwei Fragen nach, die mit den kulturellen Bestrebungen dieser kleinen Gemeinschaft verbunden sind. Zuerst erforsche ich, ob es möglich ist, durch die Auffindung ihrer literarischen Bestrebungen, das Bemühen dieser Gemeinschaft ihre kulturelle Identität zu bewahren zu dokumentieren. Trotz der Einschränkung von Veröffentlichungsmöglichkeiten, wurde es klar, dass die Gemeinschaft literarisch tätig war. Ihre Texte habe ich in eine Bibliographie eingetragen, die Anhaltspunkte für weiterführende Forschung zu dieser Gemeinschaft bietet. Die zweite Frage nimmt die Erstellung einer Analyse des generellen kulturpolitischen Umfelds der Gemeinschaft auf sich. Durch die sorgfältige Lektüre der Gemeinschaftszeitung auf der Suche nach literarischen Beiträgen, war es möglich den Verlauf dieser Entwicklungen zu verfolgen, insbesondere die Auswirkung der Veränderungen, die von dem Slánský-Prozess, dem Prager Frühling und der Normalisierung ausgelöst wurden. Die Darstellung dieser Materialien hier schließt eine wesentliche Lücke in der Forschung zu dieser Gemeinschaft. Im letzten Kapitel dieser Dissertation biete ich eine Reflexion zur Frage inwiefern Bibliothekspraxis und –politik ermöglichen sowie verhindern die Erforschung von Askey – Writing Poems for the Paper 5 Randgemeinschaften und -themen. Ich behandle die Diskrepanz zwischen den Neutralitätsbehauptungen von Bibliotheken und der Auswirkung von menschlichen Entscheidungen und Neigungen auf Bestände und biete abschließend Vorschläge für Veränderungen, die es Bibliotheken ermöglichen würden, kritische Lücken in der Überlieferung vom menschlichen Wissen anzugehen. Askey – Writing Poems for the Paper 6 Acknowledgements I owe a debt of gratitude to many individuals who helped me bring this research project from an idea to a completed dissertation. That this work spanned nearly twenty years presents me with some challenges as I attempt to reconstruct events and interactions now long past; I beg forgiveness of anyone whom I fail to credit. Two individuals supported me from the beginning to the end and require special recognition. First, my wife, Dr. Jennifer Askey, who has always been my best and most supportive critic and friend. Her logistical, intellectual, and motivational assistance has been gracious and expert. Prof. Dr. Gerhard Hacker has also been there since the beginning of this project, writing one of the letters of support for the original funding application that surely led to its success. His friendship and advice has made this all seem achievable. I particularly thank Gerd and his wife, Lucia Hacker, for generously hosting me for a portion of my research leave in 2017 as I wrote these chapters. The time I spent working in “her” library at the University of Leipzig was invaluable, as were our afternoon coffee breaks where she repeatedly rescued me from various writing traps. Although I may never forgive him for finishing his doctorate a year ahead of me, I am grateful to Dr. Kenning Arlitsch for doing so, as it gave me hope that I could do this and strong motivation to finish. He and his wife, Dr. Deborah Keil, also opened their home to me during my research leave, enabling me to create the perfect writer’s retreat. I look forward to many more visits that combine hard work with outdoor adventures. Kenning and Dr. Stephanie Krueger earn a special place in my heart for their encouragement and for blazing the Humboldt bureaucratic trail on my behalf. I am glad not to be lost in those woods. Dr. Michael Seadle has my sincere gratitude, first for suggesting that I consider writing my dissertation with him at the Humboldt University, then for recognizing long before I would have that my initial topic was simply not going to work. I neglected to see the potential in the research I had done earlier, but his encouragement to revisit it has proven to be a sage piece of advice. Dr. Lynne Tatlock, as my second reader, has been utterly critical to its completion. Her close reading and sharp eye have surely made it a far more lucid and readable text, but it is her support for my career direction and her intellectual guidance that I value far more. She first opened the door to graduate study for me, so it seems only fitting that she is here at the conclusion, a generation later. Askey – Writing Poems for the Paper 7 I extend my gratitude to the staff at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, the research library at the Collegium Carolinum in Munich, and the Archive of the City of Ústí nad Labem. Without their assistance and collections, this research would have been impossible. I also thank the staff at my current employer,
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