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ETNINEN SANASTO ETNINEN SANASTO Englannin-, Suomen-, Ranskan-, Saksan- Ja Venäjän- Kieliset Etniset Termit Selitettyinä Suomeksi

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ETNINEN SANASTO ETNINEN SANASTO Englannin-, Suomen-, Ranskan-, Saksan- Ja Venäjän- Kieliset Etniset Termit Selitettyinä Suomeksi ETNINEN SANASTO ETNINEN SANASTO Englannin-, suomen-, ranskan-, saksan- ja venäjän- kieliset etniset termit selitettyinä suomeksi Sinikka Hiltunen Tampere University Press Copyright © 1998 Tampere University Press Myynti: TAJU, Tampereen yliopiston julkaisujen myynti PL 617, 33101 TAMPERE Puh. (03) 215 6055, Fax (03) 215 7150 Sähköpostiosoite: [email protected] http://www.uta.fi/laitokset/kirjasto/taju/ TAITTO Sinikka Hiltunen Päivitetty syyskuussa 1998 Sähköinen julkaisu ISBN 951-44-5702-1 ISBN 951-44-4323-3 Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy, Vammala 1998 Tapanille VII Lukijalle Etnisen sanaston alkuperäinen idea on peräisin Tampereen yliopiston apulaisprofessorilta Jukka Paastelalta, joka on jo vuosia jakanut pientä parinkymmenen sivun sanastoa opintojen apuvälineeksi valtio-opin ja kansainvälisen politiikan opiskelijoille. Minä tulin kuvaan mukaan kolmisen vuotta sitten, jolloin totesimme, että tarve sanaston laajentamiseen ja systemaattiseen keräämiseen on ilmeinen. Haluankin kiittää apulaisprofessori Jukka Paastelaa paitsi siitä, että olen saanut mahdollisuuden tehdä mielenkiintoista työtä sanaston parissa, myös siitä arvok- kaasta tuesta ja avusta, jota työni edistyessä olen häneltä saanut. Hänen monipuolisen poliitti- sen tietämyksensä ja monivuotisen kokemuksensa ansiosta olen voinut välttää monia asiavir- heitä, joita työhön tahtoi pujahtaa eri lähteiden ristiriitaisuuden vuoksi. Kiitokset hänelle myös sanaston perusteellisesta tarkastustyöstä. Lähteinä sanastotyössä on käytetty erilaisia hakuteoksia tietosanakirjoista sanakirjoihin, sa- noma- ja aikakauslehtiartikkeleita, tieteellisten tutkimusten raportteja, radio- ja tv-ohjelmia jne. Lähteiden luotettavuutta on työn laajuuden vuoksi ollut vaikea tarkistaa, joten olen joissakin tapauksissa maininnut ainakin kielen, jolla käyttämäni aineisto on kirjoitettu (esim. venäläis- lähteiden mukaan), jotta lukijalla olisi mahdollisuus tehdä omia johtopäätöksiä. Tämän sanastotyön suurimpia vaikeuksia oli mukaan otettavan aineiston rajaaminen, koska kansoja, etnisiä ryhmiä, kieliä ja uskonnollisia lahkoja on maailmassa tuhansia. Keskeisenä periaatteena oli pyrkimys ottaa mukaan ennen kaikkea sellaiset kansat ja etniset ryhmät, jotka esiintyvät kansainvälisissä uutisissa tai kansainvälistä politiikkaa käsittelevissä artikkeleissa, mutta jotka eivät käsitteinä ole aivan itsestään selviä. Tältä osin olen asettunut myös jonkinlai- sen profeetan asemaan ja pyrkinyt valitsemaan mukaan myös sellaisia ryhmiä, joiden voi ta- valla tai toisella odottaa pulpahtavan kansainväliseen tietoisuuteen lähivuosina. Tätä varten olen hakusanojen selittävässä osassa pyrkinyt valottamaan etnisten ryhmien välisten kiistojen taustoja kertomalla lyhyesti kunkin kansakunnan synnystä ja sen lähihistoriasta sekä nykyisistä elinoloista. VIII Sanastosta siis puuttuvat itsestäänselvyydet eli esimerkiksi Euroopan kansallisvaltioita tai Afri- kan valtioiden nimiä vastaavat kansallisuudet. Sen vuoksi sanastosta ei löydy suomalaisia, venäläisiä tai espanjalaisia, sen enempää kuin kenialaisia tai nigerialaisiakaan. Sen sijaan mu- kana ovat saamelaiset, tataarit ja baskit tai vastaavasti masait, turkanat, ibot ja ogonit. Afrikan osalta mukana ovat kunkin valtion merkittävimmät (esimerkiksi suurimmat tai hallitusvastuus- sa olevat) väestöryhmät sekä ne, joilla on käytössäni olleiden lähteiden mukaan ollut keskenään ainakin jonkinasteisia ristiriitoja. Mukana ovat myös monet Amerikan, Aasian tai Afrikan alku- peräiskansat. Pohjois-Amerikan sadat intiaanikansat taas ovat mukana vain kulttuuripiireittäin (esim. Kalifornian intiaanit), ja erikseen heistä on mainittu vain ne, jotka tavalla tai toisella ovat käyneet taistelua oikeuksistaan ja siten nousseet uutisiin viime vuosikymmeninä. Samoin Intian, Taka-Intian ja Kiinan vähemmistöistä on mukaan valittu ne, jotka selvästi poikkeavat valtaväestöstä uskonnoltaan, kieleltään tai kulttuuriltaan tai joilla on ollut ristiriitoja val- taväestön tai hallituksen kanssa. Lisäksi Kiinasta on otettu mukaan kunkin maakunnan suurim- mat vähemmistökansat. Näiden osalta on huomattava, että vähemmistökansojen väestönkasvu on (nykyhallinnon yhden lapsen politiikasta huolimatta) niiden omien perinteiden vuoksi usein nopeampaa kuin han-kiinalaisten. Siten kansan suhteellinen osuus kyseisen maakunnan koko väestöstä saattaa olla huomattavastikin suurempi kuin sanastossa mainittu, joka on useimmiten vuoden 1982 väestölaskennan mukainen. Muuten vähemmistökansojen osuudet koko väestöstä ovat useimmiten vuoden 1994 tietojen mukaan. Uskonnollisista vähemmistöistä ja ryhmistä mukana ovat valtauskontojen tärkeimmät lahkot. Kielet sen sijaan on mainittu etupäässä vain kansojen yhteydessä. Vain joitakin aivan kes- keisimpiä kieliä, kuten afrikaans, jiddi, fanagalo tai Filippiinien pilipino, on mukana erikseen. Kielten luokitus on G. L. Tracerin Collier’sin tietosanakirjassa olevan luokituksen mukainen. Moni muukin kielten luokitustapa olisi ollut mahdollinen, mutta koska sanaston käyttäjäkun- nasta vain pieni osa lienee filologeja, luokituksella ei liene oleellista merkitystä. Käyttäjälle on ilmeisesti kuitenkin tärkeintä tietää edes suunnilleen, mihin kielikuntaan tai -perheeseen kieli kuuluu tai mitkä kielet ovat keskenään sukulaiskieliä, koska se voi paljastaa mahdollisia muita kansojen välisiä sidonnaisuuksia tai vihamielisyyden syitä. IX Sanastoa laadittaessa olennaisimpia tavoitteita oli valaista sanojen pejoratiivisuutta. Niinpä, vaikka sanastosta ei löydy venäläistä tai saksalaista, mukana ovat kuitenkin ainakin jotkut heitä merkitsevät halventavat ilmaisut, kuten iivana tai sakemanni (engl. Iwan tai Fritz). Tämän lisäksi mukana on joitakin sanontoja (myös esim. ranskalaisista), jotka liittyvät kansallisuutta merkitsevien sanojen pejoratiiviseen tai muuten kansallisuuden oletettuja ominaispiirteitä ku- vaavaan käyttöön, esim. Irishman’s promotion - palkanalennus, in Dutch - epäsuosiossa, vaikeuksissa. Edelleen sanastoon on kansojen ja etnisten ryhmien sekä uskonnollisten vähemmistöjen lisäksi otettu hakusanoiksi mukaan myös joitakin yleiskielisiä ilmaisuja, jotka jotenkin liittyvät etnisten ryhmien pyrkimyksiin, ryhmien keskinäisiin tai ryhmien ja hallitusten välisiin risti- riitoihin tai ryhmiä kohtaan harjoitettuun politiikkaan (esim. insurrection, autonomy, separation). Sanaston lähtökieleksi valikoitui englanti kuin itsestään. Kansainvälistä politiikkaa sekä etnisiä ryhmiä ja ristiriitoja käsittelevät artikkelit ja julkaisut ovat yleensä englanniksi, samoin kuin aihetta käsittelevät muut teokset. Koska kaikille vieraskielisille ilmaisuille ei edes löydy suo- malaista vastinetta, oli luonnollista ryhtyä selittämään niiden merkitystä suomeksi. Myös sano- jen ja ilmaisujen käyttöä eri tilanteissa ja niiden pejoratiivisuutta oli helpoin selittää suomeksi. Jotta sanastoa voisi käyttää myös omia, alaa käsitteleviä englanninkielisiä tekstejä laadittaessa, sille päätettiin tehdä suomalainen hakemisto. Ja edelleen sanaston käytön monipuolisuutta ajatellen englantilaisille hakusanoille etsittiin vastineet ranskaksi, saksaksi ja venäjäksi, koska alan kirjallisuutta julkaistaan eniten juuri näillä kielillä. Hakusanojen ja niiden erikielisten vastineiden kirjoitusasut voivat eri lähteissä poiketa hyvin- kin suuresti toisistaan. Tässä sanastossa on nojauduttu englannin kielen osalta moniosaisen Ox- ford English Dictionary -teoksen ja suomen kielen osalta Nykysuomen sanakirjan ja Perus- sanakirjan suosituksiin. Kaikkein eniten vaihtelua lienee kiinan kielen transkriptiossa latinalai- sin kirjaimin. Tässä sanastossa käytetty tapa on tärkeimpien lähteiden (Oxford English Diction- ary sekä Britannican ja Brockhausin tietosanakirjat) mukainen, sillä sanaston laaja-alaisen käyttäjäkunnan kannalta oli eduksi ottaa mukaan myös muita kuin pinyin-normin mukaisia muotoja. X Sanastoa kootessa huomioni kiinnittyi kuin itsestään kahteen mielenkiintoiseen seikkaan. En- sinnäkin kansat, jotka ovat nousseet taisteluun oikeuksiensa puolesta - passiivisesta vastarin- nasta aina aseellisiin kamppailuihin - näyttävät olevan kotoisin enimmäkseen vuoristoisilta tai muuten eristyksissä olevilta seuduilta tai sademetsistä tiettömien taipaleiden takaa. Edellisistä mainittakoon vaikkapa tshetsheenit, dinkat (Etiopia), Tiibetin lamat tai vaikkapa baskit, ja jälkimmäisistä janomamit (Amazonas). Eräs tutkija totesikin, että usein kansat, jotka eivät su- laudu valtaväestöön, asuvat suurten valtioiden rajoilla (ja luonnolliset rajat kulkevat usein vuoristoja, jokia tai muita vesialueita myöten), koska alueen keskellä asuvan kansan on vaikeampi säilyttää kieltään ja kansallista identiteettiään. Tästä säännöstä näyttäisivät selkeim- min poikkeavan vain tataarit. Kun tämä seikka on näinkin silmiinpistävä, herää väkisinkin ky- symys, miksi nimenomaan Sveitsi ja Norja - taloudellisten syiden lisäksi - ovat jättäytyneet EU:n ulkopuolelle. Toinen huomiotani kiinnittänyt seikka oli kansojen tapa nimittää itseään tai vastaavasti naapu- rikansoja. Varsin usein omakielinen nimitys näyttää tarkoittavan vain ihmistä, oikeaa ihmistä tai varsinaista ihmistä. Tällaisia kansoja aineistostani löytyi kaksikymmentäviisi. Vaikka on vaikea sanoa, kuinka suuri tällaisten kansojen osuus on koko aineistosta, sillä kaikkien mukaan otettujen kansojen omakieliset nimitykset tai niiden merkitykset eivät ole tiedossani, ilmiö on kuitenkin käsitteellisesti varsin mielenkiintoinen. Avartavaa olisi ollut myös paneutua enem- män siihen, miten naapurikansojen nimitykset ja ennen kaikkea pejoratiiviset nimitykset syn- tyvät. Esimerkkinä nousee mieleen apassien nimi, joka on alun
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