Religious books at Harvard
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Citation Cadbury, Henry J. 1951. Religious books at Harvard. Harvard Library Bulletin V (2), Spring 1951: 159-180.
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L THE OlLLEGE LIRRARY
l~E seal of Harvard so familiar today co1nhines three open books ,vith the n1otto 'Christo et Ecc1esiae.' Though this seal is not coeval ,vith the founding of the College, its basic elernents aJl stem from the seventeenth ce1~tury .. The story of religious books at H~rvard begins ,vhen the College be- gins. All records bear ,vitncss to the pritnacy of theological training an1ong the purposes underlying the foundation in the ,vilderness of a sc1nin ary of I earning. This purpos c is reflected in b 0th c urri cul un1 and books, and in the interests of the alumni. Up to 1700 there ,vere n1orc graduates of IIarvard in the n1inistry than in ~nother occupa- tions put together .1 In the earliest printed catalogue of the College Library·, published in 17 2 3) t\vo thirds of about 3,500 titles 1'.7ere on theo]ogy and kindred subjects.2 Yet this prin1ary purpose of theolog- ical training n1ay easily·be forgotten- today., ,vhen other purposes 2re ~tressed. Practically aH the early books jn the library ,verc gifts, and the donors either ,vere ministers or ,v-cre lay'men concerned for theolog~ ical educatiorL John Harvurd~s o\vn library· of son1c400 voln1nes>be- queathed to the coHcge in 1638, ,vas only the first of many such donations~ It has been calculated that 62 per cent of this library· ,vas 'devoted to expositions of the Scripture~ doctrinal discussions, and · po1emical disquisitions~, 8 i\lore recent identifications of titles have raised that figure. A1fred C. Potter) ]ntc Librarian of Harvard College, siunn1arjzed this clc111cntin John I-Jarv~rd's gift as folln\vs: Ncar1y three-quarters of the collection is theological. About half of these con~ sist of bH;Hcal con1n1entnry., about eqnnUy divided behvccn the Old and the
1 S:11nuelE. i\-lorison, H tir-ttm•dCollege iu t!Je Scve11tee11tbCentury ( Catnbridg~ 1936),. 11, 562-563
2- i\·iorison, H ar-vardiu t/Je Seventeenth Ce11t1iry1 Ii 2.7.3, i.95 + 3 Andre\v lvL Da, ..is> A Fe-wNotes- Concerning tbe Re-cords of Harvard College
(Library of H;1rvard Univcr:sity1 Bibliographical Contributions, No. 27; Can1bridge, 1 SBS), P· 6. .
Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) 160 Harvard Library Bulletin Nc,v Testaments, and n1ainly in Latin. \:\lhilc there are a nun1bcr of volumes of scrn1 onst th ere is c on1para ti ve Iy li rt 1e of re lig iou s con tro\rcrsy. Th c ,vor ks of several Jesuit ,,rriters stand out among thos:e of Purjran divjnes:1 Other colonial ministers gave f ron1their libraries or bequeathed them complete, ,vhi]c n1en1bers of the General Court in Boston and foreign friend~ of the l.1ihrary secured gifts of religious hooks., such as p~rt of the ]ib.rar)7 of John Jjghtfoot~ Theophilus Gale in , 67 8 bequeathed
to Harvard onl} 7 the theological part of his librar) 7 • ltichard Raxter intended at first to send :1ln1ostall of his books, but restricted his plan on learning th-at Sir Keneln1 Digby had a1rca 1 'Cata]ogue of Juhn I-Iarvard~sLibrary,' PubUcationsof the Calanial Society of .Afttsst1cbusettst XXI ( [920 }, 192:. To his identifications-, pp. 193~12 71 others have be-en addc,t hy the: pre.sent '\Vritcr, Pubx. Col. Soc. A1ar.r.,XXXI\T ( 1941) i 353-377r Clifford ll. Cl app, 4,1~he Gff ts of Ric ha rd TIaxtcr :1nd I-I cnr y Ashurst to Harvard College,'""J->ubs. Col. Sot. A-fass.~XX ( 19zo )~ 192-199. i: A ....~. Luce, T/Je Li[e of George Berkeley Birbop of Cloyne (London, 1949)t P· 147· 1 .L\·lorhion1 I-I an..rtrrdin the Sei•enteentb Century,. 111447, quoting the Jourual of jasper Dffnck~1cTtt, 167~1680., CtL B+ n. Jan1es fl.lld J. F. Jameson (Ne,v York! 1913),, PPT i. 66-2 68. Socfot.y fnr the Propagation of the Gospel i\1S5, Letter LXXX\rln, quoted in E. ,,, . l{hb\·t George Keit!J (, 63&-17 t6) (Ne"' York, J942 ), p. 1 z 8, l\·forhion1 l-larvnrd in tfJe Se11.H~ntce11ibCentury, ], 2:96, quoting: Pubs. Col. Sac. Afas.f.jXl\ 7 ( 191 3)1 I 45. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) Religious Books at Har-vnrd the fire recounts the 1nain features of the contentst and again indicates irs strength. in theological matcria.ls.10 l\ilore objective appra.isa1of the Iihrary could be made only by cotn- p-aring jr \Vith some selected list~ Against such a standard any library dependent on n1isccHaneousgiving, no 1natter ho,v large and interest- ing, j5 likely· to seem deficient. The catalogue of 172 3 \Vas printed just for the purpose of fa c iIi ta ting n1ore in tel]igc nt d on2 tio ns. It a 1so cn- a bl es us today to check the library by other bibliographics. l~or ex-a.n1- p1et exactly half a century before, Richard Baxter jn his Christian 1 1 Director y addressed hin1self to the question (QucsL 174) ,, 1hat bookst especially- of thcology·J should one choose ,vho for ,vant of 1nonc)r or tirne~ can read but f e,v?, He gives three lists.,beginning ,vith \he poorest or sn1allcst library that is to1crable.' One ,vould suppose th-a.tJlaxtcr's scholarly tastes 1verc rc~sonahl) 7 congenial to the author- ities at Harvard. Yet of this n1inin1un11 poor studcnt.'s lihrary/ ,Yith about siK score authors or specific titles~ barcl) 7 half are recorded as jn the College Library in 172 3. For Baxtcr,s longer lists the proportion is much less, ,:though they arc fc,v to a full and rich Library·., In evaluating such a comparison, ho,vever, certain factors should be borne in mind~ Baxtcr,s lists ,vere designed for a private studentt not for a pt1 b] i c institution, so that the proportion of ref eren cc , vo r ks \V ou 1 d be higher in the latter .. A co1nparison ,vith a Harvard list of 1673, ,verc it possib]e, ,vould be fairer, since there is evidence that a nun1ber of books present at one ti1ne in the College Library ,vere no longer th ere in 1 7 2 3 . '''hen the library ,vas con1plctcly burned in 1764 ,vjrh I-Iarvard J-Tall \\re ha vc our first" hint of the circulation of books. This somc- tin1es sho,vs a quite different proportion fron1 the contents of the ljbrary,. but the Hst of titles of 404 books that had been charged out and so presumably not destroyed js extant~ These too 2re nearly half theological. 1~hc fire Jed to even 111oregenerous giving than before+ The naines 11 of kno"'n donors 1 ,vhich jncl ndc nn1011gothers from Great Britain the Archbishops of Canterbnry and York, George ,vhiteficld, the Quakers., -and four different societies for prornoting the Gospe] or Christian l{no,v1edgc,suggest a continuing en1phasison-thco]ogy. 'fhat ~{I .A!rtHcrcbusettsGaz.-~r.te, z February 1764. 1 ~ Josiah Quin<:y,, Tbe History of H ar~1ttrd V·nhiersit)-1 ( Can1bridge, 1840) i II, 464-496. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) Harvard Library BlJ.lJc tin impression is confirtned by the first subsequent published catalogue~ and Of its 2 oo pa gcs of hook ti tl cs and [ 5 o pa gcs of tracts-i one i..1uarter rn·o thirds respectively :are theological., not ro mention cognate cate- gorics.12: For 1n:1nyyc:irs the religious cle1nent in the l-£arvard Library con- tinned 1n1portant both in size and in value. In 1812 an account was given of the four principil Polyglot Bibles in the Harvard (~ollegc LiLrary- Co1nplutcn.sian, ....~nt\verp, Pari~i-,and London~ of \Vh.ich the first three ,vcrc very rare and had lately been added to the Library. L:r Before the hrc, in fact hcfore 1650 and 1671 respectively,. the library· had possessedthe second of these and n.vo copies of the fourth as \Vcll as perhaps part nf the third. 11 ln 1812 there ,vere three copies of the lJondon Polyglot at the CoHege. In r 830 the theological section of the College Library \\•as about 3o per <.:cnt of the \.Vholeas compared ,vith the follow·ing 9thcr clas...,ifications: jurisprudence~ govcrnrnent, and r 9 per po 1itics I i per cent, sciences '3Ud art.s r 7 per cert t., belles-lcttres. cent, history- 2 2. per cent. 1 ~ The religioR'j section 1n the College l ..ihrary h~1snever ceased to gro,;,v,~At-i ~Nill be clc~r from the sequel, the Divinity School long de- pended upon it. C~ifts to it \:Vere sure to include many vohirncs on phases of religion, and pur<.:1rn.scs":rerc n1ade for general l.Tniver~ity of purposes. In I 9 I, a substanti~l fund l\-'ilS established by the ,viH John Harvey Treat of the class of 1862 for the purchasing of theo- logical ,vorks, especially in connection ,vith the liturgical churches - English, llorna n, and (~reek. lVhen the H ou.sc Li brarirs and the La~ n1ont Library for undergraduates \vere established, selected books on religion \.vcrc included in thern also. -'fhe l-foughton Library-, since it \.Vas des;~rr1edto hou~c the old and rare books of ihe (~ollege Library, of "\vhat it \v==L..:;;sure to include religious \\-Torksas a large proportion selected or secured. Of the annual incon1e of the ~freat l•und. cur- rently about $:!~500, about one third ha.;;in rectnt years btcn expended in Houghton an N (YiJ-A1tglorum (Boston. i& Cat.afo gw; biblioth~c-ar H arvardiitnae C {mt.ahrigfae i 3, I havc u.~ tbc 1790) : Theo! ogi~ pp. .i 5 f -2 02; T ra (:t~n1..~ihcolugicit pp. :153-3 marked copy that helongcd to th-e Revc.rcnd Ahiel Holmes. Cre-ner,1lRepository and Rl:"iJie-w.,I ( JHn ), :1,17-34~. '' !\-1ud:-:oii. 1 larv~t'd in the Sevt·ntec11tb Centu1'J, 1, "!02, 285-286. section in Volume Jll of in Figures b:1~d on the number of p.iges: in the da!!;Slfied A L'atilloguc-of the Librm"y of Han·a-rd Univen-ity (Cambridge, 1830). ...... -·-·· ·- . -- - . .. ··--·---·-·------ Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) Religious Books at Harvard This is not the place to discuss in detail the col1cccions of religious books in these central Ehraries. Limiting ourselves to the counted categories in \V"idener Library alone., the following figures arc sug- gestive: HI Volumes Pamphlets Bi(blc) J,41R 54 C{hurch Hisrory ~nd Theology) 4 i ,932. 712 73 C ( hw·ch) P (eriodit:=a ls) 8.,294 Heb(rcw) 19,334 1,753 .!\1i~s( 1ODS) 1,684 7l..2 P ( c riodicals) Heb ( re\v) t.,309 R (eligion.~) 2,5~3 197 Sennon Files 3,838 Of course thousands of other hooks on religion are included in other categories in this library- as, for example, the nearly 10,000 voiwncs and pamphlets in Judaica and Yiddish (including pcriodicah) - not to m~ntion those in the Houghton l..r1braryor in the Deposit Library. \.Talues ate not to be judged by numbers+ T'hcy are 1nore easily illus- trated than listed+ For Bibles \Ve might begin \.\.'Iththose in the Indian language published by John .Eliot in (:ambridge itself, when the Uni- versity \Vas in its infancy~ and end with the copy of the coveted Gutenberg Bible presented in 1944~ The next 1110.s.t printed book has been the bnitation of Christ attributed to Tho1nas a Kempis. In I 92 2 the University· secured the largt~1: collection kno,vn of this classic, inc1 uding 1 t 5 oo editions prin tcd in 5o dlff crcnt languages. 11 Thi~ has hcen int:reascd by j u ll] These ctlcufations made in 19jO suppfanc those in }'he 13brary af llan,ard Vni- i.·arsity:De scriptfr.~.e- tmd H isto,ical )"V() tes, 4th ed., conip. Alfred C. Potter ( Cam- br iJg~ 1934 ). The J~c.ription::i: of the collecriora then~ given .trc still u!>duL J? Sec Vl:~Jter A. C.0pingec- 1 H~t,1d List ~f JVh.:Uls Heiiet-•cdto- Re the T~argestCoJ... k.ction in the W Qr]d of F:,Ntiom of ''Tbe lmitiafori' 1 of Tbomas J Kempis (1\-ian- chit:stc.r; Fngfand 1 r 908). Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) _, H ar1..,ardl~ihrr,r)r Btill eti11 II. TH~ D1v1NITI... ScHooL l..11BRARY The e1ncrgence of a. separate librar) 7 for theology ut Harvard v.ras a~out conte1npor~ry "\Viththe c111crgcnccof a separate dcpartn1cnt for theo]ogy, but ahont -as difficult to dale or trncc. 16 Up to the end of the eighteenth century· neither ,vas in existen~c. There \Vas in fact no separate theological institution then any\vhere, nor had there been any need for one. 1"hc emphasis on theology in the general Harvard curricuhun persisted until \Vell into the nineteenth century. This js sho,vn i11teralia by the petition still extant signed h}7 Oliver '~'ende11 Iulohnes and thirty-four other 1nen1her.sof the class of 1829 asking that in their junior year 'they n1ay be pern1itted to study Good's uBook of Naturcn or Sri1cllic~s((Natural History', as a substitute for Gries- bach's Greek Tcstan1cnt.' 19 .In the se;vcntc en th and ci gh teen th centuries prof cssio nal training for cl~e ministry ,v as continued th rce years after grad u 11ti on nn d en dcd ,vith the A.1\1. degree. The candidates resided in the College or near it, often in the house of a local 1ninister. Their ,vork required a great de-alof reading, and of this 1nuch \Vas done in the College Librar) 7 • The co1npararive use of the Library can be sho,vn for the year 182 3 by putting opposite each other the circulation report of the College Librarian for the first term of "that year 20 and the enrolment sho\vn in the printed catalogue: 21 lR For th c car Jy Ilistory of the Div j nity School the rare panlphlet by D ca.nJolt n G. Palfrey, Divinity Scbool of fhe University of Cau1bridge ( Cambridge, [ 836 ). gives a dctailed ttc count of t:he nr.s:ttwenty-fi vc years. 1\-1u ch uscf u l inf or mati on is in cl uded in ~the Addresses Delivered at tbe Observance of t1Je 1oot/J An11iver.mry of tbe Erttib~ Iisl:nne11 t of the H .nr'!.~{Jrd D ivi11ity S cbool ( Ct:lnlbri dgc. 191 7).. For the Hbr:1ry th c printed reports of the P.rcsidcnt of the University jncludc annual reports of the D can of the D.:i\r j nity School begin niug in l 870. Man user j pt material incl nd es a cces- sio n books., early cc1tnfogucs1 and c-arly records of i.\'frhdra\vrt]s. The hst, though incomplete! arc especfolly interesting as suggesting the .reading of notabJe professors nd students. 0 nc n,atu ral 1y loo ks for names ]i kc Ralph \Valdo Ernerso n, Theodore Parker, or cvr::n Horatio A1gcr. U~e is inidc here also of the manuscript .student histor;r of the school entitled iRccords of the ·rhcologic;11 Schoo]/ an account of \\·hich by Dc.-Jn \Vilfo.rd J.... Sperry \,·iH he founll in the Harvard Divinity SdJool Bulletin for 19461 pp. 5-11 (O[fi.cia/ llegi.stcr of H ar-vard University, Vo]. XI...111, Ko. 1, 1 o l\.1arch HJ46).· ]~u C rg Collection., N e\l{ y or k Pub I ic Libr~r r .. ~-College P~pers1 X, 75 ! jn the Harvard University Arcliivcs. I!'! Ci1t~1logue of the Officers aud Students of the ·University in CtnJ1bridge. Octoberi 1823 (C:trnbridgc., 18:2 3 ). .. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) Religi~us l1ooks at J-1arrvard I 6 5 Nurnbcr of student$ Hooki;;,,·ithdra\vn Freshmen Sophomores Juniors Seniors Tot~]s 26-/ - Theo] ogj cal stud en ts 32 L a,v students 8 Other 'residents' 3 T'otals 43 "\:\7hcn nc,v restrictions ,verc enacted in 1824, or at least enforced~ it is not surprising that the theological students signed a lengthy petition. It gives a vivid rlescription of th,c conveniences ,vhich the future n1in- isters had theretofore been allowed. They had been nble to go directly to the alcoves, look at books they· had not identified beforet compare the comrncntarics ,vith one another right on the spot, and receive for outside use a Rextble number of volu1nes. No,v they could on1y ask for hooks by ,vritten request to he filed at a fixed hour one day and to be filled only the follo"\ving1norning. They could not go to the shelves nor have out of the ]ibrary at one tin1e more than six volumcs. 22 In the course of this petition reference is made to the earliest special library for theological students~ The first account of it comes from the General l{epository and Review for the }'~car 1812.,2land probably fron1 the pen of Andre,vs N ·orton, its editor. Norton,s continued in- terest in the subjects of this notice is sho,vn by the fact that beginning the next year he served for eight )7 ear.sas T.1ibrarianof Harvard College and concurrently· as Dexter Lcctnrer on Biblical Criticisrn ( 1813-19), follo,ving ,\ 1illia1nEllcr)i Channing, and Dexter Professor of Sacred L,iteraturc ( 18 I 9-30). As the account seerns to have been unused by historjans nnd as it exp]ains not onl)7 the orjgjn of the library but the ch a ngcd situ ati on in th colo gi cal instruction at Harvard~ it is quoted in fnlL THF.Or.OG !CAL IN STITUTlON AT Co\~1 BRl llC E. The nunlhcr of resident Graduates,: studying divinity at the College having n1uch jncrcasedt son1e ne1,.varrangcn1c~1ts liavc been made for their benefic College Pa pcrs, X, 8 5-.86t d a tcd 2 3 F ebn.mry 1814. I~ 109--:2 co. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) l66 H arvnrd J_jbrary Bulletin Heretofore the theologtcal students had pursued their shulies ,vith the ~dvnn- ta gc of l he Library, and pu hlj c lee turcs of the College, and ,vi th such ad vice as they n1ight seek. Their superintendence had been the duty of no one. The president 1 the professor of Divinit~y- and professor of Hcbrc\v and Oriental languages no,v afford the instruction 1 ,vhich they can give consistently ,vith their pritnary ob ligations to the unclergr~du~tcs. Prof cssor \Villard nssjsrs them in the study of the I-Jcbre\,· scriptures._ The crilic~l interpretation of .the Cireek testan1cnt is pursued under Dr. v\~are; general references are furnished by the Professor, and the attention of the students js not confined to any text book. Th c P rcsid en t directs their inq niries on the pr inc ipa 1 subjects of natural ,and revealed re1igion.,by proposing questions for exan1ination1 ,·vfrh references to books to be consulted. As the sy~t~n1 adopted rcqui_rcs an easy access to n1any booksi the corporation have placed at th d r disposal th c duplicate 1"heo lo gi cal ,vorks of the coll cgc Jibraryr "fhese have been deposited in a rea~ing room, at all ti111csopen. Among these books a.re the follo,ving copies of th~ The London Polyg1ott, The I-Iebrc,v Hjble ,vith the l'vlassorah, The first volutne of ICennicott 1s I-Iebre,v Bjbic,. G rabes Septuagint, \,\Tetstcin's N c,v Tcsta1ncnt. There are seve:ralvalu- ab.le Concordances and T... cxicons; an1ong ,\ 1 hich arc Taylor~s and Buxtorrs I.Jeb re,v con corda nccsi Trorn 1ni us1 cone orda n ce for the Sep tu agi n tt and Stephens 1 for the Greek of the Ne,v Testan1ent~ llobert Stephens' Latin Thc- saurus1-Henry Stephens' Greek Thesaurus, Pagninu.s' Hebre"' ...fhesnurus, and Schindlers' Pcntaglntt Lexicon. There are many ,vorks on the interpretation of the s~ripturcs, so111cof ,vhich are 1·arely to be n1et ,vith in this country: such a._';ithose of Le CJere~ Grotius 1 Lightf oot 1 Poo]e, \1/ olfiusi the Fratrcs Poloni, Mede. The follo,vjng n1ay be a specjmen o~ other thcologjca.l ,vorks. Either the ,vholc or parts of the "'\vorksof Ilarro,v, C_hi1ling\vorth, Bishop Bnrrietr, Josephus, Bull, Arn11oius1 Ilochart 1 Le Long, Father Silnon, I-Ioadly1Lardner1 Sti] Hrigfl cet, Syk cs. Il csi d cs th c.sc ,v or ks, and or hers of a sin,ii a r n a t11re, the re are n1any good editions of the ,vorl{s of the fathers. The prhrjl1gcs [sjc] . of the graduates in the college Jibrary har·c not been Jir11inisl1cdby this arrangeJnent, but any books ,vhich are there may sti11 be lJorrov.·ed or consulted. This arran gcn1en t for the u sc of theological duplicates , vas not t l1 e first case of simi]ar disposal. As early as 1682. a 1ist ,vas dn1,vn up of ~double books/ largel}7 theologiq1.l,,vhich ,vere sold to the graduates of Theology teaching jn the College as F ello-\vs.2~ Though some under~ grad u a tcs and som c rcsi dent graduates a tte pted to .start th us their p ri- va tc libraries the desired books ,vere scarce and expensive}?~ Even the ' . -.~~For .some account of thh tn1nsa('.tion see rr1y article, tJJarvard College Library 1111d the Library of the A-1:ithers/ I'roceedings rJf tbr: A·nuritan Antiquarian So-cfoty n.s., L ( 1940 ), :2.1 f. 1!:", _r..1orjson,Hnrrvard in t/Je Seventeent,J Century, I, 151 ff. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) Religious Books at Har'Vard professors ,veicomed gifts for their own use. Thon1as Hollis of Lon~ don, the founder of the I-IoJlis Professorships of Divinit) 7 ( 1721) and Natural Philosophy ( 1 726)., and hin1sclf a generous donor of books to the Collcge1 jnitiated a different plan. Any'" books he s-ent, he ,vrotc in Junc 172 5j ,v hich ,fere already in the Library· but not o,vncd by· rhe Hollis Professor of Divinit3r ,vere to he kept jn the Profcssor 1.s CJoset, and descend to his successors in office. In 1772 this co]lcction nun1bered 74. l\1ost of thern are still extant, and since 1nore than half of these \Vere added before the fire of r 764 they constitute the collec- r • tion of books that has the longest continuous o,vnership in the Univer- sity. ?v1anyof thc1n had once been the actual library copies. They ,vere deposited in the Divinit) 7 School Library jn 1826 by· the then Ho11is Professor, I-Icnry·'~'arc. The present j11cnn1be11t identified 67 of them i11 the Ando vcr-1~arv ard Library in 1 9 36 and rcasscn1b 1cd th c1n. 2t l\.. century after the I-Io His foundation another theological professor's library \Vas initiated, ,:presented by Henry ,\Tare, Jr. from the proceeds of I cctures on Pal estin ct deli vercd by hi1n in Boston 1 8 2 7.' So say~ the special bookplate for the 'Library of the Professor of Pulpit Elo- quence etc. in llarvard University." A hand\vrittcn cata1ogucis extant dated 1842 ,vhen Henry ,,rare hi1nself \Vas succeeded by Convers Francis. It is described as 'A Catalogue of the Books belonging to the J..,ibraryof the Parkman Professor (of Pulpit Eloquence etc ..), to he transmitted by each incumbent to his success-or..' It includes 107 volumes and 2 pan1phlets.. i\-1any of these books arc today· jn the Andover-Harvard Library . . The group of ·dupJicatcssegregated for theological students in 1812 'in a reading roo1nt at all tin1cs open, - prcsun1ahl)7 in I,Iarvard I-Iall - had a 111uchshorter separate history~ as n1ight be expected. By 1824 the students co111pl2in:'l\1any of the n1ost va]uable of these dup1icatcs \Ve regret to say have been since sold." 2' Nor ,vou]d_ n1ere replenish~ n1cnt through ne.,v duplicates snflice. As early· as 15 February 182 2 President Kirk]and, replying to an inquiry of a possible donor as to \vhat ,vere the needs of the "fheological School, suggested, after n1cn- tioning a building and funds for niaintaining a Prof e~sor of Pastoral Theology and a Professor of Sacred and Ecclesiastical History., 'an an- nual fund for the purchase of books for the. theological library and See 1 J\1y Professor,s Closet,' Harvnrd AllnJJni Bulleti'l1,:XXX]X {1936), i96-30J~ :r. College Papers, X~ 85 n. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) 168 H ar-vardLibrary Bulletin also for students~' 28 Evidently textbooks ,ve~e a continuing problen1 ,vhcthcr kept in the library or o,vncd by the individual students. Ap- peals f ron1 the Theological li-aculty or .students included requests for capital advances frorn the Cullegeautl1oritics to permit the rcpubljshing of books~ In l\1arch 1820 there \Yas a req~cst for Gilbert ,, 1akefield's translation of the Ne,v Testan1cnr. The students declared: 'Tl1is ,vork is 2llo,ved h)7 all Biblical critics ~o he in n1any res11ectsthe best version of the Ne,v Testan1ent ,vhich is to be found in the English language, giving the sense of the or1ginal ,vith greater accuracy and neatness of expression than any other, but at the san1e tin1e preserving, as far as possible, that si111plicit)rand sole1nnity of phraseo]ogy ,vhich so n1uch attach us to our Con1n1on \T ersion.' 29 Their request ,vas in11nediately granted. Accordingly in the san1e year, the first Atnerican from the second l .. ondonedition lvas issued at 'C21nbridgc: Printed at the Uni- versity Press by Hilliard and l\1ctcalf. 1 T n 182 1 the Divinity F~cnlry~ according to their n1inutes,to asked the Corporation to finance the re- printing of '(;crard 1s Elen1ents'; in 182.3the san1c pnb]ishers jssucd the cfirst An1crjcanedition!, of the Institutesof Biblical Criticisnt,hy Gilbert Gerard (first edition F.dinburgh 1 1806). In 182. 5 $1,000 ,-vasreceived fron1 ~the Directors' for books to be sc1cctcd by the Faculty, and in 1827 the Fncnlty agreed on a circular letter soliciting aid for the library. Four ye~rs later the Corporation ,vas asked to set aside up to $1,500 for the library~ To .finance this the Faculty sLJggestcda library fee of $11 .oo per student, but the Corporation preferred instead of a separate f cc to ra isc the tcn11 bill for instruction~ rent, etc., f ro1n $ 1 7. 50 to $z 2..00. 31 Besides textbooks, \Yorksof refe:rcncc ,vere of urgent ncccs- sity-4 In 183 2 Dc~n Pnlfrcy's rc<.1uest1nentions the dictionaries of Stephanus and Force]lini., the concordance-s of Cruden and Schmid1 and particularly the Nc\V Tcstan1cnt of '~'etstein., ·,vhich he ca11s~a divinc's Coke upon Lytte]ton.,' _abook ,vhich is 'rare and ,vill never be reprinted.' .r:i'.! . In the n1can ti1nc Divinity Hall had been built in 1826 to supply do rn1i tor y., cl 1a p cl, co 1nn1 on s, etc .1 for th c st ad en ts in the de parttncn t, College P~pcrs, X, 12. . Co] cgcI Papc rs, IX, 36, The t'ffo sjgncrs on b cha lf of the students h car the f~miliar n'i:l.n1esof ltliot and. Peabody . .'.tJ Faculty 1\1inute Book for 1819--I)Zt in the Ando\.'er-Harvard archives. :u Colleg~ P1.pcrs-t2nd Ser., I\T., :20.:\-9 z50-i5r, Co!legc P~pcrS"t 2nd Ser. i \' i :z06. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) Religious Bookr at HarV(trd and thither the books had been transferred. But apparcntl) 7 the care of the building proved not entirely adequate for a valuable library. "\l\7hen in 1831 the janitor \Vas accused of dcstroy-ing the building the students testified in his behalf/ 3 yeti to their great indignation, the Corporation at this juncture re1noved the library to Harvard Hall, thus reuniting it ,vith the College Library4 In 1 832 the Dean of the Theological 17acultrt John G. Palfrey~ Ieferrcd to it as 'the late library· of Divinity Hall~" and asked that jt be restored to 'an apart1nent in Divinity Collcgc1 together ,vith other \vorks to ,,rhich it is necessary to refer frequently.~ This \Vas grantcd 1 provided the latter items \Vere duplicates and provided also the Dean should be rcsponsibl~ for the books -and a con1pctrnt person should be appointed to care for thc1n ,vithout expense to the University /~·1 The extant records of gifts and of purchases for the library begin in 1826. Gro,vth in general ,vas slo,v. 1"he librarianJs report for July 1852 sho",s only 3,495 books, but eight years later the total had gro,vn to over 13tooo~ Half of the increase in this period is to be credited to the gift in I 8 54 by the ,vido,v of the llcvcrcnd F'rancis Park1nun of nearly 700 volun1cs from his library/~ and to the purchase in 18 56 of about 4~000 books fro1n the library· of Professor G. C. F. Lucke of Gottingcn. The 1-a.tterevent 7 made possible th.rough the generosity· of Colonel Benjamin Loring, set once for all in the library the stand- ard of \vidc representation of Ger1nan theology. The cxan)plc of gifts or bequests fron1 the Faculty ,vas initiated in 1 864 by Convcrs Francis, for nvcnty years Parkn1an Professor of Pulpit Elogucncc.aG T',vo of his conten1poraries as students in the Divinity School became in turn Presidents of the Univcrsit) 7 , Jared Sparks and Jan1cs \~1alkcr, as did the later Divinity alun1nus Thomas 1-lill. To the last t\vo of 'these the library o,ves substantial co1lcctions of books. In spite of their resentment over the Corporation's rcn1oval of tl1e M See their Jetter to the Corporntion dated r 3 September ) 831 interceding for hi mt in Col lcgc P~ p(';r~:t1- ttd Ser., V • lo. A mung the rnem bers of the T heo1ogicn l School and occu pan ti; of Divinity Ha H signing the pa per one is surprised to find th c u n n1i"tfl k~ h]e sign[t tu re u f Ch:i r Jes Sumner; his biograph e:c.sc1 pp ~ar to be j gnora nt of any such soj J-CCollege Papers, lnd Ser~, ,r, 2.06, 204. l"'lrn t,;,\'O lists corresponding to the nvo categories are cxtfl.nt in the Ando\~cr-J-Janr~rd ~rdfr,,.Tes. l."j Accession Book I R28--63, pp. 9-30, •nthe Andover-Harvard archives. ti~ F rands g:.1Yeabout :2, 3oo ,:o] um es, 1i_i;tcd in a spec h.l ] eelg er in the Andov~ r- H arva rd arch i\-Tes. Th cy "T~rc c1r r:lngcd in a s:pcch1 ro on, c:a11 ed 'the Francis: Jibra.ry / Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) 170 Harvard Library Bulletin library 111 18 3 1., si the students a fe\v years later \vere ackno,vlcdging the gifts of books ,vith 2.n jntimacy not usual in library relations~ as., for exan1 p1 c, 37 vo Iun1 es rccc ivcd in 18 38 from the .i\1assac h usetts Anti-Slavery-Society. And in 1 840-41 they recorded that the librat) 7 had undergone a thorough cx111nination~a ne\v catalogue hr1d been pre- pared, a second roo1n had been ilddcd for the acco1nn1odation of books, and there had be-en severa] gifts of 1noneJ7 .ss Yet the Jihrary ren1~ine .n Student Records (manuscript) of the Divinity Schoo]! p. 4:;,, in the Andover~ Harvard :archives. Student Rcco rds, p. 97 (where the anti-slavery hoo l~s a re listed ) and p. 1 l 1 • Snl(knt Rccon.l~] p. , r 2. Cf. H.etJ(n·tof a Connnlttee of t!)e 0-versf?cr.r tr11dMe- inor-fol of tbe Corfmrdtion. on tbe H.elation.t bet-weent/Je Tbeolof!.ical Sr.boo! a11d tlie CoUege {Buston1 l85 i ). ~°F ort:,·-ScveutlJ A1nuud Rep9rt of tbe I're$idcnt of Harvard College. 1871-72 ( c~uubrh.lgc, [ S-73)t pp. 57:··59. Student R.cco rd s, pp. l 78, 408. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) Religious Books at Harvard Justin "Vi'insor,the CoHcgeLibrarian, reported on r Deccrribcr 1880: 'It has also been definitely·determined to transfer to Gore I-Iallfron1 Divjnity Hall a very considerable part of the library kept there, in order to jnsurc greater convenience of access, and din1inish the risk f ro1n fire."{~ About 1 ~ooo books ,vere so transferred in the follo,ving year; but the process did not Jong continue. In 1 87 3, the great Iloston fire of the y·car hefore ,vas mentioned as pointing up the need for ne,v· quarters.. The Student Records ref er on1inously to incipient fires in Divinity Hall in January 1873 and in Dane 1-iallin January I 881 .43 Dut it ,vas not until 188 5 that the corner- stone of the ne,v special bui] ding ,vas laid. Strikes delayed its co1nplc- tion until 1 8 8 7, and of co u rsc th c transfer of the books and pain phlc ts t no,v just about 20Jooo in all, took tirnc. The building, ,vhich minus its cross and plus son1e additions is today kno,vn as the Farlo,v I-Ier- bari11n1,1Yas erected just north of Divinity Hall -at a cost (inc]uding furnishings) of over $40,000. 1"'hemoney· ,vlth one or t,vo exceptions came fron1 Unitarian sources. Th~ ne,v huilding contained fireproof accon1modations for the library, a reading roon1, and lecture rooms .. President E1iot descrjbed it as 'a substanda], handson1e,~nd convenient building, ,vhich, ,vith Divinity· Hall, ,viii ans,ver a.Hits [ the Divinity SchoolJs] purposes for many years to come.' 44 lnlportant changes follo,vcd4 1 ...hc books ,vcrc ne\vly classified and arranged. Th cy ,vcrc rel 2 b clcd ,vi thin and , ,,..ith out, and ..finally ca ta- 1o g u ed on cards. A subject catalogue ,vns initiated, hut ,vhcn about nvo-thirds co111plctcd it ]anguished unfinished for n1any yea.rs. The use of the library had jncrcased at least three-fo]d ,vithin the first: year or t\vot and -0ftcn after,va.rds increased use is 1nentioned.. Professor Joseph H. Thayer gave a great deal of time and thought to the prob- lc111sof the library., and D. J. H. 1~'ard is spoken of as a competent librarian. This phrase in its modern sense probably could not have been used of his predecessors. 1--heyheld office for a short time~ n1ostly for one or t\VO years ,vhilc studc1its:H·iIn fact only in 1889 did the i:~ A11nu,1I Report.I of t1JeP.resldent and Treasurer of 1-larvard Coll,rge. 1879-80 ( Ca1nhr frlget l 8 So)~p. 109. '-'l Student Record~., pp. 3581 391. .,.Annual R~ports of th£~Pr,:sideut aud Treasur~r of I-!ar'i.JardCollege. 1886-87 (CamlJddgcj 1888 ), P~ 17. --~Except for J:.t1ncsJ cnnison 1 an older person, ,i,.·ho.served fro1n the auturnn of 1871 until his illness and death jn J Rnuary i 876. The Flt~ulty l\finutc Rook =.=i.ndthe Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) 17 2 Har·vard Library llulleti11 office fnll into co1itint-ious hands, those of Robert S,vain [\,!orison, \vho became librarian cn1critus at the age of seventy-one \vhen in 1908 the library ,vas 111crgcd,vith that of 1\ndovcr Scn1inar)T· l\1enn\vhilc the· School \vhich the library scr\"rcd\Vas evolving into a n1 ore ch arac tcr istic Divinity Schoo 1. I ts den 0111in a ti on~l Ii n1ita tion s ,vcrc abandoned.. It bcca1ne an undcnon1inational~ or as one ,vould say no,va days, an ecun1enica l institution. I ts fa cul t}7 included n1e1nh crs of different denon1inations :;tnd 1ayn1cn as ,veil as clergy.. It corre- sponded thus n1orc nearly· to the characteristics of a 1nodcrn university .. The degree of S.T.B . .\Vas given to gradu~.tes first in 1870. The cnr- riculun1 ,vas expanded in ccrt'8.in directions> especially to include the history of religions and social ethics. i\1any of its professors, 1ikc Joseph I-I. Thayer and Ezra Abbot, ,v-ere 'hook conscious,; from the libraries of e~ch of these after his death the ]ibrary received valuable selections. The first three of its four small endo,vn1e11tfunds for books date fro1n 1893 to 1 898. These changes ,verc reflected in the grov~rth of the library. ,~7hen it ,vas n1oved aga;n, 1n 19 r 1, the total of books and pamphle~ nun1beredabout 50,000. Student Recotds 1 Sllpplemented by the Dean's reports, cnlble us for the first titnc to co] lect and print il fairly f uH list of th csc incun1 b c nt~ heginning \Vith 1 8 39. N R1nes before 1850 ~nd for 1868--69 and r878-79 are derived fro1n the Faculty Minute Book - \\There th c a ppoj ntn1cn t is.usu~ 1]y ,, oted in the au tom n and the p8ymen t of safo.ry ($30 or $50 a year) in the .spring. Names in parenthese.s are derived from the Dean 1s report~. First na1ncs or initia]s and class years. 11:1ve been identified by 1neans of the General Catalogue of tbc Divinity Sc/Joo! of HtrrQard U11ive"rsity (Ca1nhridge, i 898, an.J Jatcr editions); 8 \V. C. Tenney, '4 I 1857-59 C. A. Cutler, 159 1 39-40 { Joseph Osgoodt '41 1859--6.r A. 1\1.I-Iaskcll,. i6J 1 t 8'40--41 Thomas Da \ves.,t 4 i. , 861--63 D .. 11. i\{ontgomcry 1 63 18'41-4:2 Frederick I--1inckley.t43 18 63-64 Calvin Stebbins! 6 5 1 S42-43 F.... B. ,villsun, 143 1 866--69 Il. F. 1\1cDanid, '69 1843-44 Edward C-apen~ 1 45 1869~71 N~ P. Giln1ant )71 l845~47 G. F. Cbrk 1 t46 1876--77 C. ,,.7.Christy 1 ~75 1847-48 Augustus: 1\'oodhury, t49 [ 877-78 · (Frederick lVleakin, ]78) 1 1848-49 A tnory R3ttlcs 1 j 50 tS78-8u C. Il. Elder, 80 1849-50 A ,fa.rnA ym; 15 1 1 87~80 ( C. J. Stap]es., '8 l ) 1 1 S-50--5:2R. 1). Burr" .,,i 1 880---S-,.C. J. Sta ples1 S 1 1851-53 C. S. Locke, t54 ) 88 2.-8 J A. ATBrooks, '84 1853-54 C. T, Canficl•J~t55 r883-84 (A. A. Brook$, '8'4) [854-55 G. P. Alkn! '55 I 883-85 H. L. '''heeler, i85 iB55-57 G. W. Bartlett~ 1 ;7 188j~87 i\1. C. \\lrjght, "87 Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) Religious Books at Harvard 1 7 3 III.. ANDOVER THEOLOGlCAI. SE!\1INAll.Y LIBRARY ' In a sense I--Iarvard,vas responsible for tl1e cstablishn1cnt of Andover Theological Setnin-ary n1ore so than for its o,vn Divinity School. The latter ,vas a rather slo,v and unintentional dcvc]op1ncnt. For a period of six years it \vas under the direct control of another body, the Society for the Prurnotion of Theological Education jn Harvard University~ and l::1.tcrfor thirteen years the Corporation attc111pted11n- succcssfu1ly·through the courts to unshou]der the rcsponsibilit)7 for the Theological School. It ,vas the appointrnent of a U nirarian, Henry \\ 7are, Jr, as Hol1is Professor of Divinity· at Har,rard in 1805 th-at led by ,vay of reaction· to the founding three years later of Andover Se1ninary. Clcrg)Tand men of means representing n1orc orthodox opinion of various shades, ,vho had long heen concerned inforn1allyfor opportunity· to provide theological -instruction 1nore to their liking, established then at An- dover, A1assachusetts,a sep~irate 2nd complete theological seminary, perhaps the first of its kind. · Fron1 the .start th~ Jibrary·of this jnstitution had an important role~ The ,viH of San1uel Abbot, one of the principal initial donors, pro- vided that 'a sun1 equal ro five-sixths of the jntcrcst of one thousand dollars ... be annually appropri-ated and fron1 tin1e to time applied1 to the prcservatjon and enlarge1nent of the Libn1ry ..t 46 This ,vas ac- cepted in r 808 and jn the same year a gift ,vas n1ade from three donors totaling $21 500 'for the purpose of furnishing a 1nrgeand ,vcll adapted Library for the use of the ~T'hcologicalInstitution in Andover.' 0 By the fol]o\ving y-_earn brick building containing (an apartn1cnt for a library' besides a chapel and t\venty-nine lodgjng roon1s \Vas presented to the Scminary.48 The early rules for the use of the library included the f ollo,ving: X. The stated ticne for loaning hooks to Students shall be from t\vo to four o' c] o ck of every Saturday a f tcrnoon in term time. XI. No student niay ha\rc on loan at one time more than three books .. XV. \Vhcn there shall be 1norc than one copy of the Sarne bonk 1 the least elegant shall be lent first .. tlJ Report of the Co}Jnllitte:eon Decdr of Gift and Donations-~ Tn,uee.r of PhiUips Acade111y (Andovcr 1 ,R56), pp. r 03 f. n Report of tln Connnittee,. p. r 12~ l!I Repo-rt of t be C 0111n1it te~.. p. J 16. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) 1 74 Harvard l,.,ibraryBulletin XVII.. The JJibra ry sha 1l be ,v cll :1.iredone d !l y in n "'"eeki if "'"c ath er p cnni t., nnd s,vept and dusted once a month • . _,.rn In contrast to these strict rulest only slightly 2nd slo,vly liberal- ized, the gro\vth of the library· ,vas in1pressive~ After thirty years~ it an1ounted to 12,000 vo]umcs_io .i\1uch of its n1orc recent gro\vth., up to this point, had con1e from the purchases 111adcin Gcrtn-a.ny in 182.6- 30 by Dr Ed,vard Robinson, the later ,vc11-kno,vn archaeologist1 ,vho not only taught at Andover before and after his Gern1an experience but ,vas himself one of its first Jibrarians .. ]rnportant acquisitions-after 1 840 included the theological port ion of the library· of John Codman of Dorchester (I-Iarvar~ 1 802), presented in 1847~ co1nprising about 1,250 vo]u1ncsi:n1any- of then1 ancient and jn handson1e · bindings; a collection of about 8,000 pan1phlets presented by the Reverend V\T.B~ Sprague of .1\lbany during the years 1 869 and 1870; lil and the library of the Berlin professor of church history_C" ,,,_ Nicdncr, consisting of about 71000 titles 1 purchased in 1866. In 1818, ,vhen a s·cparatcchapel ,vas built, jt included a hail for the library., and ju 1866 Brcchin I-Iall ,v~s erected as a separate libr::1ry building. The gro,vth of ~he library ma3rbe traced in the Accession Books/~ and statistically in the annual Catalogues of the Sen1in-ar.y·., . though the latter son1etimesrcn1aincd 11nrcviscd, as for exarnp1efrom r 85 I to 1866, ,vhen the total figure of 22,000 \Vas retained~ Library tota1s included the sp ccial libraries of the Purter Rh eto ri ca 1 Socicty and the Society of Inquiry (on missions). Fron1 1868 to 1878 the library is descrjbed as· nearly, about, or n1orc than 30,000 volumes. By 1883 it had passed the 40,000 1nark., h)7 1 894 the 50,000 mark, by 1908 (its hundredth year) the 60,000 mark. In 1886 an -extensiveand carefully scl cctcd ref ere nee ]i braf) 7 , vas op ened, ,vith 111u ch 111ore ava i 1- abl c access for the students. -4~ l.,.af;,1,.11of the Tlnological lustitution (Andover, 1811 ) 1 pp. 13 f. :i, Oliver A. Taylor~ Catalogue of tbe l~ibnrry of the T/Jeol. Se1ninary in {1.tido·11er, Afass. (Andover, 183 8). The first printed catalogu~~ for 1S 19, sho,,Ts a library kss th4ln one third the size. A supplerr1ent to the 1838 catalognc "'a~ issued jn 1849. -l~h cre \t'"aS a ca ta] ogue in ·1 83 o for the nvo :sociccics n1cntionccl be] O\V" , ~, Sprague is ·well kno\\'fl as the :luthor of A·nna!r of tl::JeA-nterican Pulpit. l\1any uf the ear Jie:st items in his \'a] u nbl~ co1lccti on on cc belonged to the Reverend John Barna rd of ~-ia rb] chead ( If arv~ rd 1 ; cw) • I ofor mat ion conc:erni ng the Cod m.1n and Spr;1gue collections n1a y he found in a nlen1oran du rn in the handwriting of Wi iiiam L. Ropes in the at·chi\-'CSof Andover Newton Thco]ogical Seminary·~ Ii:! In the A ndovcr-1-Jarvard archive~. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) Religious Books at llar·vard 1 75 '"fherc ,vcrc several reasons ,vhy this library ·fared better than its opposite number in Cn1nbridge. From its. beginning it h-ad more assured and independent existence. It could not rely on any adjacent general library. From the first it purchased books regularly, r;.~ instead of relying on duplicates or gifts.~4 T,vo years after the 18 3 8 catalogue of Andovcr,s library sho,vcd 12,000 vo]umes the spccia1 library of the Harvard Thcologica] School numbered about 700. rJtj Also from the first the Andover library had a much larger clicntele of users. For cxa1nplc,in the year 1823., ,vhen the theological students at Harvard ,vcrc given as 3 2., the students at Andover jn the three regular c1asscs ,vcrc 13 2, n1ore than four tin1cs 11sn1any·.1J_o At Andover the books also enjoyed better housing (ns seen abov·e) and care. Bct\vcen 1808 and 193 5 seven n1cn of 1naturity served as librarianst thus providing continuous and sat isf actor y attention. 6 7 1~hc n a1ncs and terms of thrc c deserve special 1ncntion: Samuel l(arrar 1 808-30 and 18 33-44, ,~ 1il- 1ian1L. Ropes 1866-1905, and O,vcn 11. Gates 1905-36. I\'. ANDOVER-HARVARD THEOLOGICAL I.JlllllARY The reasons \vhich led the t\VO rival schoo]s aft~r about a century to enter jnto affiliation in 1908 need not here be rehearsed. The p]an of affiliation from the first conten1plutcd the union of the t\VO libraries, and in 1910 tcr1ns of agreen1ent,vcre adopted by ,vhich they ,vere to re This is cn1phasj z.e d in the account of the Jibrary pub lishcd a century ago j n llibliotbeca Snc.,-a,VII (Andovert 1850), 181-183. It \Vas there reported th~t ~The ] l,rai ry has ordecc d a col l 1808-1908 (Boston, I 909), p. 2 71 gi,·es the list to u;o8~ Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) Hnrvard Library Hulletiu be housed in one building an fi{ ty readcrs 1 and a fire proof stack for about 200,000 vol un1e.s., capable of jndefinite en]argcn1cnt~'~s 1-.he Andover Trustees erected in 1910- 1911 the building no,v kno\vn as Andover I-Iall, the southern end of ,vhich f ul.fi.11sthe specifications above n1entioned unless it be that of capacity 'for indefinite enlargcn1cnt." First the Andover and then the Harvard books ,vere installed1 and for several years the reclassifying and c2taloguing of the ,vhnle continued before it ,vas relatively com- plete .. The 'plan of closer -affili~tionof Andover Theological Seminary \Vith Harvard University for the purpose of forniing a single theolog- ical school, adopted jn 192 2 naturally did 11othingto ,yeaken the unit) 7 of the joint Jibrary.. l~he ne,v. school ,vas kno,vn as the Theological School in 1-iarvard Univcrsit)r, and the Divinit~V Library building \Vas vacated. Al n1os t inun c d iatel y rad ica 1 devcl o pmc nts occur red: the challenge of the affiliation and its uissolution by the courtst and the closing of Andover Theological Scn1inaryand its subse.qucnt affilia- tion ,vjth the Ne,vton Theological Institution to forn1 the Andov~r .Nc,vton Theological School at Ne,vton Center, l\1assachusetts. All this took pince bet\vecn r926 and 193 r, but the library ,v-as not affected. The t\VO cooperating bodies, the Andover Trustees and the Corporation of Harvard University, recognized the value of 1n~intain- ing the joint library as a research. and reference center in Can1bridgc .in conjunction ,vith the Harvard University· Library· .. The Theological School carried on alone as a r;,11Funds ,n1d St(ttutes of A~2dover T!Jeologic(1l Sen1inary, First Supplen1ent 1 Jnn- tmry 19:13(Boston~ 192 3)~ pp. 94a.--94d. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) Religious Books at Hnrvnrd 1 77 and to the liar 1vnrd Di-vhzityScbool Bulletin. established in 1936. \ 7al- \utble collections can1c from three for111crrncn1hers of the F~culty· upon their death: '''illian1 R .. Arnold ( 1929) J~n1cs H~ Ropes ( r 93 3), and Francis G. Peabody ( 1936) .. \\Then the t\vo libraries ,vere joined in 1911, the books~ apart fron1 pan1phlets, ,vcrc counted as just about 100,000, of \vhich about 6 2 per cent belonged to Andover and 3 8 per cent to 1-Iarvar ph]ets) about 1 501000 voln111csahnost equally·divided bcnvccn the t,vo o,vnerships.. Certain special collections have not been incorporated in the library, but have been kept as indi,Tidualunits, separatel)r shelved. ~l~hcscinclude the Sprague collection of pa.tnphtcts and the Codman co11cction from the Andover library; ~s another gift to Andover, n1ade in 188 5, of more than 3oo volu1ncsby the ,vido,v of John C ..Phillips; and the library of Professor Peabody, just mentioned. Bound volu1ncs of pan1phlctshave not been broken up. In recent years~the relation bet\veen the Andover-Harvard Library and the U nivcrsity J_..jibrary has beco111eincreasingly close.. Buying is done ,vith a vic,v to assuring the presence in one of the University libraries of every in1portant book in the field, ,·vhilc unnecessary dupli- cation of purchases is generally avoided.. Thus ,~lidener Library is responsible for hooks on liturgy and on Ron1an Catholicisn1, for Judaica after the Biblical period and for other non-Christian religions and for the non-Biblical Semitic languages.. Religious books of special bibliographical jnrcrcst are naturally the concern of the IIoughton Li- brary. The Andover-Harvard Library continues to emphasize the Bible ,vith its ancient texts, co1nmcntarics 1 criticism, and antiquities. It strengthens its huh.lingsin texts of the Fathers, and ~ssumes respon- sibility in the field of Church l1istor)T for boo"ks on Ne\v England types of P ~otcstan dsrn and on the ecun1e nical n1ovc1nen t. As fron1 the car1iest da)7 S! there has been son1e transfer of books to and f rotn the College Library. The integration of the Andover-I-Iar- vard Library into the total UnivcrsigT systcn1 js facilitated by the 1nainccnanccof a union catalogue for all libraries in \\iidener Librat} 7 and by the inclusion jn the card catalogue at Andover of cards of re- l ig j ous books at \ Vi dener. The the o1 o g ical ]i h rar y is 11s cd extcnsivcl y hy faculty, students~ and librarians in other departn1ents of the Uni- versity·, ,vhilc those \vho prin1arily use the theological library find great Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) I-lar·vardLibrar1~ Bulletin satisfaction in the concurrent proximity· of the other University col- lections. l..(essthan one third of the registered borro,vers at Andover I~JaUare Divinity School students. Y ct the use of the library by the students in Divinity and in the I-Iistor) 7 and Phi]osoph}r of lleligion has increased even in higher proportion than the increase in the num- ber of stud en ts. The quarters planned in 1 908 have proved convenient :andsatisfac- tory, and only in .some respects arc no\v outgJo\vti.. The complete filling of the shelvjng js in sight. Some space has been obtained by dis- posal of d uplicatcs. So1nc of the secular n1aterial,necessary for the Andover Seminary ,vhen it ,vas in a sniall to,vn but not needed in a departmental librdry ,vithin the shado,,r "ofa university, has also been disposed of. l 1'or u library nine-tenths theological usunl cJassifications\Vere re- garded as not entjrely adequate \vhcn the union took place nearly half a century ago+ Upon the llcvcrcnd O,ven Ii. Gates> ,~rho had been Assi~tant and then Libr~rian in the Andover 1...-ibrarysince I 903, fell r the charge of the joint library. "\~1ith great insight nnd pains he ,vorkcd out a modification of the systcn1s then available - especially the Cutter Expansive Cl assifica ti on. l""'hcLibr::i. ry of Congress system, though then not yet completed, ,vas also partly adopted~ The result- ing sy'"sten1is in son1c respects unique., hut one ,,rho had ,vorkcd ,vith it subsequently for several years found jr 'intelligent, scholarly and usable ..) uo This ,vas Dr Jannette E. Ne,vhall~ no,v at the Boston Uni- versity School of Theology as an Assistant Professor of Research l\1ethods. To her labors over a decade ( 193 9-49), 1nuch of them car- ried on ahnost single-handcdt added to those of D~ Gatcst ,vho retired in 1936, the Andover-Harvard Librar}r o,ves a great dca1 of its present efficiency· and cffcctivcness. · The Andovcr-I-1-a.rvardLibrary differs from the other units jn the University~Library systen1 in that it is not completely under the Direc- tor of the University· !,.library+Because of its dual composition and u\vncrship it is under a l...ribrar)7 Counci], part selected on 1101nination of the Andover Fac.:u1t)7 by the Trustees of Andover Theological Scn1inary·,.\vho still exist as a corporation, and part representing I-Iar- vard Univcrsit) 7 - The Andover Ncv{ton Theological School· hus naturally cert-a.in privileges in connection ,vith the Andover part of o::i Jannette E. Ne,vh~U, A Jllanu~l for Chis.sifiers in the Andover Harvnrd Thco- logica l Library (in 1nanu script, 1944)., p. 15. Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) Religious Books at Harvard 1 79 the coH~ction and Irlgrv~rdUniversity \Vithits p2rt. Ov?ing to the absence of 1nuch gr2duate ins~ruction at Nc,vton, and partjcularJy be- cause of its~ loc~tion in Canlbridgc, the Library's connection ,vith 1-Iarvard is 1nore i11tin1ate,and it enjoys 111-anyof the advantages that accrue to any regular n1en1ber of tl1e University ]~ibrarJr systcn1. The contents of the ]ibrary arc toda)r not easy to describe or eval- uate. In spite of the some,vhat haphazard gro,vth and unforeseen a1nalgamation the older libraries provided a not unhornogeneous col- ]ection. Of ten they cxgctly· dovetailed. \l\ 7here they overlapped the "--orks ,vcre itnportant enough to justif)r the retention of t\vo copies., a fcatur~ of the lihr'tlry 1nuch appreciated by 1nany.. users. Andover Scn1inary fron1 the first required fron1 its professors subscription to a rernarkably strict creed, \'vhilc by its constitution of 1816 the Harvard school decreed that 'no assent to the peculiarities of an)T denon1inatio11 of Christians be required ~ithcr of the Students or Professors or In- structors.' Bet\vccn the t\YO ahnost everything n1ight be covered, and neither ·librar)T scc111sconsciously· to have required any test of ortho- doxy in the authors represented on its shc]vcs. Even ,vhcn higher criti- cism ,vas suspect the Andover defenders of tradition thought it best to kno\v ,vhat ,vas being ,vrittcn on the other side. I ha\;e found not a. single evidence of censorship of theological book.s throughout the long history· here revie,vcd., No,v at ]east both trinitarian and unitaria11 theology arc fully repre- sented in the joint library .. It is an unexcellcd collection fro1n ,vhich to study the devclopn1cnt from all sides of ,vhat is called Ne,v England tl1c0Iogydu,vn to the n1ost ephen1era1expressions jn sern1ons and pam- phlets. But in 1nany. of the ,vidcr reaches of historical th~ology its . · holdings are to say the least adequate, ,vhi]e the areas of strength al- ready hinted in the story of the t\VO constituent libraries continue in their l1yphenatcd successor. Tl1ese includc Biblica1criticism, patris- tics, and (ecumenics' i11 the several n1odcrn Janguages, theology since · tl1e Reforrnarjon~ an~ English and An1crican Christian biography. llc- ]igious periodicals have accumulated in long sctsl ,vhich research schol- ars find of great value. In nearl)Tevery· branch of religious knolvlcdge the Andover-Harvard 1---ibrary·has some significant and unexpected resources. On the other hand, certain subjects like 1nissions and rc]igiou.s edu- cation have dclibcratel y been VCf)T n1odcsrly represented. For n1uch of dcno1nin11tion2lhistory the Col]cgc Library and the denominational Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) I 80 Harvard Library B11lleti11 libraries in the neighborhood have been counted on co carry the bur- den. fu in jnstitutional libraries generally rnuch has dcpcn~cd on the cncr.6ry-and vigi1ancc of faculty members ,vho in one generation strcng then the 1ib rary in on c field and in another gen era ti on 111an- o th cr. The f2cu1ty lists of the nvo schools for the last century and a haIf incl l1de so1nc of th c 1nost alcrt conn ois.seurs of thco 1o g ical 1earn- ing in several depa.rtn1ents~ Today the expert need only peruse the she Ives in the stacks to see the resnlts. The Andover~I-Iarvard Library is not the largest theological library jn Aruerica, though it is the largest in Ne,v F.ng]and. Bibliographically . and historically- its resources have been little cxploitcdl as one discovers ,vho tries to report its history and contents. Its resources in conjunc- tion ,vith the University setting rnake it an ideal center for research. It is not easily to be detached fro111the ,, 1 hole University· system of libraries~ in \Vhich it represents the 1itcratu re of a 1najor interest of 1unn an ity. Under ny ci rcun1sta nces th csc rcsources n1ust b c p rcserve d -and increased~ Its invaluable files of periodicals must not lapser Its coJlections ,vill lose value 11nlcsslike is nddcd to like: 'to him that hath shall be given.' U ~-abicncss, ho,vcvcr, is not the only criterion of val uc. Use is another. J\nd the use of a library depends on its having attached to it a group of students and facnlt} 7 ,vho share its interests. For this reason each generation 111cets a nc,v responsibility that is not li1nitcd to the Jibrar)r alonct unless a gcncra.tio·n con1cs along to diso,vn the tradi- tions of the pasL At Harv8rd it ,vould be to reject the stone \V hich the builders n1adc the head of the corner, if the University decided that so far us it ,vas concerned it no longer dreaded 'to ]cave an illiternte n1inistry to the c:;hurchcs/ or per1nitte Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951) List of Contribtttors l\1. A. DF.lVoLFE Ho,vE 1 Boston, 1\1.assachusctts G~ W~ Col'llIBLL~ JR~Editor in the Harv·ard University Library 1-IENRY ]. CADBURY., l{ollis Professor of Dh 1 inity- nnd Dexter J_,ecurrer on Bib] ica l Li tcra tu re-. I-I ar~la rd Uni vcrsi qr, and D j rec tor of the Ando vcr- I-1a rva rd 1 ·heo lo gj cal J.,ib raty CAROLI::iE ~OBBIN~ 1 Professor o~ I&Iistory,Bryn i\.ia,vr College PHILIP I-ioFER,L~cturcr on Fine Arts, Curator of Printing and Graphic Arts in the CoHcgc Library, and Sccren~ry of the Ul'Hli:arnHayes l~"ogg Art -~'i uscun1 j Harvard University K:r,vEsD~ lVIETCALF~Professor of Bib]iogra.phy, Director of the 1-Iarvard Uni- versj ty Library. and Li bra.rian of I-'iarvard Co llcgc ~~n,v1N }:~ \\ 11LI.TA~1~1 Chief of the Accpiisition Depattn1ent of the 1-Inrvard Co I legc Library ~- E. GALLA1'JN~ ~e,v: "\'"ork Ciqr L. i\1. OL1v·ER,AssishHlt to the Librarian jn the Hnughton Library, I·Iarvard University \\Tr GT CoNSTAU.LE, Curator of Paintings! i\1useum of line Arts, Boston RoDNF.Y AL IlAlNJ.\ Associate Professor of EngJi.,h,University of Richmond CARL R.. Wooon1NG, Instructor jn EngJish, University uf \Viscunsin RonERT \\'. T~OVF.TT, H c~ulof the iV1anuscri pt Divis1on 1 Baker Library, Harvard University Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume V, Number 2 (Spring 1951)