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Home , Oil shale industry, Oil shale reserves, Raw material

USING AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND POTENTIALITY OF by Abdurrahman Murat

open-pit, conventional underground WHAT IS OIL SHALE or by in-situ methods. Oil shales have a wide range of organic content and oil yield. Com- mercial grades of oil shale, as determined by Oil shale is commonly defined as a fine- their yield, ranges from about 100 grained containing organ- to 200 liters per metric ton (l/t) of rock. The ic matter () that yields substantial U.S. Geological Survey has used a lower lim- amounts of oil and combustible gas upon it of about 42 lt/ton for classification of fed- destructive distillation (retorting). Most of eral oil-shale lands. the organic matter is insoluble in ordinary organic solvents; therefore, it is decomposed by heating to release such materials. What USES, RESERVES AND STA- derives the importance of oil shale to pro- TUS OF OIL SHALE IN “What derives the im- duce energy including combustible gas and a number of procured products is how eco- WORLD portance of oil shale nomic it can be recovered.

to produce energy Oil shale researches that fired up the energy including combustible Deposits of oil shale having economic po- sector during the crisis experienced all over tential are generally those that are at or near the world draw a sinusoidal curve. First re- gas and a number of enough to the surface to be developed by searchers of the oil shale started producing procured products is how economic it can be recovered.”

Figure 1: A display of oil shale rock samples.

ENERGY POLICY TURKEY Page 104 shale oil and reached the maximum level in THERMAL POWER PLANTS the 1800s, but the production declined in 1859 upon the discovery of raw oil. In , fluidized-bed has been tested in the Lurgi’s . with Oil shale studies that gained importance high content and oil shales with car- again during (1915) entered bonate have been burned. In , the en- the recession period with the discovery of ergy has been produced in a power plant of “ uses of new oil fields in the coming years and shale 12 MW. In , the feasibility studies of oil produced from oil shales gathered all at- oil shale-based power plant and also in Mo- oil shale is in Bra- tentions on it once again during the World rocco, the laboratory and pilot power plant zil, , War II years (1940-1945), but production studies have been completed. Oil shale pro- works of shale oil have been suspended with duction in Estonia began in 1916 and the and to some extent the start of the stabilization period on the oil annual output reached 41 million tons in in , Israel, after the war. 1980. Oil shale with type is used in Estonia in order to produce electricity, gas, and . Several liquefied and other chemical additional countries The crisis occurring in oil production in the products. Also residual shale is used as a raw 1970s and the increases encountered material of high quality in Estonia, started assessing after this crisis have been caused shale oil Germany, and China. production to become the main topic of the their reserves or had agenda and these developments have given built experimental acceleration to the research activities. COUNTRIES RESERVES production plants, (Million tons) while others had USES OF OIL SHALE: USA 3,340,000 phased out their oil 32,400 UTILIZATION OF THE SHALE shale industry.” OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION BRASIL 9,646

ISRAEL 15,360 Shale oil production from oil shales is carried out by means of making the pyrolysis in the THE REP. OF 73 places where oil shales are available (in-situ) SOUTH AFRICA or after oil shales are extracted from the place where they become available (ex-situ) subse- JORDAN 40,000 quently during mining activities. Industry 12,200 uses of oil shale is in , China, Estonia and to some extent in Germany, Israel, and 18,668 Russia. Several additional countries started assessing their reserves or had built experi- TURKEY 1,641 mental production plants, while others had phased out their . Oil shale 6 serves for oil production in Estonia, Brazil, and China; In 1920s, in , ESTONIA 1,500 Province, China, shale oil indus¬try was set 2,674 up. The Fushun-type retort, combined with pyrolysis and gasifi¬cation sections was de- veloped. Figure 2: The of oil shale re- serves all over the world. UTILIZATION AS SOLID FUEL IN

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“In the system es- tablished in Dottern- hausen in Germany and called as “Rohr- bach Process”, elec- tric energy is gener- ated by burning the oil shale and residual shale is used as raw material of cement.” Figure 3: The distribution of oil equivalent reserves of oil shale all over the world.

in Figure 2 and 3. Apart from these, oil shales are used with success as and soil stabilizer after various operations are carried out and also When reserve distribution of poten- they are used in the neutralization of acidic tial shale oil that can be produced from oil soils since 1964. shale reserves in the world is examined, it is seen that is ranked as the first with total 4.9 trillion barrel reserves and Tur- The residual oil shale is produced more than key is ranked as the last with 1.985 million 11 million tons every year by means of burn- barrel reserves. Commercial production of ing Kukersite in the Baltic basin. A portion shale oil is occurring in Estonia, China and “70% of oil shale of produced residual oil shale is evaluated as Brazil. production in the raw material in the industry and its remainder is destroyed by methods world is carried out in that will not harm the environment. STATUS IN ESTONIA Estonia. Estonia has In the system established in Dotternhausen approximately 100 in Germany and called as “Rohrbach Pro- 70% of oil shale production in the world is years of cess”, electric energy is generated by burning carried out in Estonia. Estonia has approxi- the oil shale and residual shale is used as raw mately 100 years of business experience and experience and 30 material of cement. In this way, the oil shale 30 years of commercial experience. Oil shale years of commercial is both used as raw material of energy and ce- is Estonia’s most important energy source ment is produced by using the residual shale. and 93% (550 TWh / year) of the electric experience.” used in the country is produced from two Also, the precious metallic components (va- thermal power plants that are fired with oil nadium, , etc.) are obtained from shale (2,800 MW). residual shales in the same complex. The distribution of all over the world and oil equivalent reserves are shown Enefit Company, which is a government agency, has performed the oil shale mining

ENERGY POLICY TURKEY Page 106 USING OIL SHALE AS AN ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND POTENTIALITY OF TURKEY

Figure 4: Model pictures belonging to Enefit280 shale oil production facilities.

“Enefit280 facility has planned to produce 290,000 tons / year (1.8 mil. bbl / year) shale oil in a year by using 2.3 mil. tons Figure 5: A view of oil shale-fired power plants in Enefit-. oil shale. In addition, activities and produced the shale oil through Estonia has carried out the shale oil produc- 280 GWh of elec- superficial retorting method by means of tion in Enefit140 facilities until today. A new tricity production will using vertical and horizontal integrated sys- and important project of Enefit Company is tems in Estonia and also it has carried out Enefit280 facility that will with an op- be carried out in the the electric production in significant quan- erating life of 30 years. same facility.” tities by burning the oil shale in the thermal power plants and has exported the electricity Enefit280 facility has planned to produce produced to the Baltic Region and Finland. 290,000 tons / year (1.8 mil. bbl / year) shale oil in a year by using 2.3 mil. tons oil shale. Enefit Company has produced approxi- In addition, 280 GWh of electricity produc- mately 1 billion ton oil shale together with tion will be carried out in the same facility. 3300 workers employed in a field of 12,000 The total cost of the investment is approxi- hectares in 2 open pits and 2 underground mately EUR 240 million. Also average cost mines until today. Supplying almost all of of oil shale production is 14 EUR/ton. 1 electrical demand of Estonia, Enefit Compa- MW of electricity generation costs 45 EUR. ny has carried out the shale oil production more than 200 million barrels as a result of retorting process ongoing during a time ex- Oil shale industry was established in Estonian ceeding 30 years. The retorting plant called in 1918. 2/3 of oil shale reserve with total 1.5 as Enefit140 is already an active plant even billion tons capacity of Narva open pit was today. Also second plant Enefit280 has start- used and it is estimated that approximately ed the trial productions. 500 million ton of reserves are still available.

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Overburden thickness in open pit mines is ing the Guchengzi Formation is the Eocene averagely 30 meters while average thickness Jijuntun Formation that consists of oil shale of oil shale seam is 2.8 meters. There are oil of lacustrine origin. shale seams in various thicknesses under this seam and their intercalations are generally composed of . Production is car- The oil yield of the oil shale ranges from “In Chına, The first ried out by dragline + trucks. The oil shale about 4.7 to 16 percent by weight of the industry provides employment opportunities rock, and the mined shale averages 7 to 8 commercial pro- for 10,000 people in the country. percent (~78-89 lt/ton) oil. at duction of shale oil Fushun began in 1901. For the first 10 to 15 years of mining coal at Fushun, oil shale After Estonia has obtained the shale oil and began at Fushun in was discarded due to the overburden. Pro- electricity production from oil shale, it elim- duction of oil shale began in 1926 under the 1930 with the con- inates the ash by using it in different areas Japanese and peaked in the early 1970s with in order to reduce the environmental ef- struction of “Refin- about 60 million tons of oil shale mined an- fects of remaining ash. The ash used in im- nually, then dropped to about 8 million tons ery No. 1, this was portant cement factories can be used in the in 1978. This reduction was partly due to in- brick-making at the rate of 20-30% as well. followed by Refinery creased discovery and production of cheaper Oil shale ash is used in the blocks crude oil within China. No. 2,” which began attention due to its light feature that is used in construction through autoclave production in 1954, (pressure vessel) method by means of adding In 2002, Fushun shale oil plant produced and a third facility to cement and dry mixes. about 90,000 tons shale oil. In the case of Fushun type retort, for producing 1 ton shale that began producing oil, 33 tons oil shale are consumed (Fischer shale oil at Maoming STATUS IN CHINA oil yield about 6 %). As the oil shale min- ing cost is no more than 10 yuan RMB per in 1963.” In China, oil shale deposits are widespread in ton (as a by-product of coal mining), the oil many regions, the proved re¬serves amount shale feed cost for producing 1 ton shale oil to about 32 billion tons presenting a potential accounts for about 330 yuan RMB. Addition energy source. In Chına, The first commer- of the production cost (manpower, electric- cial production of shale oil began at Fushun ity, steam, mainte¬nance, etc.), 750 yuan in 1930 with the construction of “Refinery RMB per ton shale oil, gives about 1000 No. 1, this was followed by Refinery No. yuan RMB for the total cost. Shale oil is sold 2,” which began production in 1954, and a as at the cost 1500 yuan RMB/ton, third facility that began producing shale oil and so the plant gains the benefit for 1 ton at Maoming in 1963. A new plant for retort- shale oil about 500 yuan RMB, that makes ing oil shale was constructed at Fushun, with 45 million yuan RMB per year. Due to the production beginning in 1992. 90 Fushun good economic situation, Fushun shale oil type retorts, each having a capacity of 100 plant is now planning to double its produc- tons of oil shale per day, produce 90,000 tion capacity, and is seek¬ing for advanced tons of shale oil per year at Fushun (J. Qıan and elaborated technology with larger re- and J. Wang, s., 2002). torts. At present, besides the oil shale com- bustion plant, Huadian plans to build shale oil plant with the annual processing capacity The Fushun oil shale and coal deposit of Eo- of 1,500,000 tons oil shale (5,000 tons oil cene age is located in Northeastern China shale daily). just South of the town of Fushun in Liaoning Province. In this area, subbituminous to bi- tuminous coal, carbonaceous mudstone and Harbin Gas and Chemical Company, in shale compose the Guchengzi Formation of Province, a com¬pany dealing Eocene age. In the West Open Pit coal mine with gasification of Yilan brown coal for pro- near Fushun, 6 coal beds are present. Overly- ducing town gas for Harbin City, is also

ENERGY POLICY TURKEY Page 108 USING OIL SHALE AS AN ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND POTENTIALITY OF TURKEY

OIL SHALE SONG- FUSHUN HUADIAN LONGKOW YILAN YASAN

Province Liaoning Heilongjiang Age Tertiary

Burial Coexists with coal Oil shale Coexists with coal

Condition Open pit mining Underground Underground Open pit mining mining mining

Recoverable reserves 2,000 200 40 10 20 (million tons)

Table 1: Properties and Reserves of China oil shales.

OIL SHALE INDICES “Longkow Coal FUSHUN HUADIAN LONGKOW YILAN Mining Company in Fischer Assay, % (dry basis) Shandong Province, 4.00 13.10 13.40 7.20 Shale oil 7.93 16.15 14.40 7.98 producing brown Char 84.80 64.30 66.70 80.39 coal for more than Gas + losses 3.07 6.45 5.50 4.43 Proximate analysis, % (dry basis) twenty years already, Water 2. 70 8.49 9.39 3.74 Ash 73.82 49.77 50.92 58.46 also plans to mine its Volatile matter 20.13 37.37 39.00 23.32 by¬product - oil shale Fixed carbon 3.35 4.37 14.48 Elemental analysis, % (dry basis) for producing shale Oil shale kerogen composition: C 79.07 76.94 73.41 77.38 oil (2,500 tons oil H 9.93 10.54 8.28 6.38 shale daily).” O 7.02 8.77 14.73 12.26 N 2.12 1.21 1.05 2.02 S 1.86 2.54 2.53 1.96 H/C mole ratio 1.51 1.64 1.35 0.99

Table 2: Chemical Properties of Chinese Oil Shale. now intended to utilize their coal mining producing brown coal for more than twenty by-product oil shale for retorting to produce years already, also plans to mine its by¬prod- shale oil (1,000 tons oil shale daily). Song Ya uct - oil shale for producing shale oil (2,500 San Coal Mining Company in Heilongjiang tons oil shale daily). At the end of 2008, the Province is a large coal mining company with company operated the largest oil shale plant yearly production of 10 million tons coal, in the world consisting eleven retorting units also plans to develop the oil shale business with 20 retorts in each unit, total 220 sets of (1,000 tons oil shale daily). Longkow Coal Fushun type retort. Annual oil shale process- Mining Company in Shandong Province, ing capacity is designed to be 11 million tons

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“In 2006, Jordan of oil shale, and annual shale oil yields to be are minor; solid fossil fuels are the primary 2,075,000 barrels. potential energy . These resources assigned fields for 4 include a wide variety of bituminous coal, different foreign com- , oil shale, asphaltite, and depos- Feasibility studies indicate that due to rel- its and vary in reserve quality and physical panies (Shell, Enefit, atively low mining costs (as a by¬product characteristics. Petrobras, Incosin) of coal mining) commercial production of Fushun and Yilan oil shales is profitable, for the purpose of in spite of low Fischer Assay oil yield (only Oil shale comprises the second largest po- tential in Turkey after lignite. techno-economic about 7.9 %). As for Huadian and Longkow oil shales, in spite of much higher mining The main oil shale resources are located in report preparation in costs, their commercial production will also the middle and western regions of . The amount of proved explored reserves is order to bring the oil be profitable as their Fischer Assay oil yield is high. Certainly, it is important to utilize around 1,641,381 tons (Table 1). Among shale resources in advanced and elaborated retorting technol- the potential resources Beypazari, Seyi- tomer, Himmetoglu and Hatildag deposits Attarat and El Lajun ogies at these shale oil plants. The world’s increasing need in the liquid fuel stimulate are of major importance in terms of quality, region into the econ- shale oil production in China. More oil shale amount and exploitability which constitute around 50% of the total oil shale potential of omy.” retorting plants for producing shale oil will be built. Turkey. Other potentially important resourc- es are in Mengen (Bolu), Ulukisla (Nigde), Bahçecik (İzmit), Burhaniye (Balikesir), Bey- STATUS IN JORDAN dili (Ankara), Dodurga (Çorum) and Çeltek (Amasya).

The Jordanian government still maintains its Lacustrine oil-shale deposits of Paleocene investment activities for the establishment of to Eocene age and of late Miocene age are new production facilities to evaluate oil shale widely distributed in the middle and western resources. Anatolia in western Turkey. The host rocks are marlstone and claystone in which the or- ganic matter is finely dispersed. Data on the In 2006, Jordan assigned fields for 4 different oil shale resources are sparse because only a foreign companies (Shell, Enefit, Petrobras, few of the deposits have been investigated. Incosin) for the purpose of techno-econom- The oil shale resources of Turkey might be ic report preparation in order to bring the larger, but further studies are required before oil shale resources in Attarat and El Lajun reliable resource estimates can be made. On region into the economy. Estonia-Enefit “Lacustrine oil-shale the basis of available data, total resources of Company, one of the companies mentioned in-situ oil shale for eight Turkish deposits are deposits of Pale- above, and Near East Investment Company estimated at about 2.0 billion bbls (Dyni, established by the of Malaysian ocene to Eocene age 2005). government has started their works and they and of late Miocene have planned to begin to the electricity gen- age are widely dis- eration through oil shale-fired thermal power Oil shale studies in Turkey have begun with plant with 2X230 MWe installed capacity in the establishment of the Instıtute of Miner- tributed in the middle 2017. al Research and Exploratıon (MTA) and the first studies in our country have been started and western Anatolia in order to carry out the shale oil production in western Turkey.” RESERVES, USES AND STA- along with the world’s. Oil shale exploration TUS OF OIL SHALE IN TUR- activities intensified in the 1970s; geological KEY map of 1/25,000 scale for 1,370 km2 area and 1/10,000 scale for 561 km2 area that will have potential power in the future has The oil and reserves in Turkey been prepared. 89 split type drillings and 42

ENERGY POLICY TURKEY Page 110 USING OIL SHALE AS AN ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND POTENTIALITY OF TURKEY drilling activities with total depth of 4,870 ing (fluidized bed, CFB) have m, have been performed throughout the demonstrated that oil shale located on lignite researches as the prospecting works. Apart in Seyitomer field may be burned with lig- from these drillings; 204 drilling activities, nite. In tests carried out in a pilot power plant total depth of which reaches up to 12,350 m, with 2 MWe, it has been observed that the aiming to explore lignite have been evaluated high calcium content of oil shale and lignite in terms of oil shale. It can be said that with had a positive impact in reducing the pol- the new detailed oil shale exploration project luting emissions generated during burning in or near the coal production licence areas process. In the studies fulfilled, it has been in Turkey, oil shale reserves can be powered determined that in case of mixing of 20% of up to 15 billion tons. Seyitomer oil shale and 40% of Himmetoglu oil shale with lignite, they can be used in a “With regard to the With regard to the evaluation of oil shale re- fluidized-bed thermal power plant. evaluation of oil shale sources in Turkey, the studies were fulfilled by German experts in order to produce shale resources in Turkey, Despite the fact that oil shale becomes one oil in Mengen (Bolu) district of our country the studies were during World War II. Due to the oil crisis en- of the known alternative energy sources, it countered in the 1970s, oil shales have come neither takes place among primary energy fulfilled by German sources nor in the long-term energy demand to the fore again and scientific-technological experts in order to projects have intensified in the same year. Be- projections and strategies in Turkey. cause of burning technologies developing in produce shale oil the forthcoming years, the evaluation of oil In this section, we have tried to present in Mengen (Bolu) shale in the thermal power plants with lignite samples from resource assessment activities has become the main topic of agenda. as well as bringing in the economy activi- district of our country ties launched in many countries regarding during World War II.” oil shale and as a result of these activities it The detailed organic geochemistry-petrog- has been observed that a sufficient awareness raphy studies and burning tests were carried could not be raised yet, in Turkey, while all out in Beypazari, Seyitomer, Hatildag and studies have been implemented in a com- Himmetoglu fields in the frame of “Turk- prehensive way throughout worldwide. As ish-German Technical Cooperation Agree- a result, oil shale might be eliminated from ment” between 1986-1988. Advanced burn-

Table 2: Chemical Properties of Chinese Oil Shale.

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assessment together due to its low calorific kcal / kg), is discarded without consideration value. together with the overburden rocks.

“It has been believed OIL FIELD RESERVE AVERAGE It has been believed that oil shale resources (1000 ton) CALORIFIC in Turkey can be evaluated at least by means that oil shale resourc- VALUE of burning in oil shale fired thermal pow- es in Turkey can be (kcal/kg) er plants and thus be brought in country’s economy and accordingly to contribute to evaluated at least Beypazarı 327,684 966 the country’s energy raw material variety and (Ankara) by means of burn- available resource reserves as it becomes in Afsin-Elbistan with average 1,100 ing in oil shale fired Seyitömer 122,170 860 (Kütahya) kcal/kg used heavily in electricity generation thermal power plants purpose. Hatıldağ 359,959 774 and thus be brought (Bolu) in country’s econo- OIL SHALE PROJECTS IMPLE- Himmetoğlu 65,968 1,390 MENTED IN TURKEY my and accordingly (Bolu) to contribute to the Ulukışla 130,000 851 FIRST PROJECT country’s energy raw (Niğde)

material variety.” Mengen 50,000 1,000 Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKI) and Turk- (Bolu) ish Corporation (TPAO) jointly conduct a project having the topic of “Ob- Bahçecik 42,000 1,060 taining shale oil from oil shales through re- (İzmit) torting process and/or energy productıon opportunities”. In this project; geological Burhaniye 15,600 732 (Balıkesir) survey, mapping, well , exploration activities and sampling procedures have been Beydili 300,000 800 completed. Analysis and testing process still (Ankara) continues.

Dodurga 138,000 365 (Çorum) The project has been carried out in oil shale licenses that belong to TKI. The total cost Çeltek 90,000 541 of the project has been determined in TL 6 (Amasya) million and TKI and TPAO has taken part as a strategic partner in this project. TOTAL 1,641,381 procurement from MTA has been carried out and implementation activities related to Table 3: Oil Shale reserves in Turkey. geological survey and drilling services in the licensed fields as well as preparation activi- ties related to the operable reserve reports has Detailed studies have been maintained in been conducted. In the scope of this project, order to evaluate and urgently bring in the analyses shall be carried out to determine economy the domestic in Turkey. How- the hydrocarbon potential of oil shales and ever, although Turkey’s oil shale resources the production quantities of shale oil. In the take place in the same environment with coal event that technological tests result in the mine areas, mostly over and/or among coal economic dimensions and also open pit re- seam levels, during the coal production, due serve determines in a sufficient amount, the to the low-calorific value (avg. 1000-2000 feasibility report for the investment shall be

ENERGY POLICY TURKEY Page 112 USING OIL SHALE AS AN ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND POTENTIALITY OF TURKEY prepared. After the and sizes of in- in first phase until today and totally 4,146 vestment is determined in the oil shale fields, m has been progressed. Among these bore- TKI and TPAO (in joint venture) shall ad- hole drilling logs, 3,964 samples have been join domestic and foreign investors from pri- compiled. Analysis and laboratory test works vate sector by declaring the project finance have been maintained in the laboratories of models and share rates. The project is the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPAO). first project realized in our country, which aims to generate energy by using oil shale Also 6 exploration borehole drilling have under partnership of public institutions and been carried out in Ankara-Nallihan oil shale it is aimed to contribute to diversity of our fields and totally 3,617 m has been pro- domestic energy raw material chain. gressed. The presence of live heavy oil filling the cracks in the range of 134-137 meters has “General Directorate been observed in drilling activity numbered SECOND PROJECT of Research TKIB-1, while weak natural gas (methane) output has been observed in drilling activity and Exploratıon numbered TKIB-4. 36 month term R&D project on “Obtaining (MTA) team con- Liquid Fuel from Turkey’s Oil Shales with Solvent Extraction Method” is carried out tinues the activities Pyrolysis analysis of oil shale samples tak- between TKI and TUBITAK-MAM Chem- carried out in the field istry Institute”. In the scope of this project, en in the scope of the project is carried out it is aimed to determine the effects of factors in Research Center laboratories of TPAO. (geological survey, Fisher Assay analyses (oil yield %) are per- such as the most appropriate solvent type, well logging and core extraction temperature, time and pressure, formed in the gasification lab. of MTA in the solvent-oil shale ratio, grain size and addi- first phase, then Fisher assay analyzer is pur- sampling), according- chased by TPAO and delivered to support tional additive type through studies to be ly reporting studies done on samples taken from oil shale fields the project after its installation was complet- in Turkey by using autoclave. ed. At the present time, 3,891 pyrolysis anal- related to apparent + yses and 385 Fisher Assay analyses have been completed. Evaluation and data processing recoverable reserve It is aimed at making the discrete pilot scale activities in order to complete the analysis account of oil shales trial by means of performing pilot scaled re- studies are maintained. actor pressure works in the samples received and reporting studies from several oil shale fields determined pos- related to the reserve itive as a result of extraction activities. In General Directorate of Mineral Research addition, studies on the recoverability of the and Exploratıon (MTA) team continues the of oil productive oil activities carried out in the field (geological valuable elements found in inorganic struc- shale zones.” ture in the oil shales will be made. These survey, well logging and core sampling), ac- studies shall be continued with additional cordingly reporting studies related to appar- samples to be obtained from oil shale fields ent + recoverable reserve account of oil shales in 2016. and reporting studies related to the reserve of oil productive oil shale zones.

THIRD PROJECT According to the first results obtained from the analysis of oil shales in the Bolu-Goynuk region; important data have been acquired Final Situation in the ‘Obtaining shale oil to produce shale oil from oil shale rocks in from oil shales through retorting process this region. According to obtained data, it and/or energy production opportunities’ is understood that oil shales of Bolu-Goynuk Project. field comply with the world standards in the context of shale oil production (SCO). In Bolu-Göynük oil shale field, 20 explora- tion borehole drilling have been completed The short analysis needed in searching of

113 Page SECOND ISSUE ABDURRAHMAN MURAT the opportunities to produce electricity by untouched domestic resource. means of establishing the oil shale-fired ther- mal power plant (moisture, ash, volatile in 4. In the scope of oil shale project conduct- the ash and total sulfur, fixed carbon, vola- ed jointly by TKI/TPAO; in case that the matter, upper and lower calorific value) reserve determination studies and trial are carried out in TKI GLI-Tunçbilek labo- production test studies that are carried ratories. According to Fisher Assay analysis out in the oil shale fields in Bolu-Go- results, 48 samples are selected for ultimate ynuk and Ankara-Nallihan have been and proximate analysis by means of putting deemed suitable in terms of both econo- aside the samples at the rate of 4% oil yield my and investment. It has been planned and above. Selected samples have been sub- to establish a shale oil production facili- jected to analysis for Thermal Power Plant in ty and/or a thermal power plant in this TKI/GLI Tunçbilek laboratories. According region to produce the shale oil through to the analysis results, lower calorific values retorting method on surface. It has been of samples (AID) change between 500 and determined in shale oil yield (Fisher As- 2,114 kcal/kg values in the dry sample. Also, say) analysis of oil shales in these fields analysis studies are maintained. that oil yield changes in the medium and high economic level and between 750- In addition, interviews aiming to develop a 2,250 kcal/kg calories. Analysis and per- joint project together with TUBITAK-MAM tests still continue. Material Institute are continued in order to minimize the impact caused by wastes to be 5. In the scope of the TKI/TPAO joint obtained from facility to be established at the project, the interviews in various levels end of the project and to assess these wastes have been scheduled with the countries economically. having shale oil production technology and accordingly studies in order to de- termine the domestic/foreign investors RESULTS as well as environment friendly technol- ogy and production type are maintained in accordance with time schedule of the 1. The lignite and hard coal that take place project. Works required to bring these among fossil energy sources, the exist- facilities in our country’s economy are ence of which is known in Turkey, have continued. been given necessary importance till the day. Although they have been brought 6. In case of using of oil shales as domestic in the country’s economy for years, the raw material, it has been believed that same importance for oil shale as an ener- increasing in the energy raw material di- gy raw material may not be the case. versity and energy supply will be able to play an important role to reduce the current deficit arising from energy 2. In today’s world where the procurement import by means of obtaining liquid fuel of oil and electricity gradually get dif- and generating energy from oil shales. ficult; the attractiveness of producing the shale oil and/or electric energy from oil shales has increased at the point of 7. TKI/TPAO and MTA provide the nec- increasing the energy diversity of our essary support for the joint projects and country in terms of both economic and it is aimed to conclude the investments strategic. to be carried out in order to produce shale oil and/or to install oil shale-fired thermal power plants by means of bene- 3. Oil shales in Turkey form the energy raw fitting from our oil shale resources until material that has the second largest re- the year of 2023. serve after lignite and also it is, yet, an

ENERGY POLICY TURKEY Page 114 USING OIL SHALE AS AN ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND POTENTIALITY OF TURKEY

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5 Murat, A. and Kadınkız, G., 2009, “Petrold- en hidrojen ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına geçişte köprü niteliğindeki alternatif petrol ve Doğalgaz kaynağı: petrollü şeyl”, Mavi Gezegen, JMO yayını, Ankara, (to be published).

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