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Interface Converters for Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems: Practices, Difficulties and Prospects

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Interface Converters for Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems: Practices, Difficulties and Prospects energies Article Interface Converters for Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems: Practices, Difficulties and Prospects Ilya A. Galkin 1,* , Andrei Blinov 2 , Maxim Vorobyov 1 , Alexander Bubovich 1 , Rodions Saltanovs 1 and Dimosthenis Peftitsis 3 1 Faculty of Electrical and Environmental Engineering, Riga Technical University, LV1048 Riga, Latvia; [email protected] (M.V.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (R.S.) 2 Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; [email protected] 3 Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Recent trends in building energy systems such as local renewable energy generation have created a distinct demand for energy storage systems to reduce the influence and dependency on the electric power grid. Under the current market conditions, a range of commercially available residential energy storage systems with batteries has been produced. This paper addresses the area of energy storage systems from multiple directions to provide a broader view on the state- of-the-art developments and trends in the field. Present standards and associated limitations of storage implementation are briefly described, followed by the analysis of parameters and features of commercial battery systems for residential applications. Further, the power electronic converters are reviewed in detail, with the focus on existing and perspective non-isolated solutions. The analysis Citation: Galkin, I.A.; Blinov, A.; covers well-known standard topologies, including buck-boost and bridge, as well as emerging Vorobyov, M.; Bubovich, A.; Saltanovs, R.; Peftitsis, D. Interface solutions based on the unfolding inverter and fractional/partial power converters. Finally, trends Converters for Residential Battery and future prospects of the residential battery storage technologies are evaluated. Energy Storage Systems: Practices, Difficulties and Prospects. Energies Keywords: residential energy storage; battery energy storage systems; standards; grid interface 2021, 14, 3365. https://doi.org/ converters; intellectual property; bidirectional converters; AC-DC power converters; DC-DC power 10.3390/en14123365 converters; multilevel converters; partial power converters Academic Editor: Teuvo Suntio Received: 31 March 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 2 June 2021 Consumption of resources as well as their collection and processing are usually Published: 8 June 2021 uneven. First of the all, it involves energy resources, traditionally, food and various fissile fuels. Nowadays, the necessity to store energy has gained new forms that are applied to Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral the energy resources, specific for the dedicated technology equipment. This, in particular, with regard to jurisdictional claims in regards electrical engineering, the rapid development of which during the last two centuries published maps and institutional affil- iations. has formed the demand for storages of electrical energy even at the level of residential applications. During recent years, this tendency has become more topical due to several reasons. Firstly, renewable energy sources are in much wider use. In addition, this use is obliged by some administrative regulations like EU directives [1–3]. In spite of the irregular generation profile, the renewable energy sources are being installed even at the households. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Secondly, the range and number of various household devices have expanded. There exist Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. plenty of storages dedicated to electrical energy [4]. For example, it is possible to convert This article is an open access article electrical energy into chemical (in the form of pure hydrogen) by means of electrolysis and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons then back—by means of a fuel cell [5]. However, in spite of the most recent achievements Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// in the field of fuel cells [6,7] and development of converter technologies for fuel cells [8], creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ the most functional, reliable and energy efficient equipment for electrical energy is an 4.0/). electrochemical battery energy storage (BES) system. Energies 2021, 14, 3365. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123365 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 34 Energies 2021, 14, 3365 2 of 32 most recent achievements in the field of fuel cells [6,7] and development of converter tech- nologies for fuel cells [8], the most functional, reliable and energy efficient equipment for electrical energy is an electrochemical battery energy storage (BES) system. TheThe constantlyconstantly increasingincreasing numbernumber of papers (Figure (Figure 11)) devoteddevoted to battery energy energy storagestorage systems systems (BESSs) (BESSs) provesproves thethe importanceimportance of these energy energy storage storage devices devices in in various various applications.applications. These papers papers address address all all aspects aspects of their of their use, use,but particular but particular attention attention is paid is paidto the to interface the interface converters converters of BESSs. of BESSs. The numerous The numerous review review papers papers devoted devoted to this totopic this topic[9–12] [9 –describe12] describe a generalized a generalized state of state the ofart the in this art infield. this Typically, field. Typically, they evaluate they evaluate which whichconverter converter schemes schemes are more are energy more energy efficient, efficient, with a withreduced a reduced component component count and count lower and lowervoltage/current voltage/current stresses. stresses. At the At same the time, same the time, role the and role peculiarities and peculiarities of the ofinterface the interface con- convertersverters in the in thecontext context of the of BESS the BESS structure structure are usually are usually not clear-cut not clear-cut and detailed and detailed in these in thesereports. reports. 150 120 90 60 30 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Conferences Journals Figure 1. Number of recent IEEE publications about BESS. Figure 1. Number of recent IEEE publications about BESS. BESSsBESSs nowadays nowadays areare alsoalso readilyreadily commerciallycommercially available. The The analysis analysis of of the the market market ofof household household electrical electrical equipment equipment [ 13[13,14],14] shows shows that that numerous numerous BESSs BESSs are are already already available availa- asble a as market a market offering. offering. On On the the one one hand, hand, the the variety variety ofof theirtheir parametersparameters and and operation operation conditionsconditions provides provides wide wide choices; choices; on on the the other other hand, hand, it makesit makes the the choice choice more more complicated compli- cated for the final users of BESS and complicates the development of the interface con- for the final users of BESS and complicates the development of the interface converters verters for different BESSs. In addition, the elaboration and commercialization of BESSs for different BESSs. In addition, the elaboration and commercialization of BESSs and their and their interface converters have a strong link to the market of some renewable energy interface converters have a strong link to the market of some renewable energy sources sources and pure electric vehicles, which may not only act as BESSs, but also, after their and pure electric vehicles, which may not only act as BESSs, but also, after their recycling, recycling, provide high voltage (HV) second-life Li-ion batteries for use in BESS [15,16]. provide high voltage (HV) second-life Li-ion batteries for use in BESS [15,16]. The goal of this work is to analyze the majority of interface converters in the context The goal of this work is to analyze the majority of interface converters in the context of the corresponding BESSs, their operation conditions (standards, energy tariffs, subsi- of the corresponding BESSs, their operation conditions (standards, energy tariffs, subsidies dies and other elements of energy policy), BESS market trends and after this analysis, to and other elements of energy policy), BESS market trends and after this analysis, to formu- formulate prospective development directions of the BESS interface converters. In partic- late prospective development directions of the BESS interface converters. In particular, this ular, this regards the converter schemes for HV batteries. regards the converter schemes for HV batteries. The rest of the paper is organized in five sections. Section 2 reviews the motivating The rest of the paper is organized in five sections. Section2 reviews the motivating factors of the BESS study: battery technologies, their applications, as well as standards factors of the BESS study: battery technologies, their applications, as well as standards and and other regulations that may regard this work. Section 3 briefly analyzes the commer- other regulations that may regard this work. Section3 briefly analyzes the commercially cially available BESSs, trying to emphasize their internal structure. Section 4 provides a available BESSs, trying to emphasize their internal structure.
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