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Impact of Converter Interfaced Generation and Load on Grid Performance

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Impact of Converter Interfaced Generation and Load on Grid Performance Impact of Converter Interfaced Generation and Load on Grid Performance by Deepak Ramasubramanian A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved January 2017 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Vijay Vittal, Chair John Undrill Raja Ayyanar Jiangchao Qin ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2017 ABSTRACT Alternate sources of energy such as wind, solar photovoltaic and fuel cells are coupled to the power grid with the help of solid state converters. Continued deregulation of the power sector coupled with favorable government incentives has resulted in the rapid growth of renewable energy sources connected to the distribution system at a voltage level of 34.5kV or below. Of late, many utilities are also investing in these alternate sources of energy with the point of interconnection with the power grid being at the transmission level. These converter interfaced generation along with their associated control have the ability to provide the advantage of fast control of frequency, voltage, active, and reactive power. However, their ability to provide stability in a large system is yet to be investigated in detail. This is the primary objective of this research. In the future, along with an increase in the percentage of converter interfaced renewable energy sources connected to the transmission network, there exists a possi- bility of even connecting synchronous machines to the grid through converters. Thus, all sources of energy can be expected to be coupled to the grid through converters. The control and operation of such a grid will be unlike anything that has been en- countered till now. In this dissertation, the operation and behavior of such a grid will be investigated. The first step in such an analysis will be to build an accurate and simple mathematical model to represent the corresponding components in commercial software. Once this bridge has been crossed, conventional machines will be replaced with their solid state interfaced counterparts in a phased manner. At each stage, attention will be devoted to the control of these sources and also on the stability performance of the large power system. This dissertation addresses various concerns regarding the control and operation of a futuristic power grid. In addition, this dissertation also aims to address the issue i of whether a requirement may arise to redefine operational reliability criteria based on the results obtained. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank and express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Vijay Vittal for pro- viding me with the opportunity to work on this project. It has been a great learning experience for me. Dr. Vittal has been an infinite source of support, encouragement and guidance. His positive critique and insightful comments have played a significant role in the completion of this dissertation. I would also like to thank Dr. John Undrill for being a guiding light during the duration of my stay at ASU. He has been a constant source of encouragement and knowledge. The numerous hours I have spent discussing my dissertation with him have always been fruitful and insightful. I would also like to thank him for taking time out to review this work and for being on my graduate supervisory committee. I would like to thank Dr. Raja Ayyanar and Dr. Jiangchao Qin, for taking time out to review this work and for being on my graduate supervisory committee. Their comments and suggestions helped in bridging the gap between power electronics and power systems. I would like to thank Ziwei Yu from ASU for contributing to the validation process in the initial stages of this dissertation. Also, special thanks to Thibault Pr´evost from R´eseau de transport d’´electricit´e- RTE France for his valuable comments and suggestions during my research work. I am thankful to the Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSerc) for providing financial support during the course of this work. Being hundreds of leagues away from home is never easy, and I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents Dr. S. Ramasubramanian and Mrs. Chandra Ramasubramanian for their unwavering love, support and encouragement. I am also grateful to my elder brother Bhaskar Ramasubramanian for his continuous support and encouragement. I am thankful to all my friends for their support and to iii anyone else who contributed directly or indirectly in aiding the successful completion of this dissertation. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES....................................... .................. ix LIST OF FIGURES...................................... .................. x LIST OF SYMBOLS...................................... .xxiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...................................... ............. 1 1.1 Background ....................................... ............. 1 1.2 Motivation and Objectives............................. .......... 5 1.3 Organization of the Dissertation . ......... 7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................. .......... 8 2.1 Past and Present ................................... ............ 8 2.2 Gaps inLiterature................................... ........... 19 3 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE POWER SYSTEM . 24 3.1 Synchronous Generator Model ........................ ........... 25 3.1.1 The E′′ Model........................................... 25 3.1.2 The E′ Model ........................................... 27 3.1.3 Effect of saturation ................................ ...... 28 3.1.4 Classical Model.................................... ...... 29 3.2 Governor Model .................................... ............ 31 3.3 Static Exciter Model................................. ........... 32 3.4 LoadModel ........................................ ............ 33 3.5 Network Model..................................... ............ 34 4 MODELING OF CONVERTERS.............................. ....... 39 4.1 The Converter Model in Commercial Software (pv1g,gewtg). ..... 40 4.2 The Converter Control Model in Commercial Software (pv1e,ewtgfc) 42 v CHAPTER Page 4.3 User Defined Converter Control Model . ......... 43 4.3.1 Generic Control Structure .......................... ...... 43 4.3.2 Presently used Converter Model...................... ..... 47 4.3.3 Proposed Converter Model .......................... ..... 47 4.3.4 PLECS Model for Calibration. .. 50 4.3.5 Alternate Control Structure and Converter Model . ... 51 4.4 Source behind Inverter Model......................... ........... 53 4.4.1 dc Capacitance .................................... ...... 54 4.4.2 Rectifier Model .................................... ...... 55 4.4.3 Synchronous Machine Current ........................ .... 56 4.4.3.1 Explicit Representation of dc Inductor . 56 4.4.3.2 Approximate Representation of Delay by Lag Function 57 4.4.4 Machine Governor and Exciter Models. 59 4.5 Induction Motor Drive Model........................... ......... 61 4.5.1 Induction Motor Model.............................. ..... 61 4.5.2 DriveModel....................................... ...... 63 4.5.3 Inclusion of Model in Powerflow . .. 63 4.5.3.1 Directly Connected Motor . 63 4.5.3.2 DriveInterfacedMotor. 65 4.5.4 Inclusion of Model in Transient Simulations . 66 5 SIMULATION AND RESULTS .............................. ........ 71 5.1 Controlled Voltage Source Converter Model............... ........ 71 5.1.1 Justification of Value of Inner Current Loop Time Constants 71 5.1.2 Small Scale System-Validation of Results . 74 vi CHAPTER Page 5.1.3 Large Scale System-Economy of Computation............. 85 5.1.3.1 Generation Outage (24.3% CIG penetration) . 88 5.1.3.2 Line Fault followed by Outage (24.3% CIG penetration) 89 5.1.3.3 Bus Fault (24.3% CIG penetration) . 93 5.1.4 Note on Boundary Current Representation of Converter . 95 5.1.5 All CIG WECC System ................................. 96 5.1.5.1 Generation Outage (100% CIG penetration) . 97 5.1.5.2 dc Voltage Dip and Subsequent Recovery (100% CIG penetration)....................... 105 5.1.5.3 Line Fault followed by Outage (100% CIG penetration)108 5.1.5.4 Bus Fault (100% CIG penetration) . 111 5.1.5.5 Line Reconnection (100% CIG penetration) . 113 5.1.6 Sensitivity to System Short Circuit Ratio . 115 5.1.7 Performance of Alternate Current Control Structure . ....122 5.1.7.1 ThreeMachineSystem. 122 5.1.7.2 WECCSystem ..................... 124 5.1.8 Enforcing a Current Limit on the Output of the Inverter at the Instant of Disturbance............................. ...126 5.2 Source behind Inverter Model......................... ...........132 5.2.1 Small Scale System: Model Validation . 133 5.2.2 Large Scale System: Economy of Computation ............. 141 5.3 Induction Motor Drive Model........................... .........150 5.3.1 Equivalent Transmission System . ..150 5.3.1.1 StaticLoadIncrease . 151 vii CHAPTER Page 5.3.1.2 InductionMotorLoadIncrease . 156 5.3.1.3 ChangeinReferenceRotorSpeed . 157 5.3.2 Distribution System Feeder . ....162 5.3.2.1 Change in Frequency of the Programmable Source . 163 5.3.2.2 Small Change in Voltage Magnitude of the Programmable Source.......................... 166 5.3.2.3 Large Change in Voltage Magnitude of the Programmable Source.......................... 170 5.4 Performance of an all CIG and CIL System................. ......176 6 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH . 179 6.1 Discussion......................................... .............179 6.2 Conclusions ........................................ ............180 6.3 Future Research ..................................
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