DOCSLIB.ORG

Solid State Power Substation Technology Roadmap

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Solid State Power Substation Technology Roadmap Solid State Power Substation Technology Roadmap U.S. DOE Office of Electricity Transformer Resilience and Advanced Components (TRAC) Program June 2020 Office of Electricity TRAC Program - Solid State Power Substation Technology Roadmap Acknowledgments The Office of Electricity (OE) Transformer Resilience and Advanced Components (TRAC) program 1 would like to acknowledge Klaehn Burkes and Joe Cordaro from Savannah River National Laboratory, Tom Keister from Resilient Power Systems, and Emmanuel Taylor from Energetics Incorporated for their early efforts in framing and developing the draft Solid State Power Substation Technology Roadmap. The draft roadmap also benefited substantially from the information gathered during the Solid State Power Substation Roadmap Workshop held June 27–28, 2017. 2 The TRAC program would like to thank the participants who were in attendance and the various organizations that were represented, including: • ABB Group • Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Arkansas Electric Cooperative • Phoenix Electric Corporation Corporation • Resilient Power Systems, LLC • Clemson University • S&C Electric Company • Delta Star, Inc. • Sandia National Laboratories • Eaton Corporation • Savannah River National Laboratory • Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) • SNC-Lavalin • Energetics Incorporated • Southern California Edison • Florida State University • Southern States, LLC • Georgia Tech • TECO-Westinghouse Motor Company • Google • U.S. Department of Energy • Infineon Technologies Americas Corp. • University of Arkansas • KCI Technologies, Inc. • University of Central Florida • Los Alamos National Laboratory • University of North Carolina at • National Energy Technology Laboratory Charlotte • National Institute of Standards and • University of Pittsburgh Technology • University of Wisconsin–Madison • National Renewable Energy Laboratory • Virginia Tech • NextWatt, LLC • ZAPTEC • North Carolina State University Finally, the detailed comments received through the Request for Information 3 that ran March 23−May 7, 2018, helped refine and enhance the quality of this document. The TRAC program is extremely grateful for the contributions from: • ABB Group • Ohio State University • AEP Transmission • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory • Burns & McDonnell • S&C Electric • Carnegie Mellon University • SmartSenseCom • Eaton Corporation • Texas A&M University • Electranix Corporation • Virginia Tech • GE Global Research • GridBridge, Inc. • Illinois Institute of Technology • National Energy Technology Laboratory • North Carolina State University • Oak Ridge National Laboratory ii Office of Electricity TRAC Program - Solid State Power Substation Technology Roadmap Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Power System Trends ...............................................................................................................1 1.2 Solid State Power Substation Vision ..........................................................................................2 1.3 Roadmap Overview ..................................................................................................................3 2. Conventional Substations .................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Substation Components and Functions ......................................................................................5 2.2 Challenges in a Modernizing Grid ..............................................................................................6 2.2.1 Accommodating Distributed Generation .............................................................................7 2.2.2 Enhancing Security and Resilience ......................................................................................7 2.2.3 Ensuring Reliable Operations ..............................................................................................8 2.2.4 Making Prudent Investments ..............................................................................................9 3. Solid State Power Substations .......................................................................................... 10 3.1 Grid-Scale Power Electronic Systems ....................................................................................... 10 3.1.1 Flexible AC Transmission System ...................................................................................... 10 3.1.2 High-Voltage Direct Current .............................................................................................. 11 3.1.3 Grid-Tied Inverters and Converters ................................................................................... 12 3.1.4 Solid State Transformers .................................................................................................. 13 3.1.5 Hybrid Transformers ........................................................................................................ 15 3.2 SSPS Converters ...................................................................................................................... 16 3.3 SSPS Benefits .......................................................................................................................... 19 4. SSPS Technology Development Pathway .......................................................................... 21 4.1 Potential Applications of SSPS 1.0 ........................................................................................... 22 4.2 Potential Applications of SSPS 2.0 ........................................................................................... 22 4.3 Potential Applications of SSPS 3.0 ........................................................................................... 23 5. SSPS Technology Challenges, Gaps, and Goals .................................................................. 25 5.1 Substation Application ............................................................................................................ 27 5.1.1 Power Converter Architecture .......................................................................................... 27 5.1.2 Converter Controller and Communications ....................................................................... 29 5.1.3 Converter Protection and Reliability ................................................................................. 32 5.1.4 Converter System Cost and Performance .......................................................................... 34 5.1.5 Near-Term, Midterm, and Long-Term Actions for Substation Application ........................... 35 5.2 Converter Building Block ......................................................................................................... 36 5.2.1 Block/Module Cost and Performance ................................................................................ 36 5.2.2 Drivers and Power Semiconductors................................................................................... 37 iii Office of Electricity TRAC Program - Solid State Power Substation Technology Roadmap 5.2.3 Dielectric, Magnetic, and Passive Components .................................................................. 39 5.2.4 Packaging and Thermal Management ............................................................................... 40 5.2.3 Near-Term, Midterm, and Long-Term Actions for Converter Building Block ........................ 42 5.3 Grid Integration ...................................................................................................................... 43 5.3.1 Grid Architecture.............................................................................................................. 43 5.3.2 Grid Control and Protection Systems ................................................................................ 45 5.3.3 System Modeling and Simulation ...................................................................................... 47 5.3.4 Near-Term, Midterm, and Long-Term Actions for Grid Integration ..................................... 49 5.4 Industry Acceptance ............................................................................................................... 50 5.4.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis ........................................................................................................ 50 5.4.2 Industry Standards ........................................................................................................... 51 5.4.3 Markets and Regulations .................................................................................................. 52 5.4.4 Testing, Education, and Workforce ................................................................................... 53 6. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 54 7. Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 57 8. References ....................................................................................................................... 58 Tables Table ES-1: SSPS Converter Classification and Defining Functions and Features ....................................... vii Table ES-2: Summary of Roadmap Activities ............................................................................................. viii Table 1: Different Categories of Conventional
Load more

Recommended publications
  • High Voltage Direct Current Transmission – Proven Technology for Power Exchange
    www.siemens.com/energy/hvdc High Voltage Direct Current Transmission – Proven Technology for Power Exchange Answers for energy. 2 Contents Chapter Theme Page 1 Why High Voltage Direct Current? 4 2 Main Types of HVDC Schemes 6 3 Converter Theory 8 4 Principle Arrangement of an HVDC Transmission Project 11 5 Main Components 14 5.1 Thyristor Valves 14 5.2 Converter Transformer 18 5.3 Smoothing Reactor 20 5.4 Harmonic Filters 22 5.4.1 AC Harmonic Filter 22 5.4.2 DC Harmonic Filter 25 5.4.3 Active Harmonic Filter 26 5.5 Surge Arrester 28 5.6 DC Transmission Circuit 31 5.6.1 DC Transmission Line 31 5.6.2 DC Cable 32 5.6.3 High Speed DC Switches 34 5.6.4 Earth Electrode 36 5.7 Control & Protection 38 6 System Studies, Digital Models, Design Specifications 45 7 Project Management 46 3 1 Why High Voltage Direct Current? 1.1 Highlights from the High Voltage Direct In 1941, the first contract for a commercial HVDC Current (HVDC) History system was signed in Germany: 60 MW were to be supplied to the city of Berlin via an underground The transmission and distribution of electrical energy cable of 115 km length. The system with ±200 kV started with direct current. In 1882, a 50-km-long and 150 A was ready for energizing in 1945. It was 2-kV DC transmission line was built between Miesbach never put into operation. and Munich in Germany. At that time, conversion between reasonable consumer voltages and higher Since then, several large HVDC systems have been DC transmission voltages could only be realized by realized with mercury arc valves.
    [Show full text]
  • State-Of-The-Art Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Distributed Smart
    electronics Review State-of-the-Art Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Distributed Smart Grids: A Review Syed Saqib Ali and Bong Jun Choi * School of Computer Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-820-0923 Received: 12 May 2020; Accepted: 10 June 2020; Published: 22 June 2020 Abstract: The power system worldwide is going through a revolutionary transformation due to the integration with various distributed components, including advanced metering infrastructure, communication infrastructure, distributed energy resources, and electric vehicles, to improve the reliability, energy efficiency, management, and security of the future power system. These components are becoming more tightly integrated with IoT. They are expected to generate a vast amount of data to support various applications in the smart grid, such as distributed energy management, generation forecasting, grid health monitoring, fault detection, home energy management, etc. With these new components and information, artificial intelligence techniques can be applied to automate and further improve the performance of the smart grid. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art artificial intelligence techniques to support various applications in a distributed smart grid. In particular, we discuss how artificial techniques are applied to support the integration of renewable energy resources, the integration of energy storage systems, demand response, management of the grid and home energy, and security. As the smart grid involves various actors, such as energy produces, markets, and consumers, we also discuss how artificial intelligence and market liberalization can potentially help to increase the overall social welfare of the grid.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Electronics for Distributed Energy Systems and Transmission and Distribution Applications
    ORNL/TM-2005/230 POWER ELECTRONICS FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION APPLICATIONS L. M. Tolbert T. J. King B. Ozpineci J. B. Campbell G. Muralidharan D. T. Rizy A. S. Sabau H. Zhang* W. Zhang* Y. Xu* H. F. Huq* H. Liu* December 2005 *The University of Tennessee-Knoxville ORNL/TM-2005/230 Engineering Science and Technology Division POWER ELECTRONICS FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION APPLICATIONS L. M. Tolbert T. J. King B. Ozpineci J. B. Campbell G. Muralidharan D. T. Rizy A. S. Sabau H. Zhang W. Zhang Y. Xu H. F. Huq H. Liu Publication Date: December 2005 Prepared by the OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge. Web site http://www.osti.gov/bridge Not available externally. Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source. Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Ethernet Networking Devices Used for Protection and Control Applications in Electric Power Substations
    Application of Ethernet Networking Devices Used for Protection and Control Applications in Electric Power Substations Report of Working Group P6 of the Power System Communications and Cybersecurity Committee of the Power and Energy Society of IEEE September 12, 2017 1 IEEE PES Power System Communications and Cybersecurity Committee (PSCCC) Working Group P6, Configuring Ethernet Communications Equipment for Substation Protection and Control Applications, has existed during the course of report development as Working Group H12 of the IEEE PES Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC). The WG designation changed as a result of a recent IEEE PES Technical Committee reorganization. The membership of H12 and P6 at time of approval voting is as follows: Eric A. Udren, Chair Benton Vandiver, Vice Chair Jay Anderson Galina Antonova Alex Apostolov Philip Beaumont Robert Beresh Christoph Brunner Fernando Calero Christopher Chelmecki Thomas Dahlin Bill Dickerson Michael Dood Herbert Falk Didier Giarratano Roman Graf Christopher Huntley Anthony Johnson Marc LaCroix Deepak Maragal Aaron Martin Roger E. Ray Veselin Skendzic Charles Sufana John T. Tengdin 2 IEEE PES PSCCC P6 Report, September 2017 Application of Ethernet Networking Devices Used for Protection and Control Applications in Electric Power Substations Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 10 2. Ethernet for protection and control .................................................. 10 3. Overview of Ethernet message
    [Show full text]
  • Basics of HVDC: AC Compared DC
    Basics of HVDC: AC compared to DC Dr. Ram Adapa Technical Executive, EPRI [email protected] HVDC Lines and Cables Course June 12, 2017 © 2017 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Increased Benefits of Long Distance Transmission .Carrying energy from cheap generation sources which are far away from the load centers. .Long distance transmission increases competition in new wholesale electricity markets . Long distance electricity trade could include across nations or multiple areas within a nation and allows arbitrage of price differences .Long distance transmission allows interconnection of networks and thus reducing the reserve margins across all networks. .More stable long distance transmission is needed to meet contractual obligations 2 © 2017 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Transmitting Fuel versus Transmitting Energy .Load centers can be served by: – Long distance transmission with remote generation – Transmitting fuel to the local generation facilities .Bottom line is Economics to see which option is better .Depends on many factors – Type of fuel – coal can be transported, hydro can’t – Cost of transporting fuel to local generators – Availability of generation facilities close to load centers – Allowable pollution levels at the local gen. facilities 3 © 2017 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Long Distance Transmission – AC versus DC .AC versus DC debate goes back to beginnings of Electricity – DC was first (Thomas Edison) – AC came later (Tesla / Westinghouse) .AC became popular due to transformers and other AC equipment .Long Distance Transmission – AC versus DC - based on economics and technical requirements 4 © 2017 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 5 © 2017 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Smart Grid Architectures, Applications, Benefits and Standardization
    A survey of smart grid architectures, applications, benefits and standardization This is the Accepted version of the following publication Nafi, NS, Ahmed, Khandakar, Gregory, MA and Datta, M (2016) A survey of smart grid architectures, applications, benefits and standardization. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 76. 23 - 36. ISSN 1084-8045 The publisher’s official version can be found at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084804516302314 Note that access to this version may require subscription. Downloaded from VU Research Repository https://vuir.vu.edu.au/32688/ Author’s Accepted Manuscript A Survey of Smart Grid Architectures, Applications, Benefits and Standardization Nazmus S. Nafi, Khandakar Ahmed, Mark A. Gregory, Manoj Datta www.elsevier.com/locate/jnca PII: S1084-8045(16)30231-4 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2016.10.003 Reference: YJNCA1730 To appear in: Journal of Network and Computer Applications Received date: 11 June 2016 Revised date: 22 August 2016 Accepted date: 4 October 2016 Cite this article as: Nazmus S. Nafi, Khandakar Ahmed, Mark A. Gregory and Manoj Datta, A Survey of Smart Grid Architectures, Applications, Benefits and Standardization, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2016.10.003 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
    [Show full text]
  • HVDC Transmission PDF
    High Voltage Direct Current Transmission – Proven Technology for Power Exchange 2 Contents Chapter Theme Page Contents 3 1Why High Voltage Direct Current? 4 2 Main Types of HVDC Schemes 6 3 Converter Theory 8 4Principle Arrangement of an 11 HVDC Transmission Project 5 Main Components 14 5.1 Thyristor Valves 15 5.2 Converter Transformer 18 5.3 Smoothing Reactor 21 5.4 Harmonic Filters22 5.4.1 AC Harmonic Filter 23 5.4.2 DC Harmonic Filter 25 5.4.3 Active Harmonic Filter 26 5.5 Surge Arrester 28 5.6 DC Transmission Circuit 5.6.1 DC Transmission Line 31 5.6.2 DC Cable 33 5.6.3 High Speed DC Switches 34 5.6.4 Earth Electrode 36 5.7 Control & Protection 38 6System Studies, Digital Models, 45 Design Specifications 7Project Management 46 3 1 Why High Voltage Direct Current ? 1.1 Highlights from the High Line-Commutated Current Sourced Self-Commutated Voltage Sourced Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) History Converters Converters The transmission and distribution of The invention of mercury arc rectifiers in Voltage sourced converters require electrical energy started with direct the nineteen-thirties made the design of semiconductor devices with turn-off current. In 1882, a 50-km-long 2-kV DC line-commutated current sourced capability. The development of Insulated transmission line was built between converters possible. Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) with high Miesbach and Munich in Germany. voltage ratings have accelerated the At that time, conversion between In 1941, the first contract for a commer- development of voltage sourced reasonable consumer voltages and cial HVDC system was signed in converters for HVDC applications in the higher DC transmission voltages could Germany: 60 MW were to be supplied lower power range.
    [Show full text]
  • Operational Strategies for HVDC Transmission in Smart Grids: the Security Versus Markets Dilemma
    Operational strategies for HVDC transmission in smart grids: the security versus markets dilemma Master Thesis Chanpreet Kaur Talwar Technische Universiteit Delft OPERATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR HVDC TRANSMISSION IN SMART GRIDS: THE SECURITY VERSUS MARKETS DILEMMA MASTER THESIS by Chanpreet Kaur Talwar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (Intelligent Electrical Power Grids) at the Delft University of Technology, to be defended publicly on Monday August 28, 2017 at 10:00 AM. Supervisors: Prof. dr. Peter Palensky, TU Delft Dr. ir. Georgios Papaefthymiou, Elia Grid International, Germany Ir. Martijn de Jong, TU Delft Thesis committee: Prof. dr. Peter Palensky, TU Delft Dr. ir. Jose Luis Rueda Torres, TU Delft Dr. Domenico Lahaye, TU Delft Ir. Martijn de Jong, TU Delft An electronic version of this thesis is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. Preface First of all, I wish to thank my responsible supervisor, prof. Peter Palensky for guiding me in pursuing my thesis under his kind patronage, and allowing me to be a part of the Intelligent Electrical Power Grid (IEPG) research group in the Netherlands. Second and foremost, I am highly thankful to my daily su- pervisor Martijn De Jong for his monetary and moral support during the course of thesis studies. Words cannot express my sincere appreciation, but all I can say is that I shall always remain highly obliged and grateful to you for supervising my work, and finding time for me from your busy schedule to clarify all my queries and doubts in the best possible way.
    [Show full text]
  • Holistic Approach to Offshore Transmission Planning in Great Britain
    OFFSHORE COORDINATION Holistic Approach to Offshore Transmission Planning in Great Britain National Grid ESO Report No.: 20-1256, Rev. 2 Date: 14-09-2020 Project name: Offshore Coordination DNV GL - Energy Report title: Holistic Approach to Offshore Transmission P.O. Box 9035, Planning in Great Britain 6800 ET Arnhem, Customer: National Grid ESO The Netherlands Tel: +31 26 356 2370 Customer contact: Luke Wainwright National HVDC Centre 11 Auchindoun Way Wardpark, Cumbernauld, G68 Date of issue: 14-09-2020 0FQ Project No.: 10245682 EPNC Report No.: 20-1256 2 7 Torriano Mews, Kentish Town, London NW5 2RZ Objective: Analysis of technical aspects of the coordinated approach to offshore transmission grid development in Great Britain. Overview of technology readiness, technical barriers to integration, proposals to overcome barriers, development of conceptual network designs, power system analysis and unit costs collection. Prepared by: Prepared by: Verified by: Jiayang Wu Ian Cowan Yongtao Yang Riaan Marshall Bridget Morgan Maksym Semenyuk Edgar Goddard Benjamin Marshall Leigh Williams Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi Víctor García Marie Jonette Rustad Yalin Huang DNV GL – Report No. 20-1256, Rev. 2 – www.dnvgl.com Page i Copyright © DNV GL 2020. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise agreed in writing: (i) This publication or parts thereof may not be copied, reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, whether digitally or otherwise; (ii) The content of this publication shall be kept confidential by the customer; (iii) No third party may rely on its contents; and (iv) DNV GL undertakes no duty of care toward any third party. Reference to part of this publication which may lead to misinterpretation is prohibited.
    [Show full text]
  • HVDC GRIDS: for Offshore and Supergrid of the Future
    HVDC GRIDS IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board Tariq Samad, Editor in Chief George W. Arnold Xiaoou Li Ray Perez Giancarlo Fortino Vladimir Lumelsky Linda Shafer Dmitry Goldgof Pui-In Mak Zidong Wang Ekram Hossain Jeffrey Nanzer MengChu Zhou Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS) Technical Reviewer Dragan Jovcic, University of Aberdeen HVDC GRIDS For Offshore and Supergrid of the Future Edited by DIRK VAN HERTEM ORIOL GOMIS-BELLMUNT JUN LIANG Copyright © 2016 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • Sicherheit Und Datenschutz Im Smart Grid
    Sicherheit und Datenschutz im Smart Grid Bachelor-Thesis im Studiengang Medieninformatik vorgelegt von Kristian Antic Matrikelnummer: 20177 am 8. März 2012 an der Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart Erstprüfer: Prof. Dr. Joachim Charzinski Zweitprüfer: Christoph Lindenmüller Bearbeitungszeitraum: 08. Dezember 2011 bis 8. März 2012 Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig angefertigt habe. Es wurden nur die in der Arbeit ausdrücklich benannten Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt. Wörtlich oder sinngemäß übernommenes Gedankengut habe ich (mit Ausnahme dieser Erklärung) als solches kenntlich gemacht.1 Ort, Datum Unterschrift 1Riekert: Eine Dokumentvorlage für Diplomarbeiten und andere wissenschaftliche Arbeiten (2002), [83], S. 42. Kurzfassung Der vermehrte Einsatz von erneuerbaren Energien, welche nicht ständig verfügbar und nur begrenzt speicherbar sind, erschweren die Steuerung der Stromnetze. Zur Anpassung der Energieerzeugung an den tatsächlichen Bedarf werden Smart Grids („intelligente Stromnetze“) aufgebaut, die eine Steuerung des Energieverbrauchs in Abhängigkeit von der Verfügbarkeit ermöglichen. Die bereits vorhandenen Stromnetzte werden hierzu um Kommunikationsnetze erweitert. Smart Meter („intelligente Stromzähler“) die beim Verbraucher eingesetzt werden, senden über die Kommunikationsnetze Messdaten zyklisch an die jeweiligen Stromnetzbetreiber. In Zukunft soll auch eine Steuerung von Haushaltsgeräten möglich werden. Daraus ergeben sich neue Herausforderungen in Bezug auf Sicherheit und Datenschutz. Die hier vorliegende Arbeit bietet eine kurze Einführung in die Grundlagen zum Thema Smart Grid. Es wird eine Referenzarchitektur definiert und die einzelnen Bestandteile des Smart Grids werden vorgestellt. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit den rechtlichen und regulatorischen Rahmenbedingungen sowie ein Überblick über den Stand der Entwicklungen intelligenter Stromnetze, insbesondere der Verbreitung von Smart Metern, vervollständigt die Grundlagen. Zusätzlich werden wesentliche Aspekte von Sicherheit und Datenschutz angesprochen.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Energy Management System Approaches in Microgrids
    energies Review Review of Energy Management System Approaches in Microgrids Amrutha Raju Battula 1 , Sandeep Vuddanti 1 and Surender Reddy Salkuti 2,* 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh (NIT-AP), Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh 534101, India; [email protected] (A.R.B.); [email protected] (S.V.) 2 Department of Railroad and Electrical Engineering, Woosong University, Daejeon 34606, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-10-9674-1985 Abstract: To sustain the complexity of growing demand, the conventional grid (CG) is incorporated with communication technology like advanced metering with sensors, demand response (DR), energy storage systems (ESS), and inclusion of electric vehicles (EV). In order to maintain local area energy balance and reliability, microgrids (MG) are proposed. Microgrids are low or medium voltage distribution systems with a resilient operation, that control the exchange of power between the main grid, locally distributed generators (DGs), and consumers using intelligent energy management techniques. This paper gives a brief introduction to microgrids, their operations, and further, a review of different energy management approaches. In a microgrid control strategy, an energy management system (EMS) is the key component to maintain the balance between energy resources (CG, DG, ESS, and EVs) and loads available while contributing the profit to utility. This article classifies the methodologies used for EMS based on the structure, control, and technique used. The untapped areas which have scope for investigation are also mentioned. Keywords: renewable energy sources; microgrid; energy management system; communication technologies; microgrid standards Citation: Battula, A.R.; Vuddanti, S.; Salkuti, S.R.
    [Show full text]