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Holistic Approach to Offshore Transmission Planning in Great Britain

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Holistic Approach to Offshore Transmission Planning in Great Britain OFFSHORE COORDINATION Holistic Approach to Offshore Transmission Planning in Great Britain National Grid ESO Report No.: 20-1256, Rev. 2 Date: 14-09-2020 Project name: Offshore Coordination DNV GL - Energy Report title: Holistic Approach to Offshore Transmission P.O. Box 9035, Planning in Great Britain 6800 ET Arnhem, Customer: National Grid ESO The Netherlands Tel: +31 26 356 2370 Customer contact: Luke Wainwright National HVDC Centre 11 Auchindoun Way Wardpark, Cumbernauld, G68 Date of issue: 14-09-2020 0FQ Project No.: 10245682 EPNC Report No.: 20-1256 2 7 Torriano Mews, Kentish Town, London NW5 2RZ Objective: Analysis of technical aspects of the coordinated approach to offshore transmission grid development in Great Britain. Overview of technology readiness, technical barriers to integration, proposals to overcome barriers, development of conceptual network designs, power system analysis and unit costs collection. Prepared by: Prepared by: Verified by: Jiayang Wu Ian Cowan Yongtao Yang Riaan Marshall Bridget Morgan Maksym Semenyuk Edgar Goddard Benjamin Marshall Leigh Williams Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi Víctor García Marie Jonette Rustad Yalin Huang DNV GL – Report No. 20-1256, Rev. 2 – www.dnvgl.com Page i Copyright © DNV GL 2020. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise agreed in writing: (i) This publication or parts thereof may not be copied, reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, whether digitally or otherwise; (ii) The content of this publication shall be kept confidential by the customer; (iii) No third party may rely on its contents; and (iv) DNV GL undertakes no duty of care toward any third party. Reference to part of this publication which may lead to misinterpretation is prohibited. DNV GL and the Horizon Graphic are trademarks of DNV GL AS. Distribution: Keywords: ☒ OPEN. Unrestricted distribution, internal and external. ☐ INTERNAL use only. Internal document. ☐ CONFIDENTIAL. ☐ SECRET. Authorized access only. Rev. No. Date Reason for Issue Prepared by Verified by DNV GL – Report No. 20-1256, Rev. 2 – www.dnvgl.com Page ii Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 6 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 9 2. APPROACH, ASSUMPTIONS AND DATA USED FOR THIS ASSESSMENT ................................. 11 2.1. Key Aspects of Integrated Offshore Network Designs 11 2.2. Comparison of Integrated Offshore Network and Radial Connection Design Approaches 13 2.3. Our approach 14 2.4. Data inputs and assumptions 15 2.5. Stakeholder engagement and findings 18 2.6. Example of our approach - consideration for the East Scotland region 19 3. TECHNOLOGY AVAILABILITY FOR OFFSHORE TRANSMISSION DESIGN ................................ 22 3.1. Overview of Offshore Technology 22 3.1.1. HVAC Offshore Connections 22 3.1.2. HVDC Offshore Connections 26 3.1.3. Low frequency HVAC offshore connection 38 3.2. TRL Assessment 38 3.2.1. TRLs 38 3.2.2. Methodology 41 3.2.3. TRL of HVDC technologies 41 3.2.4. TRL of HVAC technologies 47 3.2.5. TRL of LFAC technology 47 3.2.6. Considerations (Barriers) 48 3.3. Conclusions 49 4. CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS RELEVANT FOR OFFSHORE DESIGN WITHIN GB AND ITS OFFSHORE WATERS ...................................................................................................... 50 4.1. Conceptual Network Design Topologies Identified 50 4.1.1. Design 1 (T1): Radial High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) 50 4.1.2. Design 1A (T1A): More Integrated HVAC (50Hz) 50 4.1.3. Design 2 (T2): Lower frequency High Voltage Alternating Current 51 4.1.4. Design 3 (T3): Extended HVAC with parallel High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) 51 4.1.5. Design 4 (T4): High Voltage Direct Current connections offshore 52 4.1.6. Design 5 (T5): Bipole High Voltage Direct Current technology 52 4.1.7. Design 6 (T6): Multi-ended High Voltage Direct Current arrangement offshore 53 4.1.8. Design 7 (T7): 'Meshed' High Voltage Direct Current grid 54 4.1.9. Overview of offshore transmission topologies 54 4.1.10. KPIs Identified 59 4.1.11. Comparative Assessment of Offshore Topologies 59 4.1.12. VSC-HVDC Technology Status 61 4.2. HVDC Applications in GB 62 4.2.1. Electricity Interconnections 62 4.2.2. Grid Reinforcements 62 4.2.3. Offshore Wind Connections 63 4.2.4. Multi-purpose HVDC Options 64 4.3. GB IMPLEMENTATION OF OFFSHORE NETWORK DESIGNS 65 DNV GL – Report No. 20-1256, Rev. 2 – www.dnvgl.com Page iii 4.3.1. Key Elements of Developing Offshore Networks 65 4.3.2. North Scotland Case Study 66 4.3.3. North Wales and Irish Sea Case Study 68 4.3.4. GB Implementation of Integrated Designs by 2030 and 2050 69 5. OVERCOMING BARRIERS ............................................................................................... 72 5.1. Integrated Offshore Transmission Network Challenges 72 5.2. Technology Maturity and Pipeline 75 5.3. HVAC Specific Considerations 76 5.3.1. Technology Barriers 76 5.3.2. System Integration Barriers 77 5.3.3. Power Flow Regulation 79 5.4. HVDC Specific Considerations 79 5.4.1. Technology Barriers 79 5.4.2. System Integration Barriers 79 5.4.3. Power Flow Regulation Barriers 81 5.4.4. Other Barriers and Considerations 82 5.5. Other Technology Barriers 83 5.6. Technology Neutral Barriers 84 5.6.1. Gas Insulated Switchgear 84 5.6.2. Offshore Platforms 84 5.6.3. Storage 84 5.7. Regulatory framework for Transmission 84 5.7.1. Technical Rules 84 5.7.2. Legal Basis 87 5.8. Potential Solutions 89 5.8.1. Scale Trials 89 5.8.2. Optimisation of designs, their operation, control and protection 89 5.8.3. Opportunities supporting operability 90 5.9. Risks and Route Map 91 6. UNIT COSTS ................................................................................................................ 96 6.1. Assumption 96 6.2. Unit cost data 97 6.3. Cost reduction potential 97 6.3.1. Methodology 97 6.3.2. Assumptions on trends impacting cost drivers 98 6.3.3. Result 100 6.4. Cost for emerging technologies 101 7. POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 102 7.1. Approach 102 7.1.1. Inputs 102 7.1.2. Modelling Assumptions 102 7.1.3. Scope of Simulations 103 7.1.4. Limitations 103 7.2. Analysis per Regional Zone 104 7.2.1. North Scotland 105 7.2.2. East Scotland 107 DNV GL – Report No. 20-1256, Rev. 2 – www.dnvgl.com Page iv 7.2.3. Dogger Bank 110 7.2.4. Eastern Regions 112 7.2.5. South East 113 7.2.6. North Wales and Irish Sea 115 7.3. Analysis on System Level 117 7.3.1. Annual Wind Energy Production 117 7.3.2. Onshore Network Losses 117 7.3.3. Network Contingencies 118 7.3.4. Dynamic Performance 118 7.3.5. Voltage Profiles 119 7.4. Conclusions 119 8. APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. 120 Appendix A Existing HVAC offshore wind connections in UK 120 Appendix B Operational HVDC VSC Projects 124 Appendix C List of Future HVDC VSC project 128 Appendix D Control and Protection System of HVDC Converter Station Details 134 Appendix E Legal framework changes – process steps 138 Appendix F Conceptual Designs Assumptions 139 Appendix G Offshore Wind Capacity (2025–2050) 141 Appendix H Annual Wind Energy Production (2025–2050) 142 Appendix I Offshore Wind Power Injections 143 Appendix J Glossary 145 Appendix K Abbreviations 150 DNV GL – Report No. 20-1256, Rev. 2 – www.dnvgl.com Page v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To date, each transmission connected offshore wind project within Great Britain’s (‘GB’) offshore waters has a separate connection and there is limited opportunity (if any) for shared use of offshore transmission assets. Under current arrangements, each offshore wind farm development will contribute to overall carbon emission reduction targets in accordance with timescales that are defined on a project specific basis. The United Kingdom (‘UK’) Government has an ambition to achieve 40 GW by 2030 of installed offshore wind capacity, potentially rising to at least 75 GW by 2050. Achievement of these 2030 and 2050 targets is expected to require a step change in development approach in terms of both volume and pace. The electricity industry is set to invest several £10s billions in offshore wind and associated connection infrastructure over the coming ~30 years (a cost which will ultimately be borne by GB consumers)1. Without a change of approach, the required increase in volume and pace of network development is expected to lead to issues including: • lack of suitable cable landing points onshore; • adverse impacts on transmission system stability; • project delays due to the unavailability of equipment and resources due to stresses on the supply chain, and • failure to deliver economies that would be expected with a large-scale increase in development volumes. Each of these issues in the current approach could lead to increases to the overall cost of transmission system extensions and to the risk that connections for offshore wind projects will not be delivered on a timely basis. Eight conceptual network design building block options for offshore connections were identified of which: • Four use High Voltage Alternating Current (‘HVAC’) technologies, and • Four use High Voltage Direct Current (‘HVDC’) technologies (explanations to these and other technical terms across the report can be found in Appendix J) that have been used in Europe and Asia. This report illustrates a method for identifying
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