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Mīr ʿalīšīr Nawāʾī Akten Des Symposiums Aus Anlaß Des 560

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Mīr ʿalīšīr Nawāʾī Akten Des Symposiums Aus Anlaß Des 560 Mīr ʿAlīšīr Nawāʾī Akten des Symposiums aus Anlaß des 560. Geburtstages und des 500. Jahres des Todes von Mīr ʿAlīšīr Nawāʾī am 23. April 2001 ISTANBULER TEXTE UND STUDIEN HERAUSGEGEBEN VOM ORIENT-INSTITUT ISTANBUL BAND 1 Mīr ʿAlīšīr Nawāʾī Akten des Symposiums aus Anlaß des 560. Geburtstages und des 500. Jahres des Todes von Mīr ʿAlīšīr Nawāʾī am 23. April 2001 herausgegeben von Kellner-Heinkele, Barbara Kleinmichel, Sigrid WÜRZBURG 2016 ERGON VERLAG WÜRZBURG IN KOMMISSION Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-95650-175-3 ISSN 1863-9461 © 2016 Orient-Institut Istanbul (Max Weber Stiftung) Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung des Werkes außerhalb des Urheberrechtsgesetzes bedarf der Zustimmung des Orient-Instituts Istanbul. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen jeder Art, Übersetzungen, Mikro- verfilmung sowie für die Einspeicherung in elektronische Systeme. Gedruckt mit Unter- stützung des Orient-Instituts Istanbul, gegründet von der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung. Ergon-Verlag GmbH Keesburgstr. 11, D-97074 Würzburg INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorbemerkung ......................................................................................... 6 Mīr ᶜAlīšīr Nawāᵓī – Eine Skizze zum historischen Hintergrund Barbara Kellner-Heinkele ............................................................................. 9 Darstellung von Usbeken in ausgewählten timuridischen Quellen Jürgen Paul ................................................................................................ 23 Das Bild Nava’is im Babur Name Claus Schönig ............................................................................................. 47 ᶜAlīšīr Nawāᵓī in den Märchen zentralasiatischer Völker Erika Taube .............................................................................................. 57 Zur osmanischen Wiedergabe tschagataischer Verbformen im tschagataisch-osmanischen Wörterbuch Abušqa (16. Jh.) Claudia Römer ........................................................................................... 69 The visible and the invisible in Nawāᵓī works Hamid Ismailov ......................................................................................... 90 Nawais Laila und Madschnun Mark Kirchner ........................................................................................... 99 Nawāᵓī-i bē-Nawā Sigrid Kleinmichel ..................................................................................... 113 Kunst und Architektur zur Zeit Mir Ali Shir Navaᵓis Joachim Gierlichs ...................................................................................... 137 5 VORBEMERKUNG Am 23. April 2001 veranstaltete das Institut für Turkologie der Freien Universität Berlin aus Anlaß des 560. Geburtstages und des 500. Jahres des Todes von Mīr ᶜAlīšīr Nawāᵓī ein Symposium. Die Vortragenden kamen aus Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, Halle, Leipzig, London, Mainz sowie aus Wien. Sie bemühten sich – jeder auf seine Weise – um eine Annäherung an das Schaffen des Dichters und seiner Zeitgenossen. An den Verklärungen, die das Leben des Dichters erfahren hat, wollten sie nicht mitwirken. Diese besagen, daß es selten ein besseres Verhältnis zwischen Dichter und Herrscher gegeben habe, als das zwischen dem Dichter ᶜAlīšīr Nawāᵓī und dem Herrscher Ḥusayn Bayqara am Hofe von Herat. So glaubte man jedenfalls im Norden und Süden, im Osten und Westen des islamischen Kulturbereichs – bis weithin ins Osmanische Reich. Dichter und Historiker sahen nicht selten neidvoll, auch in späteren Jahrhunderten, in den beiden Männern aus Herat eine Wiederverkörperung des legendären Freundespaares König Salomo und Asaph, der als Liederdichter und Minister Salomos gedacht wird. In ihren historisch ausgerichteten Beiträgen stellten sich B. Kellner-Heinkele, J. Paul (Halle) und C. Schönig (Berlin/Istanbul) das Ziel, die politischen Rahmenbedingungen für die Existenz des Herater Hofes und dessen Niedergang sowie die geistige Atmosphäre im Herrschaftsbereich von Ḥusayn Bayqara sichtbar zu machen. Sie stützten sich auf intime Kenntnisse jener Schriften in persischer und tschaghataischer Sprache, die zur Zeit Nawāᵓīs oder kurz nach seinem Tod entstanden. Der Beitrag von E. Taube (Leipzig) berührte eine Seite der Verklärungen, das Eindringen der Gestalt ᶜAlīšīr Nawāᵓīs in die mittelasiatischen Märchen. Über deren Entstehungsbedingungen entspann sich ein kleiner Disput, der anhand älterer Quellen weitergeführt werden müßte. Das Interesse an den Dichtungen ᶜAlīšīr Nawāᵓīs in Gegenden, in denen seine Muttersprache, das Tschaghataische (auch Türkī genannt), nicht ohne weiteres oder gar nicht verständlich war, hatte mindestens seit dem 16. Jahrhundert zur Herstellung tschaghataisch-persischer und tschaghataisch- osmanischer Wörterbücher geführt. Die Struktur eines dieser Wörterbücher und damit die Art des sprachwissenschaftlichen 6 Denkens im 16. Jahrhundert behandelte C. Römer (Wien) in ihrem Beitrag. Drei der Vortragenden stellten die Dichtung ᶜAlīšīr Nawāᵓīs in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Überlegungen, der Literaturwissenschaftler und Dichter H. Ismailov (z.Zt. London), M. Kirchner (Frankfurt am Main) und S. Kleinmichel (Berlin). Grundzüge des Gedankengebäudes Nawāᵓīs wie auch der spielerische Umgang mit einzelnen Topoi und Begriffen wurden am Beispiel der größeren Dichtungen wie “Laylā wa Mağ nūn” und der Ghasele erörtert. Kunst und Musik, die der Dichter stets gefördert hat, wurden zum Abschluß in einem Dia-Vortrag von J. Gierlichs (Berlin) und in einem kleinen Dutarkonzert von R. Sultanova (z.Zt. London) den Anwesenden nahegebracht. Eine Kostprobe von den heute in Mittelasien gesungenen Liedern gab eine seit einigen Jahren bestehende studentische Musikgruppe des Zentralasien-Seminars der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Neben der Vizepräsidentin der FU, Prof. Dr. G. Klann-Delius, hatte der Botschafter der Republik Usbekistan, Dr. V. Norov, die Anwesenden begrüßt. Die Botschaft der Republik Usbekistan lud im Anschluß an das Symposium zu einem Empfang und gab so ihrer Freude darüber Ausdruck, daß ein bedeutender Dichter geehrt wurde, zu dessen Erben sich die Usbeken neben den Uighuren, Türkmenen und anderen Völkern Mittelasiens zählen. Daß die Vorbereitung und Durchführung des Symposiums gelungen sind, ist der Einsatzbereitschaft der Mitarbeiter des Instituts für Turkologie zu danken. Ohne die finanzielle Unterstützung der Freien Universität Berlin jedoch wäre die Ehrung ᶜAlīšīr Nawāᵓīs nicht geglückt. Der vorliegende Band enthält nun die bei dem Symposium gehaltenen Vorträge in überarbeiteter Form. Ganz besonderer Dank ist Frau Liane Wolf geschuldet, die mit unermüdlichem Engagement die Eingabe der Texte in den Computer besorgte. Für die Überarbeitung eines englischsprachigen Manuskripts sei Frau Dr. Kathrin Möller und für wiederholtes Korrekturlesen Frau Paula Schrode gedankt. Da die Beiträge sich sowohl nach ihrer Materialgrundlage als auch nach den Gesichtspunkten, die für die Vortragenden jeweils wichtig waren, stark unterscheiden und da die Autoren der Beiträge unterschiedlichen wissenschaftlichen Schulen entstammen, 7 transkribieren sie auf verschiedene Weise und schreiben auch den Namen des Dichters und gängige Begriffe, für die es im Deutschen mehrere Schreibweisen gibt (tschaghataisch ~ tschagataisch, Ghasel ~ Gasel u.a.), nicht einheitlich. Diese Unterschiede sind auch in dieser Publikation bewahrt. Barbara Kellner-Heinkele Sigrid Kleinmichel 8 MĪR ᶜALĪŠĪR NAWĀᵓĪ – EINE SKIZZE ZUM HISTORISCHEN HINTERGRUND Barbara Kellner-Heinkele Mīr ᶜAlīšīr Nawāᵓī Leben und Wirken ist aufs engste verbunden mit der Timuridendynastie und mit der Stadt Herat. Timur „der Lahme“, der Gründer der Dynastie (reg. ca. 1370–1405), machte Samarkand zum politischen und kulturellen Zentrum seines riesigen Reiches, während Herat sich erst unter seinem Sohn und Nachfolger Šāhruḫ (reg. 1409–1447) als Hauptstadt zu entfalten begann. In der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts erlangte die Stadt als Herrscherresidenz des bedeutenderen der beiden Teilreiche, die die Timuriden sich hatten bewahren können, ihren historischen Höhepunkt.1 Herat läßt sich gewissermaßen als das Zentrum eines Panoramas von islamischen Reichen vorstellen, von denen gegen Norden als rivalisierendes timuridisches Teilreich Transoxanien (das Land jenseits des Amu-Darya) mit dem Zentrum Samarkand angrenzte, gegen Westen folgten das übrige Persien und Ostanatolien unter der Herrschaft der Türkmenendynastien der Qara Qoyunlu und Aq Qoyunlu, westlich und südwestlich von diesen das Osmanische Reich und das Mamlukenreich (Ägypten und Syrien); im Südosten lag jenseits mehrerer Gebirgsketten das unter diversen Dynastien aufgeteilte Indien und schließlich, im Nordosten, das Land jenseits von Pamir und Tienschan, Mogholistan (Siebenstromland und Tarim-Becken). Für den heutigen Betrachter mag Herat nur eine afghanische Provinzstadt im Grenzgebiet gegen Iran sein, doch es hat eine lange und oft glanzvolle Geschichte aufzuweisen.2 Von der großen Flußoase Herat
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