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The Role of the Mujtahids Iw Iranian Politics 1921-1941

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The Role of the Mujtahids Iw Iranian Politics 1921-1941 THE ROLE OF THE MUJTAHIDS IW IRANIAN POLITICS 1921-1941 ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JARAN MALULIM Under the Supervision of Professor Mahmudul Haq 'T'i 3gr^ CENTRE OF WEST ASIAN STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1988 TRESIS SECTION THE ROLE OF THE MUJTAHIDS IN IRANIAN POLITICS 1921-1941 ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JARAN MALULIM Under the Supervision of Professor Mahmudul Haq CENTRE OF WEST ASIAN STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1988 ABSTRACT The period o-f Resa Shah, founder o-f the Pahlavi dynasty, is an important phase in the history of modern Iran. Not without reason he has been called the 'father of modern Iran'. After his accession to the throne in 1925 he introduced a number of radical reforms. These westernizing reforms went to undermine the position of the clerics, who had become powerful since the sixteenth century. They opposed the reforms tooth and nail as anti- Islamic. However, the reforms of the Shah were more anti­ clerical in nature than anti-religious. The first three chapters of the thesis give the historical background which are necessary for the proper understanding of Shi'ism and Shi'i institutions in Iran during Reza Shah's reign. Thus chapter one deals with the consolidation of Shi'ism in Iran. It traces the origins of Shi'ism in Iran, the principles of shi'ism, and the growth of power and authority of the clerics. A proto-Shi'i group emerged in the middle of the eighth century among the Arab nomadic tribemen who followed 'Ali . At the beginning Shi'ism appeared as a political movement which claimed 'Al i as the true caliph. The Shi'is at that time were mostly Arabs though some of the non-Arabs also joined them. Gradually, the idea of the immortality of Imam (Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya) spread among certain sections of the Muslims. This was the beginning o-f the messianic concept in Sh i''ism ., The concept was artfully exploited by the clerics during the Pahlavi period. As is generally known during the Umayyad time Shi'ism had generally adopted the attitude o-f political quietism. This became the main theme of Shi'ism for many- years. In fact the Shi'i political thought and institutions emerged after the occultation of the Twelfth Imam. Shi'isrn flourished during the Buyid dynasty in the tenth century and was active upto the end of the eleventh century. In Iran it- prospered. During the Abbasids, after the martyrdom of Imam Husayn, it got split into a number of groups. The rise of the Safavid dynasty in the sixteenth century was a turning point in the history o !' Iran. It marked the domination of Shi'ism in that countr-y , Shah Ismail (1501) declared Twelver Shi'ism (Ithna 'Ashariya) as the state religion and since then all the Safavids accepted Shi'ism as the official religion. Shah Isma'il invited Shi'i theologians from Syria, Bahrain and L.e?taanon who would prepare and spread Shi'a jurisprudence in Iran . The Shi'is believe firmly in the principle of Imamate. They hold that Ali's descendants are infal1 i bie Imams or leaders. They believe in the super personal it-/ o-l' 'Ali . This belief emerged from the belief in the charismatic qualities of the leaders in the time of proto- shi'ism. The Twelvers also believe that their last Imam has been hiding himself and will one day reappear to spread justice in the world. The Shi'i theory supported the claim of legitimate power by the mujtahids, the most learned among the clerics. The institution of clerics was born during the Safavids. Although they had no legitimate authority in the beginning but it gained influence by performing some important functions in the society according to the principles of Shi'ism. As some authors point out the Shi'i clerics did not get their authority from the doctrine of the legitimation of the Imams but from the natural process of historical evolution. The second chapter deals with the rise of clerical influence in Iran upto the rise of Reza Shah. It aims at the exploration of the role of the Iranian clerics during the Constitutional Revolution in Iran which greatly influenced the growth of Shi'ism till the modern period. The early period of Constitutional Revolution (1905 - 06) shows great influence of the clerics. The combined efforts of the clerics and the masses made the constitutional movement a nationalist one. The clerics were able to mobilize support from the masses which ultimately led to their success. Under the Safavids the state was partly accepted by the clerics due to the claim made by the monarchs that they were the descendants of the Imams. But during the Qajar period the relation between the clerics and the state underwent a change. Though the king continued to claim himself to be 'the shadow of Sod on earth' he could not get symphathetic response from the clerics. Thus the monarch was looked upon as illegitimate? and this became the cause of the hostility of the clerics towards the state. The clerics expected that the state should at least submit to them. And that 'the state could ultimately have been no more than the executive branch of a cl€»rical power' to which the state did not agree. The clerics derived their power from their close relationship with the community which the state lacked. Throughout the nineteenth century till the Pahlavi period the religious institutions of Iran got fully involved in politics. Several political events assisted the hostility between the two. It can be said that from the beginning upto the end of the QaJar period the clerics of Iran played a leading role in the affairs of the country. In the Russo-Iranian War (1804 - 13) the clerics issued fatva against Russia, making the war as a Holy War (Jihad) . The clerics also took part in the war and acted as national leaders. The mujtahids's revolt against the state in the reign of Muhammad Shah was very serious. It was caused by the attempt to crush the power of the religious body as a policy of the Shah and the ambition of the clerics themselves. During the later period of Nasir al-Din Shah, the king's attempts to westernize some aspects of the state brought about more and more bitter fights between the state and the clerics who refused innovations. When the state turned towards foreign powers to ask help from them the opposition of the clerics became more strong. The 'ulama' consol idated their strength on two occasions! One was the Reuter Concession (1873) in which the clerics intervention could stop the king's acion in that direction. Another was the Tobacco Concession ( 1891 - 02 ) in which the clerics played a leading role resulting in the fall of the Qajar dynasty. Chapter three is about the growth of clerical power on the eve of the rise of Reza Shah to power. It discusses the authority of the clerics in Iran, their financial status and their control on education. The clerics' financial status was an important source of their power. It was the result of the Shi'i doctrine which endowed them the authority of collecting and administering the khums tax and the zakah because it did not recognize the right of temporal rule. The waqf land and properties were also under the administration of the clerics. This led to the clerics' independence from the government control in the field of economy. During the reign of Re;:a Shah the status and power of the clerics were undermined b6?cause the government entrusted the juridical power to the state in 1 ieu of the religious authorities. Besides, the Shah also issued several laws to limit the educational control of the clerics. Chapter four describes the rise of the Pahlavis to power. At the end of World War I Iran fell under the pressure of the Shah and foreign powers. The British forces did not withdraw from the Iranian boundary and continued to interfere in the inte?rnal affairs of the country. In such crisis Iran needed a leader who would 1 iberate the country from foreign control. The leader was found in the person of Reza Khan who came from a smal1 family in a village of Masandaran. Reza Khan became the commander of the machinegun in 1911. He played an important role in fighting with the internal enemies of the government. He very quickly rose to power. Iran was invaded by Russia and Reza Khan bravely led his troops to fight the enemies. In the end, though Iran was defeated yet the bravery of Reza Shah was recognized and he was promoted to the post of the commander of Cossack Division. In this he was helped by Sayyid Zia al-Din, a famous editor of the newspaper Ra'd. The two men joined together to stage a successful coup d'etat on 21 February, 1921 as a result of which Reza Khan became the Prime Minister. When the last Shah -fled to Europe, Reza Khan became Reza Shah of the new dynasty. Chapter -five critically examines Westernizing reforms of Reza shah. An attempt to westernize Iran became a difficult work for Reza Shah due to the weak development of the middle class in Iran as in other countries of the Islamic World led to the very slow assimilation of Western influence. However, during his reign many changes took place. As a result of various capitalistic measures a new middle class was developing in Iran which played a vital role in the spread of Westernizing ideas in the country.
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