Mosque Architecture: Formulation of Design Criteria and Standards in the Context of Bangladesh

Sheikh Muhammad Najrnul Imam

- - 11/:mIIIIIUII/IIiUIIIIIII/:1 1J94979111

Departmeut of Architecture Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (DUET) Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

September 2000 Mosque Architecture: Formulation of Design Criteria and Standards in the Context of Bangladesh

Sheikh Muhammad Najmul Imam

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture in the Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (DUET)

Department of Architecture Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

September 2000 Department of Architecture Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka IDOO, Bangladesh

On this day, 30" of September, Saturday, 2000, Ihe undeTSlgned hercby recommends \0 the Academic Council that lhe the,is titled, "Mosque Architecture: Fonnulation of Design Cmefla atld Standard, in the Context of Bangladesh" submitted by Sheikh Mul1ammad Najmullmam, Roll No_ 9213 P, Session: 1990-'91.'92, is acceptable in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree MaSI.' of Architecture.

Thesis Title, "Mosqne Architecture, Formolation of Design Criteria and Standards in tbe ConteIt of Bangladesh"

PROPOSED BOARD OF EXAMTNERS:

Faruque A. U. Khan Professor and H.ad Department of Architecture, BUET (Thesis Supcrvi,or)

Md. Khairnl Enam Professor Department of Architecturc, BUET Member: 100 • ~. 'U»-

Dr. Md. ShahiduJ Ameeo Professor Department of Architecture, BUET Member: ~-jI o( oYf/'"lJ

Mosque Architecture: Formulation of Design Criteria and Standards in the context of Bangladesh

Abstract

Mosque, being the center of Islamic spirit and activities, bccomes an edifice of special sigmficance in the Muslim settlements all over the world. Starting from a simple one in Medina, in course of modification through time and regions, it has attained a certain degree of architectural magnificence amI established il~elf as a distinguished building type.

The first mosque cstablished by the Prophet (S) was intended to abide by the commamlment of Allah, convey His message to the whole humankind and render ~crviec to the society. This mosque can be characterized as a simple, austere and strictly functional one. Afterwards, influences from other religiou~ architecture of mediaeval period led the mosqlle architecture towards monumental and SlJmptuOlJs structures. This thesis explores, a, one of its objectivc~, to identify the original intent of a mosque and how it was redefined in course oflime and region.

Thousands of mo,qlJes are ~erving thc Muslim community of Bangladesh. Mo~qucs of early Islamic period were built under the patronage of rulers and distinguished rich Muslims. Gradually the common people started to build mosques in their own initiative. These mosqlJesdevelop gradually and reflect the desire and demand of the community. In most of the cases they do not follow any systematic design criteria or standard in temls of the()logyand practice. Moreover, there are no such authentic and compiled sources of guidelines or standard~ to be used by the architects. As a re,ult, there are good number of faulty aspects in different mosques, with respect to shariah and practical i,sucs.

This thesis focuses on the formulation of design criteria and standards, which can bc applied for designing mosqlJes in Bangladesh. Obviously, some common and fundamental aspects may apply universally to any mosque around the globe.

Some criteria, like determination of qihla direction, configurations of spaces, contiuuation or jama'al in diffcrcm levels, service facilities etc. arc to bc taken into consideration in design approach. Thcse aspects are directly or indirectly dictated by shariah.

As a quantitative design tool, architects ~hould follow some design standards. Determination of capacity, spacing of qatars, ergonomic data for different activities, requirement of space for different aetivitics, size of ingress and egress, service load - all these issue, are included for analysi" and propositions. Abstract: Ii -'"

A mosque is a unique building type, which requires almost no liturgical support. The floor is mostly used for salat and other activities. Only little furniture, as for example, rnlmbar, seats for Wazu, bookshelf, shoebox or rack etc. arc required to be designed. Standards are formulated for all these liturgical supports.

Environmental aspects are also significant for a mosque. But, an elaborate discussion on this aspect is selectively kept beyond the scope or this lhesis, as (his field itselr is very vas! and suitable to be an independent research work. Only some brief discussions and general propositions arc ineluded for certain environmental issues important ror mosque design.

There arc many major and minor criteria, which should be considered for designing a mosque. Bul due the limited scope orthis thesis work, some major issues, particularly those very significant on spatial aspoxts are covered in this work. Some aspects, which arc common for any other building type and do not carry extra significance for a mosque, are kept beyond the scope. It is expected that the architect will be able to handle those common issues out of his general education and expertise in architecture.

f Acknowledgement: iii

Acknowledg_e_m_e_"_' _

Throughout the process of this thesis work, a good nwnber of people lend their helping hands by providing information, guidance and encouragement. Firstly, I express my gratitude to Profes,or Faruque A. U. Khan, my Thesis Supervisor and Head of the Department of Architecture, DUET, for providing guidance and ill5piration. All my colleagues of the department had been all through vcry kind to rcnder their cooperation in different way:;. Professor Dr. M. Anwarul Islam, the Manehcster Mctropolitan University, UK ha:; set a rare example of assistance by sending a signilieant book on Islamic Architeeturc and his research Paper on Mosque Architecture.

M. Kamal Abdali, National Science Foundation, USA; Khalid Shawkat, USA; Dr. Monzur Ahmed, UK and many others were introduced to me through Internet. I express my heartiest thanks to all of them for providing me infornlatlon and computer software. It ISworth mentioning here that some of my students and the musallies of different mosque:; eagerly a,sistet! me in field sludy. They also sbare the credit of accomplishment of this thesis work.

I acknowledge that some figures and photographs are taken from different books and mentioned accordingly in relevant places. I would like to convey my tbanks for the wriler" publisher, and other associates.

For theological support, a good number of scholars of Islamic theology have assisted earnestly. i express my gratitude for Maolana Ishaq Faridi, Mufti Abdur Rahman, Mufti Monsurul Haq and many others. it is vcry difficult to mention everyone who contributed directly or indirectly throughout my work. Moreover, it is not always worth mentioning the names to express gratitude. May Allah bless them with appropriate rewards m lhi, world and hereafler.

Finally, I must say A/-hamdulillah (all praise is for Allah) and express my appreciation and gratitude for Allah the Almighty, a, He i, the sole source of all knowledge, energy and enthusiasm.

• • Table a/Contents: iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Abstract I .".".".".".".". ~.~.~.o.~.le.dgern.e.n.t. ,...,..".".".....".".". 111 Table of Contents IV .I,i~t.(If.F.igurc.s. ''''',..."....".".. VI Prologue IX fl'i%{l'".~:'k',~,~~"';<),';O::'i1f(i~,~ili,;:~i';";i;"1i+;':M;;"~-5V:(~'f:t;%'t.i~ili' :',:"",'l;',"':"i"~;;':.P>;"'w;;:~~lk:~~m%;,'~,%:~ji,','. lPART:,Afu""'" X",V;;<\nf1' ~...~t,;,':"WSm:@l;,il;:::;, 'Y::;>;~;~1i&*"A:',h:~'~",~~~~?

Chapter ONE 1-1 The Mosque: General Aspects 1.1 Introduction 1-1 ..,..,.., . .." . 1.2 Word meanillg,~J;l?,p.efinition. 1-1 1.3 Role m Islam 1-2 "." ..".".". . ------.. ------"."." ". I,'.1.B.uildin.g.C.oml?o.".e.n.ls: ,. 1-3 1.5 Characteristic Features 1-3 ...... -- "." " ".,,--. ,,, ,, ,,.,,.,, . 1.6 Tj'JJ.(l.!,(lgy. 1-5 1.7 Conclusion 1-7

Chapter TWO 2-1 Historical Overview 2.1 lntroduction 2-1 -- . 2.2 ,~,~ ..~,I,:~,t.~osqul:__ " ".". 2-1 2J.c:1Jl:<>1l(l1{)gica1l)e",elopJ!l~,~.!..i~.(JI(l~a1(;(lllt.cx:t__ 2-3 2.4 Chrollo1ogical,,!?,~~~1(lrrnen.t.in.B:Ill.g.1~desh. 2-8 2.5 Conclusion 2-16

Chapter THREE 3-1 Field Study 3.1 Introduction 3-1 ------. -- ".".".". 3-1 3.2 ScoIJ~... ------... ------. ---- ... -- -- ... "."."." 3-1 ~:} ...~ ~t.h.o.~()1.{)gy. __ "" .." "." .. 3.:4~tIl~¥__o.Il.C::.a:se__~.?~.'l~es__ 3-9 3:5lJse.~at.t,~::ll,,?r..~f!~c.cs. 3-20 3.6 User's Feedback and Observations 3-20 ...... ".".".".". 3.7 Conclusion 3-21

> Tablt! a/Cantt'n/s: v I •!PART: B iForrnulalion ofDelilgn Criteria and Standards I Chaptl'r FOUR 4-1 Basic Consideration' 4,llntroduetion '-I 4.2 Concept '-I 4.3 Sitt! Phmning '_2 4.4 Qibla: the OriClltntion for Salat ,~ 4.5 Conclusion 4.12

Chapfer FIVE 5-1 Design Approach 5.1 Introduction '-1 ~ptltinl Analysis of Function '-1 5.3 Functional Sr»-ccs ,~ 5.4 Building Elcments 5.11 5.5 Conligumlion of Space and Form 5-14 5.6 Building lind Finish Mftlennls 5-18 5.7 AesthetiC!l 5-18 5.8 Environment 5.20 5.9 Conclusion 5-26

Ch.pll'r SIX 6-1 Design Standan!s 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Dl:tcrmination ofCar»-city ofa Mosque 6-1 6.3 'lib/a Directions for Bang~ndcsh 6-3 6.4 Space Standards 6-3 6.5 Conli~mlion of Space 6-8 6.6 Furniture 6-, 6.7 Requirement ofWntt!f 6-' 6.8 Conclusion 6-10 Epll0l:ue FA . , ~I'PE;-;D1CES A.I-I 1 A.l Glossary of Terms A.1-1" A.2 Photo~phs A.2-1 A.3 Measured Dra\\ings A.3-1 ~gures A.4.1 A.5 Bibliography A.5-1 Ust of Figures and Tables: v;

List of Figures and Tables

Figure & Page Table No. Title of Figure and Table No. Cla"ification of early IslamIc mosques in Bengal according to l'ig, 1.1 Figure I-I the configuration of ground plan Fig, 1.2 Typical North Indian mosque during Mughal period Figure I-II Fig, 1.3 Ground floor plan o[Delhi Jam; mosque FIgure I-m Fig. 1.4 Front elevation of Delhi Jam; mosque FIgure 1-1V Fig. 2.1 House of the Prophet (S) and the fir,t mosque in Islam Figure 2-1 Fig.2.2.a PI"n o[the house of the Prophet ($) and the mosque in 622 AD Figure 2-1 Fig.2.2.b Re-ummged Plan with the change qibla in 632 AD Figure 2-1 Fig.2.2.c Extension during 534-644 AD & 644-656 AD Figure 2-1 Fig.2.3.a Plan o[the Prophet', (g) mosque in 1987 AD Figure 2-1 Fig.2.3.b Aerial view of the present mosque ofthe Prophet (S) Figure 2-1 Fig. 2.4 The l'riday mo'que at Isfahan: Ground plan Figure 2-11 Fig. 2.5 The Eshrefoghlu mosque at Bey>hehlr: Ground plan Figure 2-11 Fig. 2.6 The Al.Aksa mo'que at Jen,,"lern Figure 2_11 Fig. 2,7 The Great mosque at Damascus: Ground plan Figure 2-11 Example of different type, ofminarels found in difT~'rCnt FIg. 2,8 Figure 2-III cOlll1tries FIg. 2,9 The palace of M,hatta: Ground plan Figure 2_111 Fig. 2.10 The nbat of Susa: Ground plan Figure 2-IIl Fig, 2,11 The Great Mosque ofSamarra: Ground plan Figure 2-IIl Fig, 2,12 The Timarkhana at Aamsya: Birds eye view Figure 2-IIl Fig, 2.13 11le Khirki Mo'que at Delhi: Ground plan Figure 2-IV The Ahmed Shah Mosque at Ahmadabad: A longitudinal Pig. 2, 14 Figure 2-IV section through the ladies gallery _ The Gunmant Mosque at Gaur: Tunnel vault ofthe tran'ept or Fig, 2.15 Figure 2-IV central aisle Fig, 2,16 The Chota Sona Mosque: Front view ofa Chauchala vault Figure 2-IV Fig, 2.17 The Choto Sana Mosque: Corner view of a Chauchala vault Figure 2-V Fig, 2.18 The Chamkattl Mosque at Gaur: Groin vault in the foro room FlgurC 2-V The Masjldhari Mosque at Mirzagonj: Chauchala vault in the Fig, 2.19 Flgurc2-V fore room Fig, 2.20 Floor plan of the Adina Mosque Figure 2_V Fig, 2.21 Floor plan ofthe Snait Gambuj Mosque Figure 2-VT Fig, 2.22 Floor plan o[the Uitton Mosqne Figure 2-Vl L,s/ of Figures and Tah/e,,' vi;

Fig, 2.23 Floor plan of the Baba Adam Mosque Figure 2-VI Fig, 2.24 Plan, elevation and seellon oflhe Allakuri Mosque Figure 2-VI Fig, 2.25 Floor plan of the Lalbag Fort Mosque Figure 2-VII Fig, 2.26 The Star Mosqne, famous for ils ornamentation Figure 2-VII Fig, 4.1 Aerial view: },Jorthern part ofTaj Mahal complex, Agra Figure 4-1 Example of axial diver,ity in the three types of bUllding m the Fig, 4.2 Figure 4-1 same complex ofTaj Milial, Agra Direction ofKaaba (qih!a) from GPS station at Gulshan Fig. 4.3 Figure 4-II Ladiies Park, Dhaka Fig, 5.1 FunetlOnal flow diagram ofa mo'que figure 5-] Schematic diagram ,howing possible approaches to a mosque Fig. 5.2 Figure 5.II from roads on different sides ofa SHe Fig.5.3.a Scheme A: Floor Plan Figure 5-III Flg.5,3.b Scheme B: Floor Plan Figure 5-IV Fig.5,3.e Scheme C: Ground Floor Plan Figure 5-V Fig. 5,3.d Scheme C: First Floor Plan Figure 5-VI Fig. 5.4.a Determinant of space eonfiguratlOn: Formation of qatar Figure 5-VII Determinant of 'pace configuration: Range of audiovisual Fig, 5.4.b Figure 5-VIII acuity Fig. 5.5 Module, grid and bay for a mosque Figure 5_IX Fig. 5,6 Relationship ofkngth, width and height of mosque proper FIgure 5_IX The building elements ofa mosque - dome, arch, turrets, Fig, 5.7 Figure 5-X minaret, kiosk etc, The element> of a mosque used as 'ymhol to represent a Fig. 5.8 5-19 mosque, Muslim festivals, event, etc, Fig. 5.9 Examples of different types of ornamental elements in mosques Figure 5_XI Lines pass through dlfferent place in Banglade"h of similar Fig. 6.1 Figure 6-III angular value for qibla dire<:tion Anthropometric data: Body dimension of an adult male of Fig. 6,2 Figure 6-IV Bangladesh Fig. 6,3 Space for salat ofmalc Figure 6-V Fig. 6.4 Space for sitting in different posmre m a mosque Figure 6-VI Fig. 6,5 Space for wazu facility with supplied water through pipe Figure 6-VII Fig, 6.6 Dimension for m;mbar Figure 6-VIII Fig, 6.7 Low-table, for students and tcach~"fs of muklab Figure 6-VIII Fig, 6.8 Dimensions ofshe1ves for safe"kccping of shoes and umbrellas Figure 6-iX Survey format to determine the number of musaWes attending Fig. A.4.1 A.4-1 .

The qibla dircetlons and corresponding latitude and longitude Table 6.1 Figure 6-II of64 zUas ofBanglade,h Table 6.2 Space for toilet facility per unit 6-5 Required toilet umts per 1[)()mu,mllies for different Table 6.3 neighbourhood, 6-' Spacc for stores for a mosque with a capacity of about 5[)() Table 6.4 musallie., and 50 ,tudent> of mak/vb using low-table 6-' Table 6.5 Pereenlllge of circulation space with respect to space for salal 6-6 Proposed rcviSlOn for the Table 4.3.1 ofBNBC: Occupancy Table 6.6 load for varioll.

PROLOGUE

P.I Introduction Islam is proclaimed to be a complete code of practice and a mosque plays significant role to establish it. As a ccntre of spirirnal contents and a platfonn of communication, it dcvelops the unity and brotherhood among the Muslim communities. The major activity of mosquc is to facilitate salat to be penonned in jama .a/. Many other activities in favour of dally life of an individual Muslim or a Muslim community are accomplished through a mosque. Thus a mosque has become an indispcll5able part of any Muslim settlemcnt allover the world.

Islam is intended for whole mankind. So, its norms and attitudes, by its nature and manner of implication, are quite SUItableand adaptable for different geographical features and social status. The criteria and standards for a mosque follow the fundamental issues of Islam and practical factors. That is why the outward fonnal appcarance of a mosque in a sub-Saharan African country and that of Bangladesh may differ for variations in climate, available building materials and technology ctc. But in most of the aspects of fundamental criteria rcscmbles to a considerable degree. Some design standard may vary for details and quantitative local issucs. Thus, it is possible to identify some common critcria and standards for a mosque irrespective ofplacc and culture, but it is difficult to prescribc those universally and in totality. This thesis is intended to fonnulate some important and fundamental design criteria and standards for a mosquc in Bangladesh.

P.2 Scope of Work A mosque is usually placed in a complex, compnsed of other related structures like madrasah. huzra khana, shops (to rent out) etc. Selectively, this thesis includcs only the mosque and its serviccs. Issues that facilitate the perfonnance of salal and other rituals within the mosquc are given the topmost preference for analysis and propositions. Design criteria and standards in relation with space and servicc facilities are elaborated considerably. Environmcntal issues, itself being a vast field, are kept beyond the scope of elaboration. Only some general suggestions and notes are includcd to assist the designers.

P,3 Research Rationale Pious Muslim rulers, rich people and others were the patrons to construct the mosques in thc early stage of development in Bangladesh. By virtue ofbemg well verscd about the sunnah and shariah, they abided by most of the terms of Islam mvolved in mosque design. Prescntly, common people of the community are developing most of the mosques. In few cases, they 3rc cngaging architects - usually from a sccular type of educational background._ So, there is a prime ncccssity to establish some cOll5olidatedguidelines formulated from theology and practical issues, which can be followed by the designers. Prologue: x Much has so far been studied and compiled on already built mosques in the context of history, physical description and comparative analysis. But littlc has been explored on the aspects of functionality, design criteria and standards to help the design process of a mosque, acceptable in terms of theology and practice. From the available sourcesl, there could not be found any complete publication that covcrs the design aspects and standards for a mosque. Unfortunately enough, even the popularly used design standard book~ does not contain a single word on mosque, though this voluminous compilation has covered more than eighty building types starting from a small book shop to an international airport and it has also included religious buildings of different believes. Some IslamiC theologians have compiled some codes of practice for a mosquc in different books in a disperse manner. And for the obvious reason of being m dliTerentrealm of education and practice, they could not provide any proposition to materialize those theoretical codes in terms of dcsign proposals.

Without any dcsign guidelines or standards, the architect, if fortunately a practicing Muslim, is going about on the crutches of his plain experience of existing mosques and dcduced knowledge from other secular public buildings, thus, involving the risk of erroneous design proposals with respect to function and the Islamic shariah. Needless to mentJOn the severity of consequence when the designer is a non- practicing Muslim or from other believes. So, there had been a long felt necessity for formulation of design criteria and standards for a mosque. Hopefully, this thesis will be helpfl.11for the architccts to design a mosque. This may also be used as a groundwork and reference for the future researchers who can contribute for further developmcnt and refinements in the same field.

PA Objectives The objectivcs ofthis thesis work can be summarized as follow:

o To assist, especlally the architects and generally the other technical hands involved in the design process of a mosque, as a dcsign guideline and a quick reference for technical standards. o To use as a tool for checking the already constructcd mosques for any discrepancy with a view to resolve them. o To set some special conditions and means to facilitate the expansion, restoration or renovation ofa mosque. o Some general parameters, which are applicable in the global context, can be proposed for inclusion in the internationally accepted and practiced Design Standard books. Cl Can be uscd as a base work for further modification and elaboration in future research work.

P.5 Metbodology Methods adopted to perform some background slUdycan be categorized as:

1. LiteralUreSurvey: o To explore the meaning and purpose of a mosque in the light of theology. IJ To identify the design guidelines dictated by the Holy Qu,'an, Hadirh and other books of shariah.

• Prologue: xi o To analyse the history of architecture to identify the transition of mosque through ages to reach the present phase in Bangladesh.

2. Field Study: o Users feedback to identify the positive and negative aspects of the mosques under use. o Survey on the space use pattern, service requirements and other lssues with respect to the different size and type of COtlUllunity.

3. Expenmental ActIVIty: !J To deduce the space standards in terms of ergonomics. o To derive the gihla direction for different locations of Bangladesh. IJ To derive the generalmdex for the quantity of different services.

P.6 Terms, Measurement Units and Text Format The terms, which have especial connotative meaning in Islam and popularly knOVffi and used by the Muslims, arc used without translation but in transliterated form to avoid solecism. For example, the word "Allah" connotes the entity having no ancestor or offsprin~, where as the English word "God", unfortunately used as translation of the word "Allah" even by Muslims, connotes the concept of "trinity,,4, a concept clearly opposed by Islam. Another word "wazu" connotes to the specific rite performed for purification, especially as a prerequisite for salal. But the word frequently translatcd as "ablution" connotes to Christian religious activity very much dissimilar in nature and purpose'. The definitions, denotative and connotative meanings of the terms are furnished in the Appendices (A.l Glossary of Terms). The words, which are defined in the Glossary ofTerrns, are 'italicised' in the general text.

For unit of measurements, MK.S. system is followed and mentioned throughout the thesis work. The latitude and longitude values are expressed in degree, minutes, second and also in decimal degrees. The angles are considered as clockwise positive. These norms are followed unless otherwise mdleated.

An the headings (for chapters, sections and paragraphs) are left aligned. Body text is justified to left and right margin. For easy Identification, quotations are indented inward from the left ad right margins and quotation marks are omitted, as sometimes those marks are found within the quotation itself. Numbers for references are placed in square brackets, where the first digit indicates the ehapter number and the following digits indicate the serial number of books, enlisted at the end of each chapter.

P.7 Organization ofthe Thesis As background work, literature survey and field study is conducted in Part: A. Chapter One deals with the general aspects of a mosque. To understand the morphology of different elements of a mosque, an historical overview is furnished in Chapter Two. Chapter Thee reveals the present status of various mosques through field study. Prologue: xii

Part: B is dedicated for formulation of design criteria and standards. In Chapter Four, some ba.>iccriteria is discussed and in Chapter Five the design issues are analysed and suggestions are made. Chapter Six covers the aspects of design standards.

Findings and suggestions are summarized in the Epilogue. Survey findings and other support information, photographs, charts, tables etc. arc compiled in the Appendices. Figures, tables, charts etc. directly related to a chapter, are placed at the end of that particular chapter.

P.8 Conclusion This is important to keep in mind, that the purpose of this thesis is not to derive a del1nite mosque prototype suitable for placing anywhere in Bangladesh. It is rather guidelines and matrix, which the architect should base on. There are some issues in a mosque, which have similar basis compared to other secular buildings and has no special significance for being applied in a mosque (as for example, tread and riser size of a stair, width of a toilet door etc.). These issues are intentionally limited in brief discussion to avoid excessive elaboration of the text.

References [1.1] Chiara, Joseph IX and Callender, John Hancock (editors); Time-Saver Standards for Bllilding Type; 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Singapore, 1987. [1.2] Al-Qur'anul Karim, Computer CD, Version 6,31, Sakhr Software, 1996, [1.3J Oxford Talking Dictionary. Computer CD Version, The Learnmg Company, Inc. 1998.

1 Locallibrarie'. Interne! ,ite, of different book >.hops,pubti>.hcrs cle.

, Time_Saver Standards lor Buiiding Types [1.1]. l "He begetletb not, nor i, He ocgotten"; The Holy Quran, Sura 112 AJ_lkhla" Ayab 3, [L2J.

, The three persons or mode, of being of the Godhead as conceived in orthodox Chri,1ian belief; the Father, Son, and Holy Spint as con,ntnting one God. Frequently in the Blessed Trinity, tho Holy hinity etc. [1.3]

, Ablurion, the ocrorn()Jl;al ",a,hing of ,acred ves-,cl, after: or of the celebrant's fingers before, during, ""d .fter, the Eucharist [1,3, ,earcb result oftbe word].

• Chapter ONE The Mosque: General Aspects . . " .., ' The Mosque: General Aspects }-}

Chapter ONE. The Mosque: General Aspects

1.11ntroduction A mosque is a well-known building type in the Muslim settlements and even in the whole world. The very word masjld or mosque evokes an instant imagery in the mind of any Muslim without further introduction. Still, there remain some scopes to explain from academic point of view. This Chapter include~ the basie aspects of a mosque - word meaning, definition, role in Islam etc.

1.2 Word Meaning and Definition

1.2.1 Word Meaning The etymological account of the word 'masjid' is narrated 10 thc Shorter Encyclopaedia oflslam as:

The word msgd (from s-g-d "to prostrate one,elr') is found in Aramaic, meaning in Nabatacan a stele, a saered pillar, or perhaps "place of worship" (cooke, Norlh Semitic !nscdplirms, p. 238), as alrcady in the Jewish Elephantine Papyri (ed, Saehau, pI. 32). Arabie masjid i, taken over from Aramaic or fonned independently from sadjada prostrate oneself', which comes from Aramaic, like Ethiopic mesgad "temple, church" [1.1, p. 330J.

The word is used twice in The Holy Quran as masjii, It is also included thrice in plural form (masajid), once in surah AI-Baqarahl and twicc in surah At_Toubal. In definitive term as al-ma'iJid, it is also mentioned in 15 places [1.3, scarch results for al-masjid{ It is also mentioned as Bailullah (the house of Allah) and other tcrms in many places or[he Holy Quran. The terms are also round in several places in hadith.

The sanctuary in Mecca, always knOlvn 3S Bailuaallah even before the time of thc Prophct (8)', remained as the principal mosque at the time of the Prophet (8) as well. According to thc tradition, the term al-masjid al-aksa (surah 17:1) means the Jeru>alem sanctuary (e.g., surah 22:40 and 18:21, [1.1, p, 330]

1.2.2 Delinition According to the teachings ofthc Prophet (8) any place can be a ma,i;jld or mosque. A sanctuary is not a fundamental neecssity. Every place in world is same to Allah, as in the saying:

Wherever the hour ofpraycr ovcrtakes thee, thou .,halt perform the salal and that is amasjid, (Muslim, Masajid, t I. I), [1.1, p. 330J. .

Accordingly, throughout the Muslim world, at the time of prayer, ifthcrc is no formal building as mosque, the pious Muslims select auy open space, spread out a mat, orient towards the qibla and perform theIr salal. From this very phenomenon, The Mosque: General Aspects 1-2

Technically, therefore, it can be argued that the term mwj;d, normaliy translated into English as 'mosque', doe, not nc<:cssariiyconnote a building of any kind.

In fact, of course, Mnslims began to build mosque, from the very early days of Islam, and as the number of thesc mosques mnltiplied, patterns of architecture began to dcvelop. Nevertheless, it is salutary to remember thc willed austerity of the arrangements for worship as delincd and practiced by Muhammad. In the centurie, to eome Muslims never entirely forgot the starknes; of his examplc, and periodically the force, of revivalism and pielism attempted at least a partial return to the pristine simplicity of the eari'est Islamic worship. [1.4, p. 31]'

To get rid of the adverse climatic condition, there is a nece,sity of shelter. Moreover, it gives the identity and ease to maintain the ,3eredness of the place. As the concept of mosque st3rted to c,tablish in terms ofa built form, it can be defincd 3S,

The mosque i, of course the principal religious bUIlding of Islam, and paramount among its many functions is communal prayer. In its simple,t and most widespread form the medieval mosque comprised a courtyard bordered by arcades and adjoining a covered hall [1.4, p.31].

1.3 Role in Islam A mosque is 3 centre for Islamic spirit, rituals 3nd divine scrvices. It is a common practice that a Muslim community builds a mosque to meet the fundamental religious requirement of salat and other religious 3nd social services. Thus, a mosque becomes the emblem and the impetus of the Islamic way of life 3nd forms as an inseparable part of MCls1lmsettlements. In a Muslim majority country like Bangladesh, mosques serve 3Sthe focal point of each neighbourhood. Apart from the principal religious and social purposes, a mosque also symbolises the identity for 3 conununity.

Perfonning ,mlal injama'al is a sunnah mu'akkadah or even wajih [1.5, pp. 127-128]. Many hadi/hs discuss the superiority and excellence of prayers in congregation. Such a hadith inellides the following:

Ibn 'Vmar reports that the Prophet sailall"hu "lehi wasallam said: "Prayer in congregation is superior to a prayer perfonned individ\lillly by twenty-seven degrees." (Al-Bukhuri and Muslim); [1.2, search result for congregation].

Muslims are not allowed to perform salat alone unless there is a serious and unavoidable excuse [1.5, pp. 133-134]. For all these reasons, a mo,que h3s become an indispensable part ofa Muslim community.

The members of a small community meet each other in the daily five times sa/als. Once in every week, for the Friday prayer, i.e., Salat of Jumu'a, musallies from many small communities participate in a larger congregation in 3 Jam;' mosquc. Regional get-together occurs twice in a year for the salat of Eid in a much bigger congregation. Muslim from all over the world meets in the Hajj at the holy Kaba and in the mosque of the Prophet (5), once in a year for the bigge<;t eongrcg3tion. This unique phenomenon of sequential process of unity reflects the innate intention of Islam for a social bonding and worldwide brotherhood of the Muslim community. And definitely mosques playa significant role for it, m3terialization. •• The Mosque: GeneralAspects 1-3

Other than salat, aetlvilles like dawal, religious education, religious discussion, marriage and many other social scrviecs arc conducted from a mosque. Moreover, it plays the role of establishing social identity and self esteem. The involvement of a mosque through this role in the life of a Muslim, as an individual and as well as a member of the community, is very intimate and all pervading. Thus it is said,

The mosque, for Mu,lim, is nOIonly a place of prostration, hoi also Ihe center ofrnany social aClivilles.The mosque in a sense is an epitome of MusJim life. [1.9,p.123]

1.4 Building Components The Prophet (5) established the first mosque in Medina in a simplest possible manner. (Detailed description and figures are included in Chapter Two). This first mosque underwent some obvious changes and development due to certain functional necessity during the lifetime of the Prophet (5) and the four Caliphs (R)" without much change in basic characteristics. With thc massive expansion of Islamic Slale, a good numbcr of mosques were built in the Syrio-Byzantinc regions and other areas. Gradually the mosqnc has undergone further changes and accepted some more components as its own. Such changcs happcned due to its inherent necessity, influence of the regional styles and the mission to bccome comparable with the monumental and splendid buildings of other communities. The high minarets can bc considered as an outcome or such an attitude. Finally, a mosque of mediaeval period was usually comprised of the following c'omponents (see Fig, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4): a) Liwan (Prayer hall) h) Riwak (Cloister) c) Sahn (Courtyard) d) Haud (Tank) e) Mihrab (Prayer niche) t) Mimber (Pulpit)

Minarel is an addition oflater period. Other components like maqsura, ruler's gallery, zenana or women's gallery etc. are uncommonly found in some of the mosques.

To avoid repetition, the components are described in Chapter Two In the section: Chronological Development in Brief, where description of these components is furnished along with their development process.

1.5 Characteristic Features The mosque has changed by i15features from the first one in Medina through those In mediaeval period to those of today. Many new components arc added and the concept of austerity and simplicity has almost diminished. So, it is very difficult to generalize the characteristic feature ofa mosque in every a;pecl.

The first mosque established by the Prophet (S) and other during the time of four Caliphl possessed the following significant characteristics:

Q Simple and austere Q No extravagant or monumental appearance The Mosque: General Aspects 1-4 o No ornamentation or >uperfluous clements IJ Active and busy with different rituals, religious education, dawal, service of mankind etc. o Platfonn or equality, unity and brotherhood u Centre for all personal and social aspirations IJ Manifests the iconoclastic and egalitarian principles of Jslam.

Other than those mentioned above, there are some common features like,

IJ Defined orientation (towards qibla) o Possesses specific architectural features to mark the transition from secular to spiritual IJ Clarity and transparency of space

In this context, P. Brown describes as:

Comparcd with the clarity of the mosque, the temple is an abodc of mystery; the eoum of the former "re open to light and air, with many doorways inviting publicity, the lattcr encloses "a phmtasm" of ma"ive darkness," having sombre pa:;sages leading to dim cell" jealously guarded and remote. The mo'que h", no need of" central shrine, it ISsufficient for the devotee to tum in the direction of Mecca, but the focal point of the temple is " ,"cred chamber often deep within labyrinth of its endless corridors. Architecturally the mO.'que i, wholly visible and intelligible, while the temple is not infrequently introspective, complex, and indeterminate. The representation of namral fonns is prohihited hy Islamic us"ge, whereas the walls of the temples pulsate with imagery, and their interiors arc the dwelling places of the god,; decorntive lettering attained its highest form in the sculptured texts on the Moslem places of worship, but on the temple, inscriptional art is rarc, thc Hindus couveying their meaning by iconography and carved figure eomposition. By means of a multitude of the,e fLguredfonns, the Hindus gave to the natural tint and texture of the ,tone; conversely, thc Mohammedans broke up the;, wall ,urfaces in patterns of different coloured marble, and "Iso applied schemes of painted pla,ter and brilliantly glazed titles. [1.7, p.l]

Some more features can be identified which arc the outcomes of the very intrinsic quality of Islam as a religion. To quote Hillenbrand:

Suffice it to say that mosque architecturc is at base egalitarian, iconoclastic, inward looking and - ahove all- profoundly religious in its intent. [1.4, p. 32]

As the extravagant and monumental mosques started to cmcrgc in Islamic architecture, some characteristic features, though contradictory to the doctrine, also cvolved. Those can be summarized as:

IJ Monumental scale, addition of minaret as a symbol of power and majesty, IJ Emphasis on visual aspects - intricate and expensive ornamcntal design, alluring materials etc, IJ Infrequency in usc - mcrcly for saJal. A clear drift from the fundamental objectivc.

• The Mosque: General Aspects ]-5

Of course, the adherence to the physical parameters like defined orientation etc. (descnbed in preceding paragraph) is still observed in the mosques of later period.

1.6 Typology Basically there is no distinct typolOb'Yinmosques based on any significant or major criteria. As a prayer space any mo,que follows the similar conceptual and physical phenomenon. Still, some fine lines can be drawn to categorize the mosques according to certain minor parameter,.

1.6.1 Hierarch)' of significance From dirferent hadith/, according to signil1cance, the mosque can be arranged hierarchically in the following descending order:

IJ Al-kaba in Mecca IJ Musjid-i-Nababi in Madina o Masjid-al-Aqsa in Jerusalem Ll Jam! Mosql.le o Prayer space for five-times daily prayers (other than Jumua) o Individual space for prayer.

1.6.2 Ownership ofland: For any mosque, where sa/at ofjumua is to be perfonned, must be a placed on a land of waqf, i.e., the owner will absolutely withdraw his possession and make endowment in the name of Allah. all this context, there can be a classification as,

Q Mosque (Built on a land ofwaqn Q Prayer space (Built on a land or in a building possessed by somebody or authority)

1.6.3 Period of construction In different regime, architectural features for mosques uSl.lal1yexemplify some variations, Critics of architecture categorize the periods for the convenience of comparative analysis. For mosque architecture of Bangladesh (or Bengal), it can be phased as:

!J The early Islamic or prc-Mughal or Sultanate period (1204-1576 AD) o Mughal period (1576-1757 AD) :I British colonial period (1757-1947 AD) Q Contemporary period (1947 - to date)

1.6.5 Neighbourhood to serve Variations are observed in main prayer space and service usc pattern depending on the neighbourhood type of the mosque. On this context there may be a typology as: o Mosque in residential neighbourhood D Mosque in commercial area neighbourhood

1.6.6 Set-up Mosques can be divided into two sub-lypes depending on its set-up. The Mosque: General Aspects ]-6

Q Mo~que in urban set-up o Mosque in rural set-up CJ Mosque in sub-urban set-up

1.6.7 Special significance o National mosque a Zila!city central mosque IJ Centre for dawat (tahlig) IJ Historically important

1.6.8 Source of finance for constructiou For construction of mosques, different sources of finance are used. Commonly, if the source of finance is single, ample and continuou~ in fiow, the con,truction work follows a systcmatic design order. Whilc it is collected from community and meets the demand, in different instalments, the devclopment follows an incrcmental and usually non-systematic design ordcr. Ou this ground, following classification can bc done to identify thc phenomenon.

IJ State, organi7.ation ctc. a Single person (ruler, rich person etc,) o Musallies of the community

1.6.9 Plan Classification can be done according to the type of arrangement of space and form of a mosque. Aceordiug to the ground plan. The mosques of early Islamic period of Bengal can be cla~sified as shown in Fig.I.I. Similarly, mosque of other periods can be classified. These typologies arc discussed in details in the following chapter. Plans cun be broadly classified us: a Courtyard type a Enclosed type

1.6.10 Funetionallayers a Single storey o Multi-~torcy (more than single storcy) a Originally ,ingle ,torey, presently multi-~torcy o Constructed over floor!s of secular u,e (market, warehouse, library etc.)

1.6.11 Capacity for sala/ IJ Small (3-200 m1L~allie.~,usually serves low-den~ity small community) Q Mcdium (201-2000 musallies, usually serves high-density community) IJ Large (2001-above musallies, usually scrves high-density community or a city)

1.6.12 Special buildiug elements (Mihrab is not li,ted herc, as it is common to all mosqucs) • a Dome o Minaret o Corner turret,

, The Mosque: General Aspects 1-7 o Vault o Arch o Gallery (For ladies or royal dignitaries)

1.6.13 Ventilation

!J Natural o Artificial (air conditioned)

1.6.14 Source of water for wazu o Supplied water through pipe and taps o On-ground water reservoir o Pond o Tube-well and pitcher

1.7 Conclusioll The word mosque, which is the English version of the Arabic word 'masjid', refers to a place ofprostmtion. Phenomenally, any place, which is used and also maintained for salat, can bc dcfined as a mosque; a sheltcr is not a liturgical necessity. However, for elimatic protection, privacy, maintenance, identity and other factors - a built form with prayer >paces and scrvicc facilities is popularly defincd as a mosque. It plays significant role in spiritual and practical life of a Muslim at personal and communal level.

Simplicity and au>terity chamctcrizcd the inception of a mosque. Gradually it evolved in to splendour and monumentality. The elements of a mosque of mediaeval period were usually Liwan (Prayer hall), Riwak (Cloi>ter), Sahn (Courtyard), lIaud (Tank), Mihrab (Prayer niche) and Mimher (Pulpit). Minaret is an additional element. Other uncommon components are maqsura, ruler', gallery, zenana or women's gallery etc.

A mosque is an edifice of profoundly religIOUS intent. The amal or activities e~tablished by the Prophet (S) is the objeclive and the built form is just to support it. A mosque ,hould bc defined and understood upon the innate meaning and purpose, not on mere outward visual aspects.

Broadly, there i, no major classification in mo>ques, though some typology can be derived according to some in finn and finer basis like, hierarchy of significance, period of construction, ownership of land, neighbourhood to serve, plan etc.

References [1.1] H. A. R. Gibb and J. H. Kramer~,Shorter Encyclopaedia of 1,lam, E. J. Brill, Leiden, Nelherland,,1961. [1.2] The A1im For Windows, Shahid N. Shah, Computer CD Version, Release 4.5, lSL Software Corpornlion, USA, 1996. [1.3] AI-Qur'anul Kar;m, Computer CD, Version 6.31, Sakhr Software, 1996. [1.4J Hillenbrand, Robert; islamic arch,lecture: Form, F~nction and Meaning, Edinburgh Univer,ily Press, UK, 1994, [1.5] Thanuvi, Maolana Ashraf Ali, (tral1,lation; Faridpuri, Maolana Shamsul Haque), Beheshti Jeor, Vol. I, EmdJdia Libmry, DhakJ, 1990. [1.6J Creswell, K. A. C,; A Short Acco~ttt of Eariy Muslim Architecture; Pcngutn Books Ltd., UK, t958. The Mosque:GeneralA,~pecls 1-8

[1.7] Brown, Percy, Indian ArchiteclUre (Islamic Period), D, B. Taraporevala Son, & Co. Pv!. Ltd" 1956, [1.8] Ahmed, Abu Sayeed Mushlaquc, The ChaW Sana Masque in Gaur, An Example of Farly !.

J a). Say: "My Lord hath commandcdju,ticc; and that ye set your whole selve, (10him) at every !Jme and place of praycr and call upon him making your devotion smcere as in hi, sight: ,uch as he created you in the beginning so shall ye return." Sura: 7 Al_A'raf,Ayah: 31, [1.2, search ,,"suit for masjid]. b), 0 Children of Adam! Wear your beautiful apparel al every limc and place of praycr: eat and drink: hut waste not by excc,", foc Allah loveth not the wasler<. Sura: 7 AI_A'ref, Ayah; 31, [1.3, search result for masjid].

, And who ISmore uTIju'ltban be who forbids that in plac •• for the worship of Allah, HISname should be celebrated'! Wh""" zcal is (in fact) to ruin them'! 1l W"' not fiuing thai such should lhemselves enrer them excepl in fcar. For lbem there is nothing bul disb'TIiCOinlhi, world, and iu the world to come, an e,ceeding ~mn~'1\1.Sura: 2 Al-Baqarah, Ayah: 114, [1.3, scsreh result for ma.mjiJj.

'a) Il i, nol for such as jom Gods wirh Allah, to vi,il or maintain the mosque. of Allah while lbey wime" again'l Iheir own souls to mfidehty. The worh of ".cb bear no fruit: in Fire shall they dwelL Sora: 9 At_Tnuha,Ayab: 17, [1.3, search result for masa;iJj. b) The mo.ques of Allah ,hall be visited and maintained by soch a, bclieve in Allah and the Last Day, establish regular pray~'n;,and pracHseregular chari'}', and fc", none (at all) except Allah, It is they who are expeclcd t" be "n true guidance Sura: 9 /It-Touba, Ayab, 18, [1.3, search result for masajid],

'a) We see the lurning nflhy face (for guidance) to the heavens: now ,hall We lurn lhee 10a Qlbla that shall please thee. T"m then thy fac" in tbe direction of the Sacred Mosque: whcrev~'1'ycsre, rum your faces m that direction, The people "fthe Book know well that that ISthe trurh from Iheir Lord, nor is Allah uTImindfut"r what lhey do. Al-Uaqarah 2: 144 b) From whencesoever thou startest forth tum thy face iTIlh" direction of the Sacred Mo'que; lhat is indeed lho trulh from lhy Lord, And Allah i, nor unmindtut "f whal Y" do, AI-tlaqarah 2: 149 c) So from whencesoever rhou ,!artc,1 forth, lum Ihy faee in the direction of the Sncred Mosque; and wheresoever ye are, tum y"ur f.cc lhither: that there be no ground of dispule again" you among the people, excepl tho," "flbcm lbat are bent on wickedness; so fear them nol, bul fear Mc; and lhall may complele My faHlU" on you, and ye may (consent to) be guided; Al_Baqarah2: t 50 d) ATId,lay them whcrever ye calch them, and turn them oul from ",here they have lmncd you out: for tumult and OppT"""ionare worse than slaughter; but fight them Dotal the S~cred Mosque, unlc", they (first) fighl y"u thcre; bul if they fighl you, slay them. Such is the reward of lh",c who suppress faith. Al-Baqarah 2,191 e) And complete the Hajj or Urn" in lbe se"'ice of Allah, but lfye "re prevented (t;-omcomplcting it), send an offering foc ,,,,,rilicc, suoh •• ye may find, and do not shave your head, unlil Ihe offering reaches the place of,a~TIficc. And ifany of you is iU,or has an ailment iTIhi, scalp, (nccc",il"ting shaving), (he sh"uld) in c(Jmpensationeither fast, or feed the poor, or offer ,acrificc; and when ye are in peaceful condition, (again), if any onc wishes to continue the Umra on ro the Hajj, hc mu,1 make an offenng such as he "an affonl, bul if be cannot afford it, he should fas! three day, during lhe 1lajj and ,even days on h" rel(Jm, makiTIgkn dsys in all, This is for those whose hou""h"ld i, The Mosque: General Aspects 1-9

not in (the precincts of) tbc Saored Mosque, .nd fe.r AlIa~, and know that Allah i, strict in puni,hm~'1\t.AI-Bnqarah2;i % f) ye who f>clie,'e!Violate not tbe sanctity of the Symbols of Atlah, m>rof the ,acred momh, nor of the animal, brought for ,acrifice, nor the garlands that mark out such animal" nOt lhe people resorting to the Sacred Hou,c, ,ceking oftlle bOlUltyandgood pleasure oft~ciT LonJ But wben ye are dear of the Sacred Prccincl' and of pilgrim grab, ye may hunt, and let not the hatred of,ome people in (once) shuttmg you out of the Sacred Mosque iead you to transgression (.nd ~o'tilily on your part), Help ye one anothcr in rightcou,nes, and piety, but help ye not one anothcr in ,in and rancour: fear Alla~, for Allah i, ,tricl in puni,hment. Al-Maidah 5:2 g) But what plea have they that Al1a~,h"uld not punish them, wben they keep out (men) fr"m the Sacred Mosque. and they are not Its guardian,,! No men can f>cil' guardians except the nghteous; bul most of them do not undersland. AI-Antal 8,)4 h) How can there he a league, before Allah and His Messenger, with lhe Pagan" except those With whom ye made a ITcalyncar the Sacred Mosque? As long as t~ese ,land lruc 10you, sland ye true to then" fOTAllahd"lh love the righteous, At-Touba 8:7 i) Do ye make lhe giving of drink to pilgrims, or the maintenance of t~e Sacred Mosque, equal to (the pIOUSse"ice 01) th,""ewh" belb'e in Allah and the UlStD.y, and strive wilb mighl and main in lhe cause of Allah? They are mll comparable in the sight of Allah: and AHah guides nol those who do wrong, At-Touba 9:19 j) ye who believe! Truly the Pagan, aro unclean: '0 let lhem not, after thlSyear of tbeirs, appTOac~the Sacred Mosque, And ifye fear po\'erty, soon will Allah cnrich you, iflle wills, out of His bounty, for Al!ah i, All_Knowing,AIl-W"e, At-Toub. ~:28 k) Glory 10(Allah) Who did take Ills servant for a Journey by nighl fn)m the Sacred :Mosque to the Farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless, m order t~al We mighl show him some of Our Signs: for He is lhe One Who Heareth and Seeth (all things), Al_i,ma 17'1

1) lfye did "ell, yc did weI! for yourselves; Ifye did evil. (ye did it) again,t yourselvcs. So when the second of l~o warning' camc 10pass, (We permitted your euemies) to di,figurc your face<,and to enter your Temple a, Ihey had entered il beforl', aud to vlsit with destruction all t~at fell into thcir power, AI-lSI"" 17,7 m) They arc the ones who denied revelation and hindered you from lhe Sacred M"'que and the ,acrificial animals, detamed from reaching their place of ,"crifiec. Had there not been believing m~'1land believing women whom ye dId not kIlow that ye were lmmpling down and on whose account a crime would have "ccrued to you without (your) kn"wledge, (Allah would have allowed you 10 force your W"y, but1Je held back your hand,) t~al He may admil to His Mercy whom He will. If they had been apart, We should certainly have puni,~ed thc Unbelievers among them Wilha grievous Pllnis!une"t. Al-Fat-h 48:25 n) Truly did Alla~ fult,l t~e \'i,ion fi,r His Mes

Stands for lhe Arabic 'Sallallahu 'a/aiM \ill .•alh",,'; (meaning In English- Peace be upon him); a benedlctlOnultcrcd a, a religinus praclice, afler the name of the Prophet.(5.)is mentioned.

, Stands for 'Radiallahu 'anhu'; meanS 'Allan i, pleased upon him', uttered as any name of the companIOnsof lhe Prophel (S) i, menlioned.

, Sa'id bin Al-Musayyib reported from Abu Hurairah rhar l~o Prophcl (peace be "pon him) said, "You should nol undertake a special journey to visit aTIYplaceothcr lhaTIlhc lhree Mosques: the Sacred, Mosque ofMakkah, this mosque of mine, and A!_Aq,a Mosque (of Jerusalem)." Buldlan, Musllm'~ and Abu Daw'nd report lhi,. [TIan"lheT TlaTmli"nlhc words are "For three mosque, a special TheMosque: General Aspects I-to journey may be undertaken: The S""red Mosque (Ka'bah), my ml)'que. and lho mooque of AI_Qud, (1erus.alem),"

Abu Dharr reponed Ihlll he asked the Prophet (peace be upon him), "0 Prophel of Allah, which mo

Travelling 10 these l~ree mosqu<, i, pTo,eribcd "",oau"" of lncir spedal position in I,lam, Jabir reported tlml the Propitet (pe.oe be upon him) ,aid, "Ono pru.yCTin lhi, mo

Ana, bin Malik reported lltal tlte Propitet (peace be upon hIm) said, "Whoever pray' forty ]>Taym eon,eeutively in my mosque withoul mlS,ing any of lite obligatory prayer, he wIll be remo"ed from Hell. fmm puni,hmenl, .nd from hypocri,y," Alunad and At-Tabaram reported this with a ,onnd cnain. We ,oad in "ariou' .nadith lnat. prayer offered in the AlAqs.a mosqne" five hundred lim", ,nperior (in reward) 10one "ffered in .ny other mo

Endowment of properties, possessions ele. fOTIhe eau,e of I,lam.

•.,, Figure I-I

11 li ,.,...... ' flll[II! 1- ••1>

I , , ! , ,. ,L " ~ , " Iii. l, h~I , i

Figure 1.1 Classification of early Jslamic mosques in Bengal according to the configuraiion of ground plan {/,8.p. /43]. • . . Flgu~l-ll

Figu~ 1.2 Typical North Indilln Mosque during Mughal period. The ITIIIjor axi, elongates towards' qibla lind lhe whole mosque complex lies symmetrically oboullhis lUis. The lypical building l clements like domes,llrcbcs, mina..,!!;, tum:l', kiosks. ri.••.llk elc. ore seen in this vicw. lbe whole c~mpkx is ~g~_i!;l:0undII.ohn Orcent'lll courtyard {1.7.P __~j. !

---Figul'l' 1.3 Ground floor plan of Delhi Jam; Figure 1.4 Front dC\"!Ition ofDdhi Jam/Mosque, Mosque. II typieal North Indian Mosque; showing the lypical building clements- domes, • {l.IO,p.2l0}. minuet!, turrets, =11 etc; II.:.!!!: pll0j.. .J ~ _.- - ( ',..J ".e

f f' i Chapter TWO Historical Overview Historical Overv;"", 2-1

Chapter TWO: Historical Overview

2.1 Intro"duction For the design approach, one mlJ,t know the origin, cvolution and purpose of diffcrent form or space of a mo,que. This chapter is intended to overview the historical aspects of different components of a mosque and the chronological dcvelopment of mosque architecture in Bangladesh. A good number of published books and papers are alrcady available for the curious readers. For brevity in supporting literaturc to tbis thesis, the di,cussion wilt pinpoint the main theme only. Some examples with necessary drawings and photographs will be furnishcd accordingly.

2,2 The First Mosque To the Prophet (S), the Holy Kaha in Mecca always remained as the principal mosque, known as Bai!ullah even before the time of thc Prophet (3) [2.1, p. 330J. According to a hadith. this is the first mosque on earth, which is also known as Al- Ma~jid-ul-Haraml.

During hljra, the Prophct stopped at a place named Quba for a few days and used a space as mo~que, which was not a shelter. Afterwards, in Medina, a shelter was constrlJcted as the residencc of Prophet', family and as well as thc first community mo,qlle in Islam [1.1, pp. 330-331; 1.4, pp. 39-42; 1.6, pp. 3-4J.

This first mosque complex consists of an approximately sqllare courtyard (about 50m x 5Om), surrounded by .valls with three entrances (Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2.a). A covered portico on thc northern part wa, built for prayer. There were two small rooms to accommodate the Prophet's family. Another smaller portico, named as sulfa, was built at the southwest corner of the colJrtyard for the poor migrants from Mceca.

Thc decpcr covered area was facing the northern boundary wall. This was the dircction of qibla, which was towards Jcrusalem for that time. It is reasonable to assume that (he larger covered portico was intcnded as prayer halL As M. Anwarul Islam ju,ti fies,

... the initial purpose of (hi, building was not just to serve as the family accommodation for the Prophet, as believed by some historians, but also 10 provide a covered space for congregational prayer and other meetings for the new community. Thi, assumption ;s strengthened by the fact that ,ixteen months later when the direction of the Qibla was changed from Jerusalem to Makkah, i.e., from nonhward, to southwards of Medinah, (he de~'P"rshaded area was moved from the northern to the ,outhern end of the courtyard. [2.5, p.54]

The ~imple complex, which was not much different from a courtyard type of house in the desert oasis, gradually became the nerve centre of all religious, social and political activities. By the time of (he Prophet's death (632 AD), thc numbcr of the rooms of Historical Overoiew 2-2 the living quarter increased to nine. Four of those rooms were madc of sun dried mud brick and the rest made of palm branches plastered with mud (Fig. 2.2.b).

2.3 Chronological Development in Global Context After the decease of the Prophet (S) for another 25 years, the first mosque continued as the administrative headquarter by three successive Caliphs, until the fourth Caliph Ali (R) shifted the capital from Medina to Kufa. During this period there were minor alterations and extensions to meet the increasing requirement (Fig. 2.2.e). The following haditll narrates about the extensions:

In the lifet'me of Allah's Messenger (S) the (Prophet's) mosque buitd of adobes, it, roof of the leaves of dale palms. Abu Bakr did not alter it. Vmar expanded it on the ,"me pattern as it was in the lifetime of Allah's Messenger (S) by using adobes, leaves of date paims ""d changing pillars into wooden ones, Ulhman cimngoo it by expandmg it to a great extent and huih its walls wllh engraved stone, and lime and made its pillars of engraved stones and its roof ofteak wood", [1.2: 2.6, p, 180].

The building remained in that state for another 50 years after the capital was shifted away from Medini and until it was demoli,hed in 707 AD to dear the site for a new mosque built by Caliph Al-Walid. Not much is known to have happened in respect of its renovation, embellishment or reconstruction during this period in ,pile of the fact that it had been gr

The massive expansion of the lslamic state and the resulting gro\VIh in the number of followers of the new religion necessitated the provision of facilities to carry out one of its mo,t important functions, i.e., the congregational pmyer, hence the establishment of mosques. In the Syrio-Byzantine regions of the conqnered lands, towards the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula, there was no need to build new huilding. As some oftbe existing ehureh buildings were nvailable to be used either by converting them into mosques or by sharing with the Christians as palaces of prayer for both the faiths.

In the northeast, i.e., parts of the former Sassanid Empire of Persia, however, new mosques had to be established on virgin lands accompanying the military camps. The first ever mosque outside of the Arabian Peninsula was on 8a8m in the Iraqi region where Uthah ibn Ghazwan founded the city in 635 AD as a winter camp for the army. The gradual development of the mosque can be well understood if the origin and morphology of its components, as described in the following sections, arc considered individually for analysis.

2.3.1 Ground Plans In the ground plans, some types of development can be observed. The following types are based on the hasis of presence of a courtyard within the mosque precinct (Fig. 1.1).

2.3.1.1 Courtyard type The courtyard with in the mosque premises was popular from the very beginning of the early Islamic architecture. The Prophet's mosqne at Medina, the fir>! mosque of Historical Overview 2-3 Islam, comprised 31so of an open courtyard, The concept of the eourty3rd type mosques in the Arab countries and Persia or centr31Asia is indeed different. Most of the eOllrtyards in the early Islamic mosques of the Anlb countries are mainly a forecourt 3nd surrounded either by 3 covered cloister (riwaq) or a wall. They h3ve no central symmetry or cross-aisle rel3tionship from inside like the iwan mosques in Persian and central Asi3. The size and sh3pe of the original courtyard~have changed in mo,t C3ses3fter the expansion of the riwaq.

The inner courtyard of the mo<;qllesin centr31Asi3 or Persia is the centre or core of the mosque. They are integrated with the basic concept of the whOle complex, and have 3 cross-axial synunetry with the central rods of the fOlJriwans. A fount3in or a kiosk is usually placed in the centre of the 3xis. The Friday mosque 3t Isfahan (8'h_17'h century) (Fig. 2.4), the Great mosque at Gulpayagan (1104-18 AD) and the mosque of Gawhar Shad at Mashhad are some examples of courtyard typed mosque with four iwan. The Friday mosque of Israhn was built during the Abbasid dynasty as a hypos!yle mosque with a courtyard. The Scljuks converted it into a four-iwan mosque. Subsequently thc riwllq of this mosque were enlarged several times, but the courtyard retains still its original size and shape.

The Adina mosque at Hazrot Pandua (1374-84 AD) is the lonc cX3mple of the courtyard type mosqlJe in Beng31(Fig. 2.20). The large COUrty3rdor Sahn (127.7 m x 57.2 m) is surrounded by three side--riwaqs and qihla- riwaq. The water wel! is located neither 3t the axis of'the central mihrah niche nor at the geometrical centre of the court. It is shifted shghtly towMds north. This type of largc monument

Enclosed t~'pe As the early Muslim conquerors of Bengal were of Turkish origin, Turkey is often automatie3l1y considered to be the source of sevenli art and architectural themes. Most of the mosqlJes built in Anatolia between the 12'band 13t11 century was of the enclosed type without eourty3rd, The Eshrefoghlu mosque a! Beyshehir (1297 AD), (Fig. 2.5), the Great mosque at Silvan I Maiyafariqin (1157-58 AD) and the Great mosqlJe at Erzurum (1179 AD)

One of the most conspicuous fe3tures of mosque architecture as developed in the monsoon region of Bengal i~ the enclosed type of structure, where the courtyard was discarded. In no par! of the sub-continent did climatic conditions play 3 more determining role of the actual architectonic forms of the region. The n3tllre of the soil 3nd incessant nlinfal1made 3 tremendous impact on the formation of

As in all architecture,regionalhabits and needs exercisea eertain eonlrol. Adharbayjan,withits clod wintersprcferthe clo,ed mosque,whilethe south His/orical Overview ].4 more favored by nature, enjoys tbe more spacious open courts. [2.8, Vol, Ill, p_ 905]

The ground floor plan of mosques derived from the basic nde of the salal that the musallies stand in a straight line parallel to the qibla wall. To serve this basic requirement most of the prayer halls are either oblong or square shaped, and the circular or other polygonal fonn was discarded for mosque building. In tenns of organization of the inner space, the enclosed typed mosques, which had been constructed in Bengal from the thirteenth to tho sixteenth century can be further classified into two major groups: rectangular or oblong type and square type.

2.3.1.2.1 Rectangular type Among the large number of mosques built in Bengal during the early Islamic period, almost half were conceived from a rectangular shaped ground plan. Most of the mosques in and around Gaur belong to this group and they are mainly Friday mosques for a small community. This rectangular type of mosques can be sub-divided into three further groups: multi-unit, multi-unit with wider central aisle and multi-unit with transept. The two groups (the multi unit and the multi unit with transept) are extended by another small group, which contains a fore room.

Scveral aisles and bays divide the rectangular shaped prayer hall. Thc arcades between each aisle and bay are supportcd by freestanding stone pillars, which run in both transverse and longitudinal directions and fonn several uniform units or grids. Each of tbese units is covcred with a semicircular dome. This type of cross-arcaded multi-unit mosquc ,vas widely pnlcticed in the early Islamic architecture of Bengal.

Usually the arcades or the aisles run either parallel or perpendicular to qibla axis. In most of the cases the aisles are covered with gablc roofs. The earliest known example of arcades running perpendicular to qlbla axis is found in the AI-Aha mosque at Jerusalem (Fig. 2.6).

2.3.1.2.2 Square type Almost half of the mosques built during the early Islamic period of Bengal arc based on square shaped ground plan. These square shaped mosques are very small in size and suitable for a small community of rural sct up. The square shaped mosques can be classified in to three groups: single unit, single unit with a fore room and multi unit.

The single unit shaped mosque is seldom seen globally, though mausoleum is very common in square and octagonal shape. There are few examples of square shaped single unit mosque in early Ottoman architecture (14lh century AD) in Turkey, like, the mosque of Boca Yidgir in Inonu (1374 AD), mosque of Orhan Gazi at gebze and Bilecik (early 14lh century) and mosque of Kasim Pasa at Edrine (1478-79 AD). In India, the earliest kn01kTIexample of the single unit square mosque is the Molla Simla mosque at Hoogly (1375 AD). In Bengal, the Ranbijoypur mosque at Bagerhat (1459 AD), the Shahi mosque at Bandar, Dhaka (1481-82 AD) and the Coaldi mosques at Sonargaon are some examples for single unit square mosque.

• The mosque type of single nnit with a fore room was found in the earlier Seljuk period in Anatolia, for example, Tas Mescid (1215-16 AD) and Siracali Mescid (second half of thc 13'" century AD) at Konya. This type also was quite common in Historical Overview 2-5 early Ottoman architecture. The important examples are the mosque of Alaeddin Bey in Bursa (1335-36 AD), the mosque ofYirldirim Bayezid in Mudurnu (1382-83 AD) and the mosque of Firu? Aga in Istambul (1490 AD). To accommodate additional M1Lrallie,~,a fore room is added to the small square type mosques in BengaL The Rajbibi mosque (1437-80 AD), the Chamkatti mosque (1478 AD) and Luton mosque (1493-1519 AD) are some examples of this type in early Islamic period in Bengal.

The multi unit square shaped mosque is very rare in Muslim world. Only a few surviving mosques are found scattered in different regions, for example, Bu Fatata mosque at Susa (838-41 AD), the Hajji Piyada mosque at Balkh _Afgarustan (late 9'h century AD) etc. There are three examples of multi unit square mosque in Bengal: the Qasba mosque at Bansal (mid 15'hcentury AD), the Masjidkur mosque at Bagerhat (mid 15,hcentury AD) and the nine domed mosque at Bagerhat (mid 15'h century AD), All these mosque:. followed the style of Khan Jahan Ali (R) and are almost similar in proportion and size.

2.3.2 Multiple mihrab niches The :.everal mihrab niches are very "Ire in the early Muslim architecture. The Great mosque at DamaseU'; (706-15 AD) (Fig. 2.7) and the tomb of Iltutmish at Delhi (1235-36 AD) are the earliest known and reported examples of multiple mihrab niches in Oriental countries and India respectively.

One of the characteristics of the early Islamic architecture in Bengal was to place several mihrab niches in the qlhla wall. The number of mihrah niches depends on the number of entrance openings in the eastern or front wall, and the location of the mihrab niches correspond to the central axis of the openings. The idea of placing a niche directly opposite to the entry is reminiscent of Buddhist temple architecture, [2.7, p. 152]. In the early medieval period, eastern India was the active centre of Buddhism. Besides some ruined viharas or monasteries, most of the Buddhist monuments of pre-Muslim period in Bengal have disappeared. This convention of a niche correspondmg to an entrance or several niches in the sanctuary wall could be taken over in the mosque architecture of Bengal.

As an architectural feature, the mihrah niche is made up of three basic clements: arch, the sllpporting columns and capitals and the space between them. Ei!her in a flat or in a recessed form, the mihrah niche gives the impression of a door or a doorway. The first concave mihrah niche was introduced by Umar 'Abd al-A~ii, governor of Medina, when he rcbuil! the Prophet's mosque (706-7 AD). After that, the semicircular mlhrah niches rapidly spread throughout the Muslim world. After showing thcse similarities of the Buddhist clement in the architecture of the early Islamic period, it may be stated that indigenous Buddhist architecturc had a definite influence on the Muslim builders.

2.3.3 Minaret lind corner turrets According to Creswell:

In the time of Muhammadno suchthing as a minaretwas known.When he and his followerscame to Medinathey pmyed, accordingto Ibn Hisham, withoutany preliminaryadhan or call to prayer. But having heard that the Jew:.used a horn (shofar), !he ehri,li""" a naqus or clapper,they wanted

• His/orical Overview 2-6 wmething equivalent for thcit own uSe. Prophet Muhammad therefore ordered Bibl, who was his herald, and who thus became the first mu'addhin, to glvc thc call to prayer, whieh he was accustomed to pronounce it from the highest roof in the neighbourhood of the mosque. [2.9, p. 5]

According to the literary evidence, the first minaret was erected under the Caliph Mu'awiya in 665 AD, at the instance of his governor in Iraq, Ziyad b. Abihi. A stone tower was accordingly added to the mosque at Basra- and if indeed it were a tower, it would certainly have been the most monumental feature of that mosqLle [2.4, p. 129J. Some examples of minarets arc shown in the Fig. 2.8 ailer Hillenbrand [2.4, pp. 130- m].

The corner turrets have appeared in most of the desert palaces built by the Umayyads in the beginning of the 8th century at Syria and Jordan. for example, the palace at Gabal Sais (beginning of the 8th century), the palace at Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi (724-7 AD), the Palace at Qasr al-Hayr as-Sharqi (728-9 AD), and the palace of Mshatta (743-4 AD) (Fig. 2.9). All orthose followed the old tradition of Byzantine and Roman tortif'ied edifice. Subsequently, such corner turrets have also appeared in most of the early North African palace, Ribat-enc1osurc and caravansaries, for instance, the Ribat of Susa (second half of the 8th centu.ry) (Fig. 2.10), the Ribat of Mona stir (beginning of the 9'" centu.ry) and the palace of Raqqada (mid 10thcentury). These turrets of the palace and Ribat-enclosure have also transferred in some of the early Islamic mosque buildings. The Great mosquc at Samarra (began 848-9 AD) (Fig. 2.11), the Great mosque of al-ManSl.lr at Baghdad (766 AD) and the Great mosque at ar-Raqqa (772 AD)

Besides the popular tradition of one turret on each comer and several intcnnediate hall~tLlrrets in the sidewalls, there survive a few monuments in Turkey containing only two frontal turrets, for instance, the madrasah or MLllaffar Barujirdi at Sivas (1272-73 AD), the Gok madrasah at Sivas (1272-73 AD) and the Timarkhane at Amasya (1308 AD) (Fig. 2.12). Turret~ have to be placed on each oftbe corner if they act as a structural reason. However, buildings with hvo frontal turrets prove that they were meant not

The corner turret is seeu in Indo-Islamic arehiteetnre from the very beginning of the architectural devc1opment. The Jam; mosque or Arhai-din-ka-jhompra at Ajrnir (1200 AD) and the Sultan Ghun tomb at Delhi (1231 AD) appear to be the earliest known examples ofthe comer turrets in India. Subsequently inspired the Tughluqian builders (Turkish origin) to imitate turrets of similar design for some of their monuments, for instance the Khirki mosque at Delhi (1374 AD) (Fig 2.13), tomb or Rukn-I-Alam at Multan (1320 AD). 11can be assumed thatlhe turrets in Bengal were influenced by the Tughluq architeclLlfC.

Minaret or tower, a common feature of a conventional mosque in the Islamic world, ~ was di,carded in Bengal. The adhan is generally chanted from tlle forecourt or from side of the prayer hall. Since most of the mosque iu Beugal were very small and served small rural communities, no tower or miuaret was needed. Only a single Histor;cal Overview 2-7 minaret could serve the purpose of adhan. However, the minaret attached to the mosques of the Islamic world are usually more than one, the rest minarets arc not purely functionaL They were of cOl15iderablevalueto the architcehlIC of the mosque itself, indeed, the architectural beauty of mosque rests with the beauty of its domes and minarets. Besides, the height and massiveness of the minaret may be looked upon as a symbol oftbe new power in a city as well as tbe glol)' of the Sultans who erected them. Furthermore, the minaret is also a landmark to guide the worshipper to the sacred centre.

A distinctive type oftuITet (one at each corner of the mosque building) is to be seen in early Islamic architecture of Bcnga1. These turrets invariably fOml a part of the buildings, and arc built either as comer strengthening or merely as omamental appendages. However, a sharp distinction is not possible to dnlw between the mrrcts used to strengthen the comers and those used as decorative adjuncts, because in many instance they serve both purposes.

Some historians, however, claims that these turrets are originated from the comer post of the runll hut. It is very difficult to accept this theory, because mrrets were frequently used in earlier periods or Islamic architecture. Even though it can be compared with comer post or the traditional hut. 11can be interpreted such a way that the builders orBengal accepted such kind of architectural element, which was already ramiliar to them. These turrets give a sense of completeness to the composition of the four side elevations of the mosque. The mosques thus appear incomplete without the corner turrets. The turrets were thus a ICSUItofextensive experimentation, and became a complimental)' element or a symbolic feature of the early Islamic architecture or Bengal [2,7 p. 158].

2.3.4 Maqsura, Dikka and Gallery A raised platroml or a gaileI)' or an enelosed compartment in the prayer hall was not a common feature at the beginning of the Mosque architecture. However, a change in this respect came with the introduction of the maqsura. Maqsura is an area of a mosque set aside for use by important personages, which is usually surrounded by an enclosure of latticework or some kind of screen. The first maqsura may well have been built by the Caliph Uthman in the mo~que at Medina as a protection against attack.

There is another raised platform in the prayer hall called as dik/m, In the lager mosques, there is usually a platform ncar the mimhar to which a staircase leads up. This platfoIDlis used as a scat for the m"adhdhain when pronouncing the second call to salat of jumua on Friday.

Besides these t\VOtypesof platforms (maqsura and d!kka), there appeared an enclosed platform known as zenana or ladies gallery in the early Indian mosque architecture at Gujrat, which is an exceptional innovation in the mosque architecture and unusual in the rest of the Islamic ",orld. The Jam! Mosque (1422-23 AD), the Ahmad Shah mosque (1414-15 AD), (Fig. 2.14), the Rajapur Mosque (1454-1455 AD), and the Kapadwanj Jam! Mosque (l5ih eentul)') have instances of ladies gallery. About the presence of women in the mosque, the Prophet (S) did not forbid women to attend public prayers in a mosque, but pronounced that it is better for them to pray in private [2.21 p. 89; 2.22 p. 84].

• Historical Overview 2-8 2.3.5 Different systems of construction The Muslim builders of the early Islamic period of Bengal tried to introduce the construction system or true arch and true domc. This i, a notable feature for that period in India, because the contemporary development of the mosque architecture in other province of India could not be treed from the traditional Hindu eonstrllctional system, i.e., the trabiated or the post and lintel system. Tho mosqlles in Ahmadabad are the finest examples in this regard, where tall slender pillars and the eOlUlccting stone beam supported the roof, which is covered by the traditional Hindll corbelled (false) dome (Fig. 2.14).

2.3.6 Domes and vaults The prayer hall or the plaec of prostrution had to be covered by some device, to protect the devotees from the sun and rain. In the early days, the prayer hull was covered with a roof of palm-leaves and mud. Subsequently, in the evolution of the mosque architecture, different types of domes were introduced. The form and number of the dome symbolize the character of the mosque architecture as developed in different regions ant! reveal the regional identity. For example, central domed mo~ques in the Ottoman Architecture, four fwoll mosques in Persia consisting offour dominating domes on four ,ides and the three domed Mughal mosquos in tndia.

Outing the evolution of the mosque architccture, the Muslim builders of Bengal had adapted a uniform multi-domo type of mosque. Several semicircular small domcs cover the wholc prayer hall. A change in this evolutionary prooess appeared in the mosque" where a wider central nave, which aetcd as a transept, is covered by a long tunnel vault, for instance, the Adina mosque at Pandua (Fig. 2.20) and the Gunmant mosque at Gaur (.Fig. 2.15). On the other hand, where the central nave i, wider than the flanking ones, it is covered with a ,pecial type of vault called as Chauchala dome. The Chota Sona mosque at Gaur (Fig. 2.16 and Fig. 2.17) is an example of such vault.

The small square mosques have only a singte dome. The Eklakhi mausolewn in Pandua the Ranbijoypur mosque at Bagcrhat and the Goaldi mosque at Dhaka arc some examples of tho single domed mosque. The fore room of the single domed squaqre typed mosques is covered with a combination of different types of domes and vaults. The Rajbibi mosque at Gaur, the Sura mosque at Dinajpur and the Sankarpasha mosque at Sylhet are some examples of three identical small domes covering the fore room. The fore room of the Latton mosquo at Gaur is covered with a Bengali Chauchafa dome in the centre and a small dome on each side. The fore room of the Chamkalti mosque at Gaur is oovered by threo-grained vault (Fig. 2.18), which is unique in Bengal. Another exceptional example is the Masjidbari mosque at Barisal where the fore room is covered by a long Chauchala vault (Fig. 2.19).

2.4 Chronological Development in Bangladesh

2.4.1 Introduction As a heritago, Bangladesh had two religions _ Hinduism and Buddhism. These two beliefs, with the patronization of tho rulcrs, developed an architectural vocabulary in terms of different religions edifices to express the theological theme and aspirations. Since the emergence of the Muslim community in Bangladesh at the dawn of 13'" eenlury, a difi"erent architectural approach was initiated which was evident for their

• I' Historical Overview 2-9 religious objectives. Muslims built mosques with the use of imported fcatures modified and customi7ed by local culture, climate, traditiou, matenals, and technology. The objective and approach of mosque architecture has been changing over time, according to the desires of the ruling cla,;s or the common people. The followiug paragraphs briefly presents the tangible evidcnccs of the changing morphology of mosque architecture in course of timc, and identifies the influencing factors.

2.4.2 Architectural Heritage The distinguishable architectural heritagc of Bangladesh dates back to the 3rdcentury Be. From that period, two major religions - Hinduism and Buddbism were dominant and any type of physical development was distinguishable by the religion-based politics. The architectural remains of that period are basically religious buildings, pcrhaps as the domestic structurcs of that time were considered as less significant and were buill of less permanent materials. The mostly dilapidated Buddhist monasteries and Hindu temples can stIlI convey an idea of architectural characteristics. The articulation of space, functional solution, orientation, climatic considerations, geometric configuration, usc of local materials, building construction technique, sense of proportions and other aspects of architc<:turcprove that the builders of Bengal during the ancient times were sensitivc to the highest demands architecture.

The advent of Islam in Bengal in the 13th century was somewhat of different charactcristics from the rest of India. For India, it was a political and military conquest over the Hindu dominion, whereas in Bengal, it occurred with less political and social upheavals, because orthe conversion of upper cla,;s Bengalis to Islam long before the invasion [2.19, pp. 17-24]. Becausc or the long heritage of the Buddhist and Hindu periods, this region devcloped a rich architectural vocabulary of its own. On the other hand, when the Muslims mvaded India, they alrcady possessed a highly developed style of mosque architecture, distinguishable by the mihrab. arches, domes, minarets, corncr turrets, profuse ornamental dctails and other features common in mosques. Such architectural features imported by Muslims, together with the prevailing vocabulary of architecture of the region, gave birth to an Islamic architc<:turalstyle, unique in many ways. The climate, available local materials and

2.4.3 Phases of Evolutiou A reasonable degree of synthesis of the prevailing Hindu and Buddhist architecture with the approaches by Muslims has sct a new dimension for the Islamic architecture of this region. An Indo-Islamic slyle of Bengal flourished in mosque architecture. The newly introduced architectural features presentcd by Muslims such as mihrab, domes, arches, minarets, turrets, ornamentation and the extrovert nature of thc mosques clearly distinguish mosque architecture from temple architecturc, though in many ways the Islamic architectnre of Bengal was influenced by prcvailing Hindu styles. Throughout the Indian subcontinent mosque architeeturc bas distinctive provincial styles characterized by indigenous art, tradition, culture, local climate, availability of matcrial, and perfoIDlancesof highly skilled local artisans.

The mosquc architecture of Bengal is bascd fundamentally upon the building tradition of western and central Asia [2.17, p. 75]. Yet, Muslims wcre reccptive to local potentials and the outcome was thc creation of a unique architeeturc combining local skills, craftsmanship, and material with already accepted traditions. Through the His/oric,,1 Overview 2-10 analysis and examination of architectural elements, forms, layout, and building material, the mosque architecture of Bangladesh can be categorized under the following four phases.

(1) The early-Islamic or pre-Mughal or Sultanate period (1204-1576 AD), (2) The Mughal period (1576-1757 AD), (3) The British colonial period (1757-1947 AD) and (4) The contemporary period (1948 to date).

2.4.3.1 The Pec-Mughal or Sultanate Period Mosques were a new building type introduced to Bengal during the Sultanate period. Although the initial design ideas were imported from the West, a unique local architectural style rapidly devcloped [2.14, p. 253]. Though Bengal later became a province in the Mughal Empire, earlier it enjoyed independent rule for about three and a half centuries. It was during this early period when the architecture of Bengal flourished and developed its own identity.

Four features serve collectively to differentiate the mosques built during the Sultanate period in Bangladesh. These features represent the modification of mosque design to accorrunodate the local cultural and environmental conditions of Bangladesh. The minaret has become one of the identifying features of mosque architecture in Bangladesh. Besides its primary function to ensure that adhan (call for prayer) can be heard from the maximum distance, it acts as a local landmark. It was not until the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries that the building of minarets became universal in Bangladesh [2.13, p. 40]. In pre-Mughal and Mughal mosques of Bangladesh, with a few exceptions such as the Shat (sixty) Gumbad (dome) Mosque of the mid-fifteenth century, there was an absence of minarets. Local scholars have attempted to explain this circumstance from several different viewpoints. Some say the minaret had been deliberately rejected in earlier mosques of Bengal, as it was not found in mosques of Medina during the prophet's time. Another group of scholars suggests a geographical explanation. Most of Bangladesh i, characterized by flat land and denRevegetation. Thus, minarets were not easily visible from any distance and therefore they had limited utility to mark the location of the structure.

This design appears to be a case of cultural borrowing. The sb~ of each of these mosque dOOTllisalso instructive. Elsewhere the doors are large, e~pecial1yvery tall, but in Bangladesh the doors are quite small even though large, false archways are traced on the facade of the structure. This change in mosque design is an arehitectunl1 adaptation to the climate of Bengal, where monsoon rains would penetrate the interior if dooT1.vaysweretall and large.

In most cases the site or a mosque includes a pond or a large tank. In the low-lying countryside of Bangladesh the pond is a by-product of the mosque construction process. Large amounts of earth were needed to raise the land level for construction and to secure the site from penodie flooding. Also, large quantities of clay were required to provide the raw material for making bricks. Except in city mosques where land is scarce, most mosques have large ponds. City mosques have only small ablution tanks or water taps,

• His/oncal Oven'iew 2-1I The most readily available building material on the riverine and dclta lands in Bengal is clay. The mosque architecture in Bengal shows the wide acceptance of brick a~ a bllilding material. In other parts of India stone was the primary structural material. The mosques of pre-Muglml Bengal not only used brick as a con<;truetion material, but also the exterior was ornamented with brick and terra-cotta decoration, which was also common in temple architecture at that period.

Ambitious planning, distinctive architectural features such as the pointed arch, a curvilinear roof and cornice, carved brick designs, and glazed tile decoration, mark the pre-Mughal mosques of Bengal. Pre-Mughal mosques of Bangladesh may be classified in fOIlTseparate groups:

(a) The vault and domed type, (b) The square-domed type, (c) The oblong multi-domed type, and (d) The hut-shaped or curvilinear type.

(II) The Vault and Domed Type Hemispherical roof domes without drums, corner towers, curved battlements, stone caning, and the use of glazed tiles characterizes this type. The Adina Mosque at Ha7.rat Pandua is a distinctive cxample of the earliest design phase.

The large open courtyard at the centre of the structure is surrounded by an oblong liwan (shaded portico) (Fig. 2.20). The design rep one introduced into Bangladesh from a drier environment. Rapidly however. mosque builders accommodated the local monsoon climate by changing the original design to cover over the open courtyard a series ofhcmisphenc domes similar to those of the liwan. Such a change necessitated the breaking up of the central unobstructed space by a series of columns or pillars to support the roof dome (Fig. 2.21).

The phenomenon of an arehed facade was introduced in Bengal during the Sultanate period. The vault over the nave of the mosque is one of the earliest attempted in Indo- Muslim architecture (Hasan 1979, 72). Currently in a dilapidated condition, this mosque illustrates brick-and-stone construction, where stone is use veneer to conceal the brickwork of the core.

(b) Square-Domed Roof Type The square-domed roof type of mosque from the pre-Mughal phase is distinguished by a cubical prayer hall (with or withollt antechamber), comer to"ers, wall paneling with offsets and recesses, mihrab projections in thc qibla wall, curved cornice, stone casing, stnceo design, glazed tiles, and moldings.

An excellent example is the LaUan Mosque at Gaur (1475). It consists of a 34 ft. square room with an 11 ft. deep antcehamber (Fig. 2.22). There arc three arched entrances on the east. The battlements and cornice are vcry gently ctlrved, above which ri,e the three do the veranda and the large dome over the central hall. The domes of/he verandah are of the ehauchala (four-~ided roof) type.

The four circular comer towers in the Lattan Mosque are characteristic feattlres for prc-Mughal mo~ques. The curvilinear cornice, which is typical of later Bengali Hi,ior;ca! Overview 2_/2 architecture, appears fIrst in this mosque. The whole surface of the mosque was initially covered with gla~ed tiles in geometric patterns, but thcsc havc mostly disappeared.

(c) Oblong Multi-Domed Type Typical architcetural components of this typology include rectangular plan, aisles, bays, hemispherical domes, pointed-arched entrance, curved cornicc, corner towers, panelled walls, stonc casing, jali (semi"transparent screens) windows, stucco and glazed tiles stone chiselling. The Mosque of Baba Adam at Rampal, Dhaka (1483 AD) is an excellent example. This six-domed congregational mosque has an oblong plan measuring 43 ft. x 36 ft. It is divided into two aisles by a three-arched colonnade running longitudinally (Fig. 2.23). The mosque incorporates a number of beautifully carved stone pillars. It also has a curved cornice and octagonal corner towers. The mosque is renovated, and the old ornamcntation has unfortunately disappeared.

(d) The lIut-Shaped or Curvilinear Type The architcet~ of pre-Mughal Bengal experimented with a unique roof structure commonly known as the hut-shaped or curvilinear roof. At an early period Bcngalis evolved curved types of roofs madc of bamboo and recds to cover their humble cottages. The curvilinear form allowed nexible materials to assume shapes facilitating rapid drainage in this region of heavy monsoon rainfall. These roofs usually took two forms: do-chala (two roofs), chau-chala (four roofs). These forms of roof stTllClUre wcrc tran~latcd into hrickwork in permanent structures, and then in later periods incorporated into mosques, tombs, and temples of Bengal. Such roofs have been termed the "Dangla roof'.

The Chhoto Sana Mosque (1493-1519 AD) pro~ides an e~ample. The interior of the mosque is divided into three longitudinal aisles and fIve bays by stone pillars. The middle bay, which is larger than the side ones, is roofed over by thrce Bengali (chauchala) roofs. The side bays arc covered by hcmisphcrical domcs, the interiors of which show decoration copied from bamboo framework, a design, which emphasizes the local character of the domc [2.12, p. 13H]. The mosque has an open court and an arehcd gateway. The exterior of the brick walls ISfaced with grey basalt, the surface ofwhieh is carved to emulate contempOHiryteTTa-COttadesign[2.15, p. 162].

2.4.4.2 The MUi:hal Period Indo-Islamic architcetural stylcs started in the imperial capitals of Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri in the sixteenth century and appeared in the provinces as these areas were brought under the Mughal Empire. Although in every provincial context there were special features rooted in the vernacular tradition, thc Mughal style in mosque architccture had a univcrsality that i~ recognized throughout. In contrast to the buildings of the Sultanate period, which are characterized by regional identity, Mughal mosques followed an imperial tradition. The principal elements introduccd by the Mughal architects wcre dominant central domes and tall axial entrances. Arches became graceful; four cantered arche, were introduced instead of the earlier two arches. Reiterated pla.>terpanelsreplaced traditional terracotta art. Straight, horizontal panels substituted for thc curvcd cornices of the prc-Mughal strueturcs.

Bengal became a province or the Mughal Empire and was ruled from Delhi by the governors ofRengal (1576). Although the Mughals are termed 'the great builders" in His/orical Overview 2_/3 the history of Indian architecture, their efforts in Bengal were subdued compared to the ongoing contemporary architecture being practiced el~ewhere in the subcontinent The Mughals disrupted the Bengali architectural tradition that had been generated during the pre-Mughal period. The traditional expression of brickwork with terracotta decoration was abandoned for the use of plastered surfaces. The typical three-domed mosques or the Mughal period replaced the multi-domed mosque~ of pre-Mughal times, Mughal mosques are c1a,sifie<1inthe following four categories according to the varying ground plans and roofing patterns:

(a) The single-domed type, (b) The bungalow type, (c) The three-domed type, and (d) Mosques on a raised plalfonn.

(a) Tbe Single-Domed Type Perhaps the best example is the Allakuri Mosque (1680 AD), which is located by (he Sal-masjid Road in the Muhammadpur Colony. It has a square plan with projecting fronts at the middle of each side, which provided doorways ror the east, north, and south sides (Fig. 2.24). Four comer towers are each erovilled by a plastered kiosk and parapet. The thickness or the wall keeps the interior cool. The dome is earried on squinches and is crowned by a fmia! (Fig. 2.25). The dome comes into its 0\Y1lwith the Mughals and the influence of Persian design is clearly seen. It also provides an easily recognizable symbol of empire.

(b) The Bungalow Type Churihatt.1Mosque (1649 AD) may be taken as a typical example. It is characterized by a ehauchala roar rather than domes, and has an oblong plan with four corncr towers. Three dool"\vays,fanned by two successive arches, provide entrance from the eastern sidc. Thc facadcs arc decorated with pands and a straight parapet.

(c) The Three-Domed Type The most common type of Mnghal mosques in Bengal is the rectangular three-domed mosque. Either all the domes were uniform or the central dome was larger than the other two. Such a mosque style had its roots in Persia. One of the finest examples of this kind, where the central dome is larger, i~the Lalbagh Fort Mosque (1678-79 AD). With an oblong plan (Fig. 2.25), the structure is roared over by three Outed,bulbous domes, resting on drums. Cusped arches adorn three entrance doorways. The facade is decorated with rectangular pands. Fonr octagonal towers, capped by cupolas, buttress the mosque. Parapets are straight instead of the curvilinear cornice of pre-Mughal types.

(d) Mosques on IiRaised Platform The Khan Muhanmlad Mirdha Mosque (1704-05 AD) stands on a 16.5 ft. raised platform, supported by a series of vaulted chambers. Of rectangular plan, it is a three- domed type with the prayer chamber in the upper floor level. The terrace is approached from the cast by a flight of steps in front of the hall. The corner minarets arc terminated with ribbed cupolas. Three squat-shouldered domes cover the roof. Facades are ornamented with panelling. The interior of tbe hall is divided into three • bays by two lateral arches, each containing a decorated mihrab. , • "- ,, Hi,,/orical Overv;ew 2-14 The mosque architecture of the Mughals was terminated by the arrival of the British. Mughal political collapse was rellected in a general decline in arts, including architecture.

2.4.4.3 Mosque Design During the British Colonial Period The architectural legacy of the British colonial period in Bangladesh is not very rich. In Bengal during the middle of the eighteenth century, the western region, particularly the areas in and around Calcutta, was the main focus of political and administrative power (Ahmed 1986,22). The eastern part, which later became Bangladesh with its largely rural area, was neglected for about two centuries or Briti,h rule. From a completely difTerent culture, tradition, religion, and baekb'I"OUnd,theBritish rulen; were always treated as alien, never bemg accepted by the local people. The British imported a new style of architecture. Among the religious buildings, the Christian Missions under the patronization of the government built a number of churches. Mosque architecture in Bangladesh, after the dechne of the Mughals, was exposed to this new influence.

No longer the product of direction and patronage of the ruling class, mosques had become an architectural expression of the common people. Mosques built within this period were mostly initiated and supported by locally inlluential people. The period did not generate any specific innovative design characteristics. Most mosques followed the common Mughal style of a three-domed structure with an oblong plau and octagonal corner towers. A few, however, are significant for their extensive and elaborate ornamentation.

One of the most ornate and attractive mosques of Dhaka built during the colonial period is the Tara Ma'if;J (Star Mosque). Originally constructed in the late eighteenth century, it was renovated and given an impressive look during the early twentieth century. It was initially a three-domed mosque with octagonal comer towers, the middle dome larger than the othen;. During the renovation, a northern extension was added with two more domes, which were completely irrelevant to the entire structure. Both the interior and the exterior of the mosque are highly decorated with colored tiles in various geometric patterns. TmportedJapanese materials and China tile, were used for the ornamentation.

2.4.4.4 Contemporary Mosque Architecture With the partition of the snbeontinent in 1947, Baugladesh (then East Pakistan) entered into a new era of de~elopmen1. Building activities during this period have been mostly utilitarian. Mosques have experienced two major trends in their architectural methods and development" which can be categorized as,

(a) Mosques erected by the common people (b) Mosques designed by formally trained architect,.

(a) Mosques Erected by the People Mosques are a part of the social life of the people of Bangladesh. They act as a community centre and are a landmark for a eommnnity. To meet the religious requirement of congregational prayers five times a day, residents of a community need a mosque within walking di,tanee. This necessity encourages them to take initiatives to creet mo,ques within each locality. Wealthy local people may support Historical Overview 2-15 these community mosques, but all other members of the community contribute tov.'llrd the construction, according to individual capability and desire. In most cases the builder or the designer of the mosque is guided by gene,,11religious norms for the mosque design.

Because of economic constraints, ,carcity of land, and the absence of the involvement of trained designers, architectural features and form, in most of the cases, are neglected. Such mosques are usually constructed in stages depending on the availability of funds. Construction starts with building a simple shelter of temporary or semi-pennanent nature, and gradually develops to the final stage with additions of different architectural components. A tall minaret is oftcn considered essential as it makcs the mosque a landmark for the locality.

These neighbourhood mosques often expand vertically due to limitation of land. As they arc initially developed in response to a common necessity and develop through different phases of construction, the planning and design issues are not well considered. AE,a result, the final product often lacks aesthetic appeal. In most instances, domcs and minarets are not plaeed in what would be considered the proper place in the view of professionally trained architects. Minarets, sometimes springing from the roof, are visually isolated from the remaining structure. Bairns Sajudjami .Masjid is one such example. Though the architectural and formal aspects of these mosques are not appealing, most are highly decorated with geometric and formal patterns and calligraphic inscriptions on their exterior facades, minarets, semi- transparent screens, window bars, and noors.

These mosques are far more than merely a place of worship and the product of the participatory effort'; of the common people. Architecturally, they feature elements from Mughal styles and exploit thc contemporary building technology and matcrials. These mosques, being a symbol of the society, represent the spirit of the common peoplc, and are a spontaneous expression oflbe people's notion of architecture.

(b) Mo;ques Designed b)' l'ormaUy Trained Architects In recent years, formally trained architects have designed an increasing numbcr of mosqucs. Analysis of these mosques reveals the architects' interpretation of the archetype. They are generally b'Uided by concepts evolved trom religiou,> perspectives. Architects emphasize the sequence of spaces according to the function, axial adherence in plan, and openness and clarity ofthc forms of a mosque. A simple and rational approach to the interprctation of a mosque is the contemporary trend, which has been initiated in the early 1960s when the Baitul Mukarram Mosque was built (Appendices, A.2). Its plan was modelled on the holy Kaaba and also shows many fascinating features of Moorish architecture such as tal1, slender pillars and horseshoe arches. The four-story praycr haH is designed as a cube and set on a high podium. This monumental religious structure is a significant landmark in Dhaka.

At the present time, professional architects arc morc concerned with the concept of fOrnl and space and the scale of the structure, rather than surface ornamentation. Fragmented exterior surfaccs designed with familiar elements are employcd to bring the building down to human scale, instead of a monumental or overwhelming exterior ( treatment. Savar Memorial Mosque in Dhaka District is a good cxample of such practices. Another structure, Purto Bhaban Mosque in Dhaka explores the plastic

• Historical Oven-iew 2-1 r5 nature of concrete and play, with clarity of space and quality or light and shade as well (Appendices, A.2). Other examples may be found where architects abandon the wcll-e~tablished nonn of dome and minaret. Damra Factory Mosque near Dhaka and the mosque at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute at Ga7ipur show such avoidance of traditional approaches.

On the other hand, some contemporary architects are exploring traditional architecture in terms of form, features, and the use of material and construction methods for designing mosques. The Rural Development Academy Central Mosque at Bogra and Babhi Bazaar Mosque at the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology in Dhaka are built with exposed bricks, which is an indigenous material of architecture of this region. Different experiments with the archetype reveal various aspects throlJgh which architects arc trying to explore the available resources and at the same time consider the traditional and fundamental concepts of mosque architecrnre. The role of professional architects is encouraging because they arc dealing ,ensitively with an archetype with 800 year, of history,

2.5 Conclusion It is very difficult to relate satisfactorily the styles of mosquc architecture of d, ITerent rcgion in terms of origin and morphology of building components. In mosque design, one can study any particular form or component in details from the books listed in bibliography in the Appcndices. But one should keep in mind that anything interesting and having cvidence ol"profuse application in later part of history or mosque may not be acceptable in the judgement of theology, practice and fundamental intent set by the Prophet (S). As for example, minaret i, added, in most of the cases, to intensil"y the monumentality and image of this building type. The spirit and intent ,hould always supersede the superfluous formal approach - it is especially significant for designing a mosque.

In congested urban set-up of Bangladesh, to put on some attire of distinction, the mosques arc designed with some slJperficial elements like false arches, non-structlll"al domes and profuse ornamentation. Architects are gradually getting involved in the design process, Some of the mosque~ designed by fonnally trained architects reflect the intrinsic meaning, objectivity and tradition, On the contrary, many of those mosques severely fail to accomplish these issues. Moreover, theological justifications are little explored and implemented.

References

[2.1] H, A. R. Gibb and J, H. Kramers, Shorrer Encyclopaedia oIlslam. E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, 1961. [2.2] The Alim For Windows, Shahid N. Shah, Computer CD Ven-ion, Release 4,5, ISL Software Corporation, USA, 1996. [2.3] AI"Qur'anul Karim, Computer CD, Version 6.31, Sakhr Software, 1996. • [2.4] Hillenbrand, Rohen; Islamic archilecture: FOI71l,FunctiOn and Meaning, Edinburgh' University Pre", UK, 1994. [2.5] Islam, Mohammad Anwarul, Possihle Influence ofReligiom Edicts on the Design of Mosques and other Buildings in the Earliest Period ofIslam, pp. 51-70, Proceeding. 01"the Symposium on Mosque Architecture (30 January-3 February, 1999), King Saud Unlvers;ty, KSA, 1999. Historical Overview 2-17 [2.6] Khan, M Muh,in, Hadith Summarized Sahih Ai-Bukhari, Dar-us-Salam Publicalion" 1996. [2.7J Ahmed, Abu Sayc<:d Mll-"htaque, The Choto Sona Mosque in Gaur, An Example of Early islamic Archilecture of Bengal, Instltut Fur Baugeschichte Ocr Univer,itat Karlsruhe, Germany, 1997. [2.8] Pope, A. U., A Sun'ey of Per"ian An. Vol. I-Vnr, Oxford, 1939, [2,9] Creswell, K. A. C. I Allan, J. W., A "horl Account of Early Muslim Architecture, Aldershot, 1989. [2.10] Ahmed, Nazimuddin, Architectural ugacies of the British Period, In Building,< of Ihe iJriti,h Raj in Bangladesh, edited by J. Sandy, 22-68. Dbaka: University Press, 1986. [2.11] Bari, M, Abdnl, Mughal Mosque of Dhaka: A Typology Study. In Dhaka Past, Present, Fulure, edited by S.U. Ahmed, 319-332. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1991. [2.12] D"ni, Ahmed Hasan. 1961. Muslim Archilecture in Bengal, Dhaka: Asiatic Sociely ofPakistml. [2.13] Frishman, Marlin. 1994. Islam and the Form of Mo'que. In The Mosque: History, Architectural Deveiopment and Regional Diversity. edited by M. Frishman and H. Khan, 17-41. umdon: Thames and Hudson. [2.14) Hasan, Parween. 1984. Suitallate Mosque Type,< in Ballgladesh: Origins and Development. Ph.D. diss., Harv"rd Univenmy. 1994. [2.15] Hasan, P"nveen. 1994.Thc Indian Subcontinent. In The Mosque: HL,!OfY. Archileelural Development and Regional Diversity, edited by M, Frishman ""d H. Khan, 159-179. London: Thames and Hndson, [2.16] Hasan, Syed Mahmudul. 1979. Mosque Archilec/Ure of Pre-Mughal Bellgal. Dhaka: UniverSlly Press. [2,17] Muktadir, M.A. et al. 1990. Religious Buildings. In Contemporary Architecture of Ballgladesh, edited by SA lahiruddin el aI., 73-79, Dhaka, Institute of Architects Bangladesh. [2.18] Qure,hi, Ishtiaq Hussan, 1955. Architecture. In The Cui/ural Herilage of Pakistan, ediled by S.M. Ikram, 33-44, Karachi: Oxford University Preas. [2.19] Zahlruddin, Shah Alam et al. 1990, Political and Cultural Influence. In Comcmporary Architecture of Ballgladesh. edited by S.A. Zahiruddin ct aI., 15-27, Dhaka: In"titute of Architects Bangladesh. [2.20] Islam, Ishwt ""d Noble, Allen G.; Mosque architecture in Bangladesh: The Archetype and 11.

I !said, "0 Allah's Apo'tid Which mosque was first buill on the ,unace of the earth?" He said, "AI_ M••jid-ul-lIru-mn(in Mecca).'"I ,aid, "Which w•• built next?" He replied "The m0"lue of Al-Aqsa ( in Jerusalem)." !said, "What wa, the penod of construction between tne two?" He said, "Forty years." He added, "Wherever (you may be, and) the prayer lime !:>eeOffie,due,perform the prayer there, for the !:>estt1ungis to do so (i.c tu offer lne prayers in time)." (Narrated by Abu Dh.r, Hadltb 4,585, Sahih AI-Bukhan l!fldith) [2,2. ,carch result for 'first mosque'].

2 75 years after dIe deceasc of Prophet (S).

• Figure 2-1

Fig. 2.1 House of the Prophet (S) and the first mosque In Islam {2.4. p. 39J. , •, , " I , , , I, it! . ,., ~,I ! 1 i (i! ~I L..==J!'---~'---'-1~ I'"<.",,, I """l', Fig. 2.2.a Plan of the hmI.,e of Fig. 2.2.b Re--arranged plan Fig. 2.2.c Extensions dnring the Prophet (,) ami the mosque with the change of qibla in 534-644 AD and 644-656 AD in 622 AD {l.5, p. 55J. 632 AD {2.5, p. 55}. [2.5, p. 56}. --- lll'-I ~ :1 ~ =;-" I n;=l i-- =1 I

Fig. 2.3.3 Plan of the Prophet's (S) mosque in Fig. 2.3.b Aerial view of the present mosque of"... 1987 AD. {In/ernel Web page. URL- the Prophet (s). [Tn/erne/ Web PageJ ,. http://users.erols.cmn/mccmdhnasjidnabvLhrmJ , Figu~e2-II

, .. • -~~..... ':'. • • • , • ~""_:'~:'. ~- ~ , ~ . . ,.-_.. • ',,._, D ,• [ • • '. , . • .• •

Fig, 2.5 The Esbrcfoghlu moselle at Beyshehir: Ground plan [after 2.7, p. 145]

.',--_. ,-- : ;. .. • ~ -, -""", --. " •i . •••• , ,'.' . ,." •• I. • • • • , . ,. • • i ..... j • • • i • i. •• • • • . , • • I. • • • • • • ,. • • • • • , . . ~ ~, f , . , ~ ••. -._.ii._.. \

Fig. 2,6 The AI-Aba mosque at Jeru,alern, Fig. 2.7 The Great mosque at Damascus: Ground plan fl. 7.p. 76J. Ground plan {2. 7. 1'. 146}

• • Figure 2 -llI

Fig. 2.8 Example of differenl lype, of min"re!.< found in different countries. fl,4, p, 131J

, 0 , ~, I, • • • • Fig.2.9 The palace ofMshatla: Ground plan fl, 7. p,156J. ,.,.•.•..•..-..-..•..:";-..•..-..-..-.-..•1- C.HH.HI e"':"'!'1

1::::....1 ::::. 1'1 V...... q • J"" ....,i,..:;:.;:~ \ , . . !' I " ••

Fig. 2.11 The Grcal mosque ofSamarru: Ground Fig. 2.12 The Timarkhana al Aamsya: plan /2.7, p. 156{ Birds eye view /2. 7.p. 157J Flgun'l.IY ..

....~ ,..;'~ 1,:ii '"'

Fig. 2.13 The Khirld mosqc al Delhi: Fig. 2.14 The Ahmed 5Mb mosque II Ahrnadab:Kl: A Gmundpl.n/2.J.p.1Jlj ongitudin.1 seclion through the ladies gallery fl.]. p. J6j}.

Fig. 2.15 ~ Gunmanlll105Clle, Gaur: Fig.2.16 l1x Chota Son. ~uc: Front\iew of. Tun",,] vaull OVer InlnSCpl or centml Chauchal. '"lIUll{l.], p. 71j. ni<1c{1.7.p./79j. •

• Figure 2-V

fig. 2.17 The Chota Sona mosque: Comer view of a Fig. 2,]8 The Chamkatti mosque at Chauchala vault [2.7, p, 72J Gaur: Groin ,aull in the [are room {2,7.p, 1781 ~o c=="""",.'!'o~. ".. c' ~J'Dn~Oan•• e

•••• ••••

.'".•~==w~~00 0 o

Fig. 2.19 The Masjidbari mo,que at Mirzagonj: Chauchala Fig. 2.20 Floor plan of the Adina vault in the fore_room f2, 7.p. 179J Mosque {2.n. p, 5f/1 • Figuul- VI

~.'" ---.- .. Fig. 2.21 Floor plm of the Shail Gambuj MMqU( p.?, Fig. 2.22 Floor 9lan ofth( p.105J Lllton MMqU( fl.?, p. 119J

I:;]

-$ \--~._l ~ : .. ...:._..:~. "'" •• ,~ Ek\"I11ionIIJldSet'tion (pan) Fig. 2.23 Floor phm of the Blba A

fig. 2.25 Floor plan of the Lalbag Fort Mosque {2.l1j.

Fig. 2.26 The Star Mosque, famous for its ornamentation {Intn1e1J -~~_. ,. -

,

,------._...~._~-~-~.._~.~.---,---,-. / Chapter TH REE Field Study - . • '------~~~~~~~~-~•••. .,r Fil'ld Study J. 1

Chapter THREE: Field Study

3.1 Introduction 1~lam is proclaimed and proved to be:the religion suilllble for all varied regional and socinl conte.'l. For mosque design, lhere is no strict bindings or directives on the detail issues, which may contllldict to local issues like climale, mnterinl. building leclmology etc, The design process follows some major theological guidclinC$ and certnin practical aspects. In a view to e)(plore the practicaillspc:cts to be IJIken care of in the design eonsidemtion, study is conducted on some mosques nlready under function, This chapter is intended to portmy the existing situalion of those mosque~ and some practical information relevnntto formulaIc the design criteria and SlJlndnrds in hannony with the theological guidelines.

3.2 Scope A considerable "number of mosques are serving about 93.88 million (88.3% of 101Jl1) Muslim populalion of Bangladeshi, It is neither possible in the gh'en scope and objectives of this thesis nor justified by the principles of slJItistics to lIlIc:eall the mosques for ellSC:study. A pilot suryey on II limited number of mosques. detCTTllined by slJltistical sampling.. Wll~eondueled to explore the different features of mosques in Bangladesh. The finding~ helped to identify the lI\IlIilable lypes lind their special featuTCS,These features are ultimately used to select the ell.~C!lfordetailed study. The en..'e-mosquC!lrepresetlt the differenl fenlUres of mosques of Bnngladesh.

3.3 Methodolog>' A pilot ~urvey is conducted on a sample size of 131 mosques, determined by statistienl method. Those mosques are vi~ited ph)'liieally to identify different fenturcs. A number of 25 mosques are selected for cao;e study from the mosques taken for pilol survey. The mosques in the ClIsestudy representllll the features found in pilot sun'ey. A detailed study is conducted on those CMe mosquC$ to explore their historical. physical nnd functional features to formulate design criterifl nnd SlMdards. The methodology can be briefed in the following now dingmm:

3.3.1 S.mpllng For 8 large population, the sample size formula i~[3.6, pp. 72-85]: , • -- -,-.-'••.•.". Field Stud)' J. 2 Wh=. n "" SI'Imple size to be estimated P" Proportion to be ~limaled z" SllIndnrd nonnal value 1.96 for S% !eve:! ofsignificanct • e" admissible error for lhe estimate of'p'

Considering, p - 0.30 for any specific type: of mosque and c - 0.08, which will give lU1estimate of p wilb :t SOl", i.e., confidence interval of :t 8%. This wide confidence inlervfll seems reasonable since the primary objective of the study is to lind the represcntlltivc types of mosques in whole Bangladesh, where the precision of the estimated proportions oreach type is not equally important.

Therefore, the SlImplc size required is, 0.3 x D.h (1.96) I ,<------(O.OS) •

or, n '" 126.0525.= 126

3.3.2 Pilot SUrH~)' A lotal number of 131 mosqucs an:: surveyed from different parts ofBl1l1gladesh. This •, number salislie,~ the required sample size (i.e., 126) dctcnnined by sllllistiCllI SlImpling method. The following Tnble 3.3.2.n 1iSl~nil these mosques for pilot survey. The nuthor \isiled nil these mosques to study the historical, physienl nnd fUnetionnl nspects. Lilemture SUlVeyis nlso conducted to crosscheck eertnin issues like histoncnl ooekgmund nnd gmdual development oflhe mosques.

Tnble 3.J.2.ft Mosques for pUot surn)' S1. Name of the Mosque .-- Locntion ._--. No. (i\muIS«! in lbe oscending&1 (7ha~annd Zila) I Abdullahpur Mmque Tongi, Gnzipur 2 Adamdighi Jami M ue Adamdig!!i So 3 Aminuddin H"7.iBarhi M ue B~!!!!!!, Haffil:!na 4 Amlll'!'rhi M~\lC KOt08ti M~insh 5 Amlnli lami M~ue B n.n B lUI 6 Artdar illn lami M~ue Andar ill Chitta&2!!& 7 A tlIbuddinChninnnn IJarhi M~ue Ran ur Rnn ur g A ui", c.l.!IteM uc POlu3kh3.liPOlUllk.."li 9 B.C.l.C. Sl.!IfTQuarterMosque Mi Dhakn 10 Bob:!Adam ~c Mumhie, Munshig~j II Boitul Ahod 1\1 ue Baufal PalUllkhllli 12 RnilulAmin M uc Chand ur, 13 Bnilul MukDmmlM uc MOli"hed Dhaka "' ••••••• 14 BnilulMush:nmfM uc Mi ur Dhaka 15 Bakshibaur RMd 1\1 ue R4 Dhaka 16 BnJallUiFakir Barbi M~ue Ran UT,Rnngpur 17 Ban.l!JaB3ZIITM~uc BItoI Bboln 18 Bani: Town M~ue SIV1IJ Dlmh 19 Barha M~ue at Mahaj!!!!p!ni BItoI Bbola 20 Barha M~ue KOlOaliM ~ngh , • , .-~' • , .> ;.e_1 -t , 'I Field Srudy 3- 3

Name of the Mosque Location Amln od in (he x>Il:cndinal habetiClllorder) (TllallQ and Zlla Bllf'O' unio lami M~e Chandfll lUI RAn Ii B M~. Shiddhi 'Nartl e Bcri~hur MOPir ach R.ltn8l'ur CounM ue Mai'dieou Noa1

• ---'" .--. , ....., ..•.. • Field Study 3- of ~

51.- Name orlhe Mosque '" - ... - Location No. (AJnnSrdintheasccndin~alph:lbctical"rd.,' . (TII.,.n.,.andZila) 72 Ktwkrnul r~1amJam;M ue Mi!p'!!TDhaka 73 Kht'jurb:lghMosque Kmml lin",DllakD 74 Khil~n Ra iOMM ue MOlfhecl Dhaka 7S KhTI~n Chowdh PIlrhnMati, MQ8ue MOli"eelDIuI"" 16 IKhil on MM";du) Aman Moli"lta:l Dhnk:n. 77 IKhil OnShahiMo~u. Moti"h«l Dhaka 78 IKol<:1"PukurParhMas II<: Baufnl,Patllakhali 79 lakurh TolaMos!!\/<: BllJX\lOIl,RllTJ!Unll SO lalbaggilla M~u. L,nlbag,Dhaka HI LohnsnrhaB37Jl~Mosgue Loha~rh ~~ 82 Lo\'e1ancJam;~ Koloal; Chilt~ I 83 MalilolaBarlulM ue ~ KOloal;Ohm 84 MaolarlllBhown; HallM~Ul:, hhllngir Nll r Un;\'. S:WafDhaka 85 Mll.,idul~...!!!!!.!!.... M" r DhnkB 86 MIlS"idul~~,=:e M" r Dhnkn 87 Mil71l r CadetColl~c Mirznpur,Tangail 88 Mancha B37JlrM ue IUkhi Cox'sBIlnll" 1\9 M~uc al the MlIZIIrComplexofHam I ShahJolal(R) Sylkt, S)'lhC't 90 M~uc "fMlldraSll-i-RA1unanillYunisill Rlrn~nia. Chillagong 91 M~~orSh:;~ ..~!!I:(a MughaltuliComilla 92 M~~FllJ1lI ~e RangJl,!!T,Ransp'!!r • 93 Nal"aniJamiM ue GaZr~iJrGIlZiur 94 Na"'llb an"MarkD"Cenlml Mo,;que NaWll " Dhaka ~ NewMarketBairulAmanM(l!;!Il1l: Dhanmondi Dhaka ~ Ni,h81JuteMin M(l!;~ Ton i Gui r I~ Nonh SlInhjlOhan.l'!!rJamiMosgue Moli"heelDhabi ~ NonhShahjahan.l'!!rJhttlM(l!;!Iue Moli"heelDhabi 99. NurninpurMo,;que Baur.1 raruakhali 1'00 Off,,;erPnmMosqlll: Bhol. Bhola ~ PalmnCIldetCollege PablUlr.hna ~ P"""linMo ue Nnwnl>£anj"Dhabi ~ PilkhllltaPostOfIiee1>1~ l.lllba Dh8ka ~ ~~achha 8= JlllttiM~e Pi hha. Rangr.ur ~ ~!Techni!luclnnituleM ue Tc"S!0n Dhaka ~ Purta KoomabrnliaM ue B~Itll" B!!G!;!M ~ PurtaNllkhaiParha~M ue Te"ga<:lnDhtlka g PurtanBII7.3TJami~~e Chand r, ChandJlur ~ PWDJamiMosque Ram Dhab ~ R..aj,hnhiCaddColI~ Mosquc I Rajshnhi ..J.g.. R..alltnp'urBillalMiaM~c Ran , R..an!l'ur ~ Rel:tisterOfficeM ue Baufal Patuakllali ~ Ru ganj BazarJlUttiMMQue Nllf1IilNlUllil ~ SatedSharkarBashiM uc ~g!t.~jpur ~ ShadMGhalMo uc B Ba Itll 116 Sha~hal Mo;;que SUtrllur Dhaka 117 ShahMokl>dum{l!lMu.at"Mos!lue Ra"shahiR..:shahi lIS Sh8;lGambujM~ ~I 8a cmnl 119 ShalllrtllJami~~e ~,G:uipur , 120 ShtllmoshiBUM Jam;M ue Kcran; an" Dhabi 121 IShantipurBu.at"JamiMosque Moli"heelDhaka 122 Sh; ur Bmr M(l!;ue ID!Lbp.!!r>Nm.hinGdi

• , • ....'- .\ " ". .• :-,,' Fi~fd SlUdy3- j

Sl. . Name oflhe Mosque - Location No. (Arrangedin thea=ndin 11h3bcticalorder) (Thana ondZila) . "I Shiblcr K. o'i ParlulMMSI!e Rn.ngpur,RAn8l'!!! '" Shikdar~Ue I UUlia Cox's BUN '" Shishu Hos itaJJam; M~u. T' on Dlutb '" Thann M uC B '!!ll'!M '" lUI-shed M~ue Kemniil'!!'j. Dhaka 128'" Ukhia all7~ M~u. Ukhi.Cox'sB~ Umidnagar Madrasa M~U1: Hobi " Hobi n" '" Voran UUlrp:lfllM~uc Sanr Dl1lIn '" West Ra'ab:u.nrM~ue Te-';tOnDlulkD '" 3.3.2.1 Ohsenilliions In lhl' pilot sun"c)' As Bangladesh pos.o;esses almost similar climatic, geographical, technological lind other aspects in dilTerenl p3rts of it, lbe charectenslie features lire also "ery much similar for mosques of different areas. Still, some minor variations in fCllturcs IlI'e identified. In the pilot survey, following types of features nrc observed in different mosques under different issues.

3.3.2.2 Trp('ll of fcatuns under different IS511C!1 A. Period of construction I. The CfITlyIslamic OTprc-Mughal or Sul111nateperiod (1204-1$76 AD) 2. The Mughnl period (1$76-1757 AD) 3. The British colonial period (1757-1947 AD) 4. Thc contcmporary period (1947 AD- to datc)

8. Neighbourhood to scn'c I. Residential (Ncighbourhood, housing socicty etc.) 2. Commcn:ia! (Office, markCt placc, business centre ctc.) 3.ln~litutional (Madrasah, unh'crsity, etc.) 4. Industrial (Factnry, mill etc.) 5. Placc ofreligiou5 significance (Millar, Khanka elc.)

C. Sct-up I. Urban 2. RUT'll1 3. Suburban

D. Special significance L National mosquc 2. Zilnfcity ccntrol mosque 3. Centre for dawat (wblig) 4. Historically important 4. Nil

E. SouteC offinMcc for construction I. Sl.IItc,organi7.l1tionetc. 1. Singlc person (rulcr, rich peTSOnctc.) 3. Musal/ies oflhc community • Field Study 3- 6

• ' F, Plan 1. Courtyard type 2. Enclosed type

G. functional1ayer, I. Single storey 2. Multi-storey (more than single storey) 3. Originally single storey, presently multi-storey 4. Constructed over floor/s 01"secular use (market, warehouse, library etc.)

H. Capacity for sa/at 1. Small (3-200 musallies, usually senes low-density small community) • 2. Medium (201-2000 rnusallies, usually serves high-density community) 3. Large (2001-above musallies, usually serves high-density community or a city)

I. Special building elements (Mihrah is not listed here, 3S it is common to all mosques) l. Dome 2. Minaret 3. Comer turret, 4. Vault 5. Arch 6. Gallery (For ladies or royal dignitaries) 7. Nil

J. Ventilation J. Natural 2. Artificial (air eondi [lolled)

K. Source of water for wazu I. Supplied water through pipe and taps 2. On-ground water reservoir 3. Pond 4. Tube-well and pitcher

3.3.3 Selection of case study A number of 25 mosques are selected for case study. The selection of mosques is done in a manner so that, as a whole, all the features identified in pilot survey (see the list of different features in the paragraph 3.3.2.1) arc represented. The selection covers from the large national mosque to even a small one at its very inception stage of development.

The case study includes field survey and prolonged physical observation on space use pattern, prospects and constraints of individual spaces and their linkage pattern, service facilities, users feedback etc. For the sake of correctness of findings through prolonged observation, the mosques are chosen from convenient locations. Moreovi::~ ~ it is observed from pilot survey that the mosque features do not essentially vary.".. merely with the variation of locality Orzilas, i.e" a mosque from Rangpur zila bears ~ nO reason to be different from a mosque from feni zila just for being from different • Field Study 3- 7

, lle

The following tables (fable 3.3.3.1 lIod Table 3.3.3.b) list the mosques and their signilirnnt fcalurcs. It run be observed that, 110 single mosque possesses nil the fClltUresand agnin, some fClIfUrcsnre commonly found in mony mosquc,~.

TobIe J.3.3.a ;,\Iosqu~ for elise stud," _. 51. Name orlhe Mosque and Locations - Location No. (ATnIlgrd in occOl'll3n« ••;Ih !«alions) (Thana ond Zjla) I Bailul Mukarrnrn Mosque Motijhed, Dhaka 2 Dill,:ushn Mosque MOlijhecl, Dhaka 3 North Shnhjnhnnpuf Jhec:1Mosque Motijhcel, Dhaka 4 Kokrnil Mosque Rnmnn, Dhaka , SUET Centrnl Mosque Rzlmna, Dhoka 6 BBkshib:l7.ar Road Mosque: I Rzlmna, Dhako \ 7 PWD Jami Mosque: Ramll4, Dhaka 8 Nc:v.'Market Saitul Aman Mosque: D1ummondi, Dhaka 9 Lnlb:lg Qilla Mosque Lulb:lg, Dhaka 10 West Rnjllb:l7.arMosque Te:jgaon, Dhaka II Gulshan Cemrnl Mosque: Gulshan, Dhaka 12 Masjidul Faruque Pal1abi, Dhaka -13 Vornn UtUirp.arnMosque Savnr, Dhaka 14 Shillana B:l7.anrJami Mosque Gazipur, Gazipur ,15 Bilbo Adam mo~ue Munshiganj, Munshiganj 16 Mosque ofMadrnsa-i-Rahmllllia Yunisia Rangunia, Chittagong 17 8aroghunia Jami Mosque Chtmdrnghona, Rangamati IE KAFCO Jami Mosque AnnWl1f1l,Chil\.llgong 19 JamilllUl Flllllh, Dumpmn, Chillagong 20 Andar Qilla Jami Mosque Andar QilIa,ChiUagong 21 Feni Jami Mosque Trunk Road, Feni 22 Mosque of Shah Shuja Mughalruli, Comilla 23 Mosque at the Malar of Hodrol Shah Jalnl (R) Sylhc:t town, Sylhet 24 Chhoto Sona Mosque Nllwnbga~,Nawllbgll~ 25 Shait Gambuj Mosque Bage:mBt, Bagcrhat - I

• • FI~fdStudy]. 8

Table 3..3.3.b Chl:Ckli~l of ~rgnlfknnt f~nturtS In lhc mo~quC'$ for cn~e stud)' ... . 51. Lcgends':- -- , :A- 8 CD E F G H I 1 -K No. , ,, , , , , ,. '(For dd.e.ils..,. SectiOll3..3.2.2) - .---- I • '- ') , ,, , , , ,• , ,, A. Period of conSlruction '- • ,; I. The tally hlom!c period (1204-1576 AD) ,, , ,, , ,, ,, 2. The Mugllal period (1576-1757 AD) 3 • 3, The Rrili,b colonloll'(riod (1757.1947 AD) ,. , ,, ,, , ,. 4, The conlmtpOl1lf)'period (19-47AD- 10dall') 4 • , '- '.' , I. , , , , ) ~8. Neighbourhood to serve 5 ,. , ,., ,, • J I. Residmlial2. Commerclll 3, IMliwtion:11 ,, , ,, , , ,;. ,, 4. Ind~l S. Ploce of rcliglDlM.iplirl,,"nce 6 • , , , , , ,, ') , , C. Sc:l-up 7 • ',. 1. Urtw>2. RIU1I1J.Subllrbon , , , , , , 1.). , , 8 ,. • , D. Special signifi"an~ , , , , , )• , ,, 9 ,;. I, National""'"QUC 2. City calnl mosque • , 3. CmIre fordtnm/4. Hirtorically impmu:nl • ,, , ) , , , 2) ,, S. Nil " ,, ,,, ) , , , II • ') I. F.. Source offinancc for conslruetion " 1. Sale. organiz:ationct•. 2. Single penon , , , , , , J , ,, , 12 • II J. Mu",l11", of!be rnmmunily IJ , , , J , , , , , , • F. Plan • •• J , ) , , ,, , ,. I. COIIrtyDrdtype2. Enokmd type I' , , , ,, , • ,. • , ,;. , , G. Functionallayc:rs , , I. Single 'I""'Y 2. Molti.storey " J ,,,, , , , , • , J. OritiR:llly single storey, pme>ltly multi-norey 4. Con'lruct

• The mosqucs in field study nrc: \'i~ited physicnlly. Men~urcmenl of spaces. Exterior lind interior photographs, observation of spaee use pattern IUId frequc:neiC'$ and other related nelivitic:s lire condueted in each mosque. From direct observation lind

.. Field Study 3- 9

statements IrOrnmosque staff(mosque committee, imam, muazzin, khadim and so on), the use profile of main sa/at space and service facility is recorded in a format', which ulumately helped to deduce the desIgn cntena and standards. Formal mtervlew somctimes renects exaggeration and fallacies for misunderstanding of objective. To get the users feed back, informal interviews are taken and recorded. As most of the mosques arc developed incrementally, usually there is no systematic drawing ready for presentalion. The drawings are developed from direct measurements and available drawing documents, as elose as possible to its present phase.

Other observations conducted in thc field study was,

a) Orientation of the mosque to check the eontomity to the exaet qibla direction. b) Qatar spacing. c) Measurements of different furnitute and fixtures (e.g_, mimbar, desk for religioUl> study, wazu seat, shoe-rack etc.) d) Consumption of water for wazu and other services. e) Time taken for wazu and other activities etc. f) Congestion created at the time ingress and egress g) Over load on service, cspeeially in critical sa/lit lime (say, salm of Juhr for mosques in offiec area, when the number of musallies participatcs in maximum). h) Any significant I"eatureimportant for fomulation of design criteria and standards.

Moreover, ergonomic study is conducted on musallies to determine the space requirements for sa/at and other activities. Models of selectivc heights4 were (in em.): a) 162.11 (mean) b) 168_75(+2 Sd) c) 172.07(+3Sd)

Photographs, measured drawings, figures, charts and other related data is presented in the Appendices (A.2, A.3 and A.4).

3.4 Study on case mosque To avoid rcpetition, the description of significant features of indivldual mosque is kept short a, those are elaborately cited in the appropriate places to formulate thc criteria and standards in relevant chapters. Photographs and measured drawings are fumi,bed in the appendices, A.2 and A.3 considerably. Data in Tables and Charts are included in Appendices A.4.

3.4.1 Baitul1\1ukarram Mosque This mosque stands at the eastern side ofGenenl! Post Office (GPO), Gulislan, within 5 the Motijheel thana . The neighbouring areas are developed basically as office and market places. By virtue of being the National Mosque or Bangladesh, the catchment for this mosque goes rar beyond the usual limitation. A good number of devotees gathcr in this mosque from places far away specially in the rituals like ,~alatof Jumua, Eid, Lui/atld Qadr etc. ~

The foundation stone was laid by then president of Pakistan Field Marshal Aiyub Khan on 27'" of January 1960. The mosque was designed by architect A. H. Thariani and supervised by engineer Mainullslam [l, pp. 230-232]. The mosque complex is of • Field Study 3- 10

eight floors. Ground floor is designed for market. There are seven floors, including one mezzanine floor, for sa/al. The form of the building has resemblance with that of the Holy Kaba at Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Space for sa/al for male (covered): 6,643.46 ml Space for safat for male sahn (open courtyard): 3,708.64 m2 Space for salat for female (covered): 593.21 m' Total space for sa/at: 10,945.31 m2

Space forw(lzu for male: 597.21593.21 m2 Space for wazu for female: R1_80593.21 m1

3.4.2 Dilkusha Mosque Thi~ mosques stands at the southern side of Jiban Rima Tower in Dilkusha Commercial Area, within the Motijhecllhana. The neighbouring areas are developed basically as government office and blL,ine~s centres.

11is a>sumed that the mosque was first built during the regime of Mughal emperor Jahangir [3.1, p. 222]. The mosque is renovated and extended in 1986. Total Area of the mosque is about 557.70 m'.

The mosque is comprised of three domes, thick walls of about 1.52 m. There are small windows at the lower part of the west wall. To the meet the requirement of the additional musallies, the mosque is extended eastward, keeping the western part as it was. Later on, another 1100r is constructed on this extended eastern part. The surrounding areas are renovated through planned landscape. The mazar of Hadrat Shah Neyamatullah (R) is placed at the northern side of this mosque. It is said that he was one of the 360 Muslims saints came to present Bangladesh for the work of dawat. There are other graves in the southern side of the mo>que. The donation and subscriptions carry the expenditure of the mo~que.

There is ablution facility of supplied water taps both in north and- south side of the mosque. Toilet facilities are also provided in the far northern zone.

3.4.3 North Shllhjahllnpur-South Khilgaon Jhed Mos1lue Thc mosque is constructed on columns over the jheel (canal) between North Shahjahanpur and South Khilgaon, within the Motijhccl thana. The neighbouring areas are developed as residential community.

The mosque was first constructed in 1973, with wooden floor on wooden columns. The sidewalls were of bamboo slices and the roof was of C.I. sheet. The mosque developed incrementally like any other community mosque and presen!ly, it i> a permanent two-storied huge building on R.C.c. columns with a total (two-floor) area of aboul 1358.63 m2 It has a mak/ab, where about two hundred children get the religious education. The mosque committee operates a library in collaboration with Islamic Foundation Bangladesh. It runs on thc earning a; rent from the shops and bachelor accommodations, donation and subscription from the community. It has a number of twenty-one wazu facility, four lu;nals and two lavatories. The total capacity is about 1,900 musalties. Field Study 3- 11

3.4.4 Kakrall Mosque This mo,que is located just at the eastern fringe of Ramna Park, within Ramna thana area. The neighbouring area comprises of a green open :;paee,busy road, government housing and an office.

It is as,umed that the mosque was first built during the regime of Mughals [1.1, p. 309]. The original mosque was very ,mali. It started to expand from 1952. A part of the old mosque i, preserved at the eastern end of the pre,ent three-storied mosque. The floor space of this mosque is about 1860 m'.

One of the fundamental duties of a Muslim" - the work of dawat is performed in thi, mo,que and it is used as the centre for Banglade,h. Groups of devotees arrive here from different part of Bangladesh and abroad and again ,pread out for different destinations for learning and propagation of deen. This mosque is never empty and remains alive round the clock with different religious activitic" which resembles with that established by the Prophet (S) in Medina. One striking feature thus evolved that this mosque has no door at the entrances in its main building, which is really not required if the Muslim communities use a mosque exhaustively, as it should be. Many studcnt<;-Iocaland foreign, learn deen in the lIladrasah attached to this mosqlle.

There are two tanks at the entrance to faeilitate wazu and bath and a good number of urinals and lavatories at the northeastern premise. In addition to that, toilet, wazu and bathing facihty is provided in the lIladrasah part in the northern part of the building. There are accommodation, cooking and dining facilities for musafirs.

3.4.5 RVET Central Mosque The mosque is placed in the canlpus of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (SUET) in Lalbag thana. University staff quarters and student,' hostels are within its catchments. The stndcnts usually come to this mosque in sa/at ofjumua on Friday, as they have prayer spaces for daily five-times salat in their respective hostels.

The mosque was Ilrst established in 1969. It had undergone difTerent phases of renovation and extension work. Presently it is a two-storied building. The total floor 2 l area for sa/at ;, about 1251 m • A land area of about 973 m includes, other than the main mosque building, the service facility, sahn, imam's accommodation etc. A hift khana and general maktah conducts the religious education. Wazu facility (12 in nos.) is mainly provided from ground level water reservoir through taps at the southeast corner of the site and in the toilet zone at southwest corner. Urinals and IIlavatory arc also provided.

3.4.6 Bakshibazar Road Mosque It is placed at northeast comer of the BUFf campus, in Ramna thana. It is accessed from east from the main road. Musallies come trom adjacent BUET staff quarter, staff quarter of the University of Dhaka, passers by and many others. •

The mosque was established in 1920 by one Lalu Mia [3.1, p. 320]. Afterwards, BUET authority replaced the old one with a permanent one-storied strLlcture.The Field Study 3- 12

mosque in its design has followed some classic aspects found in north-Indian mosques, Service block is separated form the main mosque by a small courtyard in between. Main mosquc ha~ an area of about 259 m1, service area cover 108 m2 and courtyard (including two small open spaces in the service area) measures about 203 m2.The mosque is financed and maintained by BUET.

Initially, two service blocks were allocated separately for wazu and toilet 7.But create provision for imam and mllazzin in southern block, thc north block is ultimately arranged with both the facilities, Presently, it has 12 wam points, 3 urinals, I lavatory aml I bath in a relating tight situation.

3.4.7 PWD Jami Mosque This mosque is located in the offiee premises of PWD and at the far eastern side of the High Court building. It is \vithin Ramna Ihana, Musallies comes mainly from the PWD offiec and adjacent areas.

This is an aesthetically pleasing mosque, designed by professional architect. According to foundation stone, it is cstablished in 1394 (Bengali) and 1408 (Hijri). No Gregorian year is mentioned. But from calculation it seems to be 1988 AD. The main prayer hall is surrounded by veranda cxcept in West Side. A series of arches surrounds the vernnda at its outer skirt. wazu and toilet facilities are placed in a different block at the southern side of the mosque. In the working days, for the sa/a! ofjllhr, there is a tremendous prcssure on services as almost every employee of the office avail, those. So, some extra open to sky wazu facility is arrangcd outside of service block.

3.4.81"iewMarket Baitul Aman Mosque It is located within the New Market, under Dhanmondi, Ihana. MusalIies are mainly form thc shopkeepers of the market and those come for marketing.

The mosque was established in 1971 and it was initially constmctcd with bamboo fence and CI sheets [3.1, p. 201]. During the year 1985-86, the market was extended and the mosque was placed in the I" floor of this extended part. The mosque has two elemcnts, a dome and a minarct. There is a water fountain at he central part of the circular stmrs. Its floor is finished with naturnl marble tiles. Previously, there was provision for ladies prnyer in the first floor, separated with linen screen. Reccntly, the space is shifted to a tinted on the ground floor at the north-eastern side of the mosque.

The seIYices arc placed in the northeast and southeast comer. In tbe northern part, both toilet and wum facility is providcd and ~outhern pan consists of only wazu facility. In total there are 52 wazu points, II urinals, 6 lavatories and one bath. For ladies, there are separate toilet and wam facility in the ground floor, adjaccnt to their pr••yerspace.

3.4.9 Lalbag Qilla Mosque ••.•••. This historically important mosque is located "ithin the boundary of Lalbag Qilla •• (fort). The locality is unuer Lalbag thana, The musallies comes mainly from nearby residcntial area and visitors ofLalbag Qilla. Field Study 3- 13

It is assumed that Prince Muhammad Azam (1678-79 AD) had built the mosque [3.2, p. 54; 3.3, p. 198].11 smnds about 39 m west to the Tomb ofBibi Pari [3.1, p. 362]. The mosque is built on a slightly raised plat form. The mosque, measuring 19.82m x 9.91m, have three nuted domes, of which the middle one is bigger than the other two. Il has cu>ped arehes at three entrances and four octagnnal comer turrets with kiosks. By architectural style, this mosque belongs to Shaista Khani architecture [3,2, p. 54]' Resemblance of features can be traced with other three domed type of mosque commonly met in Dhaka, for example, the mosque of Haji Khawaja Shahbaz. The mosque has open to sky sahn, which can accommodate large congregation. Wazu and toilet facilities, placed in the west side of the mosque are provided from supplied water and taps.

3.4.10 West Rajabazar Mosque The mosque is located at West Rajabazar in Tejgaon thana. The musallies arc mostly from the residential community and ~treet-side shops,

One Ali Ahmed Matbar initiated the mosque in 1974 [3.1, p. 176]. To meet the requirements of in creasing mu,~allies of this densely populated community, the mosque has expanded vertically in different phases and reached to it s five storied structure. A minaret is added recently for its easy identilleation among so many multi- storied buildings and also to disperse the sound of adhan,

This vertically over-gro",n mosque has two stairs with insufficient width, which creates congestion especially in large congregations like sa/at ofjumua and sa/at of Eid. Wazu facility is provided at the south, east and pan of the north side in ground floor. Toilet facilities are placed at the northwest comer approached from the second entry at sOllthwest comer.

3.4.1l Gulshan Central Mosque Located at 1I 1, Gulshan Avenue, under Gulshan thana. The musallies arrives from a residential area.

This two-storied structure over a three-storied foundation was initiated for construction in 1976. Some Muslim countries, like Sandi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait etc, Islamic Solidarity Fund and some Bangladeshi individual donors provided the fund for this mosque. With huge land area of about 6.61 acres, the mosque complex includes Eidgah, Islamic research centre, madrasah, library, charitable clinic etc.

Some features like minaret, arches etc, are used in this architect-designed mosque of contemporary period.

3.4.12 MasjiduI Faruque Hadrat tbDul Khattab (R) The address of this mo<;qlleis, Journalists Residential Area, Block - F, Section - 11, Mirpur, thana - Pallabi, Dhaka 1221. Mussallies of this mosque gather mainly from the housing enclave. Some of them also join from the neigbbouring community as access is provided for them.

, Field Study 3- 14

One pious Muslim from Kuwait (name is not inscribed established the mosque in the fmmdation stone), The ground l100r of this two-storied building is air-conditioned. The formal expression is simple but elegant.

The wazu and toilet facilities have not developed to its permanent phase. Presently there are some wazu points and two urinals to serve the musalli, though most of them complete their service requirements in thcir respective homes.

3.4.13 Vorari UttarPara Mosque

The mosque is sitlJated in the village-Vorarari Uttarpara, Union-Tetuljhora, Ihana- Savar, Dhaka, The mosque is in a nlral set-up, surrounded by crops tlelds in two sides.

Local people initiated to establish the mosque in June 1999, with walls of bamboo fencing and roof of Cl sheets. In the early month of 2000, they started for permanent structure, which is at present incomplete to totally remove the old temporary structure. This mosque is a good example how a mosque usually starts its way from a very rudimentary level.

The people could not yet arrange any facility for wazu and toilet. They fulfil their requirement in their homes.

3.4.14 Shalna BlUaar Jami Mosque The mosque is situated in Shalna, Gazipur. There is a school (Nasiruddin Memorial High School) and a madrasah close to this mosque. Musallies mainly come from the neighbouring village, the madrasah and the school (during the working days). More people join in the congregation on Thursday and Sunday, from the village temporary bazaar near to the mosque site,

The mosque is a permanent one storied structure, measuring 24.39 ill x 12.20 m of main prayer space and 24.39 m x 6.10 m of a verand3. There is 3 salm ofl49 m2. The mosque is surrounded by brick walls and covered by 113troof.

This mosque has arrangement for wazu from a huge pond, measuring about 0.5 acres. This is unique among all the mosques of the field study, but very common in the rund mosques. There are concrete steps for wam starting from 1.52 m apart of the eastern side of the mosque. There are toilet facilities and that is supported by an additional arrangement of water supply from a hand-driven tube welL

3.4.15 Baba Adam Mosque The mosque is situated in the Shipai Para, Darga Sari, Rampal in Munshiganj. The mosque stands in a rural neighbourhood.

The mosque is named after the great Muslim saint Saba Adam (R), who accepted the glory of martyrdom on 20Lh September 1178 AD and buried in 3 simple mazar (grave) adjacent to the mosque precinct. About three centuries after his death, a mosque was constructed (1483 - 1484 AD) which uphold the memory of Saba Adam (R), The Field Study 3- 15 initiative to construct this mosquc was taken by Malik Kafur under the patronagc of Fateh Shah, the last lIyas Shahi ruler. [3.3, pp. 154-155]

This elcgant six domed mosque stands near the grave (Mazar) of Baba Adam (R). Along with the mosque and the Mazur. the complex comprises of the quarter for the imam and other staffs, wazu space etc. The mosque has the usual oblong plan measuring externally about 14,20 m x 10.92 m (46'-7" x 35'_10,,)8. The battlements and cornice are curved, above which nse the domes, some of which have been rebnilt in the recent times. The four stone spouts, for drainage of min water from rooftop, arc a remarkable feature of the architectural style of Bengal, which considers the climatic aspect of heavy rain of this region.

The interior of the hall is divided into two isles and three bays by stone pillars. Each of the north and south wall contains two deep niches, while in the west are three decorated nicbes, the middle of which is the mihrab.

There is arrangement for both hand-driven and moton:r,ed tube well for water supply. Toilet facilities are also provided close to the mosque area,

3.4.16 Mosque of Madrasah-I-Rahmania_Yunusia The mosqlle is located in the villagc - Isakhali, I.mion_Parua, thana - Rangunia, zila'- Chittagong. The mosquc and the madrasah are placed on the nat top of an earthen hillock and surrounded by other taller one (see photograph in Appendices A. 2). The mosque "as basically established to support the adjacent madrasah.

The interior Space of the main mosque measures 22.69m x 9.53m (2 I6.24m2) and the veranda size is 22.69m ~ 4.62m (l04.83m2). There are 7 qatars in the main mosque and 3 in the veranda. The total capacity of the mosqlle is about 500. The neighbouring people form villages seldom attend this mosque; rather they prefer to attend their neighbourhood mosques, which are very good in number in that locality. Thc madrasah teachers and the srndents (every one resides in the adjacent hostel) attend every sa/at. So, there is no variation in the number of attendants for any jamaat for sa/at. (See the table in appendices AA) There is an artificial water tank to supply water for wazu and bath. Thirty-six people can perform W(lZU at a time. Toilet facility includes six lavatory and si~ urinals.

3.4.17 Baroghunla Jami Mosque The mosque is located in the village - Baroghunia, union - Chandraghona, thana _ Borhooi Chhori, Zila - Rangamati. It is placed on the flatten top of an earthen hillock, about 75m above the M.S.L.9 [3.7, p. 9]. It is in the residential area developed around thc Karnaphuli Paper Mill (K.P.M.) and Karnaphuli Rayon and Chemicals (K.R.C.).

The mosque was constructed under the patronage Muhtarima Hajiani Hanifa Bai, mother of Ahmed Daud H. K., Chairman ofDaud Group of Industries. It wa<;initiated in 1967 and completed in 1971.

The mosque serves mainly the neighbollnng residents of above-mentioned two mills. This is one of the 48 mosques in the big cOlIUllunity of 70,000 populations. The mosque has a capacity of about 2,200 musallies in its 27 qatars (13 in main mosque, 4 .' Field Study 3-16

in veranda and 10 in sahn). The main mosque size is about 17m x 36.5m (620.5m:!), where the venmda size is about 17m x 4.7m (79.9m'].

The main mosque supported by columns only along the peripheral walls and thus it generates a huge obstruction free space, which is desired in a mosque. The unique roof system follows thc zigzag pattern usually found in industrial buildings. The west wall has windows, which is an exception in our usual climatic condition. It has become possible, as there is a hillock at the western side of the mosque, which provides shading for the afternoon sun.

This hugc mosque is under utilized in daily five-time salals (see Appendices A.4). It only becomes full during thc salal ofjamua.

The water is supplied from the on-ground water tank through taps for ablution. Toilet facility (2 lavatoI)' and 3 urinals) is provided in a place detached from the main mosque.

3.4.18 KAFeO Jami Mosquc This mosque is situated in thc residential area of Karnaphnli Fertilizer Company Ltd. (KAFCO), Ihana - Anowara, Zila - Chittagong. Usually access is rcstrictcd for the outsiders, though forjumua, the restriction is relaxed to some extcill.

The architectural firm Sthapati Shanshad of Dhaka designed the mosque. The project was initiatcd on the 31st December 1991iand completed on the 30th April 1998. The mosque gives a veI)' modern look in hamlOnywith the veI)' well articulated campus design, Huge arches, dome, minaret, good quality of finish materials cte. are the highlighting features of this air-conditioned mosque. Moreover, high standard of maintenance ha<;placedthis mosque among the most posh mosques of Bangladesh.

The main prayer hall is a double height space. The mezzanine iloor is used as ladies prayer space. qatar spacing (1.35m) IS determined by the 3 consecutive floor tiles of 0.45m each, which generates one incomplete qatar at thc rear most place of main prayer space and veranda. This obviou,ly reveals the fact that the mosque was not designed according to the present qatar spacing.

There are ample facilities for wazu and toilet. Moreover, those are exceptionally well maintaincd.

3.4.19 Jamiatul Falah Thc mosque is situated in Dumpam, Chiltagong. The ncighhourhood is mostly ueveloped as commercial area (shops and office) :,. In Jumua, a huge congregation is formcd by the musallies about (4,000) from the If, whole town. But in daily five times salat a small percentage (2% to R%) or the total capacity participates, Sarm, Associate, of Dhaka was engaged as consulting firm.

The roundation stone of this mosque was laid in 1978 and started functioning in 1987. A major volnme of work is yet to be completed. Thc main mosque space ha~ a magnificent volume of about 38.11m long, 20.58m widc and 8,llm high. There is a " Field Study 3- 17

mezzanine floor at lhe rear part of the main mosque. The numbers of qalars arc 1Hin main hall, 9 in veranda and 12 in me7,zanine floor. The services are yet to attain lheir permanent shape. Presently a temporary arrangement of 60 wazu points, 10 urinals and 4 lavatories is done.

3.4.20 Ander Qilla Jami Mosque The mosque is situated in Ander Qilla, Chitlagoug. It is placed in a mostly commercial and to some extent residential area. The mosque is the only relic of old Ander Qilla (the irmer fort). Buzurg Dmed Khan, the eldest son of Shaista Khan, the conqueror of Chittagong [3.3, p.244] built the mosque. The construction year is mentioned as 1078 Hijra in an inscription stone in the wall of main mosque.

Originally the mosque was a lypical three-bay Mughal mo~que of the Shaista Khani style. But, exceptionally, there is only one dome over the central bay and cross vaults cover the ~ide bays. The mosql1e hal>massive walls of 2.13m thicknesses. The inside space is measured as 11.51m x 6,43m. 11has undergone many phases of alteration and presently attained a huge capacity (about H,OOO)after considerable extensions in two storie" veranda and sahn. Wazu facilities, a total of 12H points, are provided from both supplied water through taps and on ground water tank. Presently there arc about 30 urinals and 7 lavatories.

3.4.21 Feni .Iaml Mosque The mosque stands on the Trunk Road, l'eni town. Markets and offices surround the mosque.

One Haji Elahi Box Ehuyan of Gobindopur laid the foundation stone in 1876 10. The mosque was extended for several times. Ground floor is extended 4 times with verandas. Presently, with a capacity of about 1900 musallies, it is a two-storied building. Amin ConslJltant of Dhaka is providing consultancy for recent extension and modification work. For the sake of identification as a mOi>que,some fa~ade treatment, addition of a minaret and a dome is execlJted. The dome is just placed on the continuous flat roofand obviously; it cannot be viewed from below.

There is a reasonable arrangement with 85-wazu point, 14 urinals and 4 lavatories. Water is supplied thrOlJgh tapi>and from on-ground tank,

3,4.22l\1osque of Shah Shuju The mosqlJe is situated in Mughaltuli, Comilla, It is placed mainly in a residential area with a little commercial development. Rajamala, the traditional history of the kings of Tippera state, describes thaI king Govinda Manikya, in memory of his frieud Shah Shuja, built this mosqlJe on the bank of river Gomali. He also established a locality near about and named it Shujaganj [3.3, p, 250]. One stone inscription reads the name of one Imamuddin (perhaps a local supervisor or patron) and the year 1299 Hijra.

The original mosque is an oblong structure meaSlJring 14,46m x 4.88m (inside elear dimension). It has four octagonal corner turrets, three entrances on the main eastern [a~ade with four-centred stilted arches. There are three domes, central one bigger than " others, rest on octagonal ornamented drums and terminated in far finial, Internally, the Field Study 3-18

domes are placed on pendentives and a basal course of medons. In the west wall, there is a semi-eircnlar mihrab in the central bay and niches in the othcr two.

The mosque has undergonc extcnsions in different phascs. Presently, its capacity has reached up to about 800. Wuzu facility is provided from an on-ground watcr reservoir through taps (25 in nLlmber).Therearc 2 urinals and 2 lavatories.

3.4.23 Mosquc at the l\lazar Compln of Had rat Shah Jalal (R) The mosque is placed at the Mazar complex of Hadrat Shah Jalal (R), on a hillock in the northern part of the town. There is large number of inscriptions in the Dargah or Mazar, which speaks of the construction of mosqne in different periods, but the existing buildings do not go beyond the 17thcentury [3.3, p. 239].

The three-domed mosque built ofhrick and plaster during the Foujdarship of Bahram Khan in 1157 l1~ira(1744 AD). The original mosque has four comer towcrs rising above the pampets, which were battlemented. The domes, which have tall finials, rest on crenellated drums [3.3, pI. LXXXIV No. 115]. Extensions arc done on south and eastern side in different phase>. Presently, it is a four-storied building (sec photographs, Appendice>,A.2).

The mosque has a total capacity of about 6,000 musulfies, which usually filled on Fridays. Wuzu facility (about 120 point) is provided both from supplied water through taps and from a huge pond. Therc are about 28 urinals and 8 lavatories to serve the musallics.

3.4.24 Chhoto Soua Mosque The 'ehhoto Sona' mosque or the 'Small Golden' mosque is situated in the southern most suburb of the old city Gallr, presently in the zila of Nawabganj in Bangladesh. The inscription tabIct hang-up over the central doorway of the mosque states that one Wali Muhatmnad built thc mosque dLlringthe reign of Sultan Hu~sain Shah (899-925 Hijra! 1493-1519 AD) [3.3, p. 136; 3.4, p. ISO; 3.9, p.250]. It is a remarkable fine specimen of mosque in the early Islamic period.

The mosque is erected on the southern sidc of a huge tank (See Site Plan in Appendices A.3). It has an open court and arched gateway. The oblong building measures 22.30 x 1254 m internally [3.8, p, 32] (~ee Appendices A.3 for floor plan and other measured drawings).

It has ten-sided turrets at its Ibur comers [3.8, p. 66]. There were other two comer turrets, octagonal in plan, placed at the comers of the outside walls of the central mihrab. Only the foundations of thesc turrets are in situ and the remaining parts are lost [3.8, p. 68]. The fao;adewas clad with richly decorated stones, most of which are presently either dcstroyed or taken away. The arches in five doorways on eastern fa~ade show multiple cusps and their spandrels embossed with prominent rosettes. The north and south fa<;adeshavearched doonvays, three in number for each fao;ade. The decoration in the archways has similarity to those of east fao;ade. The north fa<;adehasa variation as a flight of steps leads up to a doot"\vayof the gallery in LIpper leveL.Thebattlements and the triple cornice arc gently curved. Field Study 3-19

The interior space is divided into three longitudinal bays and five trllnsverse aisles. The middle aisle, larger than side ones, is roofed over by three Bengali ehauehala domes and the side ones are covered by twelve hemispherical domes. Stone pillars support these domes.

There is a gallery at the northwest comer, which is assumed as used by ladies [3.3, p. 139J or royal dignitaries [3.8, pp. 165-11i6].There are five niches in the west wall, of which, central one is used a mihrab, the place for the Imam to conduct salal.

The whole mosque is nehly decorated with different motifs, like - 'chain and bell', 'Kalasa', floral medallion etc. The application of profuse decoration in the Chhola Sona mosque has placed it as the best representation of the stonecutter's art of the Hussain Shahi period. However, it cannot stand comparison with the buildings of the earlier period. In design as well as in decoration, it is only an imitation [3.3, p. 140]

3.4.25 The Shait Gambuj Mosque This mosque is situated about 4,8 km southwest to the tomb of Khan Jahan Ali (R) in Bagerhat dla. The term 'Shait Gambuj' means 'sixty domes' in Bengali, which is a misnomer as the mosque actually have eighty-one domes; seventy circular domes and seven ehauehala vaults over the main prayer hall and four circular domes over the corner turrets. The date of ercction is not known from any inscription or other documents, but tradition and archItectural style indicates that it was constructed during the lifetime of Khan Jaban 'Ali (R)" in mid-fitleenth century.

This magnificent and the largest enclosed type mosque in Bangladesh has a oblong shaped prayer hall measuring 48.95 m by 32,25 m [3.8, p, 105]. The interior space of the main prayer hall is divided into seven bays and eleven isles. The central isle is wider and higher than the side isles. The front or eastern fa~ade consists a row of cleven openings with pointed arches, while each of the side (north and south) facades have seven. The central opening in each side fa~adeis larger than others and was used as doorways while other six openings were windows, screened with perforated brick jali. All evidence of such brick Jali is stilt ill SilU in the northern wall.

The qibla or western wall has ten niches, instead of eleven as expected usually from the norm of placing one for every isle in the early Islamic mosque architecture in Bengal. The central one, u>ed as mihrab, is faced with black basalt stone while nine other niches are embellished with brick tcrraeotla ornamentation. The central mihrab niche has multi-foil arch while rest of the niches have two centred pointed arches supported on pilasters. There is a dooT\Vaythroughan off-centred arch, placed in the western wall of the isle next (towards north) to that of central mihrab, which is the only example of such featnre in Bengal [3,8, p. 106]. The provision of an entrance in , the qibla wall for the Imam, adjacent to the mihrab is a feature found in early Islamic architeeture12.This feature indicates that the residence of Khan lahan 'Ali (R) was located to the west or northwest side of the mosque.

The four cOmer turrets, circular in plan and slightly tapered in upward direction, rise above the roof and are covered with circular domes. The two corner turrets in eastern side provide a staircase leading to the roof. There are freestanding pillars, sixty in Field Study 3- 20

total, of which fifty-five are made of stone and rest of brick'), support the pointed arches, which again take the load of domes and vaults of the roof.

The C'hauchala masonry vaults of this mo,que are believed to be the earliest example of its type in Bengal, which represent the rural bamboo-roof. The parallel bamboo rafiers and crossbars of the hut are also imitated on the inner surface of these vaults.

The outcr surface of the mosque is without plaster and ornamentation. The top part of thc central arched opening has a triangular pediment, from which the cornice slope, down towards the comer. The comices on the other sides are also curved.

In general, the appearance of this magnificcnt mosque, with its simplicity and massiveness, notably resembles the strength and austerity of the grandeur of the Tughlaq style", which flourished in Delhi.

3.5 Use Pattern of Spaces From observation and data collection, it is found that irrespective of urban or rural area, therc is a remarkable variation in space use patlem, which is mostly dependent on the type of catcrunents thc mosque i, placed in. Mosques in similar type of catchment, (say, rcsidcntial), irrespective of being in din"erent zi/as (administrative districts) show almost similar features.

The tables and analytical charts arc furnished in the appendices A.4. These findings will be referred for formulation of design criteria and standards.

3.6 Users' Feedback and Observations The users of the mosque can be categorized in three groups. The first group is the greater part of the musallies who just pcrforrn the salat but do not take part in any other respon&ibilities regarding maintenance and development of the mosque. Secoud group is comprised of the imam, muazzin and khadim who arc involved in rituals, execution of activities and maintenance of the mosque. The third group is the executive commitlcc of the mosque, who perforrns the rituals and works for the development and over all maintenance of the mosque. The,e three groups have given thcir feed back in infonnal interviews. The comments and suggestions can be summarized as: a) Wazu and other ,ervice facilities seem to be very insufficient in the pick hour of largest congregation (e.g., 3.4.7, 3.4.8 etc.). b) Level ehangc in small magnitude causes the musallies to stumble, (e,g., 3.4.4, 3.4.6 etc,), c) Qatar spacing is insufficient, especially for larger congregation. As a result the head of a musalli hits the back or even get into the elothes of the one standing in front, (e,g., 3.4.6, 3.4.10 etc.). d) For wrong zoning of ~paees, one has to put on his shoe~ even when the feet is wet after wazu, (e.g., 3.4,6) c) One ha~ to cross the prayer space for going to and retuming form the toilet space, (e.g., 3.4.5). •

Field Study 3- 21

f) Access the wazu khana is through the prayer space. So, person without wazu has 10 enler in the prayer space, (e.g., 3.4,8),

Some other issues observed in the field study are briefly jisted bellow:

a) Qatar spacing docs not follow any standard and it vanes to a considerable range. b) Qibla direction also varies from what it should be. c) Occupancy and space usc pattern shows unique variations [or different salal and again for the different neighbourhood type. d) Size of the entrance and stairs in most of the cases, is not adequate and creates congestion, especially at the time of egress after large congregation like sa/at of Jumul/. c) Servlces, especially waz" facility, are found to be inadequate during the largest jamaar oflhe day. t) Water is severely wasted in wazu with running water through taps, despite of strict prohibition in Islam.

3.8 Conclusion The field studies show that, basically there are insignificant differences in articulation of spaces, form and building materials in different mosques of urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Though there arc some differences in water sourees for wazu and other service facilities. Irrespective of urban or rural area, there is a remarkable variation in space usc pattern, which is mostly dependent on the type of catchments the mo~que is placed in. Mosques in similar type of catchments (say, residential or commercial), irrespective of being in different zi/as (administrative districts) show almost similar features.

On the above-mentioned grounds, the selection of mosque for field study is done on the basis of varied type of catchments within Dhaka and its fringe areas to cover all the~e variations of features. Examples are picked up from the broad category of residential and commercial areas. Commercial areas include the offices, business centres and market places. Mosques from rural set-up are taken into consideration to exemplify certain din"erences in features, for example, use of pond as sourcc of water for serviecs. Those are obvious but Icss significant, so far the design criteria and standards of the main mosque building are concerned, Some mosqucs of nation a! and historical importance are also included to identify significant fcarnrcs.

There is a significant variation in spacc use pattern of a mosquc in a residential area with that of a market or office area. For example, in a mosque of residential area, the number of musallie.\' is greater in the sa/at of Fajr, Maghrib and lsha than in Zuhr and Asr, as in those times they rcmain in their work places. The scenario is oppusite for a mosque in office area. Similar di tTerence is observed in the case of senice utilization pattern. Mosques of residential areas have little service load as most of the musallie:; • usually get those facilities from their households. III the mosques of market places the, the service load is found to bc maximum.

!n the rural set-up, the service facility should be arranged according to the availability of water. The hi~torieal mosques have some traditional features like dome, arch etc. The interior space with narrowly spaced eolumn~ is out come of strucrurallimitations, Field Siudy 3- 22

which has no other theological or practical reasons. All these features and findings will he quoted in appropriate place, to formulate the criteria and standards.

References [3.1] Rashid, M, Abdur, Dhaka Nagarir Mwjid Nirde.,hika (in Bengali), (A Guide to (he Mosqucs of Dhaka City), tslamic Foundation Bangladesh, Dhaka, May 1987. [3.2] Hasan. Sycd Mahmudul, Muslim Monuments of Bangladesh, Islamic Foundation Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1971. r3.3J Dani, Ahmad Hasan, Muslim Architecture in Bengal, A,iatic Society of Pakistan, Dhaka,I96I. [3.4] Ahmed, Dr. Nazimuddin, (Editctor: John Sanday), m

, Stati,tical Yoar B(](]kofBanglade5h-t997, Bangladesh Bureau of Stati'tio" D~aka, 1998,p. 32.

, Serial numbL.,."are •."i~'Jled In accordance 10 the Table 3.3,3.a. ror nam"" and locations of the mo"'lUC',",e t~at particular Table.

'Format In Bengali and EngHsh is ,hown in tho Appendices, AA,

, Height, are derived from a research work conducltd on flangladeshi population (see, fig,6.3). The standard. are considered as stansticai 'mean', '+2 ~tandaTddeviation (Sd)' and '+3 Standard deviation (Sd)', whieh denotes 'Minimum', 'Good' and 'Excellent' considerably,

, Admini,ITati'e region under one police stmion is termed"" Ihana .

• (a) And who i, ~cttcr in 'l'eech than him who prayelh unto his Lord and docth right, ami saith: w! 1 am of tho", who sorrender (unto Him). (The lloly Quran, 4 1033). (b) Let there arise out of you a band of people invitiog to all that is good eujoining what" righl and f"rbidding what i, "TOng;Ihey are the ones to anain felicily. (Thc Holy QUllIn,3: I04),

, DllIwings of prehminary proposal are preserved in tho Dq,artmcnt of Arch,tecture, BUET.

'ThlS practically measured dimension varies with that mcntioned "" 43' x 36' in many other books, [3.2. p, 73; 33, p,156; 3.4, p, 158;3 5, p. US]'

'The Mcan Sea_levol(:>1.S. L) is the average elevahon oflhe surfaee ofrhe sea. In Banglado,h, tbe Mean Sea_Iovclat Cox', fl."",r is t.ken as zero,

10Con'litution of t~om,,"'luc. p.l. " Field Study 3- 23

LlKhan Jah.n Ali (R), the well known M."lim ,aint in Bengal who died in 1459 AD, f10nmhed In the nlid

11In the early Islamk arcnitecture, a doorv,ay on qibla wall was often kept aa an enlrance In felTthe Imam and his residence wa, located attached or closed to Ihe qibla wall. For instance, Ihe Dar al {mara of tile fun Thlnn mosque al Cairo [3.11, pp. 332-59, fig. 245.57> pIs. 96- I 14].

1.1It" not known whether thc,e ma"ive briek plllnrs are original OTreplaced dunng resloralion [3.~, p. 107].

"Tile numerous dome, supported on "IToded aisles recall the Khirkl and Kalaa mosque, [3.12, pis. XII and XV] nf Delhi, that were erected dnring Ihe reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq. The ciITular mid tapering eomcr lurrets are also very prominent in Tughl.q style [3.3, p. 147]'

: --~--= .._~...~..~-----,.~/~~-----,; , Chapter FOUR .BasicConsiderations Basic Consideration.<4 - I

Chapter FOUR: Basic Considerations

4.1 Introduction

Like any other building, some common aspects like function, economy, environment. culture etc. arc also considered for design of a mosque. As a special religious building, mm;que has some distinct and special features to be taken care of under t!Jo,e common aspects. Most of these special features arc dictated by the religious bindings and shaped by practical reasons.

Literature survey is conducted for the published books, research papers etc. in different sources like local libraries, Internet sites of international libmries and bookshops etc. But there i<;no eomprehensive compilation, which includes 'design eriteria' of a mosque from the viewpoint of theology and practice. The guidclines of theology relating mosque design are not compiled in one place rather they are scattered in different books. Two very useflll sources were found in the form of computer CD-ROMs, which contains the Holy Qur'an, its translation, major compilation of hadilh andfiqh.

In this chapter, some design criteria of a mosque will be forrnulated. Some common aspects, which arc similar to any other secular public building, will be discussed in a bricfmanner and aspecl~special (0 mosque will be discussed thorougWy.

4.2 Concept

Every building evolves from a concept. Thi, concept of a particular building typc develops from certain aspects like functional requirements, cOl15truetionmethod, aesthetic achievement, economic condition. socio-cultural influence, environment etc. Thus it varies from building to building.

Mosque is basically a public place for religious use, As Islam manifests the unity of the whole ummah, the major ritual performed in the mosque is taken as a platform for integrity and brotherhood. Jama'at or congregation is emphatically encouraged in many hadiths and is proclaimed as an important sunnah of the Prophet (S), which is expected to be followed by evcry Muslim. Especially, the salatul jumu'a or Friday prayer, t\VOsalatul Eilis or the pmyer of two great Muslim festivals cannot be perlorrned individually.

To facilitate the congregations in any environment, a sheltered space is a prime ;.. requirement. This ,pace bears some characteristic features, which collectively i. \.' develops the concept for a mosque. Some ofthc major constituents of this concept can be identified as,

Q Platforrn of unity, brother hood and interaction Basi,. Considemtions 4 - 2

Q Unidirectional orientation for the whole world Q Simplicity and clarity in expression CI Environment of divine, sacred and metaphysical qualitics Q Emblem orTslamic art, culture 3Ild heritage Q Centre for preaching and establishment of the doctrine Q School for religious education and practice CI Nucleus of inspiration and glJidimee for all Islamic activities

Austerity and Simplicity In Islam there are specific guidclines for spending wealth. Il is absolutely forbidden to squander money in vanity or to show off ones wealth. Some relevant verses from the Holy Qur'an, which dictates the idea, are as follows:

o ye who believe! Squander not your property among yourselve. in vanities; but let there be amongst you traffic and trade by mutual good will. [The Holy Qur'an, 4,29].

Allah loveth not .... those who spend ofthcir substance in order to be seen of men.. ,... [The Holy Qur'an, 4:3R).

Exult not, for Allah loveth not those who exult (in riches). But seek with (the we"lth) which Allah bestowed on thee, the Horne Hereafter. rThe Holy Qur'an,28:76-77]

One example of squandering money or showing off wealth considcred by the Prophet (S) is to spend on constructing extravagant buildings. The simple and modest way ofa Muslinl'S life should be expre<;sed in all aspects of life including adherence to basic necessities in respect of provision for accommodation including that for congregational salat. Suffice is to quotc the following hadith.~ to clear the idea:

Every bnilding is a misfortllIle for its owner, except what cannot, ('except what cannot' meaning except that whkh is essential), [4.29, Sunan of Abu- Dawood,5218].

AlI,'pending is in Allah's cause except thaI on building, for there is no good in it. [4.29, Mi,hkal al-Ma""bih, 51R3].

The Honr (of doom) will not be established till ...the people compete with one another IIIeonsrruding high bui!dings... [4.30, pp. 1022-1023]

4.3 Site Planning

Like any other building types, some design criteria regarding siting and layout are to be taken care or lor designing a mosque. Those will be elaborated below in a sequential manner.

4.3.1 Catchments Adhan. the call for salat, is 3Il obligatory sunnah and a prerequisite for performing sa/at injama'al [4.25, p. 95]. On this basis, the extent of area where frum one musalli can hear the adahn, delivered in bare voice, may be considered as the catchments for a mosque. Basic Considerations 4 _3

There is another determinant derived from a practical point of view, There is a time gap bctwcen the adhan and ikamat for a salat. Depending on the waqt or time limit tor individual praycr'. Usually it is set from 15 to 30 minutes for different ,~a/ats with an exception for the salat of Mar;hrib, which is uwally about 5 minlltes or even less than that in most of the mosqucs in our countr/. Any musalli, by hearing the adhan and performing thc wazu, should be able to participate in the jamaar of the sa/at by walking in a usual speed, This idea sets a reasonable parameter for determining the extent of catchments. Onc example may clarifY the postulation.

Example: Determination orCatchments When, Tg = Time gap between adhan and ikamal T. = Time taken for adhan Tp = Time required for preparation (toilet, Wazu etc.)

Tw = Time to reach the mosque by casual walking (in hour) Tg=T.+Tp+T",

Or, Tw = Tg - (T, + Tp) ------{l} Again when, S" = Average casual walking speed of a person per (in kmlhour) D, = Distance of remotest point in catelunents from the mosque (in \un) Dc = S",x Tw (in km) ------{2}

Say, a mosque has a lIaual 15 minutes of time gap between adhan and ikamat (Tg). Usually the average time taken for adhan (TaJ is 2 minutes and time required for preparation (toilet, wazu etc.) (Tp) is 6 minutes. To participate in thejamat for salat the person is left with the time to reach the mosque by casual walking,

So, TI'= 15 - (2 + 5) = 8 minutes = 0, 133 hour ------(3}

The average casual walking speed of a person (Sw) is measured 3.75 kilometer, per 4 hour . So, D" = 3.75 x 0.133 = 0.49875 km------(from {2} and (3)) = 0.5 km (approximately) ------{4}

From the example, we can deduce that the catchments should not be beyond 0.5 km in radius from a mosque for 1I,ual case. For any unusual eirellmstanees, if the catchments area has to be taken beyond this limit, the time gap between Adhan and ikamat (Tg) should be more than 15 minutes.

Building another mosque with in the catchments ofa mosque is allowed by shariah in ca,e of an acute necessity, for example, to accommodate musalHes in a densely populated area. But that should not be based on social rivalry or competition and the mosques sholild not be so closely placed that sound of recitation in sa/at or religious diseu;sion reaches to other mosque and creates disturbance [4.27, p, 116].

Nowadays, voice amplification device or loudspeaker i, very common for delivery of adhan. Which can cover a very vast area. But that is not taken as catchment in general terms, as one from very remote point will fail to participate in thejama'al by walking.

4.3.2 Placement in the CommunitJ As the rno;que is basically a public spaee for a community to facilitate everyone equally, it should be placed in the central area approximately equidistant from the Basic Considerations 4 _ 4 househDlds. MDreDver, Dne should be able to' reach the mDsque in time to participate in the salal. This aspect is elaborated in the preceding paragraph.

4.3.3 Aceessiblilly A mosque is regarded as the Baitulllah or the 'House of Allah'. To access it, none is authDrized to forbid any Muslim who i, mentally sound and has observed the taharal or pl-uiliealiDn as a religiDus rite. FDr any cDmmunity Dr area having restriction fDr public access, the mDsque ShDUldbe placed in such a manner, sO'that anyone wish to participate in salat can access without any legal obstacle. As fDr an example, there is no accessibility Df musallie,~ frDm Dutside in the Bangladesh Secretariat MDsque. The situation CDuidbe avoided if it was considered seriously al the time Df planning and design.

4.3.4 Setback For a livable indDor environment, the consideration Df setback Df a mDsque is similar to that of any other secular public building. As a sacred public space fDr dcvDtional rituals, there should be a reasonable setback sO'that the nDise and unwanted view from the neighbDring secular activities dDeS nDt hamper the sanctity of the space and the cDncentratiDn Df the ln1/sallies. In SDme cDngested neighbourhood Df urban set-up, there rcmains very liltle setback to' materialize thDse aspects Df privacy, In that case, some architectural treatment in terms Df fa<,:adetreatment and placement of Dpenings beeDmes very important in the design Df a mDsque.

4.3.5 Expandability As the populatiDn of the cDmmunity increase" the demand fDr expansiDn Df a mDsque fDr an additiDnal capacity bc<:O'mc,a requirement. Especially in the urban areas, the pDpulatiO'nis ever increasing due to' migndiDn from rural areas and pDpulatiDn growth within itsclf. On thc contrary, the land for new building i, dccrea,ing rapidly. In most of the cases, vertical expansiDn becDmes evident. The architect shDuld propDSC provisions for pDssible expansion of a mDsque with a projectiDn Dfpopulation growth of a community at least fDr the expected life of the built form. It is very important to remember that this expansiDn docs nDt mean only for the main prayer space, rather it includes the suppon services like wazu facility, toilet, ingress, egrcss, circulation etc. In most of the mDsques or urban setup, whieh has undergone a vertical expansiDn, i.e. the floDrs are added just one after anDther, arc facing severe problem Dn thDse scrviec, and facilities.

4.4 Qibla: The Orientation for prayer

5 The Holy Kaba at Mecca is considered as qibla or kiblah. Facing towards this qibla is far) Dr obligatory for salat. Thus, DrientatiDn becomes a very significant characteristic feature of a mosque. There is no other building type that fDlIows such a conspicuous feature (Fig. 1.2, 1.3 and 4.1). Conceptually, orientation towards the HDly Kaba docs not mean to' worship it. It is just a decision 01.Almighty Allall to resolve any confusion or ambiguity fDr the Mu,lims all over the wDrid and to tie thcm in a strong bond Dfunity and brother hDOd.

Despite Df global diversities in climate, building material, technology, culture and Dther aspects, mosques follow the same nDrm fDr its orientation. The issues like site configuration, acce,s to' the site etc, calUlO'tessentially make any difference fDr it. In a Bas;c Considerations 4 _5

mosque complex, thc main prayer space should be at least oriented towards Kaba, even if the othcr related built forms arc compelled to be oriented other wise due to any constraints,

Traditionally, thc qih!a or the direction towards Kaba is determincd by approximate methods by compass and flat physical maps. For Bangladcsb, this qibla is plainly takcn as the cardinal direction of West. Muslim astronomcrs developed some methods to determine the qibla from the position ofthc sun. But those methods wcre not much publicized and practlced by thcir successors. Nowadays, through meticulous observation through satellitc survey, Geographical Positioning System (GPS) and calculation by thc mcthod,; of spherical trigonomctry has enabled us to dctermine the qibla morc accurately. The necessity of dctcnnining the qibla being so significant, the following paragraphs is solcly dcdicated for describing thc background and methods of determining the correct qibla.

S. Kamal Abdali", in his papcr' has vividly described the background and methods for determining the correct qih!a from any place of thc world. The following paragraphs are mainly based on hi, Paper and thc refcrences provided by him. Thc discussion is confined to the scientific aspects of the subject, and religious rulings are analyzed only for their underlying scienliflc assumptions.

4.4.1 Dcfinition of Qibla Diretion The qib!a is the direction to the Ka'ba, but what precisely is that direction. Tv,'o of the possibilities are the grcat circleS and the rhumb line9 dircetions from the given place to Mecca. Thc fact is that, for good reasons, Muslim astronomers have been using the grcat circle direction for detennining the qihla for the last twelve centuries. From the general de,eription of these direction.'; and from the commonly understood meaning of "facing" the Ka'ba (or thc Sacred Mosque), it seems natural to adopt the great circle direction for the qibla. For someone who can see the Ka'ba, the direction sought is, of course, the line of sight to the Ka'ba. For someone who is farther away but within the visibility range of Mecca's landmarks or hills, the qihla i, the line of sight to these. The definition of qibla is the common sense extension of the idea of line of sight to the Ka'ba, namely, the line of sight to a vertical line passing through the Ka'ba. This is the direction, for example, in which an imaginary tower built over the Ka'ba would appear. It seems indisputable that for someone who could sec a tower built over the Ka'ba, the qibla would be the line of sight to the tower. A classical definition in this spirit is given by Ibn al-Haitham as follows (translated from the Ambic text quoted in [4.15, p. 11]:

• Tlle q,bla is the direclion such that when a human ob"erver face, it, it is as if he is looking at the diameter afthe earth passing through the Ka'ba.

From the properties of great cireles we know that this line of sight is precisely in the great cirele direction to the Ka'ba. So Ibn al-Haitham continues;

And the my coming ont of his eye 10 that direction is in the plane of the great circle passing in the direclion of his zenith and the point corre'ponding to [the zenith of] Mecca. Ba,

Hcre Ibn al-Haitham mentions the great cirele on the celestial sphere passing through the zeniths of the location and Mecca, instead of the terrestrial great cirele through the two plaecs. MllSlima,tronomers often tran~fonned the qibla dctennination problem into ~ome familiar problem of astronomy by projecting the point~ on the earth to those on the celestial sphere. Ibn al-Haitham's simple and precise definition is described in several alternathe ways in the jurisprudential literature (see, e.g., [4.5J for this discussion). For example, one i~ ,upposed to be facing thc qibla when a sl.r

The direction of the straight line in space betwcen two points on the earth, that is, the direction of the straight tunnel bctwcen the two points, is also the great circle direction between the two point~. The line of sight idea cannot be u~ed everywhere on earth, but the idea of the tunnel can. This is because evcn an infinitely high tower built in Mecea wOllldbe visible only from one half of the earth. To see this, first consider the problem of detemlining the direction of the North Pole from any given location on the earth. If a tower built on thc North Pole can be seen from a location, then the line of sight is thc north direction. We can think of the star Polaris as bemg at the top of a vcry high imaginary tower at the North Polc.lOSo the direction in which Polari~ is seen is the (great circle) direction to the North Pole. But due to thc cartb's curvature, Polaris appears lower and lower in the sky as we move away from the north pole, until it appears on the horizontal level on the equator, and then disappcars altogether in the southern hemisphere.

Tnthe same way, a towcr built in Mecca, no matter how high, will bc vi~ible from only half of the earth, bccause in the other half the tower will be hiddcn by the earth's ctin'ature, What correspond, to the equator in this case is the great circle that lies midway between Mecca and its antipode. This circle, which joins all the points that are at 90° distanee from Mecca, divides the carth into two hemispheres such that even an infinitely high tower in Mecca can bc ,een only from the hemisphere, which contains Mecca. Of course, if the tower is imagined to be infinite in both dircetions (Ibn al-Haitham's "diameter" through Mecca), then it can be seen from anywhere on the carth. Although still in the direction of the line of sight to this tower, the qibla will be in the oppo,ite sense, if the place of observation and Mecca are in different hemispheres.

There is no difficulty in defining the qibla by the great circlc direction. In the hcmisphere or Mecca, this is also the line of sight to some point vertically above Mecca. But in both hemispheres, the great circle direction is the most direct path to Mecca, being the direction of the straight tunncl to Mecca. Basic Considerati""" 4 _1

4.4.2 Background for Determination of Qibfa The interest in qihla direction and endovourance to determine it is not something new. Thc problem has received serious attention from somc of the most famous Muslim scientists, including al-Khwarizmi (780-850 AD), al-Battani (858-929 AD), Abu al- Wafa al-Buzjani (940-997 AD), Ibn al-Haitham (965-1040 AD), al-Bimni (973-1048 AD), and al-Tusi (1201-1274 AD). This is a veritable who's who of medieval sciencell. Significant original contributions to the qibla determination were also made, among many oth=, by Habash al-Hasib (850 AD), al-Nayrizi (897 AD), Ibn YUIlUS(985 AD), al-Khalili (1365 AD), and Ibn al-Shatir (1306-1375 AD). Though perhaps less well recognizcd than the persons in the first list, several of these people have done outstanding work in astronomy and mathcmatics.!'

Some of the most important carly work on determining thc qibla is the following: AI- Khwarizmi and AI-Battani gave approximate mcthods. Due to the simplicity of its geometric construction, AI-Battani's mcthod remained in wide usc even after more accurate methods became available.13 Exact methods based on graphical constructions were given by Habash al-Hasib and Ibn al-Haitham, and those based on such construction, and spherical trigonometric computations were given by Ibn Yunus, al- NaytiYi, and al-Bimni. Ibn Yunus and al-Khalili compiled tables containing the qibla angle as a function of longitude difference from Mecca and latitude. In addition to these, numerous researchers, many of them unidentified, devised practical methods involving astronomical instruments such as a,trolabes and various types of quadrants. The gibla could be determined by solar observations directly at certain times, and derived from observations using spherical trigonometric calculations at other times. The versatile astrolabe served well both for performing astronomical observations and for practically solving spherical triangles without trigonomctric tables or the labor of arithmetic.

The history of scientific qibla determination has been the subject of extensive rescarch, most notably by Schoy, Kennedy, and King [4.16, sections IX and XIV] for papers on the subject. Berggren (e.g., [4.6]) bas mathematically analyzed several methods. An Arabic reference mcntioning some early work is [4.15]' The ignorance and neglect of centuries of outstanding Muslim scientific work on thc qihla problem are truly distressing. It therefore seems appropriate herc to include a Hither long quotation from King [4.16, pp.l: 253-258], summarizing thc history of the subject:

Muslim ",lronomer< from thc eighth century AD onwards concerned themselves with (he determination of (he qibla as a problem of mathematical geography. This activity mvolves the mea.urement of gcographical coordinates and (he computation of the direction of Onelocality from another by procedures of geomclry or trigonometry. The qil>la a( any locality was defined as the direction /0 Mecca along the great drcle "n the terrestrial sphere. [Italic. hy S. K. AbdaJi]

... Already in the early ninth century observations were conducted in order to measure the coordinate, of Mecca and Baghdad as accurately", possible, with the express intention of computing the qibla at Baghdad. Indeed, thc necd to del"rmine the qlNa in different locations impired much of the activity of (he Muslim g"ographers. The mo.t important Muslim contribution • to mathematical geography was a treatise by the eleventh_century scientist Al-Binmi. His purpose wa, (0 determine for his patron (he qibia at Ghazna Basic Consideraliom' 4 _8

(in what is now AfghanisllIn),a goal that he achieved most admirably. Once the geographiealllit1:llare available, a mathematical procedure is necessary to determine the qibla. The earliest Muslim astronomers who considered thls problem developed a scrie, of approximate solutions, all adequate for most practical purpo""s, but in the early ninth century, if not before, an accurate solution by solid trigonometry was formulated..

O,'er the centuries, numerous Muslim .'eientIStsdiscussed the qibla problem, presenting solution.' by spherical trigonometry, or reducing the three- dimensional situation to two dimensions and solving by geometry Orplane lrigonometry. They also formulated solutions using calculating devices. But OnCof lhe fmest medieval malhcmatical solutions to the q,bla problem was reached in fourteenth-century Damascus: a table by al-Khalili displays the qibla for eaeb degree of latitude from 10°to 56" and each degree of longitude from 10 to 60° east or west of Mecca, witb entries correctly computed according to lhc accurate formula.

Wbile the classical scientific works on the qibla problem may be difficult to access, there are dozens of modem books about it-wri((en independently in difTerent countries and ditferent languages. Most of those use the great circle def"inition. There arc some books containing similar literature, [4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.13, 4.12, 4.14 and 4. I8]. Religious scholars have written some of thcsc books, and they havc cndorsed some. The author of the Urdu book [4,14] is himself a religious scholar and a mufti. The Urdu book [4.14J includes a foreword and several cndorsement letters by well-known religious scholars of Pakistan. The endorscrs include Muhammad Shaf i' and Yusuf 8aIUmri, hoth of whom were very distinguished muftis and were Principals of well- known religious colleges in Karachi. The Farsi book [4.2], which tabulates thc glhla angle for most of thc well-known cities in the world, contains a foreword by Shaikh Hussain Khura~ani, with the title Hujjal ai-Islam reserved in Iran for Shiite religious scholars of high standing.

Bannuri \vrote a most comprehensive book [4.5) about the jurisprudential aspects of the problem. This book also includes a discussion of the scientific aspects, and ha~ a section that gives the great circle definition for the qihla and describes cight method, based variously on gcometric construction, solar observation, and use of astronomical instruments. At agc 23 (when he wrote the book, ~ee p. 166), the author seems traditional and indifferent toward astronomical methods. Still, according to him, the use of geometric and astronomical methods for determining the qibla is permissible, though not reqUired. Thirty years later, he appears to have become more sympathetic toward these methods as implied by his endorsemcnt article in [4.14].

While many theologians have ignorcd, discouraged, or oppo~ed scientific investigation of the qibla prob-lcm, there are several eminent exceptions. In thc classic work, the Tafsir by al-Ruzi (1149-1204 AD), the author discusses the qlbla problem in great detail [4.20, vol. 4, pp. 123-138]. When des"Tibing "exact" methods [4.20, vol. 4, pp. 131-132] for determining the qibla, he gives its great circle definition, and describe~ how to find it with the aid of an astrolabe. This method is a way of solving spherical triangles on the a~trolube to get the time ofthc day when the ~un is in the same direction as the qlbla, (also quoted in 4.5). The result of using the 1 method narrated by al.Ra1i is equivalent to using the trigonometric formula. Basic Considerations 4 - 9

4.4.3 Methods of Qibla Determinalion A pa,sage from al-Razi's Tafsir al-Kabir [4.20, vol. 4, p. 131] beautifully motivates why in determining the qibla one sometimes needs to calculate, an ae( much disparaged by ~ome theologians:

The qibla direction is the intersection point bchwCl1the circle of horizon and the great circie passing in the direction of our zenith and Mecca'. zenith. The qibia angle i, the arc Onthe circie of horizon between the qibla direction and the meridian of our city; and [the anple] bmveen the qibla direction and the equinoctiai sunset point [i.e., westj' i. the complement of the qibla angle. They say: And in finding the qibla direction, one needs to know the longitude and latitude of Mecca, If the longltude of the city equals the longitude of Mecca, and it, latitude differs from the latitude of Mecca, then lts qibla direction is along the meridian. It i" to the ,outh if the city i. to the north [of Mecca], and to the north lf the city is to the south, If the latitude of the city equal, the latitude of Mecoa, and its longitude dillers from the longitude of Meoca, then it may be oonjeotured that it, [i.e., the city's] qihla direction is the cast-west line; however, this is a wrong conjecture." And (in fad) it is also possible for some cities, whose longitudes and latitudes differ from Mecca's longitude and iatitude, that their qibla direction be the equinoctial sunrise or sunset point [i.e., cast or west]. If this is the situation, then there is no choioe but to derive (i.e., caloulate)the qibla angle.

As al-Rui menlions, knowing just one's relative Easl!We,t and North/South position with respoxt 10 Mecca is nol enough 10 correctly infer the qlbla. So in this section, we resort 10 some mathcmatics to describc how to compute thc qibla.

N 4.4.3.1 Basic Spherical Trigonometric Formula The problem of qibla determination has a simple formnlation in spherical trigonometry. In FiglJre 1, A is a given q location, K i~ the Ka'ba, and N is the A North Pole. The grcat circle ares AN (0 ,A.) and KN are along the meridians through A and K, respectively, and both point to the north. Thc qihla is along the great circle arc AK. The spherical angle q = NAK is the angle Figure4,2, Sphericaltrianglefordeterminingtheqihla at A from the north direction AN to the direction AK towards (he Ka'ba, and so q is the qlbla bearing to be eomputcd. Let tfiand A be lhe latitude and longitude of A, and rPK and Ax he the latitude and longitude of K (the Ka'ba). If all angles and arc lengths arc measnrcd in degree" then, by comparing with Figure 4.2, it is seen that the arcs AN and KN are of measure 90-,6and 90-.;!.K,respectively. Also, the angle AI"/{ hetween (he meridians ofK and A equals the difference betwccn thc longitudes of A and K, that is, AK -A, no matter what the primc mcridian is. Here we are given two sides and the included angle of a spherical triangle, and it is required to detcnnine', one othcr angle. One orlhe simplest solutions is given by thc fonnula q = tan_1 sin-- (AA~ A) _ ...... , (1) cos .p tan if'K sm if' co'>lAK- A) Basic Con.•ideralions 4 - 10

Mathem3tk31 handbooks and textbooks on spherical trigonometry and spherie31 astronomy often give a number of alternative formulas or sequence of formulas equivalent to the above equation. Several of these formulas arc eol1eeted in Bagvi [4.3, 4.4], including the "half-angle", Napierian, and "haversille" formulas. These fOIDlUlaswere very u,eful when computations were done by hand using trigonometric and logarithmic tables, and side results were often needed to crosscheck the computation. Nowadays there is no advantage in any of these formulas over Equation (1 ). 11;

In Equation (I), the sign of the input quantities are assumed as follows: latitudes are positive if north, negative if south; longitudes are positive if cast, negative if west.17 The quadrant of q is assumed to be so selected that sin q and cos q has the same sign as the numerator and denominator of Equ3tion (I). With these conventions, q will be positive for bearing; east of north, negative for bearings west ofnorth.18

Example: To find the qibfa for Dhaka, Bangladesh According to an official survey, the geographical co-ordinates of the Ka'ba arc: ,pK ~

21° 25' 24" N = +21.423333° and AK= 39° 49' 24" E = +39.823333°. For Gulshan, Dhaka, Bangladesh, the coordinates are: 1>= 23° 47' 52.02714" N = +23.79778532° and A = 900 24' 56.34024" E = +90.41565007".19

Substituting these values in (I), we obtain q = _82.41824484° ~ 82°25'5.681424" W ofN = 7°34'54.3185796" N ofW.

Similarly, qibla direction for any place can be derived applying the formula (I). Table 6.1 in Chapter Six shows the qibla direelions from different Lilas of Bangladesh. In the Fig. 6.1, qibla direction is given for every 30' (0.5") of interval for the extent of geographical position, 01.Bangladesh, from latitude 20034'N 10 26°38'N and from longitude 88"01' to 92°4l'E [4.26]. If co-ordinates (latitude and longitude) of any place in Bangladesh are known, the qibla direction can be derived from this figure.

4.4.3.2 Direct Solar Observation When the sun happens to be exactly vertically above Mecca, it can be thought to be at the top of a very high imaginary tower built in Mecca. Wherever on the earth the sun is visible at that moment, the direction in which the sun appears is the exact direction of the qibla. So a favorite method used by classical Muslim scientists for dclermining the qibla was to observe the sun at that moment. Here is a description [4.24, Vol. I, p. 306] of this method by AI-Tusi (1201-1274 AD):

The sun lIansit.';the zenith of Mecca when It ISin degree 8 ofGernini and in [degree] 23 of Cancer at noontime there. The difference between its nOOnand the noon of other localities tS rneasmoo by the difference bel\veen the two longitudes. Let this [laller] difference he taken and let an hour be a;surned for each 15 degrees and 4 minutes for each degree. The re.,ulting total is the interval in hours from noon [for that locality]. Let an observation be made on that day at that time. before noon if Mecca is to the cast or after it is tu the west; the direction of the shadow at that time is the qibla bearing.

• Basic ConsMerat;ons 4 _ II

This terse description requires some explanation. The sun happens to pass exactly above Mecca at noontimc twice a year - at 12:18 (local Daylight Saving Time) on May 28 and at 12:27 (local Daylight Saving Time) on July 16.:w Al-Tusi specifies these two days by the ;un's position on the ecliptic. He describes how to ealeulate the obscrvation time at any location Ji"omthe longihldc difference between Mecca and the place of observation. or course, nmvlldays the time difference of llny plllce from that of Mceell is easily availllble.ll So, one can determine thc qibla just by observing the shadow at that time of those two specific days, without having to know the latilude or longitudc of Mecea or of one's own location, and without having to do any computation.

Although elegant, this method has some limitations, as the precise detcrmination of thc qihla is possible only on two days in the entire year, and for a very brief moment on each day.2l Moreover, this method works only in a half of the world. The great circle lying midway between Mecca and its antipode divides the carth into two hemispheres. If, at the time when the sun is exactly above Mecca, one were to make an observation on the locations on the dividing cirele it sclf, the sun would appear on the horizontal level. On the other side of this circle, the sun would not be seen at all at D that time .. Fortunately, the observation is possible from any place of Bangladesh , though thcre is a possibility ofhindranec created by the overcllstted sky, as eventually the days fall in the high monsoon.

A method similar to the above Cllllbe used at nighttime by observing a star at the momcnt of its zenith transit over Mecca. But this requires some expertise of astronomy, and is again not practical for most of the world.

4.4.3.3 Shadow Method Aller the qibla bellring has been computed, one still nced~ to determine the (truc) north direction, and then find the qibla by measuring the computed angle from north. Both these operations are subject to measurement errors. A mcthod that bypasses thcse operations altogether is to observe the shadow of a vcrtical object at a time when thc shadow makes an easily measurable angle such as O~, 90°, 1800, or 2700 with the direction of the qibla. Thc angles 00 lllld 1800 imply that the qibla is exactly in the &ame direction or exactly opposite to the shadow, so at these times there is no angle to measure and the qihla can be found very accurately. The other two anglcs imply that the qibla is perp

4,4.3.4 Other Methods Twelve ecnturics of research have produced such a vast array of qibla detcrmination mcthods that they can be covered only in large, dedicllted volumcs. There are both approximate and exact methods, and the techniques they utilizc include graphical constructions, mllthematical (trigonometric) computations, astronomical observations, use of shadows, and specialized "qibla indicator" instruments. Most of these havc little practical l/tility nowlldays, sincc equations such as (I) of the previous scction provide accurate answers, and arc relativcly easier and more efficient to usc. On the other hand, these methods often show great ingenuity, arc fascinating mathematical \

Bas;c Considerati()ns 4 -J} reading, and are of much historica! importance. The interested reader may explore the references.

Much work has abo been devoted (0 compiling qihla tables, which list the qibla either for specific cities or as a fu.nction of latitudes and longitudes. Classical tables use the values of longitudes, which are based on prime meridians that aTe now obsolete. Among modem tables, I have already mentioned Baghayin [4.2J and lIusayn [4.12J as representative work. The former gives the qihla for most of the well-known cities of the world. The Jailer tabulates the qihla for (he range of latitudes from 89°N to 89°5 and longitudes from 179°£ to 1800W for each degree of latitude and longitude. There are also works that provide similar data in the fonn of graphs rathcr than tables.

Thcrc is scareely any need for prodllcing more of thcsc once-admirable works of reference, since any intcrested person can now gcncrate them instantly on a computer. Qibla tablcs, much like trigonometric tables, are much less needed now since it is nowadays easier to generate required values on demand than to look them up in a table. Computer software is available to derive instantly the qibla for any place whose latitude and longitude is known. This software is based on the mathematical calculation of spherical trigonometry. The computer program Minaret for prayer schedule and calendar computations also provides qibla determination times based on this method." Another software named QiblaCak shows the qibla direction and distance from any place of the world. For Dhaka (Latitude 230 47' 52.02714" N, Longitude 900 24' 56.34024" E), the accurate qibla is 277.650 from the magnetic north in clockwisc direction, i.e., 7.650 northward from the cardinal west dircction)(' (Fig. 4.3).

4.4,4 One Important Note Qibla direction for Bangladesh, as popularly knmvn as the 'west' cardinal direction is not accurate. As (here i~ scope to generate little controversy to this seemingly ncw issue, this chapter elaborates all thc aspects ineli.lding definition, background, methods of determination of qibla direction and its flexibility in shariah. An architect should try to design with respect to correct gibla direction. But, if in an existing mosque, any deviation is found with the accurate gib!a direction and it is very difficult to rectify, it should be kept as it is. Thcre will occur no shortcoming in salat, as in this inevitable situation; shariah allows tlexibility up to a deviation of 45" in both ways from the correct gihla direction [4.28, p, 313]'1t is important to note that, none shonld try to be over-particular and create chaos or confusion in this issue, as Allah dislikes going excess and creating chaos especially with the issues of deen,'-7

References [4.1] Abdali, S. Kamal: Prayer Schedulesfor North Ameriea, American Trust Publications, Indianapolis, 1978. [4.2] Baghayin, 'Abd al-Razzaq Khan: Ma'rifat ai-Qiblah (in Farsi), LC # 82-451332,11 1952. [4.3] Bagvi, Malik BaiibirAhmed; Determination oj the Direction ofQibla and the Mamie Timings, Ashrat~ul-Madaris,Karachi, 1970. [4.4J Bagvi, Malik Bashir Abmed: Fann-i Takhrij Samt-i Qibla wa Augat-i Mami (in Urdu), Ashraf-ul-Madaris, Karacbi, 1970. [4.5] Hannuri, Muhammad Yusuf: Bughyat al- 'Aribfi Masa'j/ al-Qiblah wa al-Maharib (in Arabic), Matba'ah at-'Ulum, Cairo, 1939. Basic Considerations 4 - /3

[4,6] Berggren, J.L.: A comparison of four analemmas for delermining the azimuth of the qibia, Journalfor the mstory of Arabic Science, VoL 4, NO.1 (1980). pp. 69-80. [4.7] Berggren, JL: AI-Biruni on plane maps of the sphere, Journal for the Hi.'tory of Arabic Science, Vol, 6, Nos. 1&2 (1982). pp. 47-95, [4.H] AI-Bironi, Abu Rayhan: The Detennination of the Coordinates of Position.' for the Correction oj Dis-tances Between Cities (Drab tah , d id nihayat al-amakin Ii-tash ih . masafat al-masakin), 416 A.H.l1025, Translalion by Jamil Ali, American Univcrsily of Beirul, Be;rut, 1967, [4.91 Craig, James Ireland: The Theory of Map Projection.<, with Special Reference to the Pr,!jeclions Used In the SUn'ey Department, Survey Departmenl Paper No. 13, National Printing Press, Cairo, 1910. pp. 61-62. [4,10] Diclionary ofScient!f1c Bibliography, Charles Scribners & Sons, New York, 1970-80, [4.11] Durant, Will: The Story of CM/izalion.- Pan lV, The Age of Faith, Simon and Schnster, New York, 1950. [4, 12] llnsayn, Kamal aI-Din: Jadawil inhirq{at al-Qiblah Ii-jam!' b,qa' al- 'alam: Kebfa directio,,", for the whale world (in Arabic and Enghsh), Dar al-Fikr al_' Arabi, Cairo, 1982. [4, 13]lIyas, Mohammad: A Modern Guide to ASlronomical Calculations ofIslam,c Calendar, Timing' & Qibla, Bcrita Publishing Sdn, Kuala Lumpur, 1984, [4,14J Khan, Ali Muhammad: Sahih Sam/-i Qibla (in Urdn), LC # 79-931991,1970. l4.15] AI-Khattabi, Muhammad al.'Arabi: 11m al-mawaq it: us"l"hu wa man ahijuh" (in Arabic), LC # 89-968009,1986. [4.16] King, Oa,id A; Astronomy in Ihe Sem'ce of islam, Collected studies series, CS416, Valorium, Alder-shot, Hampshire, UK, 1993. [4.17] Kyrala, Ali: A vectorial calculation of the dircction of qibla, Arabian Journal for Se,ence & Enfl.ineering, VoL 2, No, I (November 1976). pp. 49-50. [4.181 Ludhianavi, Mufti Rn,hid Ahmed: rrshad 01-'Abid ila 1'akhrij al-Awqat wa Tawjih al- MasaJid (in Urdu), Ashraf-ul-Madaris, Karachi, 1389 A.H.l1970. [4.19] Don May: .'You Can't Build Ihal Mosque With a Compass," S"rveying and Mapping (Quartcrly Journal ofthe American Congre" of Surveying and Mapping), Vol. 13, 1\'0. 3 (July-September 1953). pp. 367-368. [4.20] AI-Razi, Fakhr ai-Din: Tajs/r al-Kabir (in Arahic), 8 voL, 1st Ed., Matba'at al-Bahiyat al-Masriyyah, Cairo, 1357 A.H./1938, [4.21] Nachef, Riad, and Kadi, Sam;" The SubstalUialion o,f the People of Truth /ha! the Direc/ion oj AI-Qibla in the United States and Canada is to the SoutheaSI, Assoc. of Islamic Charitable Projects, Philadelphia, 1414 AH ( 1993). [4.22J Snyder, John Parr: Flallening the Ear/h.- Two Thousand Years afMap Projections, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993. [4.23] Snyder, John Parr, and Voxland, Philip: An Album of Map Projection" US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1453, US Govt Printing Office, 1989. [4,24] AI-Ius!, Na~ir ai-Din: Na,ir ai-Din al-Tusi's Memoir on A,tronomy (al-Tadhkira fi 'ilm al-hay'a), Translatlon and commentary by F.J. Ragep, Springer-Verlag, New York,1993, [4.25] Thannvi, Maolana Ashmf Ali, (tran

Determined hy the different position oflhe sun [4,25, pp, 89-92].

The limil ,tarts from the nme ofsun

Pmctically observed on 30 person, of dilTL'rCntage group, , (The dll'ection of) the place to ""hich Mu,lims must rum for prayer, now lhe Kaba at Mecca.

Program Dlrector of Numeric, Symbohc aud Geometric COmPUlanOn at the National Science Foundalion (NSF), USA.

The Correci Qibia, PDF vCn

'" This ls only approximate becanse Polans is off the true nonh by ,lightly te", than oue degree,

" Al-Khwari2mi', grcally influent,.l treanse on algebra gave thc namc to that discIpline. The word algonlhm dcrh'cd fmm his "arne has become a household word with the spread of computers. AI. Battani delermined """eTal astro"omicai qnamities with remarkable procislOn. I" trigonometry, hc mtroduced new laws, new funclion" and new lormulations of old function •. Ahu al. Wafa made Slgnificalll conrribllllon, [0 mathc-matic" and astronomy, He interrelatcd [h" ,i, main tngonometnc functlOllS. He i" arguably, crcdited with discovering a componcnt of lhc moo,,'s motion, redIScovered 600 years later by Tycho Brahe. lb" a1-lfuitham, rrunous for hi. umndational work ou optlc" also worked prolifically in matbematics and astronomy. He was a pioneer of the scientific method con,i'ting of obf,L'rVotion,bypothesis formulatioJl, deduction, and experimental venlkation, Al-Biruui is describc<1 by Durant [4.11, p. 243] thus: "Philo,opher, hi,torian, traveler, geographer, lmguist, mathematician, astronomer, poet, and phy,ici,t_d doing major and onginal work in all these fields-he was at le"'t the Leibnit<, almost the Leonardo, of blam." AI.Tu,i systematized tngonometry (plane and spherical)", a di'>Cipline indepeudent of astronomy. He 01'0 formulated a non-Ptolemaic model of plauetary motion h",ed on spheres,

" Hah.,h al-Hasib iutroduced new trigonomOlric function,. Ibn Yunus compiled very accurate astrouomical tables, ,tudied the motion of lhe pendulum leadmg to the invention of mechanical clocks, and invemed ,everal astronnmical in'truments. Ibu al-Shatir con'truOled a model of planetary movemenl', which, though geocentnc, was mathemalically iMnlical 10 the model giveu by Copc'mieu, 200 yea", later. A single source for reading about [h" lifc and ,cientific contributIOns of thc ah",e_mcntioned Muslim sCIentists IS [10]. For their conlribution, spccilically to the qibla determinatiQu problem, a recommenMd 'larting poi"t i, [16]. ln spite of King's own ptolifLc work and mauy othet reference, ciled by him, he laments [16, p. DC; 16] dial numc'rOu, 1,lomic ",tronomical works contaiuing qibla computaci"n, ,till remain beyond inve,tigation.

• Basic Considerarions 4 -15

" Al-Baltani's construclion, descnbed in [4.5, fIp. 4D-4I], [4.16, pp 103-107], ond [4.18, p, 360], was inclnded in Mulakhkhas fi ai-Hai'a (1325 AD), nl-Jaghmini's textbook on a'lrOnnmy, A commentrtry on this book, popularly called Sharh Chsghmini, has been part of the standard curriculum of lbc sub continenlallslamio oolleges even in thc l(lth century. As the Sharh poinls oul (n"nnuri [4.5. p. 40]), Al-n"ltani', mclhod does nol work (tho construction doc, not make sense) for piac"" whose longitude diffeJ1

" Only on l~e days of spring and f.ll oquinox, around March 11 and Sepl

" The Mercator m.p rcinforces this common fallacy.

" The qibla Compulalion lilerature often Jnlerchangcs lbe numerator Ilfld denominalUT of lhis equation to make il' "C(llangeut fonnula." The arctan form is more conVeniL'Ill ,ince many calculators do not provide the arccal funclion directly.

" The formula on p. 289 of [4.1J is ,iightly differenl because there tbe author used the oppo,ile sib'" comention for longitudes.

'" Software libraries of mall1cmatieal fuucliollS usually havo a two-argument function alan2, If the numerator and lhe denominator of the above equalion "c u'ed as arguments of thi, funclion, with t~e SlgUSof coordinak, chosen according to the abo,'c oonvenlion, then the resulling qihia angle automatically has the ab,olulc value between 0 Ilfld 180 degrees, and its sign is exactiy aoeording to the abo"e convention.

" The Lalirude and Longitude is measure through GPS al Gul~han Ladies Park, Dhaka.

'" When the sun's declination i, lhe same as lhe lalirude of 'Orne location, the sun's po,ition at mxm !~ere is at the zenith. lhal i" ,'ert;cally above that iOC'lion. II can be checked by computation 01'~y COnsulling a table such as [4.1, p. 288] lhal l~e sun's d.clination on May 28 and July 16 is +21.4", aboutt~e same as the wlirude of Meoea

" Tbe lime difference of Bangladesh is +3,00 h", fiom that of Saudi Arabia. S", the daylight saving iocai lime of Bangladesh for Sllil ob,ervalion should be 15:18 and 15,27 rc'peelively on those two dates.

" The melhod ean .1'0 b. used on dares close to May 28 and July 16 for determining the qibla approxiruateiy.

23 This a\llhor performed the obse"",tioD HI 15,18 on May 28, 2000 at BOOT. Tbe findings are approximalely similar to those calculaled malhemalically .nd by computer softw.re.

" The lable i, produced by computer softw.re 'Minamt' developed by S.K. Abd"ii, USA.

" De"doped by S. Kamal Abdali, run, on PC, and Macintosh, avaHable for .nonymous lip from lhe inlcrnet directory http://www ,patrioLnoli "-,c,-,Jabdai ilftp!

" C.lculation is performed through thc compuler sofuvare QiblaCale vLO, developed by Dr. Mouznr Ahmed, April 1998. This free software 18 avaj)abie at the internet address: hltp:! I" w" .slarl; ghl.demon.co, uk/gib la OR http 1!www.ummah.ors.uk/softw.reluibla ' . ~ ," Basic Considerations 4 _16

" 0 People ofthe Scnpture! Do nol cxaggerate in your religiou nor ulter .ught concerning Allah savo the truth, The Messiah, Jesus SOT1orM.ry, was only a me"cnger of Allah, IlJIdHis word, which He com-eyed unto Mary, IlJId" spirit ti-om Hinl, So believc in Allah and His messengers, and ,ay not "Three". Ceasc! (il is) hct(~T for you! Allah is only One God, Far is il removed from Hi, transcendent majesty th.t h. should have a son. Hi, i, all that IS m the heavens "nd.ll that is in the earth. And Allah i, 'uffieient as Defender [The Hnly Qur'an 4: 171],

" The Library of Congress record munber (LC # 82-451332) has been included for thIS and other referencts th.t do ~ot list theu own cily of puhlication or pubhshing org"ni,,"tion,

• Flgurr 4-J

Figure"4.1 Aerial view: Nortem part of TlIj Mahal compleX,"Agii: The mosque and the guest bouse (Musaflr Khaana) arc seen at tbe closest and furthcst ends repeclivcly. [SoumJ: 5.29, plat~ LXXXVII. Figurr IJ

~l, i I[Q] .J

Schematic Plan: Northern part ofTaj Mahat 0 """', N I.Tlj Mwl 2.Mosquc 3.CO\Irt 4,Cunl H"".., (Mu'fQfirK~ana)

:Figure 4.2 Examp1c-ofaxial diversity in the three typcsorbiiUding ill the same complex of Taj Mahal, Agra. Aerial view (top) shows the resemhlance of building e1cments, but the plan clearly distinguishes the mosque from others on the basis ofnxial parameter. J [So""Cf: 5.30. p. 210. Figurr ~!5!...!"(jJ . . Figure 4-11

no CoiloJA lk:67ISIlob

2H1HlO 'I •••00 II ~"•.•IIa ''"''''I ----,-----

~ Uln B.orlng or B born A(degl: 271.6 L.til.de A:. !!!_J:~1.eI~NGS t.llgn.Uc D.dln.Uon.t A:. -0,05 L.nd mil•• from Ato B: 3212 Longl1.de A:. ~:_~r:.Et:,W

..!!.s Uln llItil.de B: 2..j:IlS,] I<:,Ht:,s LongItude B: P£I:H!I/".,E r;.W

.~-~11 f! C.I..,lol. I

Fie ~,

llIlltud.: ~. Dlbl. from II•• north: ~n.3I , Langll.d.: 0 Dibl. Irom mlgnellc north: ~11.3 t.llg D.din.lIon: HI,ol L.nd mll.1 to t.llldcah:Pl0. •

Fig.4.): Direction of Knab:l (Qibla) from lhe GPS s1ation at Gulshan Ladies Pork, Dhaka. Note: The Loti1Ude 23° .T ~2.027W N and longilUd. is 90" 24' ~6.,"024. I!, The Mognetic ik:Irin& is (277.6+0.0S) 277.65", elocn"" po

5.1 Introduction Usually mosques are placcd in a complex to support othcr functiol15. Madrasa, Maktab, Hujra khana. Yatim khana and so on generally evolves as an integral part of religious activity. For financial support to mosques and other religious activities. sometimes shops, warehouse, Rmallresidential unitRetc. are conRtruetedto rent outl, In this thesis work, only the mosque and the service facilities directly related to it are taken into consideration. Other supporting structures remain beyond the scope of this work.

IRlam,as a universal religion, haRgot unique capacity to adopt with and accommodate different exceptions and variations prevailing in the global context. Except for some major 'obligatory' aspect." it provides the ample flexibility in many relatively minor 'optional' issues. The inception of mosque is ,imple (elaborated in Chapter Two); the prophet (S) led a simple life and proclaimed the deen as easy and simple [5.10, p. 37J. And he warned not to act beyond limit in the name of deen [5.1, p. 15]. For designing a mosque we cannot go for whatever we like especially when there are specific religious bindings. Again, we should not impose excessive strictness whcre Islam itsclfhas preposed flcxibility. In the following paragraphs, different aspcets of dcsign of a mo,q"e are elaborated with special reference to theology and practice.

5.2 Spatial Analysis of Function The architects follow a systematic analysis of function to derive a design proposal. In the following scetions, a similar approach is followed to formulate some tentative design criteria that a designer should pay attention to. These criteria are synthetic out come of theological guidelines and prevailing practice.

In a mosque major functional spaccs can be identified as sa/at space, service space and circulation spacc. The Spatial configuration and articulation may vary to certain extent with the individual site condition. Other factors likc climate, building materials, technology also plays important role to make variations. For the context of Bangladesh. being those faetow almost similar in every part of it, the major spatial features arc almost identical though some variations in space can be observed due to those factors. In the following sections, these variationR can be exemplified schematically.

5.2.1 Functional Flow Diagram In the Fig. 5.1, an ideal example of'functional flow diagram' for a mosque is shown. Obviously, all the spaces (e.g., stair, secondary entry etc,) may not be required and some morc spaces (e.g., musaflr khana, yarim khana etc.) may be added to certain mosques. But there are some prime spaces are takcn as the most important components for a mosque design (e.g., main salat Rpaee,wazu space, toilet space etc. . bordered with thicker lines in the figure). Dcsign Approach 5-]

In Bangladesh, qib/a is roughly towards Westl. Again, movement across the frontal side of a musalli is forbidden in shariah [5.1, p. 123] (see also, Section 5.3.2.3 of this chapter) and qatar forms from the West side of the salaz spacc and expands towards East (sce Section 5.5 and Fig. 5.4.a of this chapter). These aspects determinc the position of the main sa/at space at the Western side of the sitc and the primary approach at the Eastern side from the adjacent road (Fig. 5.2). Sccondary approaches mIght be added at South and North, which remail15acccssibic until the formation of qalars crosses that point. As laharal is a prerequisite for safrit (see following paragraph for detai]:,), the supporting facilities should be provided in thc service spaces at primary entry and shonld be acces,ible from secondary entry, In fig. 5.2, schematic drawings show the possible approaches to a mosque from adjacent roads in din'erent situatiol15.

One musalli should be allowed to perform wharal in the fonn of wa;:u or wajib bath, which is a pre-requisite or wajib for performing Sa/at in terms of Shariah. It is maqruh tahnmi to enter in a mosquc for any Muslim who requires wajib bath [5.1, pp, 64 and 232]. And it is cvcn discouraged to enter a mosquc without wazl? Rather, Allah will award one Muslim for nafl ltiqafif hc only stays in a mosque with wazu. Thus, it is very much important to keep provision for anyone who wishes to perform any of the above-mentioncd tah'lrat.

When other functional structurcs Eke hujra khana, madrasah boarding ctc. are within the same boundary and requires to be accessed by thc samc main entry to the mosque complex, an alternative approach should bc cstablish directly form entrance lobby. This is to retain the sanctity of main mosque or its adjoining salaz spaces. It is specially forbidden to use the mosque as a thoroughfare for usual circulation [5.1, p. 232; 5.12, p. 40].

Mosques in the overcrowded urban areas suffer from scarcity of space. A lobby spaec should he provided where form service (waw and toilet) and sa/at space can he approached independently. Espccially in sa/al ofjumu'a when musallies cxcecds the capacity of the main sa/al spacc, the new comers have to disturb others to reach the wazu khana or to rerum form the same to the salat space. New Market Baitul Arnan Mosque is an example or this type of problematic situation (see Section 3.4.8 for description and Appendices A.3 for drawings of the mosque). Even in usual case, someone has to enter the mosque veranda before he gets the facility of taharat is not an acceptable arrangement.

In the original plan of BUET Central Mosque, there was no provision for waw in the toilet zone located in the southwest corner (sec Section 3.4.5 for description and Appendices A.3 for drawings of the mosquc), Previously, after using the toilet, one had to cross the salat space without taharat towards the waw area. The problem was apparently ,olved by providing some provision for wazu within the toilct zone, which gave birth to a new crisis. There are some du'a-i.masnunah, which are rewarding and encouraged to recite for wazu as for many other 'amals [5.1, pp. 32-37] But it is forbidden to recite those du'as when someone is within tile toilet area [5.1, pp. 87-88J. SO,there should be a clear spatial division and distinction bctwccn toilet, wazu space salal space ctc.

•• Design Appwach 5-3

There should be a linkage with hujra khana to the main sa/a! hall through the mihrab, so that as a part ofsunnah the imam or khatib can directly approach his place for sa/a! or to deliver the khutba.

5.2.2 Zoning Like any other type of buildings, a mosque has two basic functional zones _ served and service. Served zones are the main sa/at space, veranda, sahn etc. and scrviee zone includes the cntranee, lobby, toilet, wazu khana, store, circulation spaces etc.

There is another context of zoning on the basis of allowing shoes or nol. We may call it 'shoe' and 'no-shoe' zones. A mosque is a sacred building. Its floor is used for prostration. That is why shoes4 are not allowed in the sa/al spaces. This is strictly a 'no-shoe' zone. Everyone must use the space barefooted or with socks made of acceptable materials5. On thc contrary, the toilet area should not be accessed without shoes [5.1, p. 86; 5,13, p. 183]. This falls in to 'shoe' zone. Other spaces like, lobby, WaZUkhana stair, store etc. has an option to be used with or without shoes. But for thc ease of maintaining the main .\'alat space clean and sacred, these spaces, in most of the cases, arc used as 'no-shoe' 7,one.

From very pnlctical reason, the 'shoe' and 'no-shoe' zones should not be scattered rather they should be groupcd in definite 'two' clusters. This may save the musalUes from the trouble of repetitive 'shoe-oft' and 'shoe-on' exereisc. A good number of examples (e.g., mosques described in sections 3.4.3, 3,4.5, 3.4.6, 3.4.8 etc.) can be cited for a troublesome arrangement of spaces with this type of problem.

For the case Bakshi Bazaar Mosque (scc Section 3.4.6 for description and Appendices A.3 for drawings of the mosque), the architect somewhat rightly proposed the toilet and the wazu khana in two separate blocks at the north and south side of the entry lobby in his primary proposal (the drawings are preserved in the Department of Architecture, BUET). Finally the southern service block was changed for the accommodation of imam and muazzin, and the northern block waS adopted for both the services in a tight arrangement; thus crcating the present crisis. Though, there has all through been a problem of repetitive 'shoe-ofl' and 'shoe-on' as the ablution space and sa/at space is connected with a 'shoe' zone.

5.2.3 Schematic Plan The mosque of Prophet (S) consisting of main salal space (liwan), sahn, qibla, mimbar and mihrab provided spiritual and physical guidelincs for spallal organization for all later mosques. Within the guidelines ordained, as an acceptance to the regional factors, an extended flexibility prevailed to develop the ultimate form and space of individual mosque. For Bangladesh, Mosques are categorized into four groups - The Early Mosque, The Intermediate Mosque (Group I), The Intermediate Mosque (Group II) and The New Mosque'. Muslim rulers and rich influential individuals built the Early Mosque and the Intermcdiatc Mosque (GrOllp J). Inhabitants of different localities constructed the Intermediate Mosque (Group H) in their own area. Formally trained architects designed the New Mosques [5.3, p. 6.2]. A retrospect of traditional mosques of first two categories can be elassified according to their loon and design a, the developers had ample scope to select the configuration, size and characteristics of the desired site for their prcconceived design. In India and other parts of the world, Design Approach 5.4 there is a classical traditional spatial arrangement for a mosque with a strong symmetry about the qib/o. axis (Fig, 1.2, 1.3 and 4.1). For community mosques of category three, such classification is indeed difficult to establish, as the available site and other constraints in the community largely influence the fonn and spatial arrangement. Dcspitc of this diversity in ultimate fonn and spatial articulation, the mosques follow some inevitable and common matrix, which can bc summarized in teons of schemes. The following paragraphs will highlight on some schemes.

Scheme: A As the nucleus of the generic pattern of a mosque, a simple rectangular shelter is developed with a solid wall at the qib/o. or West Side. The rectangular sa/at space is elongated in the north-south direction with windows in the shorter walls. The eastern walls have the entrance in the central qibla axis. Additional doors are sometimes found, but always in e~en numbers placed in symmetry about the qib/o. axis. Most of the traditional mosques follow this scheme (e.g., Baba Adam Mosque, Munshiganj, Section 3.4.15). The mosque is usually placed at the western end of the mosque site. An additional number of musallies can be acconunodatcd in the eastern part at the time of large congregations. It has scope for further expansion of mosque structure towards castern direction. In Fig, 5.3.a, Scheme A: Floor Plan is shown in a simple manner. Many of the community mosques follow a chronological development initiated from this type of nucleus of a simple scheme, for example, Matir Masjid (Mosque) at Khilgaon Choudhurypara, Dhaka [5.3, p. 6.11J.

Scheme: B This scheme is a developed version of Scheme: A. The plan gets a formal shape with compact and systematic arrangement. In Fig. 5.3.b, Scheme B: Floor Plan is shown. The traditional mosques usually followed this sehemc. It has building elements like sa/at spacc, riwak (cloister), sahn (open courtyard), wazu facility, mihrab, mimbar, minar ctc. (Fig. 1.2, 1.3 and 4,1), The field study includes examples of mosques, which reflects this scheme (see Section 3.4.6, 3.4.7, 3.4.8 etc.).

Scheme: C This sehcme is a furthcr development of the Scheme: B. In the overcrowded urban community, the mosques tend to grow vertically. The main sa/at spacc (liwan), services and other supporting spaces remain as usual but thc sahn and riwak is usally dissolved from and staircase is added to schemc: B. In this scheme of muUi-storied stmcturc, flat roof comes obviously and domes no more remain as suitable constructional elements. Fig, 5.3.c and 5.3.d shows this type of scheme in Ground and First Floor Plans, The field study includes mosques, which resemble this scheme (sec Section 3.4.1, 3.4.3, 3.4.5, 3.4.10 etc.).

5.3 Functional Spaces In lhi5 section, aspect5 of individual functional spaces are discussed to derive the design criteria. Obviously, individual site condition and community requirement may givc different physical shape out ofthcsc overall guidelines, The author happened to be a regular musalli of the North Shajahanpur Jheel Mosque and the Bakshibazar Road Mosque (Section 3.4.3 and 3.4.6). So, a close physical observation of spaces and their use pattern was possible for a long period. He takes the opportunity to cite examples of prevailing pros and eons especially from these mosques and generally Design Approach 5-5 , , from other mosques, which was observed during pilot survey and field study (Chapter Three). In the following sub-sections, design criteria of different functional spaces are elaborated in the sequence of approach to the spaces.

5.3.1 Entry Entry 10 a mosque bears much significance, as it is a transitional space from worldly to divine and profane to sacred. It requires a well-defined expression in terms of form and space. in most of the mosques in our country, musallies put-off their shoes and carry those in hands for safe keeping from being theft. Again, for egress, those shoes are earned in hands 10 this entry point and put-on. Thus, this space remains busy and usually generates congestion during ingress and egress. For the salat with very narrow time gap between adhan andjama 'at (e.g. safar of Maghrib), musallies hurry to enter • within a short span of time and develops congestion. Situation becomes worse at the end of the salal (e.g. Fajr and Asr) having no sunnat-i-muaqqada after/arj salat in jama'at. Though, there is sa/at of sunnar after the largest weekly jama 'at ofjumu 'a, a pretty large number of musallies try to leave the mosque and create worst situation. It is an irony of fact, that shoe-thieves have played a vital role to set design criteria for this entry space. A wide entry or at least the shoe-change area should be large and wide enough to mitigate the problem. The Scheme: 8 and C shows possible examples for this aspect (Fig. 5.3.b and 5.3.c).

5.3.2 Circulation Spaces Tn a mosque, some circulation spaces are also used as temporary salat space at the time of largejamaat. In nsual smaller congregations, those can be distinctly identified as circulation space. In the traditional Mughal mosques of north India, riwaq served as a long and defined circulation space around sahn, which connected the entry and services to the main salat space (Fig. 1.2, 1.3 and 4.1). Spaces that fall in the similar category arc described in the following paragraphs.

5.3.2.1 Lobby Entrance lobby should be spacious enough to connect services, stair, sa/at spaces etc. Furniture for safe keeping of shoes can be placed in this space. Shoes carrying dirt and filth of p'0fane nature should not be carried in the salat space according to findings of shan'ah (elaborated in Section 5.3.4.3). In the Scheme: 8 and C (Fig 5.3.b and 5.3.c), the lobby space is adorned with a good number of functions and introduction of other facilities. Scheme: A has no formal lobby as such.

5.3.2.2 Stairs In Schematic Plan: C, stairs are shown for upper floors. Due to scarciry of land, stair is a common building element in the densely populated urban areas. To accommodate the ever-increasing population, the floors arc added incrementally. But due to structural reasons and lateral space limitation" the stairs width remains the same. A crucial congestion, especially for egress, is a common scene in multi-story mosques. The architect should try to predict future vertical expansion and ultimate pattern and flow-load through the stairs, to identify the required width of the stair.

It is forbidden to cross the frontal space of a musalli when he is in salat [5.1, pp. 123, 144J. SO, multiple options for egress arc desirable. An architect's task is to check how effectively multiple stairs, instead of a single one of equal capacity, can be placed at Design Approach 5-6 different point according to spacc use pattern. Multiple stairs, equivalent to a consolidated one, serves well in teons of effectiveness and safely. In Schematic Plan: C, two stairs are placed to conceptually highlight this postulation.

5.3.2.3 Olher Clrculalion Spaces A mosque is a unique building, where floor is directly used for sa/al and other rituals. Almost no fwniture used in the main salat space and no absolute circulation space can be defined within this space. There is some circulation space in the wazu khana, toilet, riwak, imam's access in the western side of main salat hall etc.

5.3.3 Salat Spaces This discussion rcfers to the sa/at space for the male. About the presence of women in the mosque, the Prophet (5) did not forbid them to attend public salalS in a mosque, but pronounced that it is better for them to pray in private [5.26 p. 89; 5.27 p. 84; 5,12,p.21]7.

Sa/al spaces, on the basis of some fmer issues of shariah, can be categOriled as - main and subsidiar,l.

5.3.3.1 Main Sa/at Space There should be clear formal spatial demarcation for the main sa/al space. All the fundamental shariah and sunnah strictly applies for this prime space of a mosque. The space beneath and above this main sa/al space, up to the infinity, is considered as the pari of a mosque [5.1, pp. 140-144]. No secular use or space is allowed within this limit [5.1, pp. 145-150]. There is little J1exibility of using this limited area for some jaiz business and other functions that generates some finance to support the maintenance and other cost of the mosque [5.1, pp. 145-150]. But, the plan or scheme for this secular use of space should be preconceived and declared before hand. If a space is declared as a mosque and being used for sahli, it carmot be changed for any other secular use, un1e8s the requirement is obvious, indispensable and reasons are acceptable by shariah [5.1, pp. 150-155J. SO, the architect must be careful to analyse the present need, and its future projection to allocate main sa/al space, Moreover, he must make some easily perceptible formal and/or spatial features to differentiate this main salaz space with the subsidiary spaces9. There is option either to include or not, the veranda, sahn etc. in main salal space. a) Multi-layers of Safal Spaee For multi-layers of sa/at spaces, usually the foremost qatar of bottom most floor is considered as first qatar. The foremost qatar of the next upper floor is taken as the next qatar to the rear-most qatar of lower floor, It can be easily perceived if we imagine the expansion of upper floors one after another on the ground in the direction opposite to the direction of qib/a. b) Lenl Changes in One Floor To develop demarcation or distinction between different types of functional space, sometimes the levels arc changed within the same floor. For the case of human perception, it is found that, at least two steps or two consecutive level-changes should be provided. In the case or the mosque described in Section 3.4.6, there is a single DesignApproach 5-7 step level-change, which very frequently causes the musallies to twnble and to get hurt severely. In the case of the mosque described in Section 3.4.4, there is a ramp connecting the levels of wazu space and main sa/at space in the gronnd floor. The repercussion is similar to that of last example. Recently, bright colours are applied to warn the users - a 'speed-breaker' in a building indeed! c) Qatar spacing and Continuation of Jama'at

Another important aspect is the continuation ofjam a 'al with respect (0 the distance of qatars. Due to level-changes, obstJuctions by part of built fonn etc., two consecutive qatar$ are sometimes placed far apart. In the mosque of Section 3.4.6, the last qatar of main sa/at hall and first qatar ofvcranda is in this situation. According to shariah, if nvo consecutive qatar$ are placed apart in such a way that the effective qatar distance becomes twice or more than the usual qatar distance, the jama 'at will be signified as 'discontinued'. As a consequence, the mw,'I1!liesat the rear qatar$ will not be considered as the muqtl1di of the same Imam and their safrit wilt be fasid or abandoned [5.1, pp. 135-136J. SO,this type of qatar spacing should be avoided. For any unavoidable circumstances, there should bc provision to form qatars, at least by two musl1l1ie.I'IU,to maintain 'continuation' of jama 'al. For the case of mosque of Section 3,4.6, a small qatar is formed in the door area (by 2/3 mU$allies in each door) to achieve this continuation ofjam a 'at from main $ala! hall to the veranda,

Ql1tar spacing should be derived from the ergonomics for sa/at, so that everyone can perform his sal111with concentndion and comfort. The standards about qatar spacing is furnished in Fig, 6.3 of Chapter Six.

5.3.3.2 Subsidia'1' Salat Spaces The spaces not deelared as the main salat space, but used for congregation can be defined as subsidiary sl1ll1lspace [5.1, pp. 145-150].lt may include the veranda, Sl1hn, lobby, riwl1k and any other place in the mosque premise. Some times, especially for large congregation, the jama 'al even goes beyond the mosque boundary towards the adjacent road or open field. During the 8111111, the area IS distinguished as '.",lat-space' and should be used with the same level of dignity of a mosque [5.1, pp. 130-140J. As soon as the sa/at is over, the place can be used as regular purpose. If it is a daily or weekly phenomenon, the place should be kept sacred for next use for salat.

5.3.4. Services

5.3.4.1 WI1ZU and Bath Facility. To aUain laharat is a wajib ritual for performing salat [5.1, p. 100]. One should not enter into a mosque without laharat [5.1, p. 100]. So, a mosque should be equipped with facilities to perform this significant and pre-requisite rite.

In the Schematic plans, the facilities for wazu and bath are placed at the entry for an easy and immediate access, It is a sunnah to face the qlbla [5.1, p. 100J and sit on a higher place, so that the water used in wazu docs not reach the person splashing or any other way [5.1, p. 100]. The Wa2Ukhana (which is considered as a sacred space) should be separated from toilet (which is considered as a non-sacred or profane space), so that du'a-i-masnunah for wazu can be recited.

" De,

Optimum amount of\\'llter should be consumed for wazu [5.1, p. 32]. Wastefulness is strictly prohibited in Islam and who does that is termed as the brother of shaitan [5.1, p.34],

Types of Wazu Facility Depending on the source of water, there is a variation in wazu facility. Tn different mosques of Bangladesh, following types of wazu facilities are usually observed: a) Supplied water in pipes and tap (bib-cock). b) Pond or Dighi c) Tank or Water Basin d) Tube-well and Water Pot L '.

Type (a) is very common in urban areas. Some mosques in rural areas also have shallow tube-well with electric pumps to accumulate water in over-head reservoir to generate continuous water supply system (e.g., mosques of Section 3.4.1-3.4.12). This type ofwazu facility is very wasteful. In Table 6.10 of Chapter SIX, one can find how much extra water is required for this continuous water fiow system, Some measures should be adopted to avoid Utis wastage of water. Allah does not like wastefulness, as He says in the Holy Quran:

" .. but waste not by excess: for Allah loveth not the wasters,,'l.

Type (b) is commonly seen in rural areas, where waler is accumulaled in a pond or dighi (e.g., mosque of Section 3.4.14). The used water is discharged directly in the same source of water. This type of arrangement involves very sman running cost. Usually, some steps arc developed to sit on, in squatting position, for perfonning 13 wazu. According \0 shariah • the minimum size for this type of wazu and bath is acceptable if the size of the pond or dighi is at least 20.9 m2 (100 cubit square) in area and so deep that its bottom is not visible from surface [5.1, p. 46].

Type (c) is apparently similar to type (b). But in this case, water is accumulated artificially in a tank usually made of concrete and significantly, the used water is usually discharged in a separate drain; not in the same tank (e.g., mosques of Section 3.4.1 and 3.4.4). The surface of water is maintained at almost the same level of sitting platform. Sometimes scats are provided for ease to perfonn wazu.

Type (d) is also found mostly in rural areas, where continuous supply of water cannot be provided or sufficient space is not availahle to dig a pond elose to the mo,que. Water is usually collected in small water-pots or pitchers from a hand driven tube- well and wazu is perfonned in a nearby space. Sometimes, this facility is provided as an addition to those of other types (e.g., mosques of Sections 3.4.14 and 3.4.15). The minimum amount of water is consumed in this type of wazu facility (sec Table 6.10 in Chapter Six),

The architect should decide the type of wazu facility to be adopted for a particular mosque basing on the possible source of water, financial capacity of the eorrununity and other related issues. Standards for type (a), being the most popular and convenient one, are elaborated in Chapter Six (Fig. 6.5). Design Approach 5-9

Bath Facility A mosque should be provided with bath facility for those who need it as a wajib or sUllnat rite [5.1, pp. 60 and 205]. For the person performing itiqa/, it becomes an absolute necessity to provide bath facility within the precinct or a mosque [5.1, p. 271].

In the Schematic Plan: Band C, the baths are shown in the toilet zone. It may be provided even in different sub-zone within this zone. In schematic Plan: A, a pond is shown for wazu facility, which is also used for bathing. Shariah dictates a minimum si7:e for any water reservoir to be used for wazu or bath, which is 20.9 m< (100 cubit square) in area and so deep that its bottom is not usually visible from the surface [5.1, p. 46J. There is a type or open bath for group use (e.g., mosque of Section 3.4.4), where rresh water is taken from a big tank and used water is discharged in a drain. Baths should be enclosed, as open bath is usually discouraged in shariah unless for absolute necessity [5.1, p. 43],

If bathtub is placed in a bath, an auxiliary shower must be provided. A small amount of stagnant water is not aeecptable for wajib bath (minimum amount is mentioned in the preceding paragraph). Some water must flow over the body and every base of skin hair must be wet [5.1, pp. 42-43]. For this reason a shower is a significant necessity.

5.3.4.2 Toilet Facility A toilet of a Muslim has some unique and significant features. It is basically considered as a profane space. Reciting from the Holy Qurafl, du 'a or even uttering the name of Allah is forbidden within a toilet space [5.1, pp. 87-88]. The du'a-i- masnunah should be recited berore entering into and after exiting from the toilet space [5,1, p. 87]. So, there should be spatial and fonnal features remarkable enough to denote the limit or extent of a toilet space.

It is forbidden to use the toilet facing the Qibla or keeping it in the backside [5.1, p. 87]. For Bangladcsh, thc qihla direction is roughly towards West'4. So, no toilet fixture should be placed in East-West direction.

In Islam, to attain cleanliness is not merely getting somchow free from dirt or filth; it is rather a ritual with some definite activities. After toilet activities, it is a sJmnah to use an absorbent materials" as kulukh'o [5.1, p. 86]. So, there should be provision of extra space for movement during use of kulukh and bins to dispose used kulukh materials. To usc wster for ultimate cleanliness is in most of the cases wajib and in some of the casesfarj [5.1, p. 86]. So, arrangement should be also kept to attain cleanline>s with water.

Ifwater mixed with excreta splashes up from W.e. (Water Closet) and wet part orthe body or cloth, those become profsne and requires thorOllgh wash as directed by shariah [5.1, pp. 81-85]. So, the W.e. is not a right choice; rather an Indian one (Low Pan) may serve well. If W.e. is used in ea,e or acute emergency, a low-down arrangement should be kept [or ultimate cleanliness with water. Selection of urinal fixture will also follow the same criteria, so that the urine does not splash up. To urinate in standing position is prohibited [5.t1, p. 87]. So, the urinal fixture should not be of standing-type. De,ign Approach 5-10

5.3.4.3 Safe-keeping of Shoes and Umbrellas

(a) Safe-keeping of Shoes It is an irony offact that shoes17are stolen, in many of the mosques in Bangladesh, if kept unearcd and unobserved at the entry space. Measures to tackle this unfortunate activity have added some unique features in mosque architecture in this country. Extra congestion is created due to stop-over created in the human traffic some activities at the entry for shoe-off, picking them up in hands, and again at the time of exit, carrying them from mosque, placing them properly on ground and putting those on.

It is rather a bigger problem to keep those dirty and profane shoes safely without violating the sacredness of the mosque. It is strictly forbidden to carry anything profane inside a mosque [5.1, p. 232). Shoes have every chance to accumulate dirt and filth of profane category [5.1, p. 232]. So, ideally, shoes should not be allowed to carry in side the sala! space. But only considering the mental anxiety of the musallies, which may hamper the concentration in salat, shoes are allowed to carry in hands to keep inside the sala! space. Options for safekeeping of shoes are observed in different mosques. Some of those can be considered for adoption with modifications.

(a) To deposit the shoes to an appointed person at the entry might be an option. During thejama 'a! of sala! that person should lock the shoe-shelf to participate in jama 'at. The latecomers fail to avail this facility should carry their shoes inside the mosque, which will definitely disrupt the main objcctivc. Moreover, it adds some extra running cost to pay salary of the appointed person.

(b) To keep the shoes on a long strip of cloth placed in front of each qatar (e.g., mosque of Section 3.4.6 etc.). It is observed that water drips from the wet shoes and reaches the floor, the place of prostration. It is not acceptable on the question of sacredness, Moreover, the cloth-strip adds in the qatar spacing, decreasing the capacityofa mo,qlle.

(c) To use the alcoves in the sidewalls or boxes along the qatars (e.g., mosques of Sections 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.3, etc.) is a very common arrangement. The shoe-boxes seem to be very popular one as those were found in many mosques of pilot survey and case study. It can prevent dripping water from the shoes to wet the mosque floor and the dry-dust cannot spread out. Moreover, it can be used as a barrier for salat. Jt is forbidden to cross the frontal space while a musalli performs salat 18.

The architect should take this issue seriously in the context of theology and practice. It is recommended to arrange some device in the entry lobby. For the community mosques, every regular musalli can be allocated with a locker-cell in a shoe-shelf. Number or key may operate the locks. In market or commercial places, initially this system may be inconvenient for the newcomers. But gradually the musallies are expected to become familiar with this new system. Architecture is not destined to bow for whatever in practice; rather it should try to rectify those through architectural approaches. • Design Approach 5-11

(b) Safe-keeping of Umbrellas Rainy days prcvail almost through one fourth of a year in Bangladesh. So, it be<:omes sigmfieant to keep provision for wet-umbrellas. Usually, tbe musalfies keep those within the salat space in whatever way they find. Most of the time dripping water wets the floor. The problem may be resolved in a malUler similar to that applicable for shoes, mentioned in preceding paragraph. In addition to that, drainage system should be provided to dr..;n out dripping water from the umbrella shelf

5.3.4.4. Storage Faetlity In a mosque, storage facility is required for some furniture and equipments. Following are some of the furniture and equipments usually stored in a mosque.

(a) Beds for deceased: usually 3 in number - for bath, salat ofjanaza and another for children (optional). (b) Shelves: for religious books, stands for books, safe-keeping of shoes and persona! belongings etc. (c) Linen store: carpet, cloths to cover floor, cloth for temp'orary shelter over the shan etc. (d) Maintenance store: spare furniture, fixture, maintenance materials and equipments. (e) Store for maktab: furnitlJre, support materials etc,

The store size may vary according to the capacity and use-pattern of individual mosque.

5.3.4.5 Cooking and Dining Facilities The work of dawa or tabliguc is one of the important duties of a Muslim. The groups devoted for this work move mosque to mosque and stay for some (usually three) days in each mosque. They requlfe facility for cooking and dining. Though dining is juiz for the mutaqij, still it is better to design an additional space ifpossible.

5.4 Building Elements

5.4.1 Floor As prostration is performed on the floor, it has become a significant building element to be taken care of. It should be finished with such materials, so that it can be comfortable to use and easy to maintain. The tactile quality should be suitable for both summer and winter.

Materials with relatively low heat conductivity (e.g., wood) may serve well. Usually our mosque floors arc finished with patent stone, terrazzo or, in some cases, stone tiles. In summer time, the tactile quality ofthcse matcrials are quite acceptable, while it is not 50 in winter. Affluent communities soke the problem by placing floor mat or carpet on the floor. Some mosques use very expensive carpets all year round (e.g., 3.4.1). So, the architect should explore the suitable floor materials appropriate for particular mosque with re>pect to above-mentioned criteria. Design Approach 5-12

5.4.2 Wall For our country. qibla i~ roughly towards the west So, everybody faces towards this wall. For the sake of mental concentration there should not be any external view through any opening in this wall. Our local climate also discourages any opening in the west wall. which may eanse direct sunlight to enter in the interior space. As a res "It, all mosq"es have blank we,t wall. There should be an entry for imam (schematic plan: B & C, 5,2.3), which can be also used at the time of salat ofjanaja (in some unavoidable situation),

A qatar for salat fonns from the mid-point of first qarar and expands syrrunetrieal1y both the way, Again qatars propagated in the opposite direction of qibla (Fig. 5.5.a) and ends at the cast wall. So the entry is provided in the east to keep that operable till the space fills up.

In hannony to our airflow pattern windows arc placed in the north and south walls for cross ventilation. If shading devices are capable enough to protect the interior space from direct sun light and rain, there is every scope to propose the whole north and south wall as window. In Scheme: B & C, the north and south wall are shown as window wall except some small structural part.

5.4.3. Roof In the early development phase of a mosque, until R.c.C.19 was invented, it was not pos,ible to con,truct long span flat roof. During that period roofs were constructed with certain structural approaches in the form of dome, vault etc. (Section 2.3). The profuse usc of these forms - especially the domes in mosques of early Retiod has placed them as the iconic feature for a mosque. Nowadays, very large span 0 roof, are being constructed in flat roof. For multi-story mosques, there is no alternative for flat roof. Despite of all these facts, architects crave for somc conceptual expression, which go beyond mere technical facls. Just as an echo of tradition or popular identity of a mosque; sometimes domes are applied still today.

5.4.4 Mihrab The use of the word mihrab to denole the niche placed in the mosque in the direction of salat connects quite well with the usual u,age of the word. Mihrab did not originally belong to the mosque, it was taken over form the church and it is evident that the innovation found its way into the mosque by a purely architectural way. The mihrab became the place where the imam stood during the salat_

Mihrah has become an outstanding fcaturc from intcrior and exterior as wcll. It signifies the place for imam and simultaneously plays a positive role in acoustics as a reflector of imam's voice. A carefully designed mihrab can serve the pwpose effectively.

As the imam's position should be at the centre of qatar [5:1, p. 1~3J, obviousl!, the mihrab should be at mld-pomt of qibla wall. For any unavOldab1c cIrcumstances the mihrah position can be shifted to southward, so that greater part of the qatar remain at the right side of/he imam [5_1, p_ 143]. Design Approach 5-13 for multi-stoned mosque, the foremost qatar of the bottom-most floor being the first qatar, the mihrab should be just in that bottom most floor2, As the congregation in the upper floors is actually eontinl.lation of same jama'at in lower floor, the mihrab may be omilted in upper floors. Though, there is no harm to add one for the putpose of formal expression or to put a punch in that floor area to hear and view the imam.

5.4.5. Minaret and Corner Turrets The primitive mosques had no minaret. When the adhan call was introduced, Hazrot Bilal (R) is said to have summoned the faithful in Madina for the salat from the roof of the highest house in the vicinity of the mosqlJe:!J. Cresswell has the similar views [5.6, p. 5]. According to 1. M. Bloom,

"The idea ofa minaret first aro,e under the Umayyad dyna,ty in Syria, where Muslims first came in contact with Syrian church tower, which they adopted and spread throughout the lands they conquered. In 54/673, four minarets or sawom; were erected on the roofofthe 'Ann mosque in Fustat (present Cairo) by the Umayyad governor of Egypt" [5.7. P. 55]. , Creswell also identified them as the first reference to a minaret in Islam [5.6, p. IS].

Minaret or.tower, the essential feature of a conventional mosque in the Islamic world, was discarded in Bengal in the early Islamic period [5.32, p. 155]. The adhan is generally chanted from the foreeourt. Since most of the mosque in Bengal were very small and served small mral communities, no tower or minaret was needed [5.32, p. 155].

Instead of minaret, a distinctive type ofturrct (one at each comer) is very common in early Islamic architecture in BengaL Those were built either as comer strengthening elements or merely as ornamental appendages [5.7, p. 55].

In the urban context, mosques are usually placed in a tight site, closely surrounded by other multi-storied buildings, In most of the cases, the identifying features of a mosque are not visible from a dislant or even a close position, In most of the cases, the mosque itself being multi-storied, dome cannot be placed on the rooftop as a distinct identifying feature. Sometimes the musllies cannot hear the adhan even they arc dclivered through loudspeakcr placed on the rooftop of the mosque, as surrounding multi-storied built forms obstruct the sound.

Due to all thesc practical rcasons, minarets arc bcing added in thc urban mosqucs. But according to shariah a minaret is not a part of the mosqlJe and even the donation for construction of a mosque cannot be used for a minaret [5. I, p. 231]. Turrets being the integral parI of the mosque itself as a structural system, it docs not fall into this category. But in modem R.c.c. frame-structure, it &eems no more necessary. In the load bearing brick structure it was uscd in the mosques of early Islamic period of Bengal. A relatively recent example is Kakmil mosquc (Scction 3.4.4).

5.4.6 Openings A mosque has openings for climatic reason. In the early phase of mosque design arches were uscd in the uppcr part of the openings. This arcuated method of construction was already heing uscd by othcr than Muslims. But it was so profusely Design Appmach 5-14 used in the mosques, that it becomes an integral feature of a mosque, Alter the invention ofR.C,C., thero was no requircmcnt of arches as a construction element, but the use of this 'popular' element continued for the sake of tradition and identity.

24 For our country, west wall being the qibla, usually there is no opening on that wa11 • Only to provide an entry for thc Imam and for salat ofjanaja in special situation [5.1, p. 220J, there is a door close to the mihrab. Windows are placed in north and south wall mainly for vcntilation, light and view. Some times, doors are also provided to generate access to the veranda or secondary entry. Sill hcight of window may be low enough for the comfort of the musalli, who uses the noor for sitting or sijdah. It should not be similar to that of a residence or office where working plane is at a higher level.

According to theological guidelines, a qatar starts from the mid-point of a row and expands both-way symmetrically [5,1, p. 143J (Fig. 5.4.a). For accessibility towards the mihrab or to the mid point of a qatar, a door is required at the mid point of eastern wall (on the qibla axis). In the last qatar, when the musallies stand at the door, the late-comers do not get any access to the two ends of that qatar. This practical problem can be resolved by providing at \cast nvo extra doors at two ends in the eastern wall. Extra doors, other than the central one, should added in pairs and placed symmetrically about the qibla axis, for efficient accessibility in accordance to the norm of expansion of qalar in symmetry. To avoid congestion especially for egress, the doors should be wide enough. Number, placemcnt and width of doors should conform to Bangladesh National Building Code [5.8, pp, 4-13 and 4-23]. Some standards particularly applicable for a mosque are furnished in Section 6.4,8 and Table 6.7 in Chapter Six.

5.5 Configuration of Space The salat space of a mosque follows some unique paramcters to generate a defined configuration. Other spaces (like toilet, store etc.) may have their own shape or configuration according to specific functions. In the following sections, some significant parameters for configuration of mosque proper are discussed.

5.5.1 Two-dimensional Configuration Keeping the qatar in a straight line is wajib [5.1, pp. 143-44]. This generates a distinct axis perpendicular to the qibla axis. The length of each qatar should be kept equaL In any unusual and unavoidable circumstances, first qatar (or qalars in the frontal part of ajama 'al) might be longer than that (or those) in the rear part of the jama'at ". Again, the qatars propagate in the opposite direction of qibla direction; i.e" toward~ east in the context of Bangladesh. This very basic phenomenon of formation of a jamaal ultimately defines a rectangular salat space (Fig. 5A.a).

Every one should be able to hear the imam while he recites from the Holy Quran in 1 21 salat or discusses the religious issues in khutba ' or Baiyan . Moreover, for religious discussion, the imam and musallies should be in visual contact. All these requirements deduce another parameter that the periphery of the jama 'at or congregation is preferred to be at equal distance from the Imam. Thus, a salat space evolves as a rectangle with a proportion of I:2; i.e., if the east-west dimension is x, the north-south dimension will be 2x. Figure 5.4.b graphically portrays this postulation. Fig. 5.5 Design Approach 5-15 shows the grids in X and Y-axis, which generates the salat space for mosque proper with this proportions, i.e., x:y = 1:2. If there is no indispensable constraint or binding, the architect is suggested to deduce a rectangular salat space of 1:2 proportions.

For the optimum levcl of visibility, thc furthcst mu.~alli of a jamu'ut, especially for religious discussion, should be within 15.24m [5.16, p. 363]. Thus, the mosque proper should be preferably with a width of approximately equal to or less than 15.24m and a length double to it (30.48m).

Acoustics is another determinant for length, width and height of a mosqne. To avoid ccho in a mosque, walls or othcr hard surface of the mosque interior, especially that opposite to fmum (eastern surface, according to our local context) should not be more l than 17m apart !, especially while he delivers khutba or any religious speech (see section 5.8.5 for details).

5.5.2 Module, Grid and Bay The space required for safat fOmls the basic module of a mosque propcr (Fig. 55 and Section 6.4.2 of Chapter Six). Grids along X-axis (qib/u direction) are usually fOmled by some qatars (or in rare case, even by a single qatar). In Fig. 5.5, the qatar spacing is shown as 'g'. The clear dimension in 'x' should be the mLlltiple of qatar spacing plus the clearance with the peripheral building surface (wall, column etc.). In Fig. 5.5, this clear dimcnsion is, x = 5g + 2(1/2 c) or, 5g + e. So, the grid or centre-to-ecntrc distance orthe structural supports or the grid should he, Gx=5g+e+2(m/2) or,Gx=5g+e+m.

The space width for sa/ai, 'h' in Fig. 6.3, is thc basic module for the mosque propcr along Y-axis (across qibla direction). So, the total clear dimension along Y-axis or a mosque proper should be, y = the 'multiple of h plus 3f (Fig. 6.3). To achieve the proportion x:y = 1:2, 'y' should be equal to '2x' (see Section 5.5.1), which should be taken as equal or as close as possible to the qatar length, i.e., 'multiple ofh plus 3f.

The span of the structuml support should be so chosen to avoid any freestanding structural member within the main salat space, which may acts as a visual obstruction for religious discussion and other functions. Until RCC was invented, it was a trouble to construct long span salat spaces. Along Y-axis (across qibla direction), there should bc odd numbcrfs of bayfs (1, 3, 5 etc.) to avoid a structural member on the qihla-axis, on which thc mihrab and the main entry is placed. There are 3 bays with a grid ofGy for the case ,hown in Fig. 5.5.

Discussion on two-dimensional configuration, module, grid and bay might be summarised as, 1) Y= 2x = 2(g x n., + e) = h x nm+ 3f = Gx x nb ------[1J (n.,= Number of qatars, l1b=number of bays; preferably odd numbers, nm= number of musallies per qawr) 2)x=gxn.,+e ------~-.------[2J 3) Gy= Yf n,= 2(gxn., + e) Inb= (hxnm + 3f) fnt --.------[3] 4)G,=gx~+c+m ------[4J Design Approach 5-/6

5.5.3 The Third Dimension For any architectural space, the third dimension 'height' is detennlned by physical and psychological requirement. The elearance up to the maximum hand-reach of a person from his working plane might suffice for his physical requirement. But a sense of 'tightness' may still prevail in his perception of space. This abstract phenomenon of human perception is very difficult to explain in definite and direct terms. The perception of space and the parameter of 'height' thereof, is dependant on many factors, some of which might be listed as, a) PhYi>icalspace and cleanmce for particular function b) Aspect of visibility c) Purpose and length of stay in a space d) Environmental condition, colour of surrounding materials etc. e) Visual connection with outer spaces l) Familiarity or acquaintance with (he space g) Personal state of mind

The fir:<;ttwo aspects arc relatively tangible and have some quantitative basis to deduce some criteria. Others have many abstract variables, which may require an elaborate research to establish some substantial guidelines. In this thesis, the first two aspects arc analysed without considering the variable conditions generated by other aspects.

Floor is the functional plane of a mosque. The users require a elearanee up to the maximum hand-reach from the 1100r. It is a common practice to use ceiling-fans, suspended lighting fittings etc. in mosques of Bangladesh. So, the total physical requirement for ceiling height or vertical dimension, ep = (i +j + k) ------[5] where, i = Suspended equipment height (Fig. 5.6) j = Clearance k = Maximum hand-reach.

Usual household suspended equipment (fan, light etc.) height is in average 0.5 m. The usual clearance is O.2m in averagc. Considering 3 Standard Deviation, the height of a male is 1.121m that covers 99.9% of Bangladeshi population (Fig. 6.2). The maximum hand-reach for this height is 2.23 m. So, (he physically detennined clear height of a space, cp = (i +j + k) = 0.5 + 0.2 + 2.23 = 2.93 m. .---- .•-.------[Sa]

This height is usually adopted in residential spaces and may suffice for a mosque. But, as the mosque space is much bigger than usual residential spacc, this height secms to be visually 'tight' for a mosque. The phenomenon might be explained from the principles of visual acuity. Ability to recognise familiar shapes falls off very rapidly above the vertical angle 30" [6.3, p. 363].

Let us assume, a person is standing a( the mean po<;ition on the horizontal plane of a space and looking horizontally (Fig. 5.6). He will see the upper edge of the space if the ceiling is placed at 30° from the horizontal line of sight. For this situation, the total height of the space is, the eye-level (v) plus the vertical component of visual acuity (v'). So, if a horizontal plane is placed at this height, the visibility is utilised to its , Design Approach 5-17 optimum scope and conveys a perception of 'well-proportioned' space, Any plane lower than this level may psychologically act as a hindrance or bamer to the scope of visibility and evoke a feeling of 'tightness'. Again, a plane above this level may secm as 'beyond the scope' for usual vlsibility and may develop a feeling of a 'loose' spsec, which is perceived as 'monumental' or 'out-of-scale' depending on how much the plane goes beyond the scope of usual visibility. The postulation can be mathematically expressed in the following formula, whieh can be applied to deduce the optimum clear height of a space for a good visual proportion. As mentioned at the beginning of this Section, the perception of space is a complex resultant of many factors. The following formula should no! be taken as absolute and sole parameter to define a space; rather it should bc regarded as one of the parameters and as a method of approximation, which requires flJrther research to establish some more experimental basis.

Visually determined dear height of a space, c, = v + v' (Fig. 5.6). Here, v = Eye-level v' =Vertieal component of visual acuity =1', x 1Xtan e (1 = diagonal of the space. Cross-point of diagonals is the 'mean' position for an observer on the horizontal plane). Since, v' = Y, x 1 x tan e = Y, "(Xl + r) x tan 30° (As, 1',X1= y, "(x2 + yl) and e = 30°) c, - v + y, "(x. + ]) x (an 30° ------[6)

For a mosque, value ofv = 1.552m (the standing height is 168.75 em considering 2 Standard Deviation; (hat includes 99.75% of Bangladeshi population, see Fig. 6.2). c,. = 1.552 + Y, "(Xl + r) X0.577 or, e, = 1.552 + 0.289 "(Xl + b2) [6a)

The working clear height (c), shown as 'z' in Fig. 5.6, should be the greater one from (he two heights (cp and e,,) detenllined on the basis of physical and visual requirements. In different working conditions and space features, some variation in considering the value for 'i', T, 'k' and V might be obvious 19.

The postulations on configuration of space might be sum up with the following equations (Fig. 5.5 and 5.6):

1) y = 2x = 2(g x llq+ e) = h x n," + 3f= G, x nb ------[IJ (llq= Number of qatars, l1b-number of bays - preferably odd numbers, nm= number of musallies per qatar) 2)x=gxnq+c ------[2] 3) Gy= y I ni>= 2(gXllq +c) I nb= (hXnm + 31) Ini> ------[3] 4)G,=gXllq+e+m ------"-----"------[4] 5) er = (i + j + k) (in general) = 2.93 m (for a mosque) ------[5] 6) c, = v + Y, "(xl + yl) Xtan 30° (in general) = 1.552 + 0.289 "(Xl + l) (for a mo>que) ------[6] 7) The working height 'c' is the greater one from cpand c,. ------[7] Design Approach 5-18

Basing on these postulations, the substantial relationship of length, width and height of a space for mosque proper is shov<'TIinTable 6.9.

5.6 Building lind Finish Materials Criteria for selection of building and finish materials for a mosque may be as follows:

a) It should be cost effective in terms of basic cost, maintenance cost and expected lire. This concept of Life-cycle-costing should be considered rather than just considering the basic cost. The concept of austerity and simplicity should be kept in mind for decision-making. This aspect is elabonlled in Section 4.2.

b) Finish materials should be as much as maintenance-rree. Frequent maintenance in a place, where obligatory salat is performed five times daily, might cause serious inconvenience to a good number ofmusallies.

c) Floor is directly used for sa/al and other religiolJs activities; so it deserves a considerable level of tactile quality. Extra care should be taken 10 sclcct the materials, so that the activities can be performed with comfort and convenience.

5.7 Aesthetics Islam as a religion played a significant role in inspiring the Muslim architects. To substantiate this postulation, Islamic building have been studied and analysed in details to reveal the precepts of harmony, proportion and other aspects of aesthetics. Some exemplary study even shows that there is an empirical basis of judgement that mathematical calculation is an integral part of Muslim arehitectural aesthetics [5.20, p.IS).

Some other elements that constitute the basis of this aesthetics are: a sense of hierarchy, a readiness to exploit symbolism, a love of lavish decoration whose functions go beyond mere display; perhaps a leaning towards the use of whim [5.18, p.l4).

5.7.1 Hierarchy Primarily, hierarchy is a means to arrange the space in accordance with the sequence of fundion. A user encounters the required facilities in an order to ultimately reach the mosque proper. There is an axial emphasis in generating this order from the very beginning of mosque architecture. but it attained a perceptible level in the mosques of later period [Fig 5.3.b and c]' This axis is essentially practical means of visually asserting the qibla (Fig. 1.2, 1.3 and 4.1).

5.7.2 Symbolism The basis, development and implication of symbolism in lslamie architecture are complex issue to explain. Mosque architecture - like other Muslim building types - rejected sculpture and other figural decoration. As an alternative approach, some elements become most distinctive and ubiquitous in different building types of Islamic heritage, which can by classified a,- a) Building elements b) Decoration Design Approach 5-19

5.7.2.1 Building elements The technical vocabulary of construction used in mosques of early period was derived almost entirely from the repertoire of ancient Near Ea,t and e,pecially of Mediterranean Roman art. As Oleg Graber describes:

But almo,t alway" these borrowings were modified and transfigured in a way that is remarkably consi,tent, Novelties and transformations acquired a life of their own. They grew, withered away, and revived o~er the centuries, becoming the visually perceptible fabric of the Muslim world. They provided the faithful with a recognizable setting from Morocco to Indonesia and made non-Muslims aware oflhe presence of unique phenomenon [5.19, p, 78].

Those clement, - like domes, arches and vaults - initially served the main purpose of structure. But the profuse use and gradual refinements established those elements as integral part of a mosque, though those are no more inevitable as structural means after modem innovation.

Minaret. ba,ically not an integral part of a mosque, evolved chiefly as a symbol of power, identity and monumentality. Mihrab evolved as a functional necessity and defmes the axis for qibla. The building elements of a mosque - dome, arch, turrets, minaret, kiosk etc.- arc also conunonly found in different building types of Islamic architecture (Fig. 5.7). Only mihrab -the element unique and exclusive for a mosque, manifests the stroug axial quality of its space and defiues exceptional type of its function.

These symbolic elements have become so much infused - generally in Muslim culture and heritage and particularly in architecture - that they have become indispensable for thc sake of identity, even if shariah and fundamental theme of au,terity opposes or the technical innovations prove those as redundant. A mosque is readily identified if it posse,ses all or some of the elements like a mihrab, a dome, arches, a minaret and decorative patterns. Eveu the signage for a mosque includes some of those elements in the composition (Fig 5.8). These symbols have become the popular graphic icons to cxpress even the Muslim festivals, events etc. (Fig. 5.8). --

Fig.5.8The element,of a mo'que u;ed '" ,ymb,,1to"-"jlrc,ontam"'qu", M",lim f,,'tival,. evOnt,etO.

5.7.2.2 Decoration Mosque architecture clearly shows its fascination towards ornamental calligraphy and decorative patterns. Epigraphy from the holy Quran, inscription of historical information etc. are common as subject of calligraphy. Moreover, the disposition of calligraphy in bands may servc to articulate a larger decorative scheme. Design Approach 5-20

The decorative patterns usually incorporate the floral or vegetal motifs and geometric patterns. These patterns are manifested in tiles, latticework or simply on the wall surface with paints (Fig 5.9). The early Mamie mosques of Bangladesh show some examples ofterracotta tiles with ornamental motifs (e.g., mosque in Section 3.4.15).

5.7.3 Criteria for Ornamentation Islam mamfests the concept of austerity and simplicity in every sphere of life. In a similar viewpoint, it does not encourage any superfluous clements. As described in historical overview of Chapter Two, mosque architecture is influenced by many cultures and ;ociety of different believes. Addition of ornamentation is one example of such influence. Through profuse practice, it has become a part of mosque architecture. As a matter of fact, ornamentation plays a role for an immediate identification of a mosque. Considering all these issues, shariah has provided some flexibility. The criteria for ornamentation are as follow [5.14, p. 15, 459 and 645]:

(a) For the sake beautification or identification of a mosque, ornamentation is allowed for exterior facades.

(b) The interior facade of rear wall is also allowed for ornamentation.

(c) The interior facade of the front wall and mihrab is strictly prohibited for any ornamentation as it may draw the attention and disrupt the concentration required for perfonning salat.

(d) The floor and the lower portion of sidewalls are also lightly prohibited due to reasons mentioned in preceding criteria.

(e) Criterion is not clearly speci fied for the case of interior fa~ade of sidewalls.

(f) The elements of ornamentation should not copy the figures of human being, animals, birds etc. Jt implies strict prohibition.

5.8 Environment The environmental issue of any building requires an elaborate discussion based on theoretical and practical study and analysis, which is beyond the scope of this thesis. Some generalized aspects arc considered for brief discussion just as an introduction to this vast field. Aspects concerned to the design criteria are included in this Section and some design standards are furnished in relevant section ofChaptcr Six.

A mosque is a basically devotional space, which demands a considerable level of environmental comfort. Comfort, in general terms, may be defined as,

The sensation of comptete physical and mental well being. Thus defined, it is only to a limited extent within the control of the de.

• Design Approach 5-21

5.8.1 Climatic Features of Bangladesh Bangladesh lies between latitudes of 20.56rN and 26.633°N and betwecns longitudes of 88.01rE and 92.683°E [5.2, search: Bangladesh]. According to the classification by G A Atkinson, the climate of Bangladesh may be classified as warm- humid tropical climate [5.21, pp. 23-26]. Meteorologically the climate of Bangladesh i~ categorised into four distinct seasons - winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post- monsoon [5.25]. The winter is cool and dry, pre-monsoon is hot and dry; monsoon and post-monsoon arc hot and wet. Temperature ranges from 10°c to 34°c throughout the year. The monsoon i, the longest season, with hea'Y rains (from78lmm tol499mm recorded in Dhaka) with average humidity above 80% and average temperature 31°c [5.28, p. 15]. The diversified character of climate throws a formidable challenge to the formidable challenge to the architects to design a building comfortable for all seasons.

5.8.2 The Elements of Climate and Their Effects on Comfort The major elements of climate are - Solar radiation, Long wavc heat loss through radiation, Air temperature, Air pressure and velocity, Atmospheric humidity and Condensation and precipitation [5.22, pp. 1-18J.

The environmental factors cause biophysical effects are - Air and mean radiant temperatures, Physiological and sensory effects, Humidity, Air velocity, clothing, Solar radiation and Metabolic heat production [5.22, pp. 53-67J. The thermal cffects of building materials, roof types and ceiling heights, indoor wetness, orientation, openings and shadings devices, ventilation etc, play significant role for environmental comfort.

The mosque, like any other building types, requires meticulous analysis and considerations on each elements or aspects. Moreover, certain features unique and significant for a mosque should be taken care of, which are just being pointed out in the following section.

5.8.3 Significant Features of a Mosque for Climatic Consideration (a) Clarity and transparency of space is a characteristic feature of a mosque. The qibla wall (approximately towards west for Bangladesh, see Table 6.1 for exact qihla) demands opacity, which also conforms to the climatic consideration for ventilation and lighting, total openness and transparency may be allowed for other walls, especially the south and north one, to facilitate the most desired wind flow , in summer from the south-east direction.

(b) By nature of function, a mosque is an assembly place. A considerable amount of anthropogenic heat, moisture, carbon dioxide gas, malodour and even germs may accumulate resulting discomfort and health hazards. So, the architect should design for proper ventilation and air-change.

(c) The general formula used to deduce the amount of heat exchange between the body and environment is, Q = M "= R "= C-E

Where. Q is the change in heat content of the body, M is the metabolic rate and the R, C and E are respectively the radiative, convective and evaporative heat Design Approach 5-22 exchange [5.22, p. 20]. There are personal (temperature and vapour pressure of skin which depends on activity and clothing) and environmental (temperature, velocity and vapour pressure of air, mean radiant tempenlture) variables to affect those factors. There is no established data for the metabolic rate for particular type of activities performed in a mosque. It might be assumed from the available data established experimentally for similar type of activities. On that context, the metabolic rate for sa/al (assuming to be similar to 'Filing, standing' in can be considered as 100 W/mI. The average snnace area of an adult is arOlmd 1.8 ml [5.24,p_60]. Clothing offers thermal insulation against environment. This thermal insulation can be expressed in term of mZKlW or 'clo'. I elo is equal to 0.155 m2KiW. In a mosque of Bangladesh, one musalli usually wears clothing corresponding roughly to 0.5 clo in summer and 1.0 clo in winter. For other seasons of moderate temperature, the figures may range in between.

(d) Venti13tioncan be categorised in three types according to its objectives to serve: a) Health ventilation, b) Thermal comfort ventilation and c) Ventilation for structural cooling [5.22, pp. 230-248]. The relative importance of each of these functions depends on the elimatic conditIons prevailing in different seasons and regions. The ventilation design should satisfYall the requirements for different seasons for that particular region. For the activity typc in mosque (we may consider it to be almost similar to sedentary activity), the volume of fresh air requirement is 12 m' Ih per person for a carbon dioxide concentration of 0.2% (outdoor air contains an average of 0.03 - 0.04%) [5.22, pp. 231-233]. One of the aspects of health ventilation - elimination of disagreeable odour generated by sweating and other physiological phenomenon of the musallies lG_requires greater air supply than would be indicated by the oxygen and carbon dioxide level. Many countries have established minimum requirements for permanent ventilation rates of different type of spaces [5.22, p. 238, Table 13.1J.Unfortunately there is no such data for a mosque. If we assume a mosqlle space as similar to a 'Living room' by nature of activity and take the average of different countries, the required minimum ventilation rate for a mosque ofBangladesb can be proposed as I air changelhour.

(e) Tn warm-humid condition of Bangladesh, the main function of ventilation is to provide thermal comfort through air motion past the body, sufficient to provide adequate cooling and rapid sweat evaporation. Volumetric airflow is not sllitable criterion llnder such condition and rtX]uirementsshould be expres~ed in terms of air velocity within the occupied area. Provision should be made to obtain an air velocity of up to 2 mlscc [5.22,p. 249]'

(f) The size of windows has considerable influence for air velocity within a mosque, since it can be easily cross ventilated. Experiment shows that when windows are provided in opposite walls (north and south for our local context), opening size for both inlet and outlet equals to the total width of the wall, direction of wind is oblique to the wal1- the average and maximum air velocities are re~pective1y42% and 94% of outdoor airvclocity [5.22, p. 266, Table 15.4]. The usual direction of airflow is from southeast during the most critical seasons like summer and monsoon. This direction coincidentally fulfils the condition of required oblique direction to get the best air velocity with in a mosque. Design Approach 5-23

(g) There are some thumb rules for the opening size in percentage to the floor area being ventilated. Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) suggests:

(i) For a space being ventilated directly to the outdoors, the opening size should be 4% of the floor area to be ventilated [5.8, p. 8-68].

(ii) For space being ventilated through an adjoining room, the opening size should be 8% of the floor area to be ventilated, but not less than 2.33 ml [5.8, p. 8- 68].

(h) Building Rcscarch Establishment (BRE), UK, suggests the opening size of operable window should be 5% of the floor area to bc vcntilatcd along with a minimum 4,000 mnl size of trickle window [5.24, p. 174].

5.8.4 Lighting Good lighting design is inseparable from good architectural design and should be considered from the earliest stages of the design process. Lighting can be classificd in w'o broad categories:

(a) Day lighting (b) Artificial lighting

The usc of natural daylight can bring signiflcant advantages in cost savings; reducing cooling loads created by artificial lighting and consequent atmospheric pollution as well as contributing to a healthier living and working cnvironment [5.24, p.115].

5,8.4,1 Da~' lighting For a particular point inside a mosque, light may reach it from thc following ways [5.21, p.141]:

(a) Diffused or 'skylight', through a window or opening.

(b) 'Externally reflected light' (by the ground or other building), through the same windows.

(c) 'Internally reflected light' from walls, ceiling or other internal surfaces.

(d) 'Direct sunlight', along a straight path from the sun, through a window to the given , point.

Climatic conditions will greatly influence both the total quantity of light and the relative magnitude of above components. In warm-humid climate, as for the case of Bangladesh, a mosque may have large openings (0 ensure cross-ventilation and air movement, with wide overhanging eaves or other shading devices. The sky is bright, could provide sufficient light, but its high luminance may cause glare. The ~ky lwninance is much less near the horizon than at higher altitude angles; a view of sky up to about 15° from the horizon may be permissible [5.21, p. 145]. De,

The prevailing features establishes some requirement for the design of shading devices as summarised bellow:

(a) Permit view of sky and ground near the horizon only, within about 010150(up and dO\\TI).

(b) Exclude view of bright ground and sunlit blade or louver surfaces.

(c) Daylight is to be reflected from ground and blades up the ceiling, which itself should be of a light colour.

A mosque can be lit for a standard of 'casual seeing' as 100 lux [5.21, p. 139], which is suitable for salat, Bayan etc. But for 'reading' any theological book, the requirement increases to 400 lux [5.21, p. 139].

5.8.4.2 Artificial lighting

In moderate climates it is practically impossible to provide adequate daylight (DF = 2%) in side-lit rooms, to a depth greater than three times the window head height, above the working plane. As mosques are workable, for general purpose, in low-lit (100 lux) environment and it is possible to have relatively grealer window height above ground (working plane of a mosque), the artificial light is not usually required to supplement the daylight during the average-bright day time.

For dawn, dusk and night- artificial light is required in a mosque. For general rituals (salat, Bayan etc,) a low-level of illumination may suffice, while for reading from books may require some extra light (arrange particularly for that 'amal). For any unavoidable circumstances, to perform salat in darknei>s is acceptable [5.1, p. 124]. In general condition, it is a surmah 10 arrange light in a mosque, but not more than the required intensity [5.12, p. 48] and to a lower intensity for the visibility of the place of sijdan. It is not allowed to lit the mosque for one-third of the night from the expenditure of the mosque and if some one requires for any purpose, should arrange from one's own expenditure [5.12, p. 48].

Energy saving lighting units may be considered for use if il is proved to be cost- effective in terms of life-eyele-costing. Moreover, solar energy might be used for lighting and other electrical equipment, if that is found to be technically and economically viable.

5.8.5 Acoustics Acoustics, the science of sound, can be broadly divided into two major areas [5.21, p. 171]:

(a) The handling of 'wanted sound', i.e., creating the most favourable conditions for listening to a sound we want to hear

(b) The handling of'unwanted sound', i.e., the control of noise.

These areas require elaborate study and specialised analysis of various aspects to deduce the design guidelines for a particular project, which was beyond the scope of - Design Approach 5-25

this thesis. Some generalised suggestions for a mosque are briefly furnished in the following sections.

5.8.5.1 Suggestions for Handling the Wanted Sound in a Mosque (a) The voice of imam. while reciling from the Holy Quran or uttering the takhir during salol, should reach each musalli. An echo of small magnitude might be acceptahle for this purpose, as it may add a divine flavour to the verses. But for rehgious discussion or khulbo, no echo is desirable, as every syllable of should be audible and intelligible.

(b) As a general thumb rule, to avoid echo in a mosque, walls or other hard surface of the mosque interior, especially that opposite to imam (eastern surface) while he delivers khulha or any religious speech, should not be more than 17 m apart19.

(c) For any unavoidable circumstances, if the distance of the walls goes beyond the limit of 17 m, one should take other measures to get rid of the echo effect (say, using sound absorbing materials, placing the surfaces non parallel to each other, making the surfaces rough or undulated at reasonable magnitude etc.).

(d) Domes are very common in mosques. It may create acoustical problem by con~erging sound waves to a particular point resulting a high sound level irritating a few musalli. Simultaneously, others, away from that particular point, will be deprived from required sound level. The worst situation will occur due to multiple echo effect, if the centre of curvature of the dome isjust on the ground.

(e) The centre of curvature of a dome should be,

(i) above the average human height or

(ii) beyond the floor level.

In lhe first case, the sound waves will disperse after converging at a point and create almost no problem. In the second case, the sound waves will not converge at a point; rather those will be dispersed aner reflection from the ground.

(I) It is advantageous acoustically, if the foremost part of mihrab is, in plan, a part of a circle or a hyperbola. In this ca~e, the vertical surface of the curved mihrab may work as a sound reflector. A beUer result might be derived if the Imam stands at the centre (or epicentre) of the curvature or within the length of the radius. The surface of the mihrab may be of hard and smooth materials to facilitate maximum ref1eetion of sound, so that the musallies can be benefited acoustically.

5.8.5.1 Suggesllons for Handling the Unwanted Sound or Noise in a Mosque (a) As a space for devotion and concentration, a mOi>queshould be saved from noise. Since the religious teaching prohibits making noise inside 1Imosque [5.1, p. 231; 5.12, pp. 8-9J, the main task remains to design against external noise.

I (b) Phenomenally, there is a conflict betwccn noise control and ventilation in the warm-humid tropical climate. Here, large openings arc desired for ventilation,

-. •

Design Appmach 5-26

which again may invite undesired noise from outside. So, the architect has 10 check and balance the merits and demerit, for a design proposal of optimum enlciency.

(0) Up to 65 dBA of noise level may create annoyance, hut its result is only psychological (nervous effects), Above this level have physiological effects, from fatigue to permanent hearing impairment. The noise level of a mosque interior space should be kept within 65 dBA or as lower as possible than that

(d) Against external noise, the means of protection available to the designer are: (i) keeping the building away from the noise source, (ii) avoiding 70nes of directional noise, screening, (iii) using non noise-sensitive parts of the building as barriers, (iv) positioning the openings awsy from the noise source, (v) noise in,ulating the building envelope etc.

5.9 Conclusion The design approach, spatial analysis of function, criteria for designing different functional spaces, building components etc. arc elaborately discussed in this chapter with reference to theology and practice_

To determine the configuration and size of the main salat space, there is little scope to be notional. Theological guidelines define this configuration to be a rectangular one, which i, a re,ult of certain features like strait qatar, equal length of qatars. For any unavoidable circumstances, frontal qatar may be greater than the rear ones, but not the vice versa.

The change in levels in sa/at spaces should be done carefully, so that it does not develop the phenomenon of 'discontinuity' according to the parameters ofshariah. In the rcspective chapter, some examples from design approach show the possible mistakes and the ways to avoid it.

Size, number and allocation of the entry, stairs and other circulation spaces should be given extra attention to avoid congestion especially for the large congregations. It is a common problem particularly in the mosque with huge capacity and those happened to expand vertically in several floors.

For wazu facility, popular arrangement is done from running water through pipelines particularly in urban areas, which causes severe wastage compared to the actual water required. Proposition is made to get rid of this wastage, as it is vehemently opposed by Islam. ]n the Holy Quran, one who waste, is tenned as the brother of Shilitan (the devil) [5.9, 5.10; Surah Ban; !srili/, Ayah 27J.

Safekeeping of shoes apparently may seem to be a simple matter, but practically it creates a lot of difficulties. Some propositions are made to guide the architects to solve the problem. Similarly, provision should me made for safekeeping of umbrella or other belongings.

One should follow the principles of austerity for selection of building materials and finishes. Every item should be analysed in terms of lifc-cyele-costing. For I, Design Approach 5-27 ornamentation, one should follow the codes set by Islam. It is conditionally allowcd to make some ornamentation on the exterior f[i\'ade and interior fa<;:adeof back wall. But it is forbidden on the interior fa<;:adcof west wall, mihrab, floor and the lower portion of sidewalls.

References [5.1} Thanuvi, Maolana Ashraf Ali, (translatIOn: Faridpuri, Maolana Sham,ul Haque), Behesht, Jeor, Vol. I, Emdadia Library, Dhaka, 1990. [5.2] Encyc1opa:d'a Britanmca, Multimcdia Edition, EncycJop",dia Britannica, Inc., UK, Computer CD version 199R. [5,3] Abu H. Imamuddin, Shamim Ara Has,an, Deba,hish Sharkar, Community Mosque: A Symbol of Society, Proce<:dingsof the 2nd Regional Seminar of The Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Dhaka, 19th-22nd December 1985. [5.4] M. A. Muktadir, M. Habibur Rahman, Mosque of Dacca: An Architectural !nlwdudioll, presented in the International Exhibition on Islamic Civilization, Kuala Lumpnr, Malay,ia, 1971. [5,5] H. A. R. Gibb "nd J. H. KLamer" Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, E.J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, 1961. [5.6] Cre,well, K. A. C. I Allan, J. W., A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture, Aldershot,1989. [5.7] J. M. Bloom, Creswell and the origIns of the minaret, in Maqam"" Vol. VJJJ,pp. 55- 5R,1991. [5.8} Bangladesh Narional Building Code, Housing and Bllliding Research Institute & Bangladesh Standard, and Testing Institntion, Dhaka, 1993 [5.9] The Alim For Windows, Shahid N. Shah, Compnter CD Version, Relea"" 4.5, ISL Sofiv;'areCorporation, USA, 1996. [5.10] AI-Qur'anul Karim, Computer CD, Version 6.31, Sakhr Software, 1996. [5.11] Zakariya, Shaikhul Hadith M"ulan" M"hanunad, Faza'il-E-A'maal, (Engli,h translation by Arshad, Abdnl Rashid,), Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore, Pakistan. [5.12J Thanuvi, M"olan" Ashraf Ali, (translation in to Bengali: Akbar, Maolana AI,), 'Adabul Masajid; Ashrafia Lihrary, Dhaka, 1992. [5.13] Hai, Dr. Muhammad Abdnl, (translation 10 Bengal!: Khan, Maolana Muhinddin), Usua-i-RosuJay Karim (S), Madiana Publi~ations, Dhaka, 1990, [5.14] Shami, Allama Mnhammad Ameen, Falawa-i-Shami (or Raddul Muhlar), Vol. I; H M Sated Co.; Karachi, Pilistan. [5.15] Ahmed, Mnfti Rashid; Ahsanul Faluwa,VoJ. 6, Jakariya Book Depot, Deobandh, UP, India. [5.16] Joseph De Chiara and John Hancock Callender (editors), Time-Saver Standards for Building Types, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Singapore, 1987. [5.17] Dr. Tafazzal Hossain, Dr. Mohiuddin Molla, NilufllI Akhtar and Dr. M. Humayun Khan, Ueheha Maddhyamie Padarrha Biggan -lSi Pari (in Bengali, Higher Secondary Phy~ic,-Ist Part); Bangladesh !:lookCorporation Ltd.; Dhaka, 1998. [5.18] Hillenbrand, Robert; IslamIC architecture: FornI, Funelion and Meaning; Edinburgh University Press, UK, 1994. [5.19] Graber, Oleg; Architecture and Art; The Oeniu, of Arab Civilization _ Source of Renaissance; 2""Edition; Eurabia (Publishing) Ltd.; UK; 1983. [5.20] Abas, Syed Jan and Salman, Amer Shaker; Symmelries of IslamIc Geometric Pa/:lerns; World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd,; UK, 1995. [5.21] Kocnigsbcrger, O. H, and others; Manual of Tropical Housing alld Building -Pari One; Climatic Design: ].{lngmanGroup Limited, UK; 1973, [5.22] Givoni, 8.; Man, Climate and Architeerure; Elsevier Publishing Company Limited, UK; 1969. Design Approach 5-28

[5.23] Goulding, John R. and others; Energy in ArchileclUre _ 17le European Passive Solar Handbook; Commission of the European Communities; B. T. Batsford Limited, UK; 1986. [5.24] BRE Housing Design Handbook - Energy and Internal Layout; Building Re.learch Establishment; UK, i993. [5.25] Ho'Sain, M. E. and Nooruddm, M,; Some aspecls of Urban Climates of Dhaka City; Internationai Technical Conference on Trop'cal Urban Climates; Dhaka, 1993, [5,26] Nizam, Maolana Shaikh, Falawa-i-Alamgiri, Vol. I, 2"" Ed.,Maktaba-i-Majcdlya, Pakistan, 1983. [5,27] Ushas, SoJaiman Ibn Abu Daud Shijistani; Abu Daud Sharif, Vol. 1, Maktaba-i- Ashrafiya. UP, India. [5.28] Ahmed, Khandaker Shabbir; Approaches To The Bioclimatic Urban De,

The mosque no. I, 8, and lOin the field study (C~apter Three) has .hops and warehouse; mosque 00.3 has shops and residential units TL'I1tOOforiinanoiat support to the mosques,

, Elaborate diSCllssionis dQT1cinSection 4,4 of Chapter Four and a list of qlbla duection from dlffcrenl zilas of Bangladesh i, furnished in Table 6,J m Chapter Six.

Unl"" for vcry c'ccptional cireumslances, none should enter a mosque witbout w= [5.1, p, 232].

4 Shoes usually accumutate filth and dirt, whleh " con,itkred a, ]1TOfane.

Though some oue can wea, clean ,ocks made of fabrie, halal animal leather etc.

• Internalional l,hibition On Islamic Clvilizarion held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 1971 [SA].

, Women ,hould perform lhcir ,mlal individually nol injama'at, even they gather in a place for any purpose [5,1, p. I t6]. tf il happen, 10perform .mlar (fary,najl orsllnnai) 10jama 'atwlth husband or any male of mahram category (see Glossary ofTenn" Awendicc< A.I and 5.1, 2""part,]1. 5), the women (ot woman) wiD stand in a separate qalar [5,1, p. t 16]'

, E,g., main ,afm space can not be used for 2"djamaat (jamaal-j. ,'ama) [5.1, W. 140-t44].

, Some sunnah applies fot this main salal space (e.g., ,ecite the dua.j.ma.,nanah to enler or CX;1fTOm thi, ,pace) [5.1, pp. 145.150J. I. A numhcr OflwOmu,mili, i, lhc minimum requirement 10form a qalar. [5.t, p. 140]. " Large pond or lake.

II SUTah6At_An'am,Ruku t7, Ayah t4 t , [5.9 & 5.10]. , Design Approach 5-29

1\ A lradinonal small pitcher like pol with a slender spout (named as badrla In.Bengali) is commonly us.d,

L4 Detall dlscu"ion on qibla directIon is inciLIdcd in Section 4.4 and Tahle 6.t ,how, the eomplelo li,t for the qibla direclion. derived fOTl~e difTe'tCn!zilas of Banglade,h,

" Dry piece of earth, lOilel paper and ol~CTlypeS of material, aro seleoled by shariah [5.1. p. 73].

" Ab>;nrbrnt malerial. for purifle"tion from excreta; the ""t for it,

17 It includc, JifTe'tCnttype< of '~""', ""ndals, flip-flop, ele.

'" It is a ,enou, ,in to cross through the lrontal area of ,omeone In.sa/at, A musalii can erect one ,nck or silIlll., element. at lea,t 0,46 m high and one-linger thick. III Iront of him. It 18not forbidden to cross one m sa/at beyond that stick or ,im,lar element [5.1, p, 123].

J9 Re-in forced cemeut Concreto, mveuted in 1867 [5,2].

" T~. author. as an arc~it""t, designed" mosque in T~ailand with a span 01'21.2 m.

" Por example, structural column i, placed iu the mid-pom!.

" Secal,0"clion5.3.3,I.

" 11mHi,ham. p. 348. Wustcnfclci, Medina, p, 75 [5,5. p. 340].

" See al,o Section 5.4.2.

" The qatar of frontal part ofjamaat ,hould not he ,horter t~an that of rear part [5.1, pp. 143_144J-

" It i, waj,b for the musallies to be attentive and try to listen the khulba [5.1. p. 201].

" Religions discussion.

" The speed of sonnd i, about 3n m per ,econd at NTP [5.17, p, 532]. Bnt for increa,. of l.mporature lhe v.loelt)' also iucre.ses considerably. For example. at )We, it i, 349 (, m. For general-purpose calculation it i, con,idered to be 340°C l5.21. p. 173]. The efTcet of sound persi (for lwo ,,"y.) 34 m in O.t ,coood. The one way or the distance ofl~e refleclor from l~e source i, 17 m. So, ifany refleclor is wilhin 17 m, there i, no scope for peTceptible echo.

" For example. in a 'p""e (,"y •• toile!), WhCT"no su,pended equipment (like a eelling fan) i, used, the value for ',' 18zero. the clearance 'j' may reduce to 0.1 m. and only standing height may be taken for 'k' (,ee formula 5). For a 'pace, where the people remain in sitting position for mo,t of the time (say. an office for de,k job). the vol"e for 'f ,mght be taken a, 0.435 m.

" As an assembly place, a mosque may accumulate disagreeable odour, which causes auffering, to t~e musall",~ and (accordmg the Hadith) the rna/aiko. ProvislOn ,hould be made for elimination malodour "od making the .nvlronment fragrant [5.12. pp. 29-3i; 5.i. p. 232].

," Figure 5-1 Figure 5-II

, I I I I I I ,,- ,I ,j I I -l

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, \" ,

, Direction to_-:-_------facefor sallit::-:-':- --- "'::(Qibla) .::::-:-:--

Place for Imam t

R

88 • niI'eCtioil'of Equidistant area from the propagatioii-'oL central position of Imam. multipl?--qatars ?, , 5.4.b Determinant of space configuration: Range of audiovisual acuity -" ,• , - .. Fi!,•.••rc 5-IX .-----o,------, mf2 :{.r:g~.•... g4' g_~g~,.Y-.mI2 >'::'" . , , . '" "11; -.' '"'II[I "',m_1o• I IIIIii' '''~', r'in.EE IIII lit I I11-' ., • I I ! Oy ,II.IIII I1111111 I II I I I I 1

" IIX -,---ell I1J I 1 I I I -1!fK-.~.~-I •.:__ I •_. qlbJtJ- 'I :: ,\fj~/)DT: : Y: : I °IY Legend: g" Ipxing IIIII I Qar", '1111111' I' c. ClcmmKe . '-,I-~-1-j-40-' m" Ccll1t111lleng\h III 1 I I I I I Ii •• C,,1umD widlh 'I' IIIIII x •• Width I I I I 1 I I Y" lftlgth ,II 1 I I I I Gx •• Grid In X axis IIIIII , Gy Or" Grid in Y..•••1s II t I I 1 I I 'i I I I I I I II,III , Schemallc PIlln III I I J I 1 , Module, grid and bay ofn mosqu<:

rFig. 5.5 Moduli:. grid Ilnd bay r;;; IImosque. I .. I Legend: x" Width Y" Lmglh ~t z. Cdlinghtlghl [ •• DiogoMJ V" Eye_I•.••.•l I v''' Vcnical • , _0' visuolocuity 1_S~ J,. <"ql1ipment j.~ k- Mu

Fig. 5.6 Rcllllionship of length, width lind height of mosque proper. "•• Figure S.X '

.'., raj Moho!, AplI •

KaIrulphuli fmili7.er Comr=r LimilCd (KAFCO)Jaml Mosque, Q,i!lllgong

Ahsan Monzil, Dhobl Tomb of Kh;ln lallan (R), Bagerlllll

Fit""' 5,1 The building cl."",nts of. mosque ';'""diiiiC, arcli; lurrell, miMn'1, k'(JIk CIt,- an: .TilO colllJlK>nly ,found in dirreml1 building types. Only m;~rQb, lbe •.I

2. T=- .nd ",lief "..,rt< on exterior ",..u, (B~gba Mosque. Raj~lmhi;5.) I. pp. 16-17)

. itil!illi i~itilill

b_ ~]II~iiliiilil • ~,O>""''''.,yw""~w,.;.~,,,~,,"::: ). P8ttern In scrccn (JI1/i) ,,"Oft.for• window. •. GeomctriI: p:Iltom in wi""",,' grill. [a. Adlno MMqU<. Hamu Pandu. b. Qlnhumbo. [Rahhib:lnr RO:ldM""'I"". Dhda; ••••Chapt•• mMQIIC'.Rojshfthi; 5.)2, p. 1M] -J

" . -..-.... ~.••.•. 5.•.• Wall lI'ealmCnt••.llh JI'IllC'lmof• brick moulding, 6. Example:!;of Arabic alllpBphy. [BabIIAd:tm mosque. M"""'lpttj; 0apIer Tb=1. [S.31, p. 51 b. Sw as omzmmllllllKlllf in tbc ""rfDee lJ'ea1mnIl, [Star MlI5Cpe. Dhal

, I ,." Chapter SIX Design Standards • Design Standards 6-1

Chapter SIX: Design Standards

6.1 Introdudion This chapter is intended to iormulate design standards for a mosque, basing on the findings and propositions in preceding chapters, especially those in Chapter Five. The data is categorized in three qualitative standards _ 'minimum', 'good' and 'excellent'. These standards are derhed in a similar manner as those furnished in the religiow, btlilding section of Time-Saver Standards for Building Types [6.3, p. 573]. Like design standards for any other building, the standards for a mosque possess certain range for adaptability. The architect should carefully choose the appropriate standards and, il"required, make neees,ary adaptation or adjustment for a particular project.

All data or matrix furni,hed in this chapter is dependent on the anthropomctry, re,Ollrces, climate, beha~ioural pattern etc, of our local context. The environmental issues, like ventilation, lighting, acoustics etc. being another vast realm, arc ,electively kept beyond the scope of elaborate discussion. Only some common fealtlres or examples from that field are presented, without detail,;, in Chapter Five and in some relevant places.

Anthropometric data (body dimension etc.) ol"Banglade,hi people are collected from authentic ,urvey findings and pnlctieal study by the author. In ergonomic study, practical work is conducted with standard modds to derive the space requirements, service requirement, furnitllre dimcnsions etc.

As .MKS system is the accepted official measuring unit of !he state, it is followed al through to mention any unit. Anglcs are sho1Nllin decimal degrees and assumed to be dock-wise positivc.

6.2 Determination of Capacity of a Mosque As a matter of fact, most of the mo,ques of Bangladesh S13rt with a tempomry structure of an assumed capacity. Expansion of space with the increasing requirement is a common phenomenon. 1n a certain stage of development, the community attempts for a permanent structure and engages someone (in few cases an architect), for a design proposal.

The community can provide an outline for determining the capacity from practical experience. But for the case of a mosque gomg to be constructed at once in the community without any precedence of reqtlired capacity, the architect may need to help the organi7:ers to derive it. The following is an approximate method for assuming the capacity of a residential mosque. DesIgn Standards 6-2

6.2.1 Approximate Method for Dclcrmination Capacity If the total populationl of the catchment of a mosque is P"",I,the Muslim population can be derived as', P musl,m= P"'tal X 0.81':3 "------"------(\)

Muslim male population should be approximatel/, Pm.l, = P",usll",X 106/206 = P mooi"" X 0.515. ------(2)

Salat is fwj for male at the age of tcn ycars [6.2, p. 89]. So, the total number of Muslims entitled for salal is approximately", P"I" = Pm,l,X 0.7185. ------(3)

This number of pcoplc should perform the salal in jama'at in mosque!, but unfortunately a small traction of it perfoIDlsdaily five times salat. though it increases in salat of./umu'a'.

Whether the main salat space of a mosque should have capacity for the salat of Jumu'a or for the one of the daily five lime's sa/at which has maximum musalli - is a decision dependent on availability ofspacc, funding capacity for construction cost and desire of the community. tf the capacity of the main salat space is determined from the ~ongregation size of salat of ./umu'a, the space will be utilised at its full capacity only once in a wcck for about 30 to 45 minutes, which is only 0.3 to 0045% of total time of a week. Thus, the space remain, under-utilised and it should be questioned whether il isjustified or not to spcnd for the capacity of Jumu'a.

}"rom field study, it is observed that the congregation be~omes 1argcr in size for a particular daily salat. depending on the type of neighbourhood. The largcst daily congregation usually occurs for Maghrib in re,idential area, for Juhr in office area (workmg days) and for Maghrib in markct places (see Appendices, Ao4 and Chapter Three). So, one can consider the capacity of main salat space as the number of mwwllies in Maghrib for residential area and market place and that of Juhr for office areas. •

The percentage of musallies (out oflhe total entitlcd for salat, Psal")vatic, eommnnity to community. A thorough srndy on North-Shahjahanpur and South Khilgaon Jhccl Mosquc (see Chapter Three for dctails) shows that, only 12% of musallies in average) perform the salat of Maghrih. For an approximate calculation, one can take this percentage (12%) as the desired capacity for the main salal hall in a community mosque. Additional number 01'musallies in salat of Jumu'a (it is about 57% of the Iotal entitled for salat for the above-mentioned mosque) can be accommodatcd in vcranda aml lor in the sahn or even ill the main sa/at spacc, depending on the policy of the community and the architect.

Example: Determination of Capacity u::t's assume that a mosque has a neighbourhood population of 10,000 (P"".I). To derive the capacity of the main ,m/a/ space for,

(a) sa/at of Maghrib and (b) additional sa/at space for sa/at of '/lImu'a. Design Standards 6-3

Assuming, the attendam in Maghrib is 12% and in Jumu'a is 60% of the male entitled for sa/at (P"",).

Givcn, P"'"I= 10,000 P",u,lim= P"''''i X0.883 = 10,000 X0.883 = 8,330 [from 1] P""le= Pm",I;mX 0.515 = 4,290 (rounded) [from 2J P"l" = P",u,IJm X 0.7185 = 3,082 (roundcd) [from 3]

(a) Capacity for sa/at of Maghrib, P""glmt>= P"I" X0.12 = 370 (rounded) Capacity for salat of Jumu'a. Pjumu.= P"'i" X0,60 = 1,849 (rounded) (b) Thc additional capacity required lor .!ulIJu'a = 1849 - 370 = 1,479. So, the main salat space may have a capacity of370 musaUi",s and the additional sala/ space may havc that of 1,479 musa/lics.

6.3 Qibla Directions for Bangladesh Flaboratc discussion on qib/a is includcd in Chapter Four (Section 4.4) 3nd also in Chapter Fivc. Table 6.1 shows the qibla directions and the corresponding latitude and longitude of 64 zilas of Bangladesh. Figure 6.1 presents the line, those pass through ditTerent places in Bangladesh of similar angular value (in decimal degree) for gibla directions. These data will be helpful to determine the qibla from different zilas of Bangladesh.

6.4 Space Standards Sp3ee st3ndards are dcrived from a rational consideration of human need - both quantitative and qualitative. As a quantitative component, human body dimension in terms of anthropometries data is required to form a basis for the study of ergonomies\ which again helps to dcrive the space standards. The sequence of approach to derive space standards might be shown as,

The data from anthropometric stndy is analysed in statistical methods to derive mC3n, standard deviation etc. [6.6, pp. 205-220; 6.7, pp. 33-34, 39, 689].

The qualitative typology of space standards arc based on the statistical categories as, mean = 'Least'Minimum' (which is expected to include 50% of the popuI3tion), +2Sd = 'Good/Optimum' (which is expected to include 97.72% of the population) and +3Sd = 'ExcellentiMaximum' (which is expected to include 99.87 % of the population) (see Fig. 6.2) [6.7, pp. 100-105,688-689].

6.4.1 Anthropometric Dimensions and Ergonomic Study , Different published sources have furnished anthropometric data based on the population of various regions of the world, which has a variation with that of \ Bang13desh '". So, those anthropometric data cannot be directly used for ergonomic • study to derive space standards in the context of Bangladesh. On health issues, 3 Design Standards 6-4

research was conducted with a sample size of 4252-- males of age 15 years and older in suburban population in Bangladesh, where from the adult male height (H) is derived [6.4, pp. 149-155] and applied as a ba~i~ for the anthropometric study for this thesis. Anthropometric duta in terms of body dimensions of an adult Bangladeshi male is shown in Fig. 6.2.

Statistical analysis identifies the model heights for different statistical categories (sec notes of Fig. 6.2). Ergonomic sludy is conducted on experimental bm;is with the help of model mus"lIies of different categones to derive the space standards for different functions.

6.4.2 Space for Salat Ergonomic study is conducted for different postures of salar and it is found that maximum space is required in the posrnre for sijdah or 'prostration'. The 'feet' remain upright at this position and it takes some more space at 'standing' position. So, the net space required for sa/at can be derived from the combination of two positions. Fig. 6.3 shows the ,pace requirement for sa/at ofa male musafli.

Female ""LlGllies are encouraged to perform their salat within their household (see Section 5.3.3 of Chapter Five). The average space requirement for salat of female is furnished below, so that some one can allocate a plaec in onc's respective home.

Net area; 0.83 m (long) x 0.78 m (wide), Gross area: 1.00 m (long) x 0.95 m (wide).

6.43 Space for Silting For religioi.ls discussion, the desired way of sitting is in the posture one sits at the end of salat (Fig.6.4, with dimension 'c' and 'd'). Due to fatigue or difficulty, one can change his posture at any easy way. But should not stretch his legs toward qib/a, as it is prohibitcd in shariah.

Study shows that the relatively relaxed posture shown in Fig. 6,4 (with dimension 'a' and 'b') is relatively common for sitting easily for a long period. It requires the maximum space compared to other postures. So, to determine the capacity for sitting discus~ion of a mosque, the dimen~ions of this posture should he takcn into consideration, a~ it will suffice for other postures.

, 6.4.4 Space for Wazu r There are different types of wazu facility. [n rural areas, ponds with or without permanent steps are used for wazu. This simple arrangement has achieved certain dcgree of functionality in long course of vernacular architecture, One point may be kept in mind that the final step should bc wide cnough to perform W(lZU in squatting position. This width oftlle [mal step may he suggested as:

Minimum = 50 em, Good = 75 cm and Excellent = 100 em

Standard, for the wGZU facility with supplied water through pipe and taps are shown in the Fig. 6.5. lktlgtl Standards 6-5 .. 6.4.5 Spate ond UnIts for Toilet Foelllt~. Toilet facility requires wme e:\trn space to facilitate the function of kulukh (sec Chapter Fi\'e, Section .5.3.4.2 for details). Dato 011 spaces required for toi1ct is provided in Table 6.2. Number of units required for ••••0.:" and toilet is furnished in I Table 6.3. . Nrt! ace m Ci~ulotion m Gro~~ Sl'DCC m Uriaal Ln''llto Urinal L/I\'llto Urianl Lovato Minimum 0.79 I.JO , 0.5 1.79 2.8 Good • 0.91 1.93 0.5 2 2.41 3.93 Exccl1cnl 0.04 23' 2 2.5 13.64 4.81 <1 TobIe 6.2 Space for toi1ct facility per unit.

Rttid

Notes: 1. The!ltf\'i«...., pollem dill'en with the type< of neighbourhood (_ o,ajllCf TIl""" OIIptcr Five and Appcn""' ouThoo:>dtyt>C.Forexample. the:mlOl of M"l:hrih i! critical for rnidcntial neighbourhood '""" !he .,,101of hh. i. critical Faroll'"" uc.1'. J. [)uring pick.hour of the mosI criTical.ohu ti"",. one "'<=I unit """ be mcd for J cycle!.s'good' JtaIIdrnll. So. to ••••.inain 'good' Vi~ionof"WIl unit sboukl be OIIC-thirdofthe ICfVicc1o:sd,SimilArly.'sood' p"',;,ion for wim.l and l.,-.tcry unit ;,;comidercd to be one-third and ""If to the respective service lo:>d.

6.4.6 Space for Storol:C Type of S cc Siu m lrerm 10 be stored Slores Minimum Good Excellent . Bed. for decuscd • USUlIlly3in number Forboth, Store-l .,,1"1of J""":,, ond ~ fOfchiblr"':;'{n;..I.;,,;II. 2.' 2.' '.3 ' Shel' .•.•- fOfretigiou1 boob, sundt for bool;;••",fe. SIO~-2 k in of, lbelon 'n .etc. 2.' 3.3 ,., Linen Jlarc _carpe~ cia""" lar qOI"'. c10lhFor Store-3 2.S • I tern wlterO\'n the.han ClC. 2J '.3 MllnterwICC,toR: -"""" f[Ifflilurc,Iht""" Store-4 >.9 2.3 2.8 main!efW>CC••••.terillblUld , Slore-~ . Store fOfm"!t,,h. fumllllre, mlterial'dc." 0.9 2.3 2.8 Table 6.4 Spacc for stores for 0 mosque WIth II capaCTty of about .500 musaflies and SO students of moktab u~ing the low-Ulbles. Notc: l. The dolOi.deriv,,",011thebini. of I rnotqUCof SOO10",,,111•• ond SOrc,ize (Iar 'Good' SW!

'. Oolgn Srandards 6-6 • 6.4.7 Circulllliton Space No furniture is required as liturgical ~upport in the main sa/at spacc of D mosque; mthrr floor is directly used for differenl activities. So, the:re is no cireulation space: a~ such. The: spae:e used for cireulation is agaio used for act1\'ily ~paee:.To accommodale: •. larger congregations. sc:eondnry prayer spaces like rlwak and even c:nlmnce lobby also turns into a SlIlat~pDCe.Due to this unique: fcature, a very small percentage: of the lotal space cfln be considered as absolute or net circulfltion space. The: study shows that the: slairs and DlIITOWapproachcorridor for the imam lire the 'net' e:irculation space. which is hardly 3% to 4% of tolftl space. Another S% to 6% can be added for lobby Dnd other spaces used usually for cireulation lind occasionally for salol. So, the cireulation space of a mosque: can be summari~ed as,

I;~~lation 'pace: As 0/.ortollli Category of ci=lation spaces ss SMce for stlltll Minimum Good Exccllcnt nl ;-"'ets ace used onl for circulation J J.l 4 b) Dual-use splice (~~ umolly for circulation and l l.l , oceasioMli for salal c) Gross space for ei=l.t;oo (ntb) 8 9 . , Tflble 6.5 Pc:n:e:ntageof cm::ulntlon space WIth respect to space for so/al . " • 6.4.8 Egress o.nd Ingress By nature, the e:\'Deuntion of mrlSa/lli'S after sa/at (especially those: having no individual sa/at after the mainjama'Q/ and the sa/at ofjumll'a) hIlS some similarities with thai lit the time of lin:. Though, for the case of evacuation lifter salQ/, factor of 'panic' is oot involved to aggravate the situation lIS for the case of lire. So, the: codes for SlIfely requin:ments should suffice to avoid congestion especially for cgrcs.~. The width of doors, e:orridot, stairs and their flllocalion ~hould conform to Bangladesh National Building Code (B~BC) [6.S. pp. 4-13 to 4.23]. In Table 4.3.1 ofBNBC [6.S, p. 4.15], the occupancy typc: 'E' c1~ly matehe~ in nalun: to that of the main .ftllat space of a mo~ue. BUl the mosque space lias no s.ent or furniture at all and thus demands lin addition of new type of 'Occupancy' as '$o/at 5Jl3ec without any furnitun:'. For the mllin salal ~pace of a mosque, this new 'Occupancy' type and value for 'Unit of Floor Area in m1 per occupant' (sec Fig. 6.3) should be incorporated and the Tnble 4.3.1 ofHNBC rnny be revised as follows:

, - Unil of floor Area Occupancy , in m' per OCCUP:Illt

A R",idcnll.o! 18gro••

, lldUC:Oliono! B Cbo_ 2 na (ICe.I"l 5«.3.5) I ""',.", B~ C ~ InstiMk>n.ol """" I He.llhCare ,DI In""li<;nllllft' I Out po.l""l or=J """" """" , • •• Daign SJandardJ 6-7 - Unit of Floor AI'ClI Occupancy l in m ~r OCCUl"'nt I A•• embly With fixed..,.\< Sec Sec. 3.S Wilbou! fi,ed telI1! 0,7 neI E. s..J.ii "JI3Cewillwuuny fumi!"", --,I.OI~" Slinding sp=: only 0.3 neI With table:! and ch:lill l.S nel Bu,;neu and Mnnntil. , Off"", sp=: S '",•....""" " '""'~ G Industrial 10""" H SIOOISe J H_ "10"""""" Table 6.6 ProposN rcvision~ for the TBble 4.3.1 of BNBC (6.S. p. 4-1 SJ: Occup.:lncy lond for various occupancies. Note: l. The .•.•1"" i, for ~ '000<1' ,WIdMd (ott Fig. 6.) for detail.). The Dddilionallex! fm the JlI'OI'OSCd n:vi,ion i, highlighied ••.ith ~ Ihade.

The required exit width per occupant (musal/I) for ench exit component~ of a mosque (occupancy type 'E') is suggesled by BNBC. wbich is subject to the minimum width. The codes may be summarised as follows.

A 8 C (mmJ (mm! (m' SUli•.•.•."y. , I) Minimum width 2.0 m. '" 0) Minimum ••.idth t.l m, for more thIn SO OttVp:>nlJ, Ramps & ,, h) Minimum ••ldlll 0.9 m, for equlil" or more than SO oecup;o.nl1. Corridor c) Ckarhdght U m. d) M•••imum ur.,'e! di5umce 23 m, for ma:.irmnn SO oectIfl'IOl ,, 0) Mlnim,;;".;;idth 1.0 m. 0000 b Ckarhd t2.0m. Table 6.7 Required exit widlh ofa mosque per occupant.

Notes; I. The Table i, derh-ed from the Table •. 3.2, • .).), 4.).4 and ~l.;llcd &cetiom "r R~BC [6,S. p. 4_1S I" 4.23J. 2. A _ Width f"" Mosque ",ithaul q>rinl:~ 'Ytem (mm per penon) and C - Minimum widlh (m). C\eo;, hdght (m) and Maximum !nvcl di5W>Ce(m). 3. Some aspects. portkuluty for fi~CSClq>C,"" oho impnrtantlO he ukm Cll~ of. • ) A mosque slwuld Iu,,~ 01least tv.-o mean< of exilJ leading directly 10 the .lrftt or • leading I" • eonidor in. II«<:>' 10c.,ilJ In I••.." independCllt and diffaml dirminm. b) Dj'play of 'Exit' .igru shall be pbttd In such a ••..IlythaI it d•••• lKIl inlerfere with Ibe llttnS of ~ny niL N" mirror shall ~ placed tdj~II" oJt "'''y •• ilnay conflt1e d~icn of c,iL c) The inlerior finish "f k>bby. exit ....n-dm- and c,il shall he of a llOII-combu,tiblc molmal.

6.4.9 noor splice requIrements per mUIalli for a Mosque f.,.. The datil on floor space requirement!; per pcrson for n pnrticulnr building type nre very ....:.- useful for the architects. Those help 10 assume the required IlInd area, allocation of . ,,,,,i ; .J -- De511P'Slant/aM 6-8 spaces for different functions, functional lay~, costing of the projects etc, The following tnble shows the space requirement for $0Ir1l, services Bnd circulation.

. Scr\icc JI'"~ Circulation Type of Qu.litative Sp>ce for Toilet ,., Neigllbotrrhood ..,~Ie ,alai Wa:u Slom< Du.l. loUI! Urin.l Lovntory Nct ~ Minimum 0,94 0.02 om om 0.014 0.D28 0,047 1,07 Residenti"1 GoOO 1.0I 0.04 om 0.01 0,011 0,03$ 0.056 1.18 Euenent 1.06 0.07 0.02 0.D2 0.D20 0.042 0.064 1.30 Minimum 0.94 0.09 0.04 0,03 0.014 0.028 0.047 1.19 Commercial-I GoOO 1.01 0.1$ 0.07 0.06 0.017 0.OS6 1,40 (Offi.e) oms !!X.enent '.06 0.26 0.10 0.10 0.020 0,042 10.064 1.65 Minimum 0.94 0.12 O.OS 0.04 0,014 0.02810.047 >.2. Comm=ial.2 GoOO 1,01 0.20 0.10 0.03 0.017 oms 0,0$6 1,$0 (Markel) !!X.ellenl 1.06 0,33 0.16. 0.12 0.020 0.042 10.064 1.80 Tnble 6,8 Floor spacc peT person for n mosque (UOlt - m ).

Notes: I. 'J1l<,Tobie 6.8 &I""" • 'Sul):lotal' (or 000' JI*" peT mumll:" COft!idcrin8!be fwon dependartt dirt'Cllyon the mon~ of musalliN. To dcrn"Cthe 'TOlar J~ rcqtlirtd for " """'llle, proponion.o.l I. .izc of 'St<=-5' (..., Tobie 6 'I for dttal" mel example) mel the .i.e of 'S~ I' .hould be adr,alaI, """', toilet lind,IDte l""ludn the clearma::o;9oithiothe 'l"'~ for rel"td "livilie1, 3. The ligures '00"11 in 'Cireultlion' i""tuM both the 1pKe1 • 'Net" (u.ually 'Iion,dlyu.ro for .alar), I'or detai'" ..., T.ble 6.6 and relattd smion 6.4.7, One ClIn add this 'DwI1,u••' space with thaI of '$1"'= for Solal' ond dtduc:1 the same from tho '{;ireulation' depending on the ~ one i. Solns 10•••••'t, 'I. 5efvkc 'P"Ce include> the circulation ",ithin iloClf,R<'quirtd space and oumber of "mil, urinol, b''"tory.nd ston: arc ba

6,5 Confl!,:urntlnn ohpnee "- The criteria innucneing thc eonfigurntion of mosque space is discusscd in Section 5.S of Chapter Five. In the following Table, the possible length, width and height of main .pllee of II mosque is deduced with respect to the diffcrent numbers of qatars. Figure S,6, S.S and 6.3 is related to Table 6,9, . . . No. of Minimum Good Excellent qUlurs Lenglh Width Height Length Width H~ight Lenb'1lJ Width IHeight ~ , • , i , , , , , 3.48" 1.7'1 2,93 3.62 1.81 2.93 3.70.' 1.85 2.93 • • , 6.50 3.25 J.65 6,76 W 3.74 ,." 3.'15 3.78 J 9.52 4.76 4.63 '.00 'I.9S 4.75 10.10 5.05 I 4.82 , 12.S4 6.27 ,..• t3,04 5.77 13.30 6,65 I 5.85 , 15.56 7.78 '"8 16.18 8."'"' 6.78 16.50 8.25 6,88 , IS.58 9.29 19,32 'M 7.79 19.70 9.B5 7.92 7 21.60 10.80 '"''"7 22.46 lI.n 8.SI 22,90 11.45 8.9S 8 24.62 12.3I 25.1iO 12JlO 9.82 26.10 13.05 ,." .. , 27.64 13.82 W.48'"' 28,7'1 14.37 10.84 29.30 14.65 11.02 - Table 6.9 Possiblc length, width and height of main safal space ofa mosque (uoit"m),

• lk.!jgn StamJard,' 6-9

Notes: l. Thil Teblo ;" rdllttd'D Figure 5.6. 5.5 one!6.3. The fIO'lluls.ionIlnd eqlUtions used to de,;'." the wille lII'eeblb<::>melydiocuntd in SectiDD5.5 DfChaplor Five, Tht cql1Olionl~ •• fDIIovo.•("'" Section 5.5): Y" 2x" 2(g>< WIll]" (in general) •• l.552 ~ 0.289 .f{~'.•.y') (for. mosque) Tht ••"lri:ingbe:itbl '/! i. the grQlt1 on<:Frome,and e.,

2. Tht TobI" I. dedueed up 109 qatar:<, which relICh!be upper limit of \"1

6.6 Furniture Exccptlhe mlmba,. pmctically no other fumitun: is required for in the mosque proper for salal or bayan. Some low-llIblc,sfor mak1ab, beds for deceased, shelves for books ond boxes for shoes and umbrellas ore usually found in a mosque as supporting furnilure. The sUlndllrds for mjmbDr, low-llIble5, shelvcs and boxes ore SOO"'l1in Figure 6.6, 6.7 lind6.8 respecti\"ely.

6.7 Requirement of water To design the plumbing s)'l'lem for oplimum efficiency, one has 10 know lhe requirement of water for wazu. loilet and other services. Shariah diclDlc,~amioimum size of 20.9 m2 and so deep thot its bonom is oot visible from surface for ao on- ground water reservoir or a pond. wheTehands arc directly plunged into the water to perform WIl"ZU[6.2,p. 46]' The Tllble 6.8 shaWl!the Ilmount of water required for WI7::U. toikt and clenning. The data is deri\"ed form pmetiea] observation and mensuremenL~. - _ .. Wazu (pe, mUSil/II) Toilet (per mu.

Supplied Water Sa/at Spacc' Service Spacc Pitch •••. Lavalory Urinal water ,."sc,yoi, Mop Wuh MDp Wash Minimum 2.8 1.0 0.8 3.0 1.0 0.08 0.8 0.1 1.0 Optimum 3.2 1.2 1.0 ,.. 2.' 0.12 1.2 1., 1.' Ma~imum 'A 1.7 1.3 13.6 3.0 0.16 1.6 0.2 2.0 Table 6.]0 Requirement ofwate, (unit'" litre).

NOles: I. The JI'Inem of service u!ICvane. with the types of ""itbbourhcxxl (Stt CMpter "Tbree and lIfJl'"I'dien A.~) 2. FttqlJt/lCY and type Df'el=ing' dtpend on the mo;nleltarlCCpolicyand ~ of indivktu.al mosque. U••••Uy.SII/GI fJ'lI"";' ""'Ilf'"d II h:ltu once • day. - "'-..-- Design Standards 6-10 3. Water reqmred to l1u,h t~Tt)~gho;,{cms in loilet is included for 'Optimum' amI 'Maximum' standards, 'Minimum' ,tamlard considers the flushing by pitchers. The capaoilies of cistern, "'" considered as: oj Medium one for lavatory _6 R2 litre<,calculated for 'Opllmum' standard. b) Large one for lavatory _ \3.04 IiI"", calculated for 'MaxImum' standard. oj U.ua! type for unnals - 2,27 litfo,

6.8 Conclusion Some design standards are formulated to help the architect to design a mosque. A systematic method shows how to determme the capacity of a mosque with respect to the community ,ile. Figures, tables and charts are developed to show qibla direction from different zi/as of Bangladesh.

Anthropometric data is derived from survey on Bangladeshi people. Space and service standards in terms of ergonomic data arc deduced from practical experiments. The prime task of an architect is to understand the activities and formulation of design proposals to support it. In this context, the standards may help as a handy tool for assistance. It has included space requirements for salat, religious discussion, wQzU and many other activities performed in a mosque. From all these fmdings, gross space requirement per person for a mosque is summarized, which is an important data for an architect. Possible space configuration, service requirements, furniture and fixture standards etc. arc also fomllllated from practical ergonomic study.

References [6.1] 1997 Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Rmgladesh Bureau of Statistic" Government of the People's Repuhlic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 18th Edition, 199K [6,2] Thanuv!, Maolann A,hraf Ali, (lraru:lation: Faridpuri, Maolana Shamsul Haque), Behe,hti Jeor, Vol. 1, Emdad!a L1brary, Dhaka, 1990. [~3] Chiara, Jo,eph Dc and Callender, John Hancock (editors); Time-Saver Standards for Building Type; 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hili Book Co, Singapore, 1987. [6.4] Sayeed, M. Abu (and others); Prevalence of Diabetes ln a Snburhan Population of Banglade,h, Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, Vol. 34, pp, 149-155, Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd., 1997. [6.5] Bangladesh National Building Codc, Housing and Bnilding Research Institute & Bangladesh Standards and Te,ting Institution, Dhaka, 1993. [6.6J Mian, M. Ali and Mian, M. AJimllllah; An inrroducrion to Statistics,' Ideal Library, Dhaka; 1971. [6.7] Daniel, Wayne W.; Rio-statistics: a Foundation for Anaiysis in the Health Sciences; Ii" Ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Singapore; 1995. [6.8] Oxford Talking Dictionary; Compnter CD version; The Leammg Company, Inc. UK; 1998. [6.9] Winick, Charles; Dictionary olAnrhropology,' Littlefield, Adams and CO. New Je"ey, USA, 1961. [6.10] Pheasant, Stephen; Ergnnomics. Work and Health; Macmillan Academic and Professional Ltd.; London, UK; 1991.

I If total population eannot be determined directly, it cau be derived JS,numw of Mu,llm house bold x 5,6 (average household si,. uf Bangladesh) [6.1, p, 25]. ,•.. , The Muslim populatlOuis 88.3% of lotal in Bangladesh [6,t, p. 32]. • Design Standards 6-11

) For B.ngladc,h, lbc male/female ratio is 106' 100 [6.1, p, 251.

4 Perceotage of male populatlOfl from age 10 to 6il"- years is 71 ,85% in Baoglade,h [6, I, p,29].

, II is ",ajlb to perform .mlat injama 'at in • mo"'luc [6.2. pp, 127-128].

, It i, for the mosques in TI.,

, Male Muslim, entitlcd for salat is 3500, oul of which a number nf 420 mu,'allies (12%) perform< the -

, on lilro,pom.e,try \,an(l).,br'-'pa:m- *-tre-I n lF 'nlhropome"trie, fro anthmp_ + _me'trie -metry] • tho study and teclmique "f laking hUllliln body mc",uremems, especially for u,e on a compar.t1ve or da"ifieation haSlS [http://www.ode.comlanthro/tuloriaIJrunitl.html].ADthmpometryls the branch of "ienee that deals wIth the mea,uremelll and proponion' of the human body and lheir variation [6,8, search reuremenl,. ,har are mken on bolh "kel"IOnS and livinJ; I'""srms, slIeh as smlure, bodily proportion, and longth and breadlh of ,he head, The colour of skin, halr. and eyes and siml/ar q

, Tbe word ergonomics i, deri,'ed from the Greek erg{}" (work) and nomos (TI.turallaw) [6.10, p. 3]. It i, lbo field of study lhat deal< Wilb lhe relationship belwoen people and their worling environment, as it affect, effiCIency, safety, and case ofaellon [6.8, ,eareh re

to A, fOTexample. Time-S.ve' St.ndard, [6,3, p.3] consider< lbe average adult height (male) as 175.26 om, which is 162,11 em tor Bangladesh [6,4, p, 153]. Figure 6-1

Table 6.1: Qibla Direction from Different Zllas of Bangladesh '" (',oordmate, I Qlbla Direction Qlbla Direction .~ SI. Name of (in decimal deg,ee) from North from West .:!;., # the Zila L"titude Longitude (Clock Wise +ve) (Clock WlSe +ve) Q 0).. q q. 01 Bari,al +22,705 +90,373 -81.406 8.594 02 Dhola +22.084 +90.643 -81.317 8.683 -"0. 03 Jhalakall +22.647 +90,210 .81393 I 8.607 .n! 04 Pirojput +22.570 +89.989 -81.382 8,618 "Q".==: 0; Barguna +22.160 +90.102 -M.963 9,037 '" Patuakhali +22.357 +90.241 -81.114 8,886 "' Bandarban +22.202 +92.210 _X0.492 9.508 "" Khagrachlmtl +23,100 +91.9651 -81.349 8.651 I "' Rangamati +22 (>42 +92.199 .80.883 9.117 w Chittlgong +22,332 +91.824 -80.702 9.298 C"X., Ba?a, .•.21.437 +91.985 -79.875 10.125 " Brahmanba,ia +23,968 +91.104 -82.370 7.024 U" Cballdpur +23,152 +90,716 -81.732 8.268 " Comilia +23.457 +91.J80 -81.885 8.115 U Feni +23.009 +91389 .81.421 8.579 " Laks~mipUT +22.948 +90,800 -81.521 1 8.479 " Noakhali +22.815 +91.098 .81.321 8.679 '" Hobiganj +24.380 +91.408 -82,663 7,337 " MOlllllviBazar +24.481 +91.703 _82,645 7355 " Sunamganj +25.058 +91.375 _~3.294 0.7011 " Sylilct +24.899 +91.876 -82.988 7,012 " DO"" +23.707 +90.408 _82.335 7.665 " Gaziput +24335 +90.998 I -82.740 7.254 " ManikgmJj +23,823 +90.087 -82.537 7.463 " Munshiganj +23.493 +90.379 _82.142 7.858 '" Narayanganj +23,620 +90.496 -82.228 7.772 " Nar,hindl +23,922 +9D.718 _82.446 7.554 FaridpuT +23,607 +89,848 -82.400 7.600 " Rajbari +23.760 +89.652 -82.003 " 7.397 '" GopalganJ +23.020 +89,803 _81.852 8.148 " Ma<1aril'ur +23.175 ~0,203 -81.891 8.109 " Shamtpu, +23.201 +90,314 .81.886 8.114 Jamalpu, +24.918 +89939 .831129 0.371 " (Contmued) \ Figure 6-11

Table 6.1: Qibla Direction from Different Zilas ofBangladcsh (continued) • CoordinatL"l Qibla Direction Q,bla Direotion • (m decimal degree) from North from West • SL Name of ••., , !he Zila (Clook WIse +ve) (Clock Wise +ve) L.tltnde Longitude is 0 ;. q q. " Sherpur +25.0IY +,)0,008 .83,704 6,296 Kishoreganj +24.436 +90,768 .82,911 7,089 ~" " •••. Mym.,-nsingh +24.750 +90.401 -83,321 6,679 1!~:6" - . Netrokon8 +24.886 +90.730 _83.344 .~.s" I 6.656 ,. I Tangoil +24.249 +89.920 _82.993 7,007 '0 I Jessore +23.160 +R9.214 _82.144 7.856 '" I .rnenaldah +23.545 +89.180 -82.529 7.471 " Magura +23.496 +R9.422 -S2.413 7.587 Narall +23,168 +89.498 -82.075 7.925 • • " .Eq••• " llagechat +22 658 +89.802 -RU07 8.493 ~i5 " K1mlna +22,849 +89.552 -81.754 8.246 . " Salkhira :22 705 +89.0Xt .81.736 8.264 " Chuad.nga +23,648 +88.856 -82.722 7.278 " Kushtla +23,935 +89.001 -82.963 7.037 " Meherpur +23.775 +88.640 _82.910 7.0YO •• Bogm +24,845 +89,372 -83.742 6.258 '" Joypurhal +25. ](]3 '8Y,02R .84.108 5.892 " Dllliljpnr +25.626 +88,643 -84.762 5.238 " Pandagarh +26.334 +88,553 .85,508 I 4.492 " Tbolmrgaon +26.030 +88.458 -85,235 4.765 " Paboa +24.005 +89,242 -82,960 7.040 ;; Slmjgani +24.456 +89.698 .83,260 6.740 :c " •••.••., " Naogaon +24.81 t +~K944 .~3,846 6,154 ;s " Nalore +24.410 +88.986 -83.436 6,564 '" Nawabganj +245YO +~8.269 -83.841 6,159 " Rajshobl +24.371 I +88.597 -83.518 6,482 Gaibandha +25.328 I +89.544 -84.157 5,843 "" Kurigmm +25.827 +89.696 .84.591 5.409 '" I Lalmonirh.t +25.909 I +89.446 -84.760 5.240 "' Nilpbomori +25.936 +88.848 _8HOO 5.()(J0 '" I I I M I Ranb'PUr +25.739 I +89.254 I -84.660 5.340 Table 6,1 The qibla directions and the corresponding latitude and longi(~de of64 zilas of Bangladesh. (The Lalitude and longitude is derived from lbe COmpulCTprogram _ Encarto Interactive WOTldAlia, 2000, Miero,oll CorpOTali"n, USA. Tho ""leul.tion is dono hy spberical trigonometno formula, shown m Seenon 4,43 of Ch'pter Four). Figure 6-IIi +- -

-85.0

-84,0

25

24

23

22

-80,0 -80,5

-80.0 -79.5

90 91 92 93 umgitudc Fig. 6.1 Lines pass through different places in Bangladesh of similar angular value (in decimal degree) for gihla directions.

NOTES: I. Bangladesh lies between latitudes of 20,567" Nand 26.633' N and between longitudes of 88,017' E and 92.683' E (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., UK, Computer CD version 1998).

2. The line, pass through the differenl locations of similar angular value for q,bla direction in Bangladesh .The angular values shown in the lmC1larc in decimal degree and measured from magnelic North and considered as clockwise positive. The angular values for gibla directions are shown al an interval orO.5". The values should be derived by approximation C. . for the places, which are not exactly passed through by the given lines. ~' Fjgu~6-IV ~ ~ t; •..• ...• ~

• • ~ ~ •, ,:; ~ E NNN N N -0 ~ N ~ • •NN• ,.""U " ," -.-" ~ $ ~ ~ , 2., " " ~ •, " ~ • ~ • .,; '"•• ,• ~ 0 M ,•~ .- .- .- .- N, , ~ ~ ~ •" M• E' -••'" • , • N • • ~ ""MMM ; M ~ .;• • ;: ~ ~ .-• • ~ " u ~- $ • ~ : , " "- 0 • • N• ~ ~ • .; ~ • '" N • ~ • U • • • .- " ••, ~ " • '1." ~ ] • ~ - .-N " "", ,"'" • •, M • • - .; " '"NN '" M - M •, , ~ - • ~~ '.~ '"• "• - • ~ -,- - • M N , "'.5 • 8 ," .; ~ • ~ •, ~ ~ • ~ I' "~ , , ~ .~ u '5,• @) i ~ j "~ •• u ,. . ~ .~ NM• • :J, •• , ~ Il 0 , NM ,~ ~ • - • ~ • Figun.' 6-V Q, If!. d'J>'v-.~ \ ,...-'" ,: i, ,j ,,~' '.I , , ~ j \! 1<---0 r--..-: b1..-

••I ~ I _T__ .~- I -.I , ~ I.L

'''jl. , I•• c-~e":t~-'-~'-l,el+-c \'.! I ,,'.~--.--~.',

2 ret Fmcnsion (m) Clenmn~(m) Gross dimension (m) Gross area (m ) able d , f " h - ("xh) Minimum 1.13lo.1Si1.28 0.60 0.23 0.Q2 I,SI 0.62 0,94 Good 1.1710.1611.3310.63 0.24 I 0.02 I.S7 0.64 I,OJ Excellent 1.2010.161 1.35 I0.64 0.25 I 0.02 1.60 I 0.66 1.06 Fig.6.3 Sp~ccforSa/Of ormale. NOICS: I. Then: lII'e.pecirlc s..nn~~Jfor C>~ poslI1J'eof la/"I. FOfsljdaA Ofprostration, the thigh t!>ou1dbe upri&h~ the Iw>d, """"Id be detached from the SlOlllllCbon0 ;~jim mumin! from !be pm

lDOSCclollnof the one in /Jonl of blm, who 1. cilh

,• A relatively relaxed poslure: A poslure similar 10 that at the end of ~a/OI: II . I

--- l b I' 1-j-a--+

Nel dimension Clearance Gross dimension Grossaren. m' '=) a' -fe ~~~d , 77 1\' X b C',II:d' Minimum 56 10 62 4S 8 64 is70-f6 0.45 0.39 Good 7J 6S 50 10 68 *7560 0.56 0.45 Exeellent " 74 66 51 12 71 . it 78 63 0.61 0.49 Fig 6.4 Sp:1CCfor" sitting In different POStures In 11mosque:.

NOles:

I. In !hi. 1':<1thej;roS!dimemioM.

2. The fipun.,.. mtInded 10wbole numben in d!mcn

3. It can be deduced lhat tlle ~ ~i=nena for Jllling iJ .!loIn SO% oflhat for :talal (see Fig..6.3). So. lo assume lho ~;ly of lllTIOJqUCfor.Inina di!lCUSrionorany <>lbcr'a"",1 thaI i. pcrfonnm Ill/ning pooilion, the figuf(lcan be dni,"Cd by mul~plying the CllJ=il)' for IiJla' by 2.

..

, Figure 6-1'/1 .

-.-+~-t-.---

Side vicw for ,

Not 0im0mi0D W"", CimJwioft Cl<2nn« Dimenoion'"'" ~ ~ '"'" I=l ( .~ t- 1m' (m') 1m' • , , , , ; j l , m • • , • • • I- •• •• " Minimum , U Il ~~ 12 20 70 - "M • • - .~.~0.78 " " " " I- '" " " ~ , U I~ 52 2$ 22 1$ 22 74 , 1.00 " " " • " t- " " "' ••• .~ f"",!km to 20 20 1jH )0 2' 10 2) M)) ~ ~ 0-81 0.49 1.30 . " .. " . L., " Frg. 6.5 Space for wa=tl fllclllty WIth supplied WilIerthrough"" pIpe:•.

No, •• : I. An ~l to k~ bclotlgings li1:eo •••••.11 ~ Sfl(Ctael•• Ole. Is vtry meful. In fi~ 6.5. 1M ocbmultk pmpoul [Of the platfDml of width 'c' and.t the !>eight of'(h+;'J1' from the s:round obovo.•mch an arrnngcmmt.

2. Whil••••'l5hlnl: f""" • '\lfIPOf1 (•. J.. 0 IOIlJIdpipe) for th(m may gi~ much rnn,=kn\:e (

J. A... P ~ (d.o.e+f). [tis caJcullI.tt.l withoul considering IIlY •••.•1I(or Jimiiar obsll'UClion) II !he mil. ~ may odd 0.057 m' for =h obstruction 10gel rnc>reDeCUril. "ahle for A~,

•. A" i.40%, 50% and /iO% of!he A. for \be ,WIdanI, 'minimum', 'good' and 'ucellent respc'Clh.•ly.

6. The flit=' oro I'1Jd.dmil numben in ••.•• calculatioM.

/ , • -_. Figure 6-1'111

T

Front Elevation Side Elc\"alioll

• b , d , f g ; Minimum lO lO IS SO 2S 2S 2S i' Optimum IS 2S JS JS 3D I'F" Ma;.:;imum 25 40 " 90" SO SO JS NIS. 6.6 Dimension for mlmbar ('unll-em)60 • ates: -

8bcdefg

;Minimum' 40 6 20 25 24 29 26

IOptimum' 46 8 2328273331

MII"imum 56 1025 31 2931 33

B'b'c'd'c'f' ..••...••.-=- _.- g , Minimum S062530293430 Optimum 60 82833323838 -

l Lo. ..W+- Q' lli M' ,,-tables for stud cnts und leachers~ oft' BXlmum 10 1032 I38 37 4S. 46 Fig. 6.7 mafctab (uniL" em). '

NOles: 1, TIleltn"'~••... ou.o , the k>w-llb'- ~ 2. It""t, ••fttOlItlI\tfIde lIIbk I<""""'" for 3 studtnl! "" ,Of the Sludart"hued . 0fIthe moduk' • . ~IT.'ct;,.• and for m::. ~ ~~.~'" \m;l fDr 2-4 m>dm •. [n the ICbem:ltic dnlwing, :I . II not cost ,.dilT"~lllO"'""-'J onion:ts.I"81ow.tabl'• orlesstlwl'.

• Figllre frlX ._.•~..,' ------

• • • • , .,. • 1-'-1 .' ,~ , Plan at 1n..,1 AA F"",! I!lt"'auon - Sec1ioo XX Option-] Shc1fup \0 hand-reach height. 6

-. l~l , I ,• ~ _._~ t 2i - _I B ~ 1IIIlll1ll11l1l111ltJIHlIi IHlUlllIlIIIIIJllI!lIII! Top ,"lew Side 'Okw Under window 1111 lJ:no"el'••'lllkbdf ,Oplion-2 Bo)

Notes: I. Shoes ,bould lI01 II< ollawcd in side the ltl.IIinmosque rOf roaf. keq,ing (see SC'Ction 5..3.<4.3 f••• d.mil.). So, it i. Ittu.mnmded to plxe Ibe Jet •.•••(Option-I) It the miry lobby (•••• Iig.S,2.3.a. b ond c) llId lhooI: should be plltced in I dispcncd ••••nntt to .,"Oid roncmlnuiOfl of crowd.

2. In uM,'OiIbble ,ilUllli<>n,dtoes an be kepi v.ithin the mo

1. Tho umbrdl~ ctll i, gmmted from 1be module of ~ «II. Hm. by merging vertia.lly ~I ,boe «Ill and .plitling tho.e h<>rilOll~IIy,!he umbrella ..,11. Irc &-."'loped. In !he labl. abo, .•, the tIIid'n •.•• ofborizOflLaI ond ,"crtiaIl ,helf elements i, comidered IDbe 2 em .t lho outer frame.IbDrd•• mel I em [Dr!he =1, ••ilith _y vary occooling lO!he .t=gth D[malm.I."" ledmique Dfm.ldn&. W.ter dro.~ r~Hily ohDuld" be provided for t1mbrollat cell,. A"'pilogue E-'

Epilogue

Thc word mosque, which is the English version of the Arabic word 'masjid', is a place of prostration. Phenomcnally, any place, which is used and also maintained for sa/at, can be defincd as a mosque even if it does not have any sheltcr. However, tor climatic proteetion, privacy, ease in maintenance, identity and other factors - a built fOill]with prayer spaces and service facilities is popularly defined as a mosque. It plays significant role in spiritual and practical life of a Muslim at pcrsonal and communal level.

To dcsign a mosque, one should know certain historieal aspects like origin, evolution, derivatives etc. about its components. The first mosque of Islam establishcd by thc Prophet (S) in Medina is taken as the conceptual and fnndamental basis for a mosque; The Prophet's mosque, simple and absolutely function based, remained almost unchanged during thc Prophet's life-time and the Cahph hood of first four Caliphs. As Islam expanded through Syria-Byzantine regions of rich architectural heritage, the splendid and monumental churches influenced the mosque architecture. The Muslim migrants from the land of the Prophet (S) were influenced by the splendid church architecture of mediaeval period and thc ncwly converted Muslims had already the inherited image of an extravaglllltbuilding of worship. Thus a process was initiated to convert the mosquc architecture from simple to a gorgeous one. Monumental scale, profuse ornamentation, addition of sky-scraping minarets - all thcse are the res"ltant of a spirit deviated, at least to some extent, from the teaching, of the Prophet (S). On the regional context, some spatial variations like courtyard type or enclosed type are the out come of local c1imatc.Other local factors also played significant role for a global variation in finer details.

In the contemporary mosque architecture, a new trend i, set as the eomm"nity people themselves started to establish mosque" which was previously performed by the rulers, the influential and rich citizen,. As to renect the varied aspirations of different community, these mosques somewhat departed from the formal approach and there cvolvcd a ncw trend of 'popular architecture'. In congested urban setup, to put on some attire of distinction, the mosques are designed with somc superficial elements like fabe arches, non-structural domes and profuse ornamcntation. Architects are gradually getting involvcd in thc design process. Some of the mosques designed by fonnally trained arehitects reflect the intrinsic meaning, objectivity and tradition. On the contHuy, many of those mosques sevcrcly fail to accomplish lhese issues. Moreover, theological justifications are little explored and implemented. This thesis may be used a, a checklist to identify what it should be, at least for prospective future attempts.

A mosque should be designed through somc conccptual guidelines ha,ed on the fundamental theological and practicala,pects. Thematically, a mo,que is a nucleus of inspiration and guidllllce for all Islamic activities. H works as a platform of unity, Epilogue E-2

brother hood and interaction. A nnidircctional qibla orientation for the whole world exprcsscs the one-ummah concept. In physical manifestation, it possesses the virtue of austerity, simplicity and clarity.

The architect should be careful regarding some basie considerations like site features, layout with respect to accurate qibla direction etc, Qibla direction for Bangladesh, as popularly known as the 'west' cardinal direction is not accurate. As there is scope to generate liUle controversy to this seemingly new issue, this thesis elaborates all the aspects including definition, background, methods of dctennination of qibla direction and its flcxibility in shariah. An architcct should try to design with respect to correct qibla direction. But, ifin an existing mosque, any deviation is found with the accurate qibla direction and it is very difficult to rectify, it should be kept as it is. There will occur no shortcoming in SO/ai, as in this inevitable situation; sharioh allows flexibility up to a deviation of 45" in both ways from the correct qiblo direction. It is important to note that, none should try to be over-particular and crcatc chaos or confusion in this issue, as Allah dislikes going excess and ercating chaos especially with the issues of deen.

The design approach, spatial analysis of function, criteria for designing different functional spaces, building components etc. are elaborately discussed in different chapters with reference to theology and practice. To determine the configuration and size of the main prayer space, there is little scope to be notional. Theological guidelines define this configuration to be a rectangular one, which is a result of certain features like strait qolar, equal length of qalars (for any unavoidable situation, frontal qalar may be grcater than the rear ones, but not the vice versa),

The changc in levels in praycr spaces should be done carefully, so that it does not develop the phenomenon of 'discontinuity' according to the parameters of shariah. In the respective chapter, some examples from design approach show the possible mistakes and the ways to avoid it.

Size, number and allocation of thc cntry, stairs and other circulation spaecs should be given extra attention to avoid congestion especially for the large congregations. It is a common problem particularly in the mosque with huge capacity and those happened to expand vertically in several floors.

For wozu facility, popular arrangement is donc from running water through pipelines particularly in urban areas, which causes severe wastage compared to the actual water required. Proposition is made to get rid of this wastage, as it is vehemently opposed by Islam, Again, safekeeping of shoes apparently may seem to be a simple matter, but practically it crcatcs a lot of difficulties. Somc propositions arc madc to guide the architects to solve the problem.

Onc should follow the principles of austerity for selection of building materials and finishes. Every item should be analyzed in tenns orlire-cycie-costing, epilogue £-3

Some design standards are formulated to help the designer. A systematic method shows how to determine the capacity of a mosque with respect to the community size. Tables and charts arc developed to show qib/a direction from different zi/as of Bangladesh.

Anthropometric data is derived from survey on Bangladeshi people. Space and service standards in terms of ergonomic data are deduced from practical experiments. The understanding of the activities and formulation of design proposals to support it is the prime task of an architect. In this context, the standards may help as a handy source. It has included space requirements for sa/at. itiqaf, religious discussion, wazu and many other activities performed in a mosque. from all these findings, gross space requirement per person for a mosque is summarized, which is an important data for an architect. Furniture and fixture standards are also formulated from practical ergonomic study.

This thesis tried to synthesize the theology and practice. lbroughout the process, it had been the urge to establish a comprehensive congruity in between these two realms, which is never tried to bridge up. There is every possibility of fortuitous inclusion of flaws. For any ambiguity or confusion, especially in the ficld of theology, one should eOll5ulta mufti for further clarification.

From the findings, propositions and comments made to formulate the design criteria and standards the architects may get some light for their individual design approach. All the elements and issues of a mosque arc analyzed in brief due to the limited scope of this attempt. Every individual issue has the potentials for more elaborate and in- depth research. Thus, the work can be concluded as a preamble for the future researchers. •

., Appendices • Appendices A.l-I

A.l Glossary of Terms

Adhan

AI masjid al Aksa

'amal

A"

Ayah

Baitu/llah

Balyem

Caliph The selected leader of the Muslim state.

Chauchala Bengali word which means 'four roofs',

dawal Mean, invitation and particularly connotes to the invitation 10 Islam. "... Deen Religion; the religion ofIslam.

Dikka Platform used by the supplementary prayer leader

du'a-;-masmmah The utterance performed by the Prophet (8) while initiating, continuing and completing different 'amal. Eid Two great festivals oflslam.

Fajr The sa/at perfoffilcd before dawn.

farj

1""" lladiih

Halal Something that is lawful and permitted in J~lam.

Hijm Emigration of/he Prophet Muhammad (8) from Mecca to Medina in September 622 AD; this marks the beginning oflhe Muslim calendar. Hujra khana Chamber or cell; the house used by the Prophet (5); the accommodation ror imam. Imam Leader orthe congregational prayer, sa/ai, that the Muslims offer five times a day. It is sometimes used to refer to the head of an lsiamic State. Appendices A,I-l1

Iqamah Establish; usually the eall within the mosque to initiate a iama 'at for ,~a/al. lsha The obligatory sola!, prayer, after sunset later in the evening.

ltiqaf To stay in the mo>qLlefor 'amal for certain period of time.

lwan Vaulted or flat roofed hall, open at one end.

Juhr The obligatory sa/at after the sun erosses the zcnith,

Jaiz Means 'allowed' by Islamic shariah, referring to any conduct or deed. Jali Sereen jama'at Congregation for saiat.

Jami The mosque where the salal of Jumu '" is performed. lanaza The saiat for the deceased,

Jumu'a The Friday prayer as the sun crosses the zenith.

Kaba The square-shaped building in the eentre of the Holy Mosque in Mecea, Saudi Arabia, in the direction of which Muslims must face for performing the saiat. Khadim Servant; some one in charge for maintenance ora mosque.

khatib Orator or speaker; especially that delivered in the salat of Jumu'a. Khutba A speeeh or sermon. Usually the term is used to refer to the speech delivered in the sola! of Jumu'a. Kulukh Absorbent materials for purification from excreta; the act for it.

Lailatul Qadr The night of power; The significant night as described in Surah AI-Qadr 97, Mecca (25), and Al'_"_"_5_,~~ _ madrasah The school for religious education in Tslam.

Maghrih The obligatory sa/at performed immediately after the dusk.

Mahram Relation with whom marriage is permanently forbidden (e.g., ~~~~~~~~,_"tl_,_,_"~b_,_o_m_,,,_'_O"_'_oc_.J_, . makruh Prohibition. 1l has basically two categories, moderate prohibitiou (makruh-i-ranjihQ Maktab Library; usually means small institution for preliminary religious education within a mosque. Malaika The attendant of Allah, who perfomls different duties; somewhat similar to 'angels' iu Christian belief. Maqsura Enclosure~ near the mihrab to protect the ruler in a mosque.

Masjid Place of sijdah or proi>tration; a mosque

Mayet The deceased

Mazar The graveyard usually of Muslim saints. Appendices A.l-lff

Mihrab A recess in the ma,\jid or mosque that indicates the direction of salat. Minaret A tall, usually slender tower or turret connected to a mosque.

Muadhain The pen;on who performs the duty of adhan.

Mu,wfir khrma Lodging place for travelers.

Musafirs Traveler; In terms of shariah any traveler who travels at least 48 miles. musalli Perlbnner of salat

mutaqij The performer of iliqaj'

Nafl Optional

Qatar Row in ajamaat for sa/al.

Qibfa The holy Kaba in Mecca, in the direction of which Muslims ______m_"_'_'_'_~_,_fo_reerforming_m_'_"_' _ Qur'an The Holy revelation from Allah on Prophet Muhammad (S).

riwak Portico or cloisters around a courtyard; tent-flap. sahn Courtyard

Salat The particular type of Islamic prayer.

.I'hariah Islamic law

Sunnah the examples of the Prophet's life what he said, did, implemented, how he implemented sunnal-i-muaqada The category of 'amat which------is performed consistently by the Prophet (S) and his companions (R), almost obligotary likc wajib. Surah A chapter in the Holy Quran.

Tablig Reach the mess3ge of lslam to the people,

Taharat The acts of purification as a religious rite.

Takbir To pronounce the greatness (of AIIah); the utterance (like, Allahu Akbar- 'AlIah is Great' etc.) to conduct the change of every posture in the salat. Thana Police station.

Wajib Which is considered as obligatory. Far} 3nd wa}ih are almost ______sYJ1onym_"_"_,_. _ Waqf Endowmcnt ofpropcrtics, possessions etc, for the cause of Islam. Waql Time; usuaIly uscd to mean the time limit for ~'alatas dictated by sariah. wazu The rite of purification as an obligatory pre-condition of salal

Wazu khana TIc place to perform wazu. Appendices A.I-IV

Yalim khana The institution to provide to the orphans.

Zenana The women.

Zila Administrative regions or districts of Bangladesh,

References

A.I-I. Gibb, 11,A. R. and Kramers, J. H., Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, E.J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, 1961. A.I-2. Oxford Talking Dictionary. The Leaming Company, Inc., UK, 1998. A.l-3. Hillengrand, Robert h'!amic Architecture, Formfum:tion and meaninf:. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1994. A.1-4. The Alim For Windows, Shahid N Shah, Computer CD Version, Release 4.5, ISL Software Corpomtion, USA, 1996. A.l-5. Al-Qur'anul Karim, Computer CD, Version 6.31, Sakhr Software, 1996. A.I-6, Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh and Pevsner, Nikolaus; The Penguin Dictionary of Architee/ure; 4'" Ed" Penguine Books Ltd., UK, 1991. A.I-7. Thanuvi, Maolana Ashraf Ali, (translation: Faridpuri, Maolana Shamsul Haque), Beheshti leor, Vol. 1, Emdadia Library, Dhaka, 1990. ApfJf'1ldj~,"'.1-'

A.2.1 Baitul Mukorrum Mosque

•

• ApJX'ndlc~ A.2.1l •.•....--. • A.2.2 Dilkushn Mosque ,I -~• " , •

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.- • - s. 1_ RlmIKIta"" - .,

• Appendices .4..2-111

A.2.3 North Shabjahan.pur.Soulh Khilgaon Jhecl Mosque

., r""n. frnrn tb< ",Ilvab S.Mi~",b from tb< Rl.IlJI amy

6.1>I1~"'b•••••...t ••.• frnrn tb< oouth • 7. \\'jnclow. in!";'" V><'O' t.Sliff'S to lot lIoor Ap~ndic('.fA.l-W

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, ,

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.,

I]. Sat for 111= IS. 'Ilz:o Kkl"" under fOOfin tb<~bIoc:k Ap~" cl'3" A . l-XlI .- . " A.2.S Nev.' Markel Bailul AmllIl Mosque: • 1

•• • -

Ap~"d',ct"~ .• A.l.XIII

•

1$. Url •• 1s -----

•

• A~lldlct"S A.l.X/I' • •• I'---y, • A.2.9 Lnlbag Qilla Mosque

, • - ApprndiCf.".J A.l-XV •••.••._.• ,- f A.'l.ll Gulshllll Central Mosque

,•

I

• 1 ApP""dict!ll A.l_X!'!

A.2.13 Vorari Ultarpara Mosque

"

-~. ..,. ". O' ,-.., • .. ~ .•..._- ~ -. l. Frnntal Emy

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II. Intrrior of tbr 1ft)"" room

12. 1l1l

•

• t:'" ~ ..• ApP""dicc:r A.]-}I1'lI/ I

,

I

•

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------S. Tube well- alternative source of WIOltl". ..I

• , Appendices A.l.XIX

> :: ,0', -,-...-

",,'-"'!'"i.'..~teo "_.,t.• • • ~~."-:'==-flh~"....",.- ,"- - ~.-.••.~ -'i=:: • • ~l- ~~,.:..,. '.,:" ~,!,. ,')>j ,.,'.',.. ' j .. •.•.~I~ ~ - _...... - , " "' '" . ~-'l,L_'-; . <' - "I - '.' j . " -., ' ' , -. ,, , -};:-. ~ . .."'' .. ..' .', " _. .;-1 "'.,&~. ,. - -,' .; '~-' '\t~_--. .-~".• . . - ... • •• • , " . .._, 6 Ablution facilities are pro,-,dell from !he pond. -, •

•• Appc!dlcn A.1-XX - _ ..•..• ----""" .• , I

, 21 ,'\;;,~ ---;'

~. Di.!lIII\ ,-jC'" iiltro>. the hug. pond ~l the east

",

,!iI. The interior view "r!be mosque. •

-,

6 Ablution fDcilitiC! ore provided from \be pond .

• •

Ap/Nndlcn A.I-XXl

1A.2.16Mosque of J\bdnl'a-I-Ro'hmllnlll Yunhlll, RiliiiUnlD:. Chillagong 1

, -- - 'IIJ.' ~- -"", ' ,,'-'-r-"', .' "'1F('.• ":.'1' , - T •

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-,

, S. Int.rior view. mlhrab, mimbar, wlndow eiC. • •

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•

• •

• .6. Inlerior vi••••.showing {he ,,;ndows. 7. 1nloriar view """wing tIM:mlh,."b. ~ _ • o •

, . - ApJX'tldic<':f A.].XXJIJ • ,A.2.18 KAFCO JlI.nll MQ~ AnOWJlrB, Chiltll.gong -- 1

•

2, En1nnCe in east •••• f~.

3. t:altrm f~. 4. High.,,;OOow, from out .ide.

-

7. Viow of the dorrIl' from bonom. I • Appo1dlces A.]-XX71' ) A.2.19 JlImlll! uI Fal.h, Ou mplIrll, Chlt1ogong.

1. Entmlce from (he SOIlIhemprmli!l('. --- 2. N01Ibem f~ •. I

6. Me.u.anine floonl the ••.•tern .id(,of mosque. 1

11.Mlhmb in "'= ".•.11.--- 8. W.1ef lank for Wa:u, Appn!dires A.}-XXJ'

A.2.20 ,\nd.-r QJIluJllnll ;\Iosqu~,'\ndllr Qma~ Chltlll~ong.- .."....- ••

B. Minrob IIId mimba' .. 9, Window .bowing thic~ wol1. _ Ap~ndit= A.2-XXl'1

."

5. Upper panion of !he minattl.

6. fulcmion ill \he ground floor.

• ", "

Appnldicv; A.l.XXVfl ') A.2.22 Mosqut of Shah Shujll: ;\IU-RhIlIIUIl,ComJlla.,

I. A.lUl ,.,.". of the mosque. 2. Entrance to the mosque. , .

'3. 0""" .'jew oftb< enlranCe. 4.Wnltmr~d •. • Ap~lldlct"S A.2-XXVIll .\.2.23 Mosque ollhr Ma:'Qr Complei of HQdrQt Shah Jalfll (R), S)"lhet ------

L Pananunic VI.'" of tho "",:or romplex .howing tb. mosque II the len .id •.

5. Arcl>cd niche in 1IIe "",II.

, , ,6. DiITem>I.tyk in OXlnIskm._? Mlh",b in old p:ut. now I niche .• 8. Types ofnicbes in ••..•U•. -.J • - .-

.,

.'

50" " ::E ~~ i -" ,! " '""g '..E!' ~ .,g 0 0 en, " • .gt .~~ ~I.g f-< ;j '"en " 5' '€ j •••'" ;'! (} ••,... -.I , • Appendices A.3-11

o

•

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\, Appendices A.3-lJ[

• •

•

, • ]

, • ~ • ~ ! I ! I , ,• • •Z z -< 0: • ,

~

I ~ E-< '" ., ~

. , " - .-V .,

iLn.fU'~UU'L~f1nn OOiiiiiiiiO OOniiniiin 0

North Shahjahanpur-South Khilgaon Theel Mosque i~ FRIONT ELEVATION ~

• '- . , ""' .-.., Appendices A.3-V

c. "

0 \ [) 0 " ~~ \ = •

ApPMdicesA.3.VlI

n

o

o

•

• .ippendu;es A ,_Vlff

East Elevation

4-

I

~-

Bakshi Bazaar Mosque Plan Appendices A,3-iX

•

•

,

• Append!"", A,3.X

o o

,

0 0 ,,-•0 II .~ , ,,.a~ 5~ £:.- ~Z.

• ,,. ,"- Appendices A.4-ll Fig. A.4.2

Instruction to use

1. This ligure should be used with the table AA.1, 2. Take a photocopy ofthi, page and place it on a horizontal plane (non-magnetic) in sunlight. 3. Wilh a magnetic compass, orienl the page so t~ 0°/ 360. remain, at north. 4. Place a straight stick (say, a pencil) vertically at the center, 5, Mark lhe shadow on !he paper at the particular lime of the day to get the Wbla direction from Table A.4.1. f

..

_ 1•• • 1.-'" I ' r .- -- A_,>dO:", A.,4.Jf' I doc:hIl2 m_ b O!ta ~!:om stQdowtI0«1 , ,. m , ,. m , • 11:» \2'11 .11,Jl; 111ll 1~ ,. " '" '" '" • "" 11'16'" , lUI , ,. • 11,11". 11:0/ " 1I~ 13i11 ,~\I'll •• 1119 12,11 11:07 " lIn lt~ llfM1\,111 • •• • 1311 11,lQ " •" 172S ttlr \lGl " , \325 Ula . \r7\ \2:56 12CJ 1121. •• lJ~ 12.10 \\:10 " •• 11:11 12:5l am •, ,W ". ."••• • IS \1 1311 \\:ID " 11.1' U!Il Uti! "" ••• 1!11 ltlA !l:ll " 11.10 U51 "" • ••• 1!1~ 1l:W 11:11 ". • ." ••• " 11,:01ll.g lZil2"" 11,~ •• ." IMll Ill~ llt1l 1I:1l " II,m u.r U:Ol ~ • Ill' \1:(1111:11 " • 1&59 IN! Itt!"" 11':1$ " '" ". 11\1 \l:lll 11:14 " lS!16 IN4 ltf11 11'25 " .~ 11 \0 llJl! 11:1~ • lHl 12:41 lXl:l 117/ •• 118 ,,~" 'O. " 'O. U:OI 121-1 11!16 ".lUI " 1101l! " 10,12 11m 1m 11~ 1l:3l ,• " I(J;U 11-((1\1:21 \l:Jl 111-" l~Y 1120 11Y \l;Jl • "." 1 " 11:1'. " lSlJ 1~,11". 1151 11,<0 " " ""

I:!otb'blllrtm _ b CltII:I , ,. m n, ,. m ,ro , 11.11 • '" '5tll UO!> I1,Y 11:5l1'" • '" 101 l~CI , 11.1~ 'Sill' ,~O< 11:51 '1:5' " ". 101 ". 11.19 15«1 UO< 11:5/ ". , '1:52 " "."" 1031 l~CI • 1.:51 UO< 11:51 '1:52 " ,,~ 1131 '~C1 ". , "" 1.;5l ,tllJ 11:5/ ,,~• ,,~ 1031 ,~m". 'Ull 11'17"" 1.1IJ 1l'1lJ 11:51 ,,~," ,,~ 1131 lZ1l2 UUI •, 11:30 1.:51 lZ1l2 \\:!III ,,~ lue lZ1l2 ll'111 • ,,~ lU~ lW II:!III ,,~" ". 101 ll'11J ll'Cl II'~ • lUI lW 1\:51 ,,~" 1"~ ltm ltl/l • 11:P IUS ltm 11:58 , " , •• ,,~" 11.41. ... lUI 1lC,J ll'111 ,~ 11:3'l 10" Itfll 11:58 ,,~ l1.4l ,. "E IU~ ItO< It1l\J'It«I 11;'1 'U1 Itl/I II ., " ,,~" ""', ' I." ItO< Itm 1Xl) .) " 11:'1 • lUI ,~, ," 11.~ ,. IUS 12:0S Il'c:! 12-00 1I,•• ". " 10~ Il'nl 11:9". 11:51". • IUS •• lUI 12:0S IXI<' 11-00 " II,~ "31 \lDl 11:9 (I,ll ". " '<3e IlDl 11:5' 11;51 , •

~

1~~11O{1tt,l ~, [,;~l lOll <:til ~," ro:<11l'i i I " • l'1~1ml lUI ~," •• ZG~1Inl . ~Ol moll OUI .-, " II:lll ~Hl '" " I~QI m:ll 5Z[l " ;:all iHI "' " go;OI~l Ril "'1"1 " Zl)ll J"l '" " am 0;0<:1 illil ,n " F;l)ll ;>1:1 "' • tUll <;Otl Slil W, " OUI nil • "' • Wl1 w;ll !Zil • ., • il)ll tlil •• ••., • lOll '>Nl lUI • •, [lUI )t'il • /0'/ • Wll 1G11 lUI •• WII CHI • 01'1 " 10'11 iOll lil'(l •• \ aul fiHl ,I'I •" IIll'Il !lI)11 iHI ''" •, 1oO'l1ilt'tl 11'1 WI! lIHI /ltl • '"lr~ , ml ',Ul ~," Il"U IGll 91tl , ml ~il Inl IIHI ~1il , .,, " ., ••'", '" '" I)~ - ","""" I, II IO'11 •• . '"•• " !ltl\ lOll 6>'l1 i'i~1 ... " i"11 tall 111;11"1$.'H .. . " U::l\ llHI ~'ll ;;il .. • ". " Ql:ll /tI{1 10[1 l\'"11 .. • .,'" " !ltll 1011 IP'l1 lUI •• . ••• " It'll IIUI \Qtl IIt"II .. • w. • Q;ll 1011 '>POllilil •• . ". " U'\I 1(R\ ,em Irll •• . ., " 01':1110"/1 ttll t.91 .. . •• • tl".ll llUl rotl tt"ll •• . • It'll """II Itll /'91 ... ". •, ~Il IO

WU IIHI iI'll lIUl I.n I1IUI I'r~l il,il 51111 S'U 'iOll /\~l !ilil 01'11." " it,ll I1IUl tt~1 fl,il " X,U 'iOll il~l elfl rnl " it'll llUl tt~l 1191 "" • XU Wll fl~l Ol;fl !il'U " ~,U l(l.ll lnl l;(I.il ." - ~"" i> U ;1)/1 11'11 II fl • 51'11 " • l$U l(l.ll lIUl <;Gil • ~ II iOll (I'll nfl • " '~ lHl lUI 6l"~1 IMl ." •" ~ II I1Rl lrll II ~1 II'U"" " l'i'U Iei'll Ifll ~n '" K II I1Rl ll~l WIl !ll'U " S'U Iei'll !ii'll iill 1O.(l1." " •• II jo(l.ll U'II iO~1 5l'1I • ~U Iei'll ii'll /'IiI " •• n ICl'lI 01"11am • It'll ,• ~U ItI'll 'fll ~ II •• ." • Kn !Gil GlUl OHI tt:1I 1'1'11lOll tUl bil • ."N" " GIl toell \lUI ~Ol 9[:11 • 1'1'11Wll a-~1 /til " CBlI toell ilUI !II'1 • ,• ii=ll 90<:1 lHl lit il "" • CBlI am liRl £Hl (t:u , ii=ll 90<:1or~1 9£'fl IGII •• CBll toell IInl lnl ." "" 1':U , ?j:\\ 90<:161'l1 £t~l " CBll 111/1 ml ~ ,I (tll , ~,., re .", " ., ~,., 00 , '"!I'ro III~ LlIllJI0$I'4l0P •• ." m!O01"OIlI'lILlIllJI~ •• '" "" '" 1I,,.r~r -- • .""r' :-;:;....3 - . , .~ Append,,:es A 4_Vl October D'Y An Ie de rees clockwisefrom sh,d~N 10Qibla An Ie de ree, CIOtkwi", from shadow to Qlbla , 0 00 'W '" 0 '0 m , 'W " '" 1301'" 12.01'" ID'll'" " '" '" 1415'" 12'00'" 10 10 'W 1355 12.01 10'29 ••" • 14'11 12 00 10-09 , ;u 1356 11,~1 10,28 • H 18 12 00 10 08 , on IJ57 12,01 1021 " 1420 1200 10~6 , £'1<; 1,59 1201 10 25 " 14-21 12.00 1005 , 6'15 1400 1101 W2, " 14:12 12 DO 10'04 , 6,11 14 01 12'~1 10 13 " 14'2. 1101 10.00 , CO, • 14 03 12,01 10 21 " 14'25 12.Q1 1001 , CO' 1'04 12.Q1 10 20 " • 14,27 1201 1001 00' 1:1 12,01 9,59 " '" • 1"00 1101 10,16 " 14.31 IWI " 14,10 1201 10 1, " 14,33 12,01 '" " 14,11 12 01 10 14 00" 14,84 1201 9:56'" " 14,12 12-01 10 12 14,36 1201 ••" 1414 12-00 IV 11 " '" NO'iember 0., An I, de "" clackw",lramsllJdowloQlbla An I, ,,",kII'''' lrom shadow to Qlbl, de "''' 0 ., 'eo '"0 m "- 0 00 n, m , " '" 1437'" 12,01 'M '" • '" '" 15 01 12'" 05 9,01 , 1439 12G2 W " • 15-02 1206 '0; , 1440 110l 9'51 " 1503 12~6 H' , 14"41 11'0, 9'51 " 15~5 1206 H' , 1443 11,02 9,50 " 1,06 11,07 9-39 12.02 " 9-39 , 1''<4 • '5,06 12,07 ," 144£ 1202 H''" " • 1509 120, 144/ 1203 ••" 1510 1100 '" , 1449 11 03 '" 1512 1200 H''" • 14',0 11.03 H''" " 1513 12'O~ H' " • " 51 11,03 9-45 " 15'14 12,09 9,37 " 1403 12-04 9:45 '" 15,16 121G " 14 " 12.04 ," 1517 1210 '" " 1456 12~4 '0;'" 00 1518 1110 '"9'37 " 1458 1205 '0; " 1459 1205 " H' December D,y An Ie 0 rees\ ,lock.l" from sh,dow to Qib'" An Ie de rees clockwise Irom sh,dow to Qlbla 0 00 "- , 00 , '" '" '"1519 '" 12,11'" 9,31'" '"• '" '" 15-35'" 12:19'" g,39'" , 15 21 12,11 " •• 1535 12,19 , 1522 1212 '" " • '536 12,W '"9-40 • 1513 12,12 '" " • 15.31 122() 9:40 , 1524 1213 '" " 1537 1221 9-40 , 1525 1113 '" " IS:lB 1121 H' , 1526 12'H '"g'3? " 15:lB 1122 • • 1,'11 11'" H' " 153.Jl 12'21 ""9'41 , • '513 11,15 " 15'39 12'23 9,43 l\,)g 1215'" 9'31 " 15:39 12,23 9.43 " 151G 12.16 9.31 '" 15,99 1224 ,. " • 1511 12.16 " 154G 1224 " 15'32 12.11 '" ,'" 1540 1225 945,'" " 15'33 12.17 "" 154G 12'25 eo" " 1599 1118 '" '" 15,00 1226 W " 1534 1118 '" " " 'W -'!"•• > •,

-- Table 3.4.3. Number of mus:J1J1sattend!n!!. S:alllt and utilizinl! WlI7.Uand toilet facility ServIce lor Fair ZuhriJuma Asr Maldlrib "1m Salat Maghrib I •• , ,; , ,; ~ .~ ~ ~ ~ -: " -: g ~ g ]E ~ ~ ~I~" ~• ~ ~ ,e ~ ;£ ~ ;2 ;f N~' , - ~ ~ ~ ;'0 Sund3X--- - " 120 -', 2 21' 25• , 311430 10 420 • 6 360 30 10 120 21S 3114420 360 420 • 6 IMonda 132 7 I 224 32 8 296 24 7 448 64" 8 348 J3 8 132 224 296" 448 348 448 "64 8 'uesdDy lOS 4 0 2,. 18 , 27S 36 9 ,,. 38 S J73 28 13 lOS 2,. 27S ,,. J73 ,,. 38 , Wednesda 127 , 2 218 26 4 322 32 12 413 48 , 3SS 37 9 127 218 322 413 3SS 413 48 , '""'"' 113 4 3 2114 24 3 313 28 II 441 56 7 342 24 II 113 2114 313 441 342 441 56 7 Frida)' 1114 4 2 2004 198 42 287 21 ,424 43 , 374 2219 11142004 287 424 374 424 43 S ,Snturd3y 136 6 2 222 22 6 300 37 12 416 SI 6 364 3UlO 136 222 3001416 364 416 SI 6 Avcrngc (rounded) 424 I I 6 % with Saint (rounded) 100 I" 12 I '-l Occupancy Paltern; Resldenlial Mosque Sab! Atrcndrn1t & ~rvlce 2500 User: Residential Mosque • ~ ...... " ..- "" . ~ 2000 • ;; .,- • ,1500 ~ -,I. ~ 0.- - - " '" -." " - " o 1000 -. _._ . -:; - ~ '00 ".. =, .,- o < Sunday Monday TuesdlIy Wednesday Thund:ly Frid:ty Saturday ..- ts' -+- Fajr --:- ~uu:' -- A~ -&- MlIghrib -++-Ishn • , I I "'- •.•. - Adh11les ,• •••••••• - ~ • , ,. - - , I

Tnble 3.4.6. Number of mu~llllls nltendin sllint lind utllizin W1U:Uand toilet raeilit •.

Fllir ZuhrfJuma _ Asr ~aS:!!!ib Sll13t I _:>t: "'" = - ~= ..!! - oS ~ ;:: ~ ~.~.E ~ '= ..:; .!:;, ..a "E 3 ~ " - - 0 ~-~ ~~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~" N_ = = ~ ~::g""3 ~ ~ " Sundj;;'" ~~ ,Mi" " " 50309 65 33 12 -IT 28 8 ~ 49 11 5~ J6 9 SO 65 58 7J 58 7J 49 II" ,Monda 47 28 1 62 32 20 # 29 7 .g :gIOISS 33 7 47 62 71 71 47 10 49228 64 33 13 o 9 74 49 64 51" 74" 57 74 48 9 ",,", #3 ~ 9 57 " 8 Wc:dnesdll 48 21 10 63 28 II 7 10 42 8 61 29 8 " 2 83 8J 61 8J 42 8 ~rsda)' 51 18 7 94 43 22 ftJ7o 31 W :u 21 72 35 16 51 94 I"" 142 72 142 63 21 fridaY 60249 "0 211 2S 61 18 68 *t-*-60 I 350 84 lJO 68 130 61 18 ~5 o 17 J.bO " 9 j;'>atunlav 62 26 11 90 60 18 82 60 19 135 ~ 16167 321 8 62 I 90 I" 67 I" 68 16 A vern 'C"' rounded 101 % with SahlI (rounded) 100 +t-H-S3 13 Oceupllncy Patlno: Resldentlal Mosque Slllal AUendllnt & Suvlce 400 Us~r: Rl"I[d~nlllll Mo~que lSO •••••••••••••••••••••• _ ••••••••••••••• 0" •••••••••••••• ~ 300 ...... - .. __ - ...... ••..• -- . =::t 250 ...... ~ 200 J "o 150 ~::m,--~ ~ 100 '0 SO o Sunday Mond.3y Tucsdny Wedncsd3y Thursd:iy Friday SllturollY 1:1= =I=J t, I -+- Fnjr As[ ...•... Maghrib -K-lshll I 0""-' --7:~ ....•... _ w.... r •• 1c< '1" ~ A<1Mtl.,. ::: ~ '\ ..~ , "

, '. Table 3.4.12 Number of musallls attendln ~llillt lind utlll7.ln \VazlI and toilet radllt',' iec for FlIjr l Z""/I=,1 A" IIMnllhrib I~ha I SlIllIt MllJdlrib '0 ~;a'''=..!3 ~::~ r3:=~ it:=..!3 ~::.~.E= •. ~ l! .!! 03 ._ -'" ,.. " " 0-I '" .".=I" 0 - " :- ," 0- •• ". , " 0 - " :>=".0 " -::>::> , .::! "" '" -I'":> "0 Vl ;> l- "'.... en...!- Vl •••. •..• ~ N...... •..'"~h# ~ til.... I- ISund:! 31 2 0 52 9 5 48 15 8 75 5 1 14 18 12 31 52 48 75 74 75 5 I Mondn)' 28 0 0 1# 12 8 53 18 2 8) 5 1 78 20 13 28 56 53 83 78 83 5 I ITucsda 35 II SS 7 3 44 12 5 87 2 0 73 15 5 JS 55 44 87 73 87 2 0 Wcdne:sd3y 30 0 0 ~ 8 2 52 9 3 89 3 0 70 22 16 30 58 52 89 70 89 3 0 IThunda 36 0 0 53 13 6 50 10 4 93 4 0 73 17 9 36 53 50 93 73 93 4 0 Frida 36 I 0 143 40 28 60 17 6 96 5 2 79 18 7 36 143 60 96 79 96 5 2 SlIlUrdllV 33 I I 62 12~ 46 11 7 83 2 0 75 13 9 331 62 46 83 75 83 2 0 Avcrn c 86.57 3.71 0.57 % WilhSlll3t(ll)unded) 100 41 1

160 O<:cupllncy Pattern: Resldenlial Mo~que _ Salal AUendanl & Service User: Resldenl131 J\1Mque 140, ..... -_..•..•.••••• - .••.••..••..••.••.••...• " •.. • , :: 120 ...••• -_ ...... •.•...•.•...... •...... '" , '00 ~IOO _._ _. ... l ~= 80 .-...... - ..- 1 ~ .. ~':m ~ ' I ~ 40 - ...... •..... '00 , ,._. 20 .•...... •...... •.•...... -....•.•...... "" o • Sund:!.y Mond:ty Tuesday W~y Thursd:ly Friday Saturday ~:tU • , ~ -+- Fajr --- Asr --e- Mnghrib -H- Islm I t I f::' -... I ~ w_ T",1n , AcllvlllH • ~

'.'l:? • f} I , " • Tobie 3.4.13 .sumber or musollis oUendin" ~olot ond utilizim! WOln ond toilet racllllv , Fajr Zuhrl1llffil1 1m Mo"hrib _ I~ha Salat , , 13 ~" .~- ] 3 ] , " :: I~ " :: ~ ., " ~ E "• Jl~ ~ " ~ ~~ ~" • ~ ~ ;Z N~ < tG>" ~ - ~. " '" ~- 7 • , 8 • 6 • 4 7 , 8 6 8 0 • -l0 6 6 7 10 6 6 I 6 7 10 6 10 0 0 ] - 7 4 9 , ) 7 4 9 , 9 0 0 , 9 4 7 8 , 9 4 7 8 7 0 0 4 8 , 7 , 4 8 , I 7 , 7 0 0 20 4 8 7 , 20 4 8 7 8 0 0 ~ - , 6 6 9 I 6 , 6 6 9 6 9 0 0 Average (rounded) 8 0 0 % wilh Salat (rounded) I 100 0 0 • Occupancy Pattern: Rr'lldentlol Mo~quc 25 •

,; 20 ...... -"; 15 '0-. 10 f o 7.. 5 o Sunday, MondlIy TuCSlby Wednesday Thund3y Friday S4lurd.:ly I --+=- Flljr -; Zuhrl ...•... Asr -&- Moghrib ""*"" l~hll I .• , Juma • • • ..,:t'i

,~ , , •

Table 3.4.16.a Number of mn~allls attendint!: salat and utillz[nt!: wazn and toilet facility

Fair ZuhrlJuma A" Macl1rib Ishn Salat _ ••• L>....!:;!;....• O<;.i:; ~ ~ ~ Sunda~ 25 400 275 80 320 200 45 260 180 65 1Q. 28 15 25 400 320 260 50 26Q 180 os Monda)' 14 365 270 73 300 180 45 260 175 42 "5i 30 14 14 365 300 260 52 26Q 17S 42 Tuesda' 16 380 250 75 280 150 40 230 162 45 ~ 1ij- 13 16 380 280 230 40 230 162 Wedne:>da)'j 19 340 210 60 282 140 42 240 160 60 ~ 22 14 19 340 282 240 50 24<1 16Q "6Q Thuma' 13 310 180 56 190 140 40 180 125 61 30 15 8 13 310 190 180~ 180 125 61 Frida 8 560 310 120 100 75 21 200 135 60 35 15 10 8 560 100 200 35 200 135 6Q Samrda 10 200 150150 160 1401551180112155 50 33119 10 I 200 160 180 50 180 ~112 ~ Averngc (rounded) -221 150 " % with Salal (rounded) 100 68 "25 Occupan9' Pattern: R~ldential Mosque Salal Allcndant & Service 600 User: Residenllal !'-losque 110 , ~ 500 '00 a, 400 ~ 300 ~':~n.- I ; c: 200 - -o -'00 Z 100 "0 o --II2\ I'~ Sund!ly Monday Tu~y Wedn=lny Thund:Jy Friday Salurd:ty ~ :1=1 - --.-,. it ,, I~ Fajr -- ~~ -.- Asr --e- Maghrib """*"" Isha .' I -- I w_ T••1d 1 I ~ ACllvlties - ~

, AppcndicesA,5.}

A.5 Bibliography (Listed in ascending alphabetical order)

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3. Ahmed, Abu Sayed Mostaque; The Choio Sona Mosque in Gaur. An F.xample of Early Islamic Architecture of Begol; Inslltute of ArchllCOlurnl History, University of Karl,ruhe, Germany, 1997.

, 4, Ahmed, Knandaker Sh.bblf; Approaches 1'" Thr Bio-climatic Urban ne.,ign For The Tropics Wllh Special Reference To Dhaka, Ba>lglade.h; unp~bli"hed PhD thesis, Environment and Energy Stud,es Programme; Arcnilc'

5. Ahmed, NazilllUddin and Saaduddin, K. M., Bang/ade-Ih: Isiamlc Heritage. Banglade,h Parjatan Corporation, Dhaka,

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II. Andafe, 1'. Muhammad, The Man and hi" Faith, London, 1936.

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24. Cosla, M Paulo: Studies in Arabian Archilecture. Aldersboto Variorum, 1994.

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28. Cre,well, K. A C, Early MuslimArchileclUre. Umaf}'ad.\', A. D. 612.750, 2 vol •. Oxford, 1969.

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