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Mosque Architecture: Formulation Ofdesign Criteria and Standards in the Context of Bangladesh

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Mosque Architecture: Formulation Ofdesign Criteria and Standards in the Context of Bangladesh Mosque Architecture: Formulation of Design Criteria and Standards in the Context of Bangladesh Sheikh Muhammad Najrnul Imam - - 11/:mIIIIIUII/IIiUIIIIIII/:1 1J94979111 Departmeut of Architecture Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (DUET) Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh September 2000 Mosque Architecture: Formulation of Design Criteria and Standards in the Context of Bangladesh Sheikh Muhammad Najmul Imam A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture in the Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (DUET) Department of Architecture Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh September 2000 Department of Architecture Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka IDOO, Bangladesh On this day, 30" of September, Saturday, 2000, Ihe undeTSlgned hercby recommends \0 the Academic Council that lhe the,is titled, "Mosque Architecture: Fonnulation of Design Cmefla atld Standard, in the Context of Bangladesh" submitted by Sheikh Mul1ammad Najmullmam, Roll No_ 9213 P, Session: 1990-'91.'92, is acceptable in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree MaSI.' of Architecture. Thesis Title, "Mosqne Architecture, Formolation of Design Criteria and Standards in tbe ConteIt of Bangladesh" PROPOSED BOARD OF EXAMTNERS: Faruque A. U. Khan Professor and H.ad Department of Architecture, BUET (Thesis Supcrvi,or) Md. Khairnl Enam Professor Department of Architecturc, BUET Member: 100 • ~. 'U»-<M Dr. Md. ShahiduJ Ameeo Professor Department of Architecture, BUET Member: ~-jI o( oYf/'"lJ<v" ) -, lIr. Roxnna Hartz Assistant Professor Department of Urban and Member: Regionai Planning, BUET (External) Abstract: i Mosque Architecture: Formulation of Design Criteria and Standards in the context of Bangladesh Abstract Mosque, being the center of Islamic spirit and activities, bccomes an edifice of special sigmficance in the Muslim settlements all over the world. Starting from a simple one in Medina, in course of modification through time and regions, it has attained a certain degree of architectural magnificence amI established il~elf as a distinguished building type. The first mosque cstablished by the Prophet (S) was intended to abide by the commamlment of Allah, convey His message to the whole humankind and render ~crviec to the society. This mosque can be characterized as a simple, austere and strictly functional one. Afterwards, influences from other religiou~ architecture of mediaeval period led the mosqlle architecture towards monumental and SlJmptuOlJs structures. This thesis explores, a, one of its objectivc~, to identify the original intent of a mosque and how it was redefined in course oflime and region. Thousands of mo,qlJes are ~erving thc Muslim community of Bangladesh. Mo~qucs of early Islamic period were built under the patronage of rulers and distinguished rich Muslims. Gradually the common people started to build mosques in their own initiative. These mosqlJesdevelop gradually and reflect the desire and demand of the community. In most of the cases they do not follow any systematic design criteria or standard in temls of the()logyand practice. Moreover, there are no such authentic and compiled sources of guidelines or standard~ to be used by the architects. As a re,ult, there are good number of faulty aspects in different mosques, with respect to shariah and practical i,sucs. This thesis focuses on the formulation of design criteria and standards, which can bc applied for designing mosqlJes in Bangladesh. Obviously, some common and fundamental aspects may apply universally to any mosque around the globe. Some criteria, like determination of qihla direction, configurations of spaces, contiuuation or jama'al in diffcrcm levels, service facilities etc. arc to bc taken into consideration in design approach. Thcse aspects are directly or indirectly dictated by shariah. As a quantitative design tool, architects ~hould follow some design standards. Determination of capacity, spacing of qatars, ergonomic data for different activities, requirement of space for different aetivitics, size of ingress and egress, service load - all these issue, are included for analysi" and propositions. Abstract: Ii -'" A mosque is a unique building type, which requires almost no liturgical support. The floor is mostly used for salat and other activities. Only little furniture, as for example, rnlmbar, seats for Wazu, bookshelf, shoebox or rack etc. arc required to be designed. Standards are formulated for all these liturgical supports. Environmental aspects are also significant for a mosque. But, an elaborate discussion on this aspect is selectively kept beyond the scope or this lhesis, as (his field itselr is very vas! and suitable to be an independent research work. Only some brief discussions and general propositions arc ineluded for certain environmental issues important ror mosque design. There arc many major and minor criteria, which should be considered for designing a mosque. Bul due the limited scope orthis thesis work, some major issues, particularly those very significant on spatial aspoxts are covered in this work. Some aspects, which arc common for any other building type and do not carry extra significance for a mosque, are kept beyond the scope. It is expected that the architect will be able to handle those common issues out of his general education and expertise in architecture. f Acknowledgement: iii Acknowledg_e_m_e_"_' _ Throughout the process of this thesis work, a good nwnber of people lend their helping hands by providing information, guidance and encouragement. Firstly, I express my gratitude to Profes,or Faruque A. U. Khan, my Thesis Supervisor and Head of the Department of Architecture, DUET, for providing guidance and ill5piration. All my colleagues of the department had been all through vcry kind to rcnder their cooperation in different way:;. Professor Dr. M. Anwarul Islam, the Manehcster Mctropolitan University, UK ha:; set a rare example of assistance by sending a signilieant book on Islamic Architeeturc and his research Paper on Mosque Architecture. M. Kamal Abdali, National Science Foundation, USA; Khalid Shawkat, USA; Dr. Monzur Ahmed, UK and many others were introduced to me through Internet. I express my heartiest thanks to all of them for providing me infornlatlon and computer software. It ISworth mentioning here that some of my students and the musallies of different mosque:; eagerly a,sistet! me in field sludy. They also sbare the credit of accomplishment of this thesis work. I acknowledge that some figures and photographs are taken from different books and mentioned accordingly in relevant places. I would like to convey my tbanks for the wriler" publisher, and other associates. For theological support, a good number of scholars of Islamic theology have assisted earnestly. i express my gratitude for Maolana Ishaq Faridi, Mufti Abdur Rahman, Mufti Monsurul Haq and many others. it is vcry difficult to mention everyone who contributed directly or indirectly throughout my work. Moreover, it is not always worth mentioning the names to express gratitude. May Allah bless them with appropriate rewards m lhi, world and hereafler. Finally, I must say A/-hamdulillah (all praise is for Allah) and express my appreciation and gratitude for Allah the Almighty, a, He i, the sole source of all knowledge, energy and enthusiasm. • • Table a/Contents: iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Abstract I .".".".".".".". ~.~.~.o.~.le.dgern.e.n.t. ,...,..".".".....".".". 111 Table of Contents IV .I,i~t.(If.F.igurc.s. ''''',..."....".".. VI Prologue IX fl'i%{l'".~:'k',~,~~"';<),';O::'i1f(i~,~ili,;:~i';";i;"1i+;':M<N)<':;ii:/',: '<~'%N%mtl;/,,~:it''f;w~m~m%.f'i:'' ,"~",.".".'7'.f~j,:df~"'">;;"~-5V:(~'f:t;%'t.i~ili' :',:"",'l;',"':"i"~;;':.P>;"'w;;:~~lk:~~m%;,'~,%:~ji,','. lPART:,Afu""'" X",V;;<\nf1' ~...~t,;,':"WSm:@l;,il;:::;, 'Y::;>;~;~1i&*"A:',h:~'~",~~~~?</~ Xtit~fifefs,~tv~y;'~~1J"-jficldiStJih/rW!:iA!miji*i¥il1J1g1%:~Jt:f1\8$t:::1.t.';,:",JJ Chapter ONE 1-1 The Mosque: General Aspects 1.1 Introduction 1-1 ..,..,.., . .." . 1.2 Word meanillg,~J;l?,p.efinition. 1-1 1.3 Role m Islam 1-2 "." ..".".". ------ .. ---- ---- ------ "."." ". I,'.1.B.uildin.g.C.oml?o.".e.n.ls: ,. 1-3 1.5 Characteristic Features 1-3 ....... -- "." " ".,,--. ,,, ,, ,,.,,.,, . 1.6 Tj'JJ.(l.!,(lgy. 1-5 1.7 Conclusion 1-7 Chapter TWO 2-1 Historical Overview 2.1 lntroduction 2-1 -- . 2.2 ,~,~ ..~,I,:~,t.~osqul:__ " ".". 2-1 2J.c:1Jl:<>1l(l1{)gica1l)e",elopJ!l~,~.!..i~.(JI(l~a1(;(lllt.cx:t__ 2-3 2.4 Chrollo1ogical,,!?,~~~1(lrrnen.t.in.B:Ill.g.1~desh. 2-8 2.5 Conclusion 2-16 Chapter THREE 3-1 Field Study 3.1 Introduction 3-1 -------------- --. -- ".".".". 3-1 3.2 ScoIJ~... -------- -------- ... ------. ---- ... -- -- ... "."."." 3-1 ~:} ...~ ~t.h.o.~()1.{)gy. __ "" .." "." .. 3.:4~tIl~¥__o.Il.C::.a:se__~.?~.'l~es__ 3-9 3:5lJse.~at.t,~::ll,,?r..~f!~c.cs. 3-20 3.6 User's Feedback and Observations 3-20 ........ ".".".".". 3.7 Conclusion 3-21 > Tablt! a/Cantt'n/s: v I •!PART: B iForrnulalion ofDelilgn Criteria and Standards I Chaptl'r FOUR 4-1 Basic Consideration' 4,llntroduetion '-I 4.2 Concept '-I 4.3 Sitt! Phmning '_2 4.4 Qibla: the OriClltntion for Salat ,~ 4.5 Conclusion 4.12 Chapfer FIVE 5-1 Design Approach 5.1 Introduction '-1 ~ptltinl Analysis of Function '-1 5.3 Functional Sr»-ccs ,~ 5.4 Building Elcments 5.11 5.5 Conligumlion of Space and Form 5-14 5.6 Building lind Finish Mftlennls 5-18 5.7 AesthetiC!l 5-18 5.8 Environment 5.20 5.9 Conclusion 5-26 Ch.pll'r SIX 6-1 Design Standan!s 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Dl:tcrmination ofCar»-city ofa Mosque 6-1 6.3 'lib/a Directions for Bang~ndcsh 6-3 6.4 Space Standards 6-3 6.5 Conli~mlion of Space 6-8 6.6 Furniture 6-, 6.7 Requirement ofWntt!f 6-' 6.8 Conclusion 6-10 Epll0l:ue FA . , ~I'PE;-;D1CES A.I-I 1 A.l Glossary of Terms A.1-1" A.2 Photo~phs A.2-1 A.3 Measured Dra\\ings A.3-1 ~gures A.4.1 A.5 Bibliography A.5-1 Ust of Figures and Tables: v; List of Figures and Tables Figure & Page Table No.
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