Institute of Oriental Studies Russsian Academy of Sciences

Olga Stolbova

Chadic Lexical Database Issue III sibilants and sibilant affricates , , z, , ˆ, č, Š, ѕ

Moscow -Kaluga 2009

«Наша полиграфия» Introduction This issue continues the publication of Chadic Lexical Database. It includes words with initial sibilants and sibilant a ricates. Sibilant area is the most complicated fragment of the Chadic phonological system from the comparative point of view. The number of phonemes

(s, , z, c, c , ‰, ‰, ʒ,  have the phoneme status in different languages) in addition to various positional changes (typical of almost all the languages) provoke serious problem in reconstructing the Proto-Chadic system.

The present issue includes lexical material of some more languages (as compared to issue II): West Chadic Kofyar, Mushere, Bade, Duwai,

Central Chadic Zina, as well as additional data on Maghawul (Sura),

Warji, Miya, Makari, Kuseri, Afade. I am most grateful to all the colleagues who allowed the free access to their dictionaries, grammars, sociolinguistic surveys, articles, word-lists and other data. My special thanks to .hr and .Tourneux.

External parallels in this issue were restricted to Semitic data. Of special interest was to nd out if there exist s a one-to-one correspondence between Chadic *c- and Semitic *s-.

2

Conventional signs. In what follows we use the system of notation introduced by A.Dolgopolsky [Dolgopolsky 1973]. This system allows to render uniformly all the phonemes under consideration, using one set of signs (s, z for sibilants, c, ӡ - for `hissing' affricates) and two diacritics -  (to render palatalized character) and a dot below -  - to render emphatic character.

alveolar palatal Sibilants voiceless s « voiced z ј Affricates voiceless c č voiced ӡ ¾ emphatic  Š

The reconstructed Proto-Chadic system includes two sibilants ( s and z) and five affricates ( c -  - č - Š - ¾ ). Proto-Chadic *s-. It can not be excluded that a palatal sibilant («) should also be reconstrucred for Proto- Chadic (as it has been suggested in [Newman 1977]. On the other hand, there are a lot of contradicting arguments: a) the most typical environment for « - positionn before a front vowel or before --; ) - quite often reflect Chadic lateral fricative (in Makari it appears only as such); c) in a number of languages there is only one sibilant (s- in dangla and mubi groups, in Tangale, Tumak; «- in Kirfi). There is no supporting evidence outside Chadic - Proto-Semitic and Egyptian have only one sibilant. Thus, Chadic *« (if at all existed) most probably resulted from a split of Chadic *s- under some condition. To answer this question a serious research of Chadic vocalism is needed. Of special interest should be vowel assimilation, hindering the original vocalism. Before it is done, we prefere to reconstruct one voiceless sibilant for Proto- Chadic. Chadic *s- > s- in almost all the languages, but yields h- in Bele, Buduma,Tumak, Ndam. Tangale and Dera reflect su- as wu-, si- as yi-.

Proto-Chadic *z-. 3 Chadic *z- > z- in almost all the languages. Palatalization (z-> ј-) is typical of most of the languages (before a front vowel or before -w-), but, strangely enough, Chadic *ј (as an independent phoneme) was never under discussion. In Hausa *zi - > ¾-, in Tangale, Bachama, lele and sokoro groups *z- > s-. Devoicing is typical of the sura group, in this very case *z- > z- seems to be an exception or to reflect z- < *nz-, *HVz- . Bele, Buduma, Tumak, Ndam reflect *z- as h-. Followed by --, Chadic *z- regularly yields ¾- in dangla languages (it seems to be the only case of position dependant variant in this group). In Bolewa z- and ѕ- are becoming free variants. Proto-Chadic *c-. Almost all the languages do not distinguish between reflexes of Chadic *s- and *c-. Exceptions are as follows: warji and some of kotoko languages reflect *c- as c-, Hausa - as -. Proto-Chadic *, *č and Š. The most difficult task - is to distinguish between reflexes of these phonemes. Only a few warji languages preserve the full set. All other languages are lacking Š1. Hausa reflect emphatic affricates as , Chadic *č- as č-. Sura, ngizim, ron, kera, lele, languages reflect *- as s-, both palatal affricates - as č. Similar reflexes show Karekare, other bolewa languages have a single reflex for the whole set. Tangale, Ndam, Tumak reflect *- as s-. Languages of bura2, higi, bata and mandara groups mostly reflect *- as c-, *č- and *Š- as č-. Kotoko languages reflect both emphatic affricates as ṣ (Logone, Makari, Kuseri) or  (Afade). Musgu dialects reflect the whole set as s, but Mbala reflects palatal affricates as č. Languages of dangla and mubi groups raflect *- as s-, *č- as č-, and show ejective voiced affricate (rendered by ḍy3) as the reflex of Chadic *Š. Mokilko all the set as s-. The most complicated is the situation in the matakam group. After the idea of Palatalization Prosody was generally accepted, one can find the following commentry to the list of phonemes: `les consonnes centrales se realisant apico-alveolaires au contact des voyelles non-anterieures (dans les mots non-palatalises) et palato-alveolaires au contact des voyelles anterieures (dans les mots palatalises)'. Accordingly, not the real word, but a sort of reconstructed form can be found in a dictionary (*tse, instead of če). In addition, in different dictionaries

1 In Makari Š reflects only Chadic fricative lateral emphatic łʔ, but never - Chadic palatal empatic affricate. 2 Bura often reflects Chadic *Š as c- (especially - before -i-). 3 In his earlier publications H.Jungraithmayr used ʔ¾ instead. 4 one and the same `basic' element may be renderd with different symbols (c or ts ). In addition to provoking misunderstanding, such a method hinders the fact that there exist cases violatiing the rule. At least, they can be found in any dictionary rendering real words. It is also clear, that this distribution is not stable and the palatal variant tends to overpower in the matakam group. For example, in Cuvok only č can be found in contact position, while in Mofu č- ousted c- in general. Note, that in other CChadic languages, the contrary tendency can be traced (note eliminating of palatal affricates in kotoko). The theory of Prosodies is adequate to the contemtorary situation in matakam languages, but is of no use in comparative studies. In what follows two variants of words with anlaut affricates for Podoko, Mada, Ouldem, Zulgo, Mbuko, Zime Batna will be given - the real word and the variant from the dictionary in brackets, namely: Ouldem čef [tsef], caf [tsaf], Mbuko čiw [ciw], car [car], etc. Proto-Chadic *¾ West and East show a single reflex, namely ¾. In central Chadic *¾- is regularly preserved before front vowels, in other environments ¾- is being ousted by ӡ-. The distribution is similar to that of c- and č-. Vowel assimilation may account for violation of reflexes. For example, cases like Bana ¾ǝwǝ (with irregular ¾- before - ǝ-) may result from vowel assimilation < *¾iwǝ.

Method of reconstructing. Diversity of reflexes (also due to the position), on the one hand, and rather short word-lists, on the other, provoke serious problems in reconstructing of voiceless affricates *, *č, *Љ. The following method has been applied to cope with them. For each phoneme the following two parameters have been determined: a) languages showing unambiguous reflex (independent of environments); b) the set of reflexes needed for a reconstruction. For example, combination of reflexes: sura/or dangla s-, kotoko *ṣ point to Chadic *, while Hausa/or sura/ or dangla č identify Chadic *č, the same set in combination with matakam c- point to Chadic *č- before a back vowel, Hausa  in combination with sura/Ngizim č point to Chadic *. Strangely enough, the crucial evidence was provided by languages with the shortest set of phonemes under consideration. It turned out that they yield the most regular and independent reflexes. Languages of the ECh dangla group (Dangla, Migama, Bidiya) reflect *- as s (and the have no š-), *č- as č-, *Љ- as ʔǯ (a voiced ejective affricate, rendered in what follows as ḍy-). However, there is a serious problem with dangla languages also. Contrary to CChadic, in dangla languages reflexes of Chadic lateral 5 and palatal affricates merged (Chadic *š- > dangla č-, Chadic *šʔ- > dangla ʔǯ/ḍy-, i. - the same reflexes as Chadic *č and *Љ). Thus, one should be careful not to analyze dangla lexicon already included into the previous issue of the Database (`Lateal fricatives’). The most regular and decisive reflexes are given below.

* *č * Hausa  č  Karekare, Sura, Angas, Ngizim s, « č č Siri ṣ, č  Bura c č č-, but ci- Gude c č č-, but cǝ- Afade   Makari ṣ s ṣ E 5 s č ḍy

In such a difficult situation, the importance of reliable parallels in Semitic languages can hardly be overestimated. Of special value are: parallels to roots with emphatics *- and *Љ- (ṣ and ẓ, correspondingly) and Hebrew or/and Sabaic s

s2) for reconstructing Chadic *c- (the latter can be distinguished from /[ס ] ’sameh`) Chadic *s- by c- in warji languages4 and in Afade and by - in Hausa only). Proto- Semitic counterpart to Chadic *c- (rendered usually by *s-) is also the weakest element ,( ס ,’of the Semitic sibilant system. It yields specific reflexes in Hebrew (s-, `samex

Sabaic (s2 ), Akkadian, Ug s. Reflexes of Semitic *- and *s- merged in Arabic and Ethiosemitic. Chadic -Semitic comparison could contribute to HS reconstruction as well as to solve internal Chadic problems (i.e. distinguish between Chadic *c - and *s- ). The list of Semitic roots with initial *s- in the present research included: a) the full list of Sabaic words with initial s2, collected by H.Ohotin [Ohotin 2003]; b) Hebrew words with initial s- (as presented in [KB]). There seems to be a one-to-one correspondence between Chadic *c- and Semitic s-. All the above said only concerns primary sibilant affricates. However, it has already been proved that in Central Chadic (and not only in this branch) secondary sibilant affricates exist (and not only as a result of palatalization of velars and dentals before

4 note frequent palatalization (ci > či ) in warji languages. 6 front vowels, but in clusters and in other positions). Until velars and dentals are under consideration, poorly attested roots (especially - CChadic ones), are rather dubious. The primary origin of a Chadic affricate can be proved by a reliable Semitic parallel. More safe are widely spread etymologies, given that the */* > c/č shift was rather chaotic in Chadic. The number of etymologies will be reduced after all the reflexes of medial consonants are under consideration as well as all typical Chadic semantic shifts and polisemantic tendencies (the letter will help to eliminate some of etymologies and unite some others). The present list may include also some not identified loans and roots with secondary sibilant affricates. They all as well as entries attested in one branch or poorly attested should be excluded from the final list of Proto-Chadic etymologies.

Conventional signs In non-sibilant area the same conventional signs, as in Issues I, II will be used, namely: a) glottalization and injective character is marked by a dot under the character: b, d, k, , d; b) velar fricatives x (voiceless), ɣ (voiced), laryngeal h; glottal stop - ʔ, velar nasal - џ, semivowels -w, y. Long vowels are rendered by a double sign [aa]. Open vowels ɛ and ɔ. and h ,( ع ,Semitic, Egyptian and Cushitic pharyngeals are rendered by ʕ (voiced .(غ ,and ʁ (voiced (خ ,pharyngeals - by ḫ (fricative ,(ح ,voiceless) The traditional Chadic tonal marking is used: a - high, a - low, a - middle, a^ - falling. But: we preserved the personal transcription of the authors, the one given in the publications. Thus, for example, the low tone in Barreteau's data is unmarked ("Le ton moyen est non marque" [BaMd 18]), etc.

Arrangement of the data A single entry of the Database includes words, semantically identical or very close to each other and, from the point of view of phonology, deriving from one and the same consonantal proto-type. The latter is listed in the first place with an asterisk (all the reconstructed forms are preliminary and serve, in the greater part, to arranging the data). Vowels in asterisked forms are marked by the -sign. Entries attested in a single branch (West, Central or East) or in a single group are also included. Hopefully, at least

7 some of them will be supported by additional data in order to make the corpus as reliable as possible. It was intended to make the membership within an entry as undoubted as possible. All kind of derivatives and related words are cited within sub -items (a, b, etc.) or under Deriv., Cf. or Note (the latter marks a less reliable relation). Semantically identical items may be cross-referenced, in the view of their possible genetic relation . The structure of the individual articles The lexical material is organized along the following lines: an asterisked rec onstructed form5, then its suggested meaning. The lexical data are arranged according to the branches, and within the branches --according to groups. Names of individual languages are written with capital initials, while the names of the respective groups - with small ones. The semantics of an individual gloss may be omitted only if it coincides with the common one. The sources are quoted in square brackets, variants of language-names - in round brackets. After a double slash Semitic parallels are given. The reconstructed nouns have the shape CV(V), CV(V)CV or CVC(V)CV. Polysyllabic verbs have the shape CV(V)C- or CV(V)C(V)C-, monosyllabic - CV(V) (note that the C-shape does not allow us to mark the vowel length of monosyllabic verbs). In case individual languages mostly show CV or C1VC1V (reduplicated) forms, the CV-structure has been reconstructed for Proto-Chadic. In case individual languages show CV, CV’V, CVw(V) or CVy(V)-structures, we preferred to reconstruct a disyllabic verb with a "weak" consonant (`alef`/ w/ y ) in the C2 position. Firstly, it reduced the number of CV and CVV verbs. Secondly, Semitic parallels to Chadic CVʔ/w/y-verbs usually have CVHVw/y or CVw/yVH structure, thus Chadic CVʔ/w/y-shape for a preliminary reconstruction seems to be reasonable and adequate to the data. Almost all C1VC2(V)C3-verbs are mostly derived from the corresponding

C1VC2- ones, sometimes - from C2VC3- ones. Only a few C1VC2C2- verbs has been reconstructed. C1VC2(VC3)-verbs with C1=, C2= T, K, S quite often lose the first vowel (i.e.: *nVT//S(VC)- > nT(VC)- / nK(VC)-/ (VC)- ) and became mono- or disyllabic.

Sequence of the units

5 May be preceeded by information of the local character of the item (W = attested in the West branch; C 5 =: attested in the mandar group only, cf. classification). 8 Local units follow more widely spread ones. Monosyllabic and reduplicated items

(C1V, C1VC1V, C1VV) precede polysyllabic ones. Consonantal shape being equal, verbs precede nouns.

Phonological remarks. No attempts to reconstruct vowels (on any level) has been made, in reconstructed forms they are marked by the V-sign.

Reconstruction of consonants in the C2-position is preliminary. All the peculiarities of reflexes will be clear not before the whole data basis will be collected (the same is true for vowels). Only after that it will be possible to establish really regular phonetic correspondences between Chadic languages. For the time being the previous experience in Chadic phonological reconstruction has been taken into consideration (see [Newman], [Sol], [SkNB], [SchV], [CLR], [Tr], [Shry], [RGr], [TAS], [St]). For reflexes of sibilant affricates in medial position see [StS]. Correspondences of labials, dentals and velars are more evident, complicated and irregular cases are supplied with a commentary. Specific reflexes due to morphological elements is also being commented. Sources on default

Bade - Tarb Fyer - JgR Masmaje - Alio Ouldem -KOu Bana - GLBn Gisiga - LkG Mawa - RbM Pero - FrP Bidiya - JgB Glavda - Rp Mbara TrMba Podoko - JL Birgit - JgBr Gude Hs Mbuko GNT Sakun - Bokkos - JgR Hausa - Bargery Merey - GMr Sha - JgR Bud - LkB Kajakse Alio Migama JgM Tangale -JgT Bura - Ann Kera - Eb Mofu - BaMof Toram - Alio Cuvok - NdC Kulere - JgR Mokilko JgMk Tumak - CpT Dangla(E) - Ebb Lele - WP Mulwi - TrMlw Zime Batna - Sa Dangla (W) - Fd Mada - BaMd Munjuk - TrMnj Zime Daria - Cpr Dafo Butura - JgR Mafa - - BaMaf Muyang - SmM Zulgo - ZlL Duwai - SchD Malgwa -Lr Ngz - SchN

From this issue on, the abovementioned dictionaries will not be quoted in the text.

List of languages (according to the following classifications: [P.Newman 1977], [D.Barreteau 1984], [H.Jungraithmayr-D.Ibriszimow 1994=CLR], [.Blench 2003], 9 [R.Gravina 2005]).

West Chadic. The position of the Ron gr. seems problematic. In spite of [CLR and R.Blench] Ron is placed on the outskirts of WChadic (probably they were the first who split from the branch). 1. Hausa, Gwandara; 2. sura-angas: Angas, Sura, Mupun, Mushere, Chip, Kofyar, Goemay (Ankwe), Montol, Gerka (Yiwom); 3. bole: Karekare, Gera, Geruma, Kirfi (Giiwo), Galambu, Bolewa, Ngamo, Maha, Bele, Pero, Tangale, Dera; 4. warji (North Bauchi): Diri, Pa'a, Warji, Kariya (Vinahə), Mburku, Miya, Jimbin, Siri, Cagu; 5. South Bauchi: Geji, Zul, Buli, Langas, Polchu, Zeem, Lushi, Wangdai, Dott (Zodi), Zakshi, Guus , Zaar, Tala, Guruntum, Boghom, Kir, Mangas, Jimi; 6.bade gr.: Bade, Ngizim, Duwai; 7. ron: Bokkos, Daffo-Butura, Sha, Kulere, Fyer. Central Chadic. Lexical similariry within the matakam (Newman, CLR) or Big Mafa group (D.Barreteau, R.Blench) is absolutely evident. Thus, our C 5 includes: Foothills, Maroua, Matakam, and Hurza gr. of R.Gravina. The split of CCh in: Gongola -Higi, Hill and Riverian (CLR) seems adequate to the data, but the position of Laamang gr. (it is treated as a part of the mandara gr., in [R.Blench] and [St]). The problem of the masa gr.: CChadic or a separate branch of the family - still needs a discussion. For the time beeing masa data is given inside the CChadic. Sukur and Gidar - in the view of poor lexical basis - are included into bigger groups under (a.), mostly to minimize the number of groups. 1. tera gr.: Tera, Pidlimdi, Ga'anda, Gabin, Boga; 2. bura: Bura, Cibak (Cibbuk), Ngwahyi, Kilba, Margi, West Margi, Wamdiu, Hildi; 3. higi : Bana, Fali Kiriya, Higi Nkafa, Higi Hye, Higi Baza; 4. bata : Bacama, Bata, Gude, Gudu, Jimijimən, Njanyi (=Nzangi), Tsuvan, Sharwa, Fali of Muchella, Fali of Bagira, Fali of Jilbu; 5. wandala: Wandala (Mandara), Malgwa, Glavda, Podoko, Gəvoko, Guduf, Gava, Cinene, Dghwede; 5a. Lamang, Hide, Vemgo, Hitkalanci; 6. daba: Daba, Musgoy; 7. mafa: Mbuko, Ouldeme, Muyang, Mada, Məlokwo, Zəlgwa (Zulgo), Merey, Gisiga, Mofu, Cuvok, Mafa, Mefele; 10 7a. (?) Sukun; 8. yedina: Buduma(Yedina), Kousseri, Logone (Lagwan, Kotoko), Afad ə, Gulfey, Makari, Maltam, Zina; 9. Musgum (Munjuk), (Vulum), Mbara; 9a.(?) Gidar (Kada); 10. masa: Masa, Zumaya; Musey (Kraft), Banana (Lukas, Kraft), Zime Dariya, Peve, Zime Batna, Hede. East Chadic. 1.kera: Modgel (Luk) = Kwang (Jg), dial. Mobu, Ngam (Lns), Kera; 2. lele: Lele, Kabalai, Nanchere, Dormo, Gabri, Tobanga = Gabri Nord ; 3.somray: Somray (Sibine), Tumak, Ndam; 4. sokoro: Sokoro, Saba, Ubi, Mawa; 5 dangla : East Dangaleat, West Dangaleat, Migama, Mabire, Bidiya; 6. mokilko: Mokilko; 7.mubi: Mubi, Birgit, Jegu, Zirenkel, Toram, Masmaje, Kajaksa. List of abbreviations Afd - Afade, Akk - Akkadian, Alg - Alagwa, Arab - Arabic, Bcm - Bachama, Bgh - Boghom, Bnn - Banana, Bud - Buduma, Bur - Burunge, C - Central, Ch - Chadic, Cush - Cushitic, DB - Daffo-Butura, Dng - Dangla, Dghw - Dghwede, E - East, Eg - Egyptian, FB - Fali Bwagira, FG - Fali Gili, FJ - Fali Jilvu, FK - Fali Kirya, FM - Fali Mucella, Glm - Galambu, Goem - Goemay (Ankwe), Gor - Gorowa, Grk - Gerka, Grnt - Guruntum, Hbr - Hebrew, HB - Higi Baza, HF - Higi Futu, HG - Higi Ghye, HN - Higi Nkafa, Hs - Hausa, HS - Hamito-Semitic, Hitk - Hitkalanci, Jmb - Jimbin, Irq -Iraqw, Kap - Kapsiki, Kfr - Kofyar, Krkr - Karekare, Kus - Kuseri, Kwn - Kwang, Lmn - Lamang, Log - Logone, Mgh - Maghawul (Sura), Mak - Makari, Mhr - Mehri, Mnj - Munjuk, Mok- Mokilko, Msh - Mushere, Mwl - Mwulyen, Nanc - Nanchere, Ngz - Ngizim, Ould - Ouldem, Pol - Polchi, S - South, Sab - Sabaic, Sem - Semitic, Sok - Sokoro, Smr - Somray, Tng - Tangale, Tum - Tumak, W - West, Wnd - Wandala, WM - West Margi, ZB - Zime Batna, ZD - Zime Daria, Zir - Zirenkel.

References

AA - Djakonoff Igor, Belova Anna, Militarev Alexandr, Porkhomovskiy Victor. Comparative Historical Afrasian Dictionary. Issue 6. In: Papers of St-Peterburg Institute of Oriental Studies, v. XIX (3), "Nauka", Moscow, 1997. 11 AlL -Allison, S. Logone-Birni Kotoko Provisional Lexicon. SIL. Cameroun, 1999. AlM --- Makary Kotoko Provisional Lexicon. SIL. Cameroun, 2005. Alio - Alio, Khalil. Preliminares à une etude de la langue Kajakse Dam-Dam, de Toram du Salamat, d'Ubi du Guera et de Masmaje du Batha-East (Tchad). AAS : 230-85. 2004. Ann -Anonymous. Bura-English dictionary. 1953. BaMof - Barreteau, Daniel. Description du mofu-gudur: 2. Lexique. (Travaux et documents 206). Orstrom. Paris. 1988. BaMaf --- Lexique mafa. (Collection etudes tchadiques: monographies). Gthner Orstrom. Paris. 1990. BaMd --- and A. Brunet. Dictionnaire mada. SOA 16, 2000. Bargery, George P. A Hausa-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. London. 1934. Barth, ., Etymologische Studien zum semitischen, insbesondere zum hebrischen lexicon. Leipzig, 1893. BK - Biberstein-Kazimirsky, A.de. Dictionnaire arabe-francais. 2 vol. Naisonneuve et Cie. Paris. 1960. Bl - Biella, Joan C. Dictionary of old South Arabic (Harvard Semitic Studies 25). Sabaean Dialect. Scholars Press. Chico. 1982. BlR - Blench, Roger. The Chadic Languages. Classification and Reference List// www.uni-beyreuth.de, 2006. BlNd --- and Anthony Ndamsai. Dictionary of Fali of Kirya Northeastern . (Draft circulated for comment). BlS - -- Maghawul-English Dictionary. www.rogerblench.info, 2009. Bn - Benton, P. A. Notes on some Languages of the Western Sudan. London. 1912. BOLDU - Ibriszimow Dymitr and A..Gimba. and Documentation Unit. Report I. Kln. 1994. Brq- Burquest, Donald A. A Grammar of Angas. University of California Press. Los Angeles. 1973. BrH - Bramlet, Leo. Lexique Hədi -Franais-Anglais. 1996. SIL. Cameroun, BrJ - Brye, E. Wordlists for Jimjimen, Gude, Tsuvan and Sharwa. SIL, Cameroun, 2005. By - Bouny, Pierre. Unpublished typescript. Liste de mots kotoko. N'Djamena. 1975/1976. CAD - Gelb, Ignace J. et al., eds. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. J.J.Augustin. Glckstadt. 1957 -. 12 CC - Caitucoli, Claude. Lexique Masa Tchad et Cameroun. Equipes des langues Tchadiennes. 1983. CfM - Crawford, Karyn. Lexicostatistics and Intelligibility Testing Survey with Simplified SLOPE on the Mefele Language. SIL, 2005. CJ - Calvain M. and Eric Johnson. Enque^te sociol inguistique de la Langue Moubi du Tchad. SIL. Cameroun, 2006. CLR - Jungraithmayr, Herrmann and Dymitr Ibriszimow. Chadic Lexical Roots. 2 vol. SOA 20-21. 1994. Cope - Cope, Pamela, The plural in Lele. Journal of West African Languages, 23(1). 1993. Cp - Caprile, Jean-Pierre. Unpub. Liste de mots kabalai et lele. 1972. CpT --- Lexique tumak-francais. MSAA 5. 1975. Cpr - Cooper, Koye Nadji. Lexique Zime-Francais. Parler de Dari. Centre d' etudies linguistiques. Sarh - Tchad. 1984. CrG - Caron, Bernard. GUUS, aka Sigidi. Grammatical notes and vocabulary. AuU, B. 84, pp. 1-42, 2001. CrD - Dott, aka Zodi. Grammatical notes, vocabulary and text. AuU, B. 85, pp. 1611 - 248, 2002. CrZ -- Zaar (Dictionary, Grammar, Texts). IFRA, Ibadan. - Cosper, Ronald. South Bauchi Lexicon. Halifax. The author. 1994. CsN -- - Barawa Lexicon. (Lincom Studies in African linguistics). Lincom Europa. Mnich. 1999. CTC - Caprile, Jean-Pierre. Notes linguistiques sur le tobanga à partir d'un conte en cette langue'. MSAA 12: 121-75. 1978. DMT - Dakouli P., Maaz A. and David Toomey. Rapid appraisal of the Saba language og the Guera, Chad. SIL. Cameroun, 1996. Dolgopolsky A., Sravnitelno istoricheskaya fonetika kushitskix jazykov , Moscow, Nauka, 1973 DS - David, Nicolai and J.Sterner. Sakun-English Lexicon. www.sukur.info. Ebb - Ebobisse, Carl. Les verbaux du dangaleat de l'est (Guera, Tchad). MSAA 22. Eb - Ebert, Karen. Sprache und Tradition der Kera (Tschad). Teil 2: Lexikon. MSAA 8. 1976. EDE - G.Takacs, Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. Vol. I, Brill, 1999. EEN - Ehret Ch., Elderkin E. and Derek Nurse. Dahalo Lexis and its Sources. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere. 18, 1989, 5-49.

13 Eg - Egguchi, Paul K. Materiaux pour servir a l'etude de la langue Hide. Vocabulaire. Kyoto University African Studies, 6, pp. 195-283. 1971. EG - Erman, A., Grapov, H. Wrterbuch der gyptischen Sprache. VI Bds. Berlin. 1937. Ehr - Ehret, Christopher. The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary. (Klner Beitrger zur Afrikanistik 5). Reimer. Berlin. 1980. Fd - Fedry, Jacques. Dictionnaire Dangaleat. Afrique et Langage. Paris. 1971. Fp - Fitzpatrick, J.F.J. Some Notes on the Kwolla District and its Tribes. Journal of the Royal African Society 10. 1910-1911, 16-52, 213-221. Fl - Foulkes, H. D. Angass Manual. Kegan, Trbner and Co. London. 1915. FrG - Frajzyngier, Zygmynt. A Grammar of Gidar. Afrikanistik Research in African Studies, 13. Peter Lang, Frankfurt-am-Main, 2008. FrP - A Pero-English and English-Pero Vocabulary. MSAA 38. 1985. FrM --- A Dictionary of Mupun. MSAA 11. 1991. GAB - Gimba A.M., Ali M.A. and Madu Bah. Bole-English-Hausa Dictionary. Ed. by R.G.Schuh. Yobe Languages Research Project. 2004. Published by Ajami Press, Box 343, Potiskum, Nigeria. GCl - Gravina, Richard. Classification and Reconstruction in Chadic Biu-Mandara A. 2005, ms. GK - Gambo K. and Umaru Manu Karofi. Karekare-English-Hausa Dictionary. Ed. by R.G.Schuh. Yobe Languages Research Project. 2004. Published by Ajami Press, Box 343, Potiskum, Yobe State Nigeria. GLBn - Gieder Margaret and Ruth Lienhard. Bana provisional Lexicon. / www.sil.org/africa/ Cameroun: SIL, 2002. GMr -Gravina, Richard, with the help of Elie Doumok and Alan Boydell. Merey lexicon. SIL. GNT - Gravina Richard, Nelezek R. and Robert Tchalalao. Mbuko Lexicon. SIL . Cameroun. Gow - Gowers, W.F. 42 Vocabularies of Languages Spoken in Bauchi Provinve. Ibadan (ms). 1907. Grg - Garrigues, M. Unpub. typescript. List de mots lele. Paris. 1972. HfC - Hoffmann, Carl. Zur Sprache der Cibak. In: J.Lukas (ed.) Afrikanische Studien 118:143. Akademie Verlag. Berlin. 1955. Hff --- Towards a comparative phonology of the languages of the Angas-Goemai group. Ms. [apud CLR]. Jos. 14 HfM --- A Grammar of the . London. 1963. Hll - Hellwig, Birgit. A Grammatical Sketch of Goemay: Word Classes. In: AAS : 296-341. 2004. HJ - Hutchinson N. and Eric Johnson. A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Ubi language of Chad. SIL. Cameroun, 2006. HmG - Hamm, C.D. - A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Gvoko and Guduf Languages. SIL, Cameroun, 2000. HmK --- Sociolinguistic Survey on the Kabalay. SIL. Cameroun, 2002. Hs - Hoskinson, James T. A Grammar and Dictionary of the . Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University. 1983. Jag - Jaggar, Philip J. Guruntum: linguistic notes and worlist. African Languages and Culture 1: 169-89. 1988. Jg - Jungraithmayr, Herrmann. Unpub. typescript. Listes de mots kwang, dik, kofa, sumray, ndam, migama, mubi, birgit, zime, masa. Marburg. 1973. JgA --- On the Ambiguous Position of Angas. Journal of African Languages 2/3 272- 8. 1963. JgBid --- and Alio, Khalil. Lexique bidiya.. Klostermann.Frankfurt. 1989. JgBr --- Das Birgit, eine osttschadiche Sprache. In: AAS : 342-61. 2004 JgC --- Materialen zur Kenntnis des Chip, Montol, Gerka und Burrum. AuU 48: 181-3. 1964/65. JgJ --- Beobachtungen zur Sprache der Jegu (and Jonkor) von Abu Telfan. AuU, 45: 95-123. 1961. JgM --- and Abakar Adams. Lexique migama. SOA 17. 1992. JgMA ---Ablaut und Ton in Verbalsystem des Mubi. AuU, 61 (4). 1978 JgMb --- Gebrochenes Plurale im Mubi. AuU, 47. 1965/66. JgMok--- Lexique mokilko. SOA 6. 1990. JgR --- Die Ron-Sprachen. (Afrikanistische Forshungen 3). J.J.Augustin. Glckstadt. 1970. JgS ---Die Sprache der Sura in Nord-Nigerien. AuU 47:8-89, 204-220. 1963. JgSib --- Le verbe en sibine. In: H.Jungraithmayr, ed.: The Chad Languages in the Hamitosemitic-Nigritic Border Area: 124-74. 1978. JgT --- Dictionary of the . SOA 12. 1991. JH - Johnson, E. and Cameron Hamm. Mabire: A dying Languages of Chad. SIL Cameroun,. 2002 JL - Jarvis E. and Ndoula Lagona. Podoko Provisional Lexicon. // www.sil.org/africa/ Cameroun: SIL, 2005. 15 KB - Khler, Ludwig and Walter Baumgartner. Wrterbuch zum hebrischen alten Testament. Brill. Leiden. 1958. Kl - Klle, Sigismund W. 1854. . Church Missionary Society. London. KnV - Kinnaird, V. Prorosition d`orthographie pour la lamgue Vame. SIL, Cameroun, 2005. KOu - Kinnaird W. and Tomothee Oumate. Dictionnaire Ouldeme-franais. // www.sil.org/ africa/ cameroun. – Cameroun: SIL, 2002. Kr - Kraft, Charles. Chadic Wordlists. MSAA 23-25. 1981. Lnhr - Lienhard Ruth and Marti Giger. Petit lexique Daba-foulfoulde-franais. Societe Internationale de Linguistique B.P. Yaounde. 1999. Lns - Lenssen, T. Studien zum Verb im Kwang. AM, Special Issue, 8. 1984. Lr - Lhr, Doris. Die Sprache der Malgwa. Schrifften zur Afrikanistik Research in African Studies, 6. Peter Lang. Frankfurt-am-Main. 2002. LsGz - Leslau, Wolf. Comparative Dictionary of Ge'ez. Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden. 1986. LsGur --- Etymological Dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopia). Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden. 1987. Luk - Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien (Hansische Universitt Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiet der Auslandskunde 45). Friederichsen, de Gr ter & Co. Hamburg. 1937. LkB --- Die Personalia und das Primare Verb in Bolanci.AuU 5: 14-39. 1971. LkBd --- Die Sprache der Buduma im zentralen Sudan. AKM 24/2. F.A.Brockhaus. Leipzig. 1939. LkG --- Studien zur Sprache der Gisiga. (Afrikanistische Forschungen 4). J.J.Augustin, Glckstadt. 1970. LkH --- Das Hitkalanci, eine Sprache im Gwoza. AuU, 48:81-113. 1964. LkK ---Tschadohamitische Sprachproben aus Nordnigerien. Karekare- und Bolanci- Texte. In: J.Lukas, ed.: Neue Afrikanistische Studien (Hamburger Beitrger zur Afrika-Kunde 5): 173-207. Deutsches Institut fr Afrika-Forschung. Hamburg. 1966. LkL ---Die Logone-Sprache im zentralen Sudan. AKM 21/6. Deutsche Morgenlndische Gesellschaft. Leipzig. 1936. LkM --- Deutsche Quelle zur Sprache der Musgu in Kamerun. (Beihefte zur Zeitshcrift fr Eingeborenen Sprachen 24). Reimer. Berlin. 1941. Meek - Meek, C.K. Tribal Studies in Northrn Nigeria. London. 1931. 16 MK - Militarev, Alexandr and Leonid Kogan. Semitic Etymological Dictionary. Vol 1. Anatomy of Man and Animals. Mnster. 2000. Mo - Mouchet, Jean. Vocabulaires comparatifs de 15 parlers du Nord-Cameroun. Etudes Camerounaises 29/30:5-74. 1950. MoD --- Le parlier Daba. Diplome des Langue Orientales. Charge de Mission C.N.K.S. 1966. MQK - Mous M, Qorro M. and R. Kiessling. Iraqw-English Dictionary. Kln, 2002. Ms - Matsushita, Shuyi. An Outline of Gwandara Phonemic and Gwandara-English Vocabulary. Tokyo. 1972. MS - Skinner, Margaret. Aspects of Pa'anchi Grammar. Ph.D. dissertation. Ann Arbor. 1979. Mt - Po di ret sar ki Mata (Mathew Gospel in Sura). NdC - Ndokobi. Etude phonologique du Cuvok et principes orphographiques. Universite de Yaunde, Dep. de Langues Africaines et Linguistique. SIL. Cameroun. 2002-2003 NEH - Gashinge A., Janga Dole J.A. and Umaru Mamu Goge. Ngamo -English-Hausa Dictionary. Ed. by R.G.Schuh. Yobe Languages Research Project. - Potiskum (Yobe State, Nigeria): Ajami Press (Box 343), 2004. Newman 1977 - Newman, Paul. Lateral fricatives (h-laterals) in Chadic. In: P.Newman and Roxana Ma eds., Papers in Chadic Linguistics, Leiden, Africa- Studiencentrum, 107-119, 1977. Nm - Chadic classification and reconstruction. Afroasiatic Linguistics 5(1): 1-42. 1977. NmK--- The . Univ. of Leeds in assocoation with the West African Linguistic Society. 1974. NmKl -- The Klingenheben' s law in Hausa. Rdiger Kppe Verlag, Kln, 2004. NmM --- A brief note on the Maha Language. Journal of West African Languages 11, 1:57-58. 1965. NmT --- A wordlist of Tera. Journal of West African Languages 2 (1): 57-58. 1964. Oh - Ohotin, Nikolay. ‛Gluxiye sibil'anty v drevnix yuzhno-araviyskix yazykax //Voiceless sibilants in anchient South Arabian languages', PhD, Moscow Humanitarian University, Moscow, 1999. Or - Ormsby, G. Notes on the Angas Language. Journal of the African Languages 12- 13. 1913-1914. - Orel., Vladimir and Olga Stolbova. Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary. Materials for a Reconstruction. Brill, 1994. 17 RbM - Roberts, Jim. Lexique Mawa.// www.sil.org/africa/cameroun. – Cameroun: SIL, 1994. Rp - Rapp, Eugen L. and Brigitta Benzing. Dictionary of the Glavda Language: I. Glavda-English. Bible Society. Frankfurt. 1968. Sa - Sachnine, Michka. Le Lame. (Langues et cultures africaines). SELAF. Paris. 1982. Sch - Schu, Russel G., Vaziya Ciroma and Tilde Miya. Miya-English Dictionary. UCLA department of Linguisticas and. Yobe Languages Research Project. 2002. SchB - . The Bole-Tangale Languages of the Bauchi Area (Northern Nigeria). MSAA 13. 1978. SchD - Duwai-English -Hausa Dictionary. Ed. by R.G.Schuh. Yobe Languages Research Project. 2004. Published by Ajami Press, Box 343, Potiskum, Yobe State Nigeria. SchN--- Dictionary of Ngizim. (University of California Publications in Linguistics: 99). University of California Press. Berkeley & Los Angeles. 1981. Sem - Semitic database in the project `Evolution of Human languages`. Shry - Shryok, Aaron. Classification of the masa group of languages. Studies in African Linguistics, 26(1): 39-59. 1977. SkH ---Hausa Comparative Dictionary. Rdiger Kppe Verlag. K£ln, 1996. SkNB --- North Bauchi Chadic Languages: common roots. Afroasiatic Linguistics 4: 1- 49. 1977. Sm - Shimizu, K. The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages. A survey report. AM, Special issue, 2. 1978. SM - Skinner, Margaret. Aspects of Pa'anchi Grammar. Ph.D. dissertation. Ann Arbor, 1979. SmM - Smith, T. Muyang Provisional Lexicon. // www.sil.org/africa/cameroun. Cameroun: SIL, 2003. Sol - Solken, Heinz. Seetzens Affadeh, Akademie Verlag. Berlin, 1967. Steiner - Steiner, R.C. The Case for Fricative-Laterals in Proto-Semitic. New Haven, 1977. St - Stolbova Olga. Studies in Chadic Comparative Phonology. "Diafragma". Moscow. 1996. StH - Vocabulary of `Fishing` and `Hunting` in Chadic and Hamito-Semitic, in.: A.mengozzi ed., Afro-Asiatic studies, Francoangeli, Milano, 2005, pp. 29-43. Stl --- Unpub. typescript. Materials for a Kirfi-English dictionary. M., 2000. StLD --- Chadic Lexical Database. Issue I-II. Moscow-Kaluga `Poligrafiya'. 2005, 18 2007. StP --- forthcoming, Pluraliry in Chadic. Some active and frozen models. in: E.Rottmaler, ed. Topics in Chadic Linguistics V, 2009. StS --- Secondary laterals in Chadic, in: H.Tourneux, ed. Topics in Chadic Linguistics III, 2007, pp. 93-101. Tarb - Tarbutu, MM. Bade-English-Hausa Dictionary (Gashua dialect). Ed. by R.G.Schuh. Yobe Languages Research Project. 2004. TAS - Takacs, Gabor. Comparative Historical Dictionary of the Angas-Sura Languages. Dietrich Reimer Verlag. Berlin. 2004. Tr - Tourneux, Henry, Unpublished data on Logone, Afade, Kuseri, Makari, Maltam. Paris, 2009. TrC --- Le systeme consonantique dans les langues dites kotoko. Paper presented on the Biennial International Colloquium on Chadic Languages, Leipzig. 2001. TrB --- La pluralite verbale en Buduma. Paper presented on the Biennial International Colloquium on Chadic Languagies. Leipzig. 2001. TrBl - Seignobos, Christian, Tourneux, Henry. Note sur les Baldamu et leur langue. AM, 17. 1984. TrMba --- Tourneux, Henry, Christian Seignobos, and Francine Lafarge. Les Mbara et leur langue. SELAF. Paris. 1986. TrMlw --- Le Mulwi. Racines verbales et derives. SELAF. Paris. 1978. TrMnj --- and Hamat Patan. 1991. Lexique pratique du Munjuk des rizieres: dialecte de Pouss. (Etudes Tchadiques monographies). Paris. 1980. TrPl --- La formation du plureil en kotoko. Paper presented on the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics. Leipzig. 1997. VbNg - Ibrizsimow, Dymitr. The verb in Ngamo. To appear in Papers of the Biennial International Colloquium on Chadic Languiges. Prague. 2003. VM - Les Verbes monoradicaux dans les langues Tchadiques. LACITO. Paris.1990. WP - Welbeque, Christophe and Pierre Palayer. Lexique Lele-Francais. Centre d'etudes linguistiques. Sahr- Tchad. 1982. ZlL - Haller B., Lawarum A., Douatai D., Pourtshom H., Baitoua J-P, Magdeme G. and Jacob Amadou. Zulgo Lexicon. SIL. 1986.

AAS - Afro-Asiatic Studies in Memoriam W.Vycichl, G.Takacs, ed. Brill, 2004.

19 Introduction 5 List of Languages 13 References 15 Chadic lexical Database 33 *s-...... 33..... *z-...... 103...... *c-...... 143...... *ˆ-...... 158...... *č-...... 182...... *Љ-...... 207...... *ǯ-...... 217...... *S 1. *sV(V) `run': W 2 Mpn su `run, escape' [FrM], Ang su [Fl], Mnt, Goem su, Grk tu (Ch *s- > Gerka t-, see [Stolbova 1996: 92]), `run' [Fp], Mgh su, pl. swa `laufen, fliehen, to run' [JgS], Kofyar su `run', Mush u `to run' [TAS:333], Goem suu [Hff], shu° [Hlw]; 3 Tng wu (*su > wu) `running', Dera we `move suddenly, run away quickly' [NmK]; C 6 Daba si `run' [Lnhr]. a.*sVsV/*sVw- `to hurry': W 2 Mpn sə-su `in a hurry' [FrM]; 4 Paa saasaa, aaaa `haste' [MS]; C 9 Mnj siwi `depasser, to leave behind'// Eg sysy (Sarc) `hurry, hasten' [EG 646]. [OS 2225]. b. *sV(w)- `to come,to enter': W 3 Tng siyɛ `return'; 5 Dott ee `enter' [CrD]; C 2 Bura si `to come'; 4 Jimjimen e, Cuvan in, Sharva i `come' [BrJ], Gude i `come' [CLR]; 5 Glv s- `to go (out),to come (out, up), to enter, to leave', Pod sa `come', Mlg sa, sawa `come, bring' (`come with'), Gvoko, Dghw, Gava, Chnn, Gdf sawe `come' [HmG]; 5a Hdi sawi `come' [BrH], Htkl s- ` come', sawi! `come!' [LkH]; 7 Mofu -s(awa) `venir, revenir'; 8 Bud hu `kommen', Log sa- `enter' [LkL], Kus só `sortir, entrer' [Tr]; 9 Mulwi s (sʷ) `come'. 2. *sV `to turn': W 5 Zaar su `turn' [CrZ]; C 2 MrC a `turn'; 4 Bana sə `remuer, tourner, to move, to turn'; E 5 Mig sawiyo `se tourner, to turn o.s.'. 3. *sV(sV) `to divide; portion': W 1 Hs aai `portion, share; half'; 3 Ngm siss- `share, distribute' [VbN]; 6 Bade siyu `half'; C 4 Gude sii `divide into parts'. 4. *sV€/w- `to flow, to rain' C 5 Pod səwəwa idf. `verser, to pour'; 7 Mofu say say `s'arroser d'eau sans se frotter'; 8 Log s—-wun `flow' [AlL], Bud ha, he `to rain, sich ergiessen (Regen)'; 10 ZD e `plevoir, to rain', ZB se, Masa si `to rain' [CC]; E 5 cf. Bid siisaw `couler (catarrhe, morve)'. a. *sVʔ- `to wash': W 7 Bok sa `wash' (tr., intr.); C 10 ZB soʔo `wash o.s.'. 5. *sVʔ- > *sVsV `to rise, to get up': W 4 Wrj ii `to get up' [BlS]; 5 Saya ii `climb' [Cs N 641]; C 8 Log sa, saa `steigen, to rise, ascend' [LkL], Kus soʔo `se lever, to rise' [Tr]. 6. *sVV, *sVsV `to begin, to found': W 2 Mgh ɛɛ `beginnen, zuerst tun' 33 [JgS], Mpn siЊ [e] [FrM], Kfy e, Msh iyeh `begin; foundation' [TAS: 351]; C 1 Tera sasə, asə `begin'; 10 ZD su `espece, origine, origin'. a. W *sVy- `to be new, small': 3 Bol [GAB], Ngm [NEH] ai idf. `new'; 4 Paa siyen (+m.), siyei ( -m.) `small'. b. *sV `to give birth, to grow': W 5 Guus sii `give birth' [Cr]; C 4 Gude sii `multiply, reproduce in abundance (plants, animals)';10 ZB si `grandir; pousser'. Cf. W 7 DB sah, ma-sah `keimen, germinate'. 7. *sVʔ- `to blow (up fire), to breathe, to vinnow; wind': W 5 Zaar aa `blow up fire, blow (nose)', səə `to breathe' [CrZ], Saya sə, Buli səsə `to breathe' [Cs N 728]; 7 Bok se `wind'; C 5 Malgwa se `riechen, to smell'; 8 Bud hay `Wind', Mak swe `blow (of wind)' [AlM], Kus «і° `wind' [Tr], Aff si:, Ngala shiiy, Glf hīi `luft and wind' [Sold N 26];10 ZB saʔa `vanner, souffler, to vinnow, to blow', ZD saʔ `souffler (vent), vanner' (also `enfler, gonfler'); E 3 Tumak hiyaw `sifflement; whistle'.// Cf.Akk «ēḫu `wind', Arab saḥāḥ- `air' [BK 1057], Eg swḥ (XXII) `wind' [OS 2169]. a. *sVʔVw/y- `to dry up': W 2 Ang we `to wither' [TAS:327]; 3 Krkr, Bol saa-, Ngm sa-, Krf syee-, Glm sy-, Gera se^e- `to dry' [SchV]; C 2 Bura uwi `dry up'; 3 FK yu `to dry up (river, well)' [BN]; 5a Hdi suʔay `to dry up' [BrH]; 7 Ould -suway `tarir, secher, to dry', Zlg se `se tarir, e^tre a sec', siwe `se dessecher'; 7 Mafa - (< *sw-) `tarir, to dry up'; 8 Mak si `dry up, evaporate' [AlM]; 10 Masa so `secher, to dry' [CC]. Cf. C *cVɣʷ- `to dry up, be dry'. Note that both roots are attested in FK. Cf. W 1 Hs saaee (Kats) `dried leaves of magarya'. 8. *sVʔ/w- `to experience, to suffer': W 6 Ngz sau `experience, undergo'; C 3 Bana səʔwa `subir, supporter, to experience'; E 6 Mok sewiye `souffrir; to suffer, to experience'. C *sVw/y- `sorrow': 2 Bura sosowa `sorrow'; 7 Mada sasiyya `triste, peine, afflige (decourage), sad, upset'; 10 ZD so° `triste, sad'. 9. *sVʔ- `to carry, bring': W cf. 2 Mgh a `to pick, carry heavy load' [BlM] (contamination with `to catch, to pick'); C 7 Gis s `to bring'; 10 ZD iʔ `porter, transporter une charge, to cartry a load'; E 2 Tob so `porter, to carry'; 5 Bid 34 suuy `porter un bebe sur la hanche', Mig ʔisso `carry a child' [CLR], WDng sose `porter qqch de lourd, au loin'. 10. *sVʔ-, *sVsV `to eat soft food, to swallow': W 2 Goem sǝ `eat soft food' [Hlw], Grk tua `to eat', be-ssua-na (< *be-sVsVuana) `food' [Fp], sɔɔ, sЂ (<*ssV<*sVsV, note that geminated *s does not yield t in Grk) `eat' [CLR], Ang sɛ, sǝsɛ `eat' [JgA], Mgh sɛ [JgS], Mnt sɛ, Chip sə [JgC], Kfy sə, Msh so, Tal sɛ [TAS 335]; 3 Tng saa `eat (porridge, fruit)'; 4 Diri aʔa `swallow' [SkNB]; C 10ZB saʔa `swallow, e^tre rassasie' (contamination with 128a `to swell') ZD saʔ `avaler, to swallow'; E 3 Smr sya `swallow' [JgS]; 6 Mok (t)asse `se rassasier, to satiate (with food)', cf. siʔe `avaler' (if not < *side). Note W 5 Bogh ay, Grnt au, Jimi uu `mush' [Cs]. 11. *sVЂ/w/y- `to like, to want': W 1 Hs so´o (< (sVw) `want, like`; 2 Goem «a `desire smth' [Hlw]; 4 Wrj su `like' [BlS]; 5 Zaar suu `like, want, love' [CrZ], Dott sweyti (VN< swey) `desire' n.[CrD], Bgh sa, saa, Saya suu`disire'[Cs]; C 7 Zlg sas `vouloir, to want', Merey sa `to want'; 10 ZB siʔi `aimer, love '. 12. *sVʔ/w- `to rest, calm down': W 1 Hs saawaa `respite, mitiigation', sayau `a feeling of relief', sayaayaa `take a rest'; C 10 ZD saʔ `durer, rester', ZB soʔo `se reposer, to rest'; E 6 Mok (t)asse `(se) calmer, to calm down'. Cf. C 7 *sVw- `lazy, tired: Muy wi `laziness', Mada swe `paresse, fatigue; lazy, tired'. 13. *sVy- `to dig out': W 2 Goem sha `to dig smth wide (e.g., a trench)' [Hlw]; E 6 Mok siye `creuser (un puits), to dig out (a well)'. a. *sVwVy- (< *sVhʷ- ?) `hole': W 3 Dera wuyo (*su- > wu- is regular) `hole'; 5 Dott uu `hole, cave, tomb, valley' [CrD], Guus uu `hole' [CrG], Geji uu gulki `well' [Cs N 176]; 7 DB swey `hole, well', Bok swey `hole'. b. *sVw- `water-hole, well' (`big hole'): W Dott uua (redupl. of `hole') `well' [Cs N 176]; C 5 Pod səwa `puits; well', Mlg suwa `Wadi, Brunnen, Wasserloch, vadi, well, water-hole'; 7 Muy suwa `well, water-hole', Gis suwa `well'; E 6 Mok ʔosso (old pl. < *sVw), pl. ʔozayi `puits, well'. 14. *sVy- `to say, to call, to shout': W 2 Kfy see `sing', Msh see `call a dog' [TAS 35 318]; 5 Bogh ei `speak' [Cs N 703]; 7 Fyer se `speech'; C 2 Hildi uwa [Kr] `answer'; E 3 Somray soy `cry, say, tell' [Jg], sway `cry' [JgSib], Ndam say `say' [Jg]; 5 Bid soy `to cry, to say', soya `a cry'; 7 Jegu say- `sagen, sprechen', sayi `speech'.// cf. Eg swhy [XVIII) `shout' in [OS N 2284]. a. *sVw- `to laugh': W 1 Hs eewa `a loud, jeering laugh of women; whistling'; Cf. E 2 Lele aswi `rire'. (Alternatively, Lele may originate from Ch *љ'VH-, cf. CLD II, N 323). 15. *sVw- `to lose, to spoil' (> and thus `to have nothing'): W 1 Hs sooe (< *sVw-sV) `fall out (hair), become worn out', sooiyaa `heads of millet (from which the grain have been stripped/ denuded by rats/ not fertilized)'; C 2 Bura a `to lose, to be lost', siwa, suwa, swa `spoil, be spoiled', Mrg su `to spoil' [HfM: 118]; 4 Gude saawa `spoil, ruin'. a.*sV `no, nothing': W 2 cf. Goem sa°(yo°) part. prohibitive, negative imperative [Hlw]; 3 Bol [GAB] sa `not' gen. neg. marker; С 3 Bana iyu `rien, nothing', FK swau `nothing' [BN]; 8 Log sa, saa `nicht, no' [LkL]. Cf. W 7 Bok a `ablehnen, nicht tun wollen, refuse (to do), avoid'. 16. *sVw/y- `to squeeze (out), to press': W 4 Miya asə-səyo `squeeze' [SkNB]; C 10 ZB se `serrer'; E 1 Ndam sow `squeeze out pus' [Lns], Mobu səwe `essorer (ligne), to dry & to squeeze (clothes)' [Lns]; 5 Mig si-saw `damer, to knead, to ram'//Sem Akk seʔu^ `squeeze' [CAD 2243]. 17. *sVw/y- `to fill': W 7 Sha si-sya^y `to fill', DB sya^y 'fill', Kul swey, syay; C 3 FK iwu `to fill in' [BN]. 18. *sVsV `region; earth': W 1 Hs saae `region, district'; 7 Fyer waa `earth'. a.*(sV)sVw- `sand(y hill)':W 5 Bogh ey `sand'[Sm]; C `sand': 2 Mrg iəa [CLR]; 3 Hya əwa [BHya]; 7a Skn awawa; 8 Aff se [Sol N 36]; E 5 Bid saawiye `colline separee de la montagne', Mig si^wwe `petite colline, dune'. Cf. *sVw- 'farm, field': W 5 Bogh swooy, soi [Cs]; E 1 Mobu kəsəw (if < *kə-səw) [CLR]. 19. *sVsV `dregs': W 3 Krkr iiyaa `dregs left after liquid has been extracted' [GK]; C 7 Ould sasay `depo^t de farine au fond d'une calebasse'; E 2 Lele sa 36 `residu de preparation de biere'; 5 Mig suusu `morceau de detritus, ordures, poubelle, dregs', WDng suusa `depo^t d'ordure, tas de fumier', EDng [CJ] susu `ordures, dregs'; 7 Toram suusi `ordures'.Cf. E 2 Nch siiya `bad' [CH]. 20. *sV€- > *sVy- `tooth': W 4 Diri iya [SkNB]; C 9 Msg sesye [Mo] `tooth'; 9a Gdr sae-ko [Mo]; 10 ZD eʔ `dent', ZB seʔe `dent', Masa siya [Mo]. Any relation to Ch *sVn- `tooth'? Note that in all these languages -n- is preserved in the second position. 21. *sV(w)- `meat': W 6 Bade saasi `meat'; C 7 Gis ʔie `Fleisch' (a Berber loan, cf. *isa-n (pl.) `meat') [LkG]; 9 Msg soo `Fleisch, meat' ([LkM:75: ``wohl dem Kotoko entnommen, possibly, a Kotoko loan''); E 1 Kera ku-su-ki (coll.); 4 Barein su [Luk]; 5 Bid su-udo [CLR], Mig s-du (<*su-d-) `meat'; 6 Mok sey `animal, meat'; 7 Jegu suu-t `Fleisch, meat', Mabire su-t [HJM]. Note that ECh dangla and mubi languages reflect Chadic *љ as ‰ . Thus, Mig s-du, etc. can not originate < Ch *љVw- `meat' [CLD II N 27b]. // Cf. Eg sw.t (Pyr) `ein K£rperteil des Rindes (vom Bein?) als Speise' [EG 60]. Cf. W 3 Gera aa `goat' [SchB], Grm sasa, Kubi sassa, Gera ‰a‰a [CLR] `she-goat'; 7 Kul aa `gazelle'. Less probably < *(ʔV)s- <*ʔVkw- `goat'. 22. *sVy- `game, to play': W 2 Goem sha `game dara' [Hlw]; C 5 Mlg oya `Spiel, a game', 7 Muy ewiya `game, play'; E 4 Saba seye `to play'. Note W 6 Duw sawa `selebration of installing a traditional leader'. 23. *sVw- `hut, village': W 6 Ngz səsau (> ssau, sau) `hut, room', Bade səsau `hut'; 7 Bok mawa (if < *ma-swa) `town'; DB swey (B) `Speicher, granary'; C 4 Gude siiwa (< sii+wa) `compound where people are in mourning', əsii `at home'; 8 Mak sawe `village wall', sio `shelter' [AlM]; 10 ZD so `village'. 24. *sVw- `kind of stick (used in household)': W 1 Hs sawai `a spindle used in spinning'; C 4 Gude iwa `stirring stick'; 8 Mak saw `walking stick, cane' [AlM], Afd sa^w `stick' [Tr], Ngala so, Log sao `stick' [Sol N 488]. 25. *sVw- `maggot': W 1 Hs su°usuwa° `a maggot which attacks calabashes'; C 8 Mak su `maggot in rotten meat' [AlM].

37 a. *sVw- `kind of biting insect': W 3 Bol iiwo `small insect, leaves its head after biting' [GAB]; E 6 Mok sowwowo `kind of termite'. 26. *sV `back, buttocks': C 10 ZD su `le derriere, buttock'; E 2 Kbl kasa¹ (< ka-sa, with a body-parts marker) `back' [CLR]. a. *sV(w/y)- `bottom' > `genitals': W 4 Wrj sawai `anus' [BlS]; 5 Dott soy `vagina' [CrD]; 6 Ngz i `base of thing, bottom; genital organs (m. or f.)', Duw i `base, bottom, genitals', Bade si `bottom, base, anus, vulva'; C 7 Gis sa, se `Unterseite, lower side'; 9 Mbara so-ḍo°y `vulva', Mnj so-k `vagin'. 27. *sVw/y- `kind of bird': C 2 Bura uwa `kind of bird'; 4 Bch sowa-to `bird' [SkNB]; E 5 WDng siwi΄iya `Coliou huppe' (a bird with long tail, red beak). a. *sVw/ʔ- `cock, fowl': W 4 Wrj, Kar iw- `cock' [SkNB]; C 10 Log iia `fowl, bird' [AlL]; E 6 Mok ʔosso, pl. ʔuzagi `poule, fowl', cf. ʔuzu, pl. ʔuzagi `poulet, coq, volaille'. It is clear, that ʔosso `poule' has no pl. of its own. In our opinion, ʔosso is a frozen pl. per se (the supposed sing. is of sVw- shape). Similar frozen plurals can be found, at least, in WCh Kirfi, see [StP]. 28. *sVsVw- `star': W 4 Wrj uuw-ai, Dera auwa, Siri susuwi, Jmb sasuwa, Kar uu, Miya auwaau, Mbu auwi, Cagu dilaa isuwi [SkNB], Paa euwa [MS], Wrj uuwai [BlS]; 6 Duw ii^ ; E 4 Sok sesi (assim < *tV-sV, see below, or redupl. pl. form without the pref.?) [AF in Luk]; 7 Zir sisiye, Mubi sisiwi [CJ], Mubi siisuwa [Luk], Kaj sisiiwi pl. a.E *tVsV (< *tV-sV?) `star': 2 Lele te°-se [WP], Gbr ti-se [Luk] `srtar', Kbl tə-sa, Nch ti-sə `sun, star' [HKb]; 3 Smr di-su [Luk] (regular voicing of *t-); 4 Sok či-zoo (< *ti-sVw), Barein ti-si `srtar' [Luk]. Note variants in Sokoro. 29. *sVw- `thing': C 2 Mrg su, pl. səʔyar `thing' [HfM:58], Bura su; 3 Bana sə `thing' (pl.); 4 Gude sə- `thing' (occurs only in compounds or with suff.: sə-na `this thing', sə-kii `the thing', etc. [Hs:265]); 8 Mak sawa sawa idf. `same thing'. Ch is neither related to, nor borrowed from Arab ayʔ- `thing'. a.*sVw `one, times (by counting)': W 1 Hs sau `times': sau uku `three times'; 2 Ang ii [Fl] with adverbial numerals: ii baap `twice', Goem sha° `times' (accord. to [Hlw], a Hausa loan); 5 Grnt a `one' [Jag]; E 6 Mok soo `one, 38 suff. of singularity' [JgMk]. Cf. C 4 Bana saʔa `chance' and E 1 Kera sawəwa `a moment'. Most probably, `thing' and `one' originate from one and the same PCh root. b. *sVw- `to be alike, equal': W 3 Bol suw- `nlich sein, gleich, passen, be similar' [LkB], suwaa `be similar, alike' [GAB]; E 5 Mig sawa `equal'. 30. *sVy/w-, *sVsV `stalk, straw (used for plaiting)': W 1 Hs siyaaye, sayaaye `peeled stalks of Indian hemp'; 6 Ngz səsuwa `stalk of millet, sorghum, etc.'; E 5 WDng siya `gramine´e sp. (de la taille d'un homme; pour des palissades, nattes), high plant for fences, mats'; 6 Mok sussu `straw for plaiting baskets, mats', ʔassa (pl. < *sa ) `haystack'. Cf. E 1 Kera taasu f. `Hirsestengel; millet stalk' (if < *ta-su, with fem. pref.). 31. *sVVy/w- (*sVʔVy/w- ?) `stone (for adorment, for cleaning teeth)': W 3 Krkr saaya `beads, gemstone' [GK], 6 Ngz saaya `stone for adorment'; E 5 Bid seewo `piere blanche servant a° nettoyer les dents, white stone used to clean teeth'. 32. *n-sVy/w- `bee, honey': W 2 Ang ii `bee' [JgA], Mgh nii `bee, honey' [JgS], Mpn nsii `honey, bee' [FrM], Goem ni `honey' [Fp]; E 4 Ubi soyo `bee' [Alio], Mawa sway `miel', soyi `abeille; miel'. 33. *sVw/y- `remedy': W 7 Fyer i `medicine' [JgR]; C 8 Mak sie pl. `pieces of bark, traditional remedy' [AlM]; E 4 Mawa səw `remede'. 34. C *sVʔ-, *sVsV `snake': C 3 FK ii `snake in general' [BN], Higi Moda ii, Fali K ii `snake' [Meek], Bana ii `snake' gen. name, pl. ee^r; 5 Dghw ie `snake' [Kr]; 7a Skn iI `snake' ; 10 ZB saʔa `kind of snake'. Cf. 8 Mak swe `hiss, siffler (snake)' [AlM]. 35. C *sVsV `shadow, soul, spirit': 5 Pod —e `ombre, shadow'; 7 Zlg sisiye `ombre', Ould sisiyo `esprit, a^me'; 8 Mak sio `shadow' [AlM], Kus «ǝye , Afg sǝyo `ombre' [Tr]; 9 Mba sise `soul, shadow; a^me', Msg ɛɛɛ [LkM], Mnj seze `a^me, esprit, ombre'. 36. *sV(y)- `brown (of horses)': W 7 Bok sisa `brown (of horses)'; E 5 Dng, 39 Mig saaya `biere de mil sp., de couleur chocolat' //Note possible semantic development: `horse' > `brown horse' > `brown (horses, etc.)'. In this case Sem word for `horse' may be related: Akk ssu^ (ssʔu) `horse', Ug sw, ssw `caballo', Hbr ss `horse' [KB 746]. 37. *sVw/y- `round (object)': W 2 Ang e-ttau `chain' [Or], Goem sayap (< *say-ap, pl. in -p ?) `chain' [TAS 317]; 3 Tng sai `ivory armlet'; 5 Mng u `circle, ring' [Cs], Kir suwe, Mangas uye, Tala, Juu u `round' [Sm]; C 4 Gude iiwa `type of small brass ring'. 38. *sV `be, become cold, cold': W 3 Bol sai idf. `coldness', saayu `become cold, chilled' [GAB]; 7 Bok se `cold (wind)' [JgR], C 4 Gude iiwu `cold'; 10 ZB soʔo `e^tre froid'; E 6 Mok (t)asse `(se) refroidir'. 39. *sVb- `to go (back, out), to make smb. go away': W 4 Diri səbu- `go' [CLR], səbu `go out' [SkNB]; C 2 Bura iva `come to the compound; 4 Gude səba `drive away'; 5a. Hdi sabi `to exit' [BrH]; 6 Daba səba `(pour)suivre' [Lnhr]; E 3 Smr saba `promenade' [JgSib]. //Cf. Arab sbsb `to walk slowly' [OS 2153]. Ch *sVb- is hardly related to Akkadian pp `to walk', as in [AA N 327 *si/aṗ- `to walk, to travel']. a.*sVmb- `to come in': W 4 Wrj səmbə [BlS]; C 3 FK səmbə [BN]. Cf. W 3 Tng simbɛ `to meet'. 40. *sVb- `to be, to work in group' > `group': C 7 Zlg səba `common work', Mofu -sab- `(se) regrouper en grand nombre, to gather in a numerous group' (cf. ma-səbsaba `grasshopper'). Deriv. : C 7 Mada sbatat `(animaux) en groupe, en troupe'. a. *sVb- `to sew together': W 1 Hs sabiya `a second row of stiching when making a seam; a kind of sewing (stiches are visible)'; C 8 Log sba-wun `sew' [ASlL], sba `nhen' [LkL], Kus sa°ḅǝ° `coudre' [Tr]. 41. W *sVb- `to clear land for farming': W 1 Hs sassaabee (< *sab-sab-) `clear land to make farm'; 6 Bade saviyu `clear land for farming', Ngz zabiyu (regressive voicing) `clear land for farming' (an old Hausa loan?).

40 42. *sVb- `to pierce a hole, to insert': W 3 Bol [GAB] sobu `drill, pierce hole', cf. Tng yɛbi `put smth pointed into the ground, infix'; C 5 Pod —be `put in smth pointed'.// For possible cognate cf. Arab sbb `cut, pierce' [BK 1038], Cush Bilin sab, Hamir sab, etc. `pierce, stab' in [AA N 338 *sVb- `cut, pierce']. Deriv.in -k-: W 3 Ngm (G) sab-ko^ [VN saba] `poke with smth sharp' [NEH]; C 7 Ould -səbaka `enfiler, to thread a needle'. Cf. Hausa sooka (possibly < *sVbka) `to plunge weapon into'. a. *sVb- `spear': C 10 ZD sab `sagai, lance', ZB saba `sagaie', Bnn saba [Luk], Heḍe sāḅā, Masa sāppā, Marba `spear' (for similar coreespondence of labials see *sVb- `to suck', according to [Shy] < *sap); E 2 Lele suwo, subo `lance gen', Gbr soo (< *sVb-) `spear' [Luk]; 5 Bid suba `petite lance'. Cf. possible noun deriv. `needle': C 6 Daba səbən `grosse aiguille' [Lnhr]; 7 Mofu səmbar `needle (for repairing calebasses, piercing holes)'; E 5 Bid sabardaak (compound) `aiguille servant a° coudre les nattes'. Note C 4 Kumbi (Gudu dial) sablissə `iron' [Meek]. A Berber loan, cf. Berb *sVbul- `long knife, dagger, long needle' in [AA N 342]. Cf. *‰Vb- `sharp weapon, tool, to pierce'. 43. *sVb- `to hide, to sow': W 3 Pero ‰ebo `plant (yams)'; C 5 Wnd əbə, ibə [Mirt], Glv ib- `hide', əbaəbaan(a) `hidden', Malgwa ibe `verstecken, verbergen; to hide'; 7 Ould -səb `hide', məsabay (tr.) `semer; to sow'. Deriv. in -k- : W 1 Hs ibka, uuka `sow, bury'. Cf. E 3 Smr səmbadə `hide' [CLR]. Noun deriv.: C 4 Gude mə-abə-abinə `charm (makes a thief invisible)'. 44. *sVb- `rotary movement, to whirl (water in a funnel)': W 3 Ngm omba^ `mix liquids together' [NEH]; C 8 Mak sababa `funnel; entonnoir' [AlM]. Verbal deriv. in -r-: E 4 Mawa sibiri `filer cotton, to spin cotton'; 5 WDng sibire `enfoncer en tournant'; 6 Mok sibira `filer, melanger la bouillie, to spin, to mix'. . Noun deriv. Mok sibir-ko, pl. si^mbirkiyagi `fouet en bois servant a tourner les sauces, stirring stick for sauces'. Verbal deriv. in -n-: W 6 Bade sabənu `to churn milk (by twizzle-stick or by 41 shaking)', Duw zaabəno (regressive voicing) `churn milk'. 45. *sVḅ- `to smear, to touch, to tap': W 1 Hs sabe (saba) `rub in'; C 1 Tera səba `touch'; 7 Mada seb seb `frapper (en laissant) sans force', Mafa sab- 'crepir, smear'; 10 ZD subo `passer la main sur la totalite de qqch, pour enlever ce qui s'y trouver, to wipe with hand'. Note C 7 Mofu -sabal- `make even', -səbhw- `taper pour assouplir, to tap'; E 7 Kaj saabat `essuyer, wipe off; wipe'. 46. *sVb- > *sVsVb- `to suck': 3 Bana ibə, iəbə `suck'; 4 Gude ibə `suck (candy, food, not to nurse)'; 6 Daba seb [Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko susœ̄b, Ould -səbay, Mafa sosub-, Moloko soboy, Zlg sasuba `sucer dans la bouche', Gis so/ub, Mofu -sasəb-, Cuv mɛ-bɛy, Balda susubi [TrB]; 9 Mulwi sisibi, Mnj sisibi `sucer'; 10 ZB sobo, ZD sob, Masa, Marba sop [Shy]; E 1 Kera soḅe `saugen, to suck'. Cf. W 3 Tng sumbɛ `to suck' (pl.?). 47. *sVb- `fat' n.: W 4 Diri subu `fat' (v., adj.) [SkNB]; C 5 Pod suba `peau grasse sous le cou et le ventre d'une vache, fat cow-skin'. Verbal deriv.: C 4 Gude səbərə `become fat and husky'. Cf. W 4 *sVv- (< *sib-) `oil': Wrj ivə-na, Kar ivə, Miya u [SkNB]. 48. *sVb- `hair': C 7 Mbuko sibœk `cheveux, poil, plumes'; E 2 Kbl ke-sebo [Luk], kЌ-sbrЌ [CH], Nan ka-zbere (voicing in contact) [Luk]. pl. in -r- ?// Arab sab–b- `crin de la queue, boucle de cheveux' [BK 1037]. For Arabic - Kabalai see [OS 2211]. Cf. C 7a Skn umbut `hair'. Frozen plural < *sVb- (cf. Mokilko: subilo, pl. sumbilagi `pintade', etc. in [StP]). 49. *sVb- `chaff' (attested in deriv.): C 5 Pod səbəta `tourteau de mil (ce qui reste apre°s la preparation de biere), mil-cake'; E 6 Mok sombiy-so, pl. sombayi `balle (mil), chaff'. The noun sombiy-so (with a sing. suff -so) is a frozen pl. of a noun of the *sVb-structure. a. *sVb- `to remove shell': W 1 Hs saabe `abrade; pound soaked seeds to remove outer shell'. Deriv.in -l/r-: W 1 Hs saabulee `remove skin from beans'; 2 Mgh əbəl `Haut 42 des Kokoyams, corc' [JgS]; 3 Tng siblɛ `husk corn with fingers'; E 5 Bid seber `depouiller (volaille), to pluck (fowl)'. Cf. also W 7 Bok subet `huten; to skin'. 50. *sVb-n- `person, relative': W 4 Siri subuni `person' [SkNB]; C 6 Daba səban `parente, clan, la race, relative, clan'. a. W *sVmbVr- `guest, stranger': 4 Paa sambur-‰iki, pl. samburi (+anim,+ n.suff) `stranger' [MS]; 5 Saya səmbər [Cs], Guus sumbur `guest' [CrG]. 51. *sVb- `clothes': W 1 cf. Hs uuw/yi `a patterned trade-cloth' (accord. to P.Newman [NmKl], - (not s-) before long -uu- points to lenition of the medial labial: *sib- > ib- > iw- > uu-); 3 Bol [GAB] suba `shirt, gown, clothes', suba `clothes' [LkB], Ngm suba (G), subo (Y) [NEH]; C 4 Bch subwe^-to [Sk]. Deriv.: C 7 Mada sbet `(qui recouvre) entrierement (tissu)'. 52. *sVb- `granary': C 8 Mak sebe `granary' [AlM]; E 5 Bid siyeebe `grenier de forme oblongue'. 53. *sV(m)b- (CCh with a -k suff.) `broom made of stiff grass': C 7 Cuv sambak `balay, broom', Mafa sambak `broom of pailles'; 7a Skn səbək `grass (a stiff kind used for brooms), broom' [DSk]; E 4 Mawa se^mbo `balai'. Note that medial -mb- may point to frozen pl. 54. *sVbVr- `kind of shrub': W 1 Hs saabara `the name of a shrub'; C 2 Bura sabira `a kind of shrub'. // Cf. AA 340 *sabar- `kind of tree, shrub'. 55. *sVbVn/r- `kind of fowl, wild guinea-fowl': W 1 Hs aabiri `a bird'; 4 Cagu sabun [SkNB] `guinea fowl' C 7 Ould seberek `poule, pintade d'un an, fowl'; E 3 Smr sibir `wild guinea-fowl' [Luk], ibəri [Jg], 4 Sok soir (< *sVwir < *sVbVr-) [CLR] `guinea fowl'; 6 Mok subilo, pl. sumbilagi 'pintade' (-l- < *-n-), alternatively <. *zVbVn- `guinea-fowl' (irreg. s- < *z-). 56. C *sVb- `rock-hyrax': 3 FK səbə `rock-hyrax' [BN], Bana kЌ´-səbə `daman'; 4 Gude əniba `hyrax'; 5 Hdi kə-subi `daman'; 7a Skn suba `hyrax' . 57. C *sVb- `bone marrow', *sVsVb- `core, pith of a stalk': 8 Mak soba `bone

43 marrow' [AlM]; 7 Mbuko susob `coeur de tige de mil, pith of a millet stalk', Ould səsəb `moelle d'une tige', Muy səsəbət `pith of a millet stalk'. 58. E *sVb- (not the same as Ch *ˆVf-) `rope, rope-trap': 4 Mawa səb `rope' [HJ]; 5 WDng sɛbɛ `piege a corde (pintade, lapins)'; 6 Mok sibe `rope'. If not < Arab sibb- `cord' [BK1038], Akk «ibbu `belt' [OS 2228]. 59. *sVb- `long and thin': W 1 Hs sabaasaba `being long and slender (fingers, girls, leeks)'; C10 ZB sesebe `maigre, thin'; Deriv.*sVb(Vhw)- `to lose flesh, to diminish': W 1 Hs sabe `lose flesh'; 3 Tng saabɛ `become thin'; C 7 Mofu -səbhw- `desenfler, diminuer, go down (swelling), diminish'; E 4 Mawa se^ba `mai^grir'. 60. *sVb- `angry': W 4 Wrj ib-, Diri ubu `angry' [SkNB], Wrj ib [BlS].// AA N 336 *sVb `to curse, to slander'. *sVbVb- `to wrangle, to curse': W 1 Hs sababii `wrangling; violent dispute'; C 8 Mak sobobu `curse' n., `cause curse'. a. *sVb- `to cheat a person, to do wrong': W 1 Hs saabaa `do person a wrong'; C 7 Moloko sabatay `to trick, tempt' [Imperative] 61. *sVb- `be much, exceed': C 7 Ould -saba `exagere', Muy asabay `become too much', Mada essebe `e^tre trop, excessive', Moloko sabay `exceed'. Verbal deriv.: W 3 Bol [GAB] sibiru `expand, e.g. rice when cooking'; C 8 Zina sǝ°vǝ°r `enfler, to swell' [Tr]. 62. *sVf- `to calm down': W 6 Ngz səfu `coax, appease' [SchN]; C 7 Mafa efeʔe `calm, tranquille, pose'. Deriv.: C 7 Mada sfek `tranquille, en paix'. a. C *sVf- `to last, to rest': 7 Ould -savo `durer, rester longtemps'; 7a Skn mə-səvay [safa] `a sleep', səvay `to sleep' ; 10 Mnj sifi `(se) reposer a l'ombre, passer du temp, to rest', Msg safaua `schlafen, to sleep' [LkM]. Noun deriv.: C 7 Mofu -səfn- `re^ver; dream'. b. *ma-sVf- `laziness': W 5 Zaar «ǎ:p [CrZ]; 5 Pod ma-səfa `paresse; laziness'; 7 Muy ma-sŽfa `lazy', Mofu ma-səfaya `flanerie, amusement, paresse'.

44 63. *sV(€V)f- `become weak, worn out' (attested mostly in deriv.): W 3 Bol appu `lose strength; fade, become pale' [GAB]; C 5 Pod səfaha `wear out; haleter, fatiguer'; 5a Hdi suʔufaku `to be unconscious' [BrH]; 10 Msg safidda, safeda (a loan?) `krank, be ill' [LkM]. a. C *sVf- `to rot, to smell bad': 5 Mlg ma-səfe `faul (sein), rotten', 8 Mak s—s—fu `bad (of smell)' [AlM]; 9 Mba saapu `rotten, pourri'. 64. *sVf- `to catch, snare': W 1 Hs sahuu < *safuu) `snare for guinea-fowls'; 6 Duw sə-sfo `to catch many'. Cf. W 2 Goem s'hoep `to take a thing quickly' [TAS 332]. Cf. *‰Vp- `catch (and take out)', both roots are attested in Hausa. //For Hausa - Berber (Shenwa a-saf `snare') see [AA N 343] *saf `snare'. 65. *sVf- `to breathe': C 5 Pod efe `to breathe', 7 Ould -saf `respirer; gonfler', Muy a^suf , Mada assafa, Zlg sife `respirer', Gis suf `air-bath', Cuv mɛ-fɛnɛy `respirer', Mafa saf- `breathe, whistle'; 8 Aff sif-ti `I breathe' [Sol N 664]. Cf. C 2 Bura ififfa `just a little' (nearly dead, barely breathing)' idf. Deriv. in -r-: E 7 Mubi sofara `siffler' [HJ]. Deriv. in -n-/-m-: C 7 Mofu -səf-n- `to breathe'; 9 Msg sumfa (metath.) `atmen, to breathe' [LkM], Mnj siŸfi `to breathe', sǝŸfa `breath' (metath.). Note deriv. in -k-: C 7 Zlg sefik sefik `se gonfler, devenir enfle'. Noun deriv. : *(mV)-sVf- `breath, life, spirit': C 5 Mlg ifa `Leben, Atem; life, breath', Glv ifəg(a) `life', Pod ifa `life', ko sifa `life', 7 Ould sifa `la vie, principle de vie, sante, point vital', mə-safiyo `esprit' , Muy mə-suf `breath', sifa `life', Mada ma-ssafa `souffle', Zlg, Gis siifa 'life', 7a Skn saf `life, breath of life'// Cf. Sem *nVpV `to breathe',*nap(i)- 'soul; vitality, life; person, personality; self'. Metath. in Chadic, *nfs > (n)sf > sVf. Note semantic affinity between Chadic and Semitic. Semitic [73]. 66. *sVf- `kind of tree, tree': W 1 Hs aafoo (< *sVf-n/m) `tree kukkuki'; 3 Ngm oho, Gera afa `wood' [SchV], Krf oppina `tree' [Stl] (a frozen pl. from

*sVp-, formed along the regular model: C1VC2V > C1C2C2VnV); C 2 Bura afa `tree whose leaves are used as taboo marks to protect property'; 3 FK afa `bush, false shea tree' [BN]; 4 Gude afa `type of tree'; 7 Mafa eved (< *sVf-ḍ-, with a suff. of singularity) `kind of tree'. Note initial - before -a- in all 45 the languages. For FK afa `bush' [BN] see C 7 Mbuko saf `brousse' . Cf.W 3 *sVHºVb- `wood': Dera oobi, oowi `tree, wood' [NmK], Bol oowi [SchV]. . Note that W 2 Grk «ip (note «- < *s- before -i-), Mnt, Goem ip `tree, wood' [Fp], Goem «ǝ°p `wood, dead or cut tree' [Hlw], Ang ip `wood' [Kr], Chip «ip `wood' [Kr] may originate from *s/c/Vb/p/f-. 67. *sVf- `seed shell, chaff': W 1 cf. Hs eґefe° `rice (having much husk), husk of rice'; C 3 Bana fə `dechets de la preparation du vin, dregs'; 4 Gude aafi-nə (pl.?) `guinea-corn (seed consists of mere shell with nothing inside)'; 5 Pod safa `balle, cosse, chaff'; 7 Ould sif `residu de la bie°re', sasaf `residus vegetaux, menue paille', Muy eif `remains', Mada essef `residu de la biere de mil', Mofu (a)sef `tourteau de mil (apres preparation de biere)'. Deriv. in -t-: W 6 Bade safàt `skin that is white from dryness; pieces of millet chaff between the teeth'; C 7 Zlg suput (irreg. medial consonant) `rebut de la bie°re de mil, garbage'. Verbal deriv.:7 Mofu -səsfət-, sasəf-t- `to skin (fish), desquamer, peler (peau)'. 68. *sVf- `sun-shade, fence (made from straw)': W 1 Hs ib-‰i, pl. ifittaa, iffattaa `any thatching gras'; C 2 Bura siva `corn-stalk sun-shade'; 3 cf. Bana səfə `herbes seches, jaune' n.f., no pl.; 7 Gis səfa `mat, roof-mat', sivi `Strohmatte als Gehftzaun, hay-mat used as a fence'. 69. C *sVf- `to become cold (and hard)': 7 Mbuko səfe `refroidir', Muy eifey `lose heat (of an object)', 7 Mofu -səf- `refroidir, (se) secher', Cuv mɛ-fɛy `refroidir, durcir, to become cold, hard'. Note - < *s- in contact position. Note 7 Mafa if- `mu^rir, durcir (graine d'arachide), to ripen, become hard'. 70. *sVp- `to teach': W 3 Tng wu·pɛ `to command', Pero ‰uppo `teach', ‰upu `show'; C 8 Log sipu-wun `teach', spu `lesen' [LkL]. 71. *sVp- `remove foam': W 6 Ngz səpu `remove scum, foam from a liquid'; E 5 Bid sep `remove foam'. Cf. *cVf- `sweep'. a. *sVp- `foam': C 2 Bura sampur `foam on whirling water'; E 5 WDng 46 sɔppiya `foam'. Deriv.: E 5 WDng sappay ` passoire en fer; colander (to remove foam)'. Note medial -mp-/-pp- . Different forms of pl.? 72. *sVp- `to blow, to winnow': C 1 Gaa ip-ən‰i, Gbn sip-en‰i, Boka ip-ada [Kr] `to blow'; 5 Malgwa sapa `worfeln, to winnow'. // Sem Jibbali saʕaґf `to winnow' (in [AA 321 *sVp- `grain, seeds requiring much sieving)']. Deriv.: W 6 Duw səfto (< *sVpt-) `to sift using a sifter or a faifai'; C 9 Mba sipar `blow (with belows)'.// Sem *np- `to blow, to breathe, to winnow': Arab nsf 'nettoyer, vanner le grain; renverser de fond en comble un edifice' [BK 1250], Akk napu `to blow away, winnow' OB on, [Sem 1066]. In our opinion, Ch *sVp- is not related to Ch *sVf `to breathe, to blow'. 73. *sVp- `to pull' > *sVpp- `to tear off': C 9 Mulwi sipi `trai^ner qqch sur le sol, to drag along', Mnj sipi `tirer sur (qqch), trai^ner'; E 5 Mig seppo `cueillir des feuilles'. Deriv. in -t-: W 1 Hs saafa‰ee (< saafat-) `withdraw'; 3 Ngm ap-t- `take out with the roots' [VbN], `extract, pull out' [NEH]; Deriv.: W 6 Ngz səp-ku `hitch child up on back'; C 7 Zlg sapara `trai^ner apres soi', Cuv mɛ-pɛnɛy (note  < *s in contact position) `tirer; pull'. 74. *sVp- `to follow, to hunt': W 3 Pero ‰epo `trace' v., Tng sɔpɛ `to follow'; C 7 Mbuko səpe `suivre pour la chasse', Gis spe, sup `folgen, suchen, search', Mofu -səp- `chercher'; 8 Zina sa°pǝ° `chasser, to hunt', sa°pa° `chasse' [Tr]. 75. *sVp- `to roast, to cook': W 4 Paa sapu `roast', Jmb sav- [SkNB]; 5 Dott səp `cook' [Cs 689]; C 10 ZD sup `bouillir, to boil'. 76. *sV[p]- `to pound ( to remove bran)': W 3 Dera uupa `2nd pounding of corn'; C 5 Pod sapa `enlever la glume en pilant, remove bran by pounding'. Deriv. in -ḍ-: W 3 Krkr saafadu (irreg -f-) `pound to remove bran' [GK]; 6 Ngz sap-du `do first pounding of grain to remove bran'. Note W 6 Ngz imped `grain with bran removed [SchN], 3 Krkr impedu `grain with bran removed' [GK]. A loan (from Ngizim to Karekare?).

47 77. *sV[p]Vr- `to come from afar' : W 6 Ngz sa°afǝr `to bring water from afar'; C 3 Bana səvri `venir de loin, venir dehors, come from outside'.//Akk «pr `to send (a message, messenger)', Mehri, Soqotri sfr `to travel', Eg spr (Pyr) `to come, to arrive' [cf. AA N 325 *sVpVr `to send, to be sent (far away)']. 78. *sVp- `tail': C 8 Aff m-safa:kwe [Sol N 264]; E 1 Ndam sap [CLR]. Noun deriv: `tale, mane, moustache': C 6 Daba sapil `tail' [Lnhr]; E 5 WDng saapirna `moustaches' (pl.); 7 Msm safiifite `criniere, mane'. Verbal deriv.: W 3 Krkr sipdu `comb'; 6 Ngz səp-du `comb out hair in preparation for plaiting'. For a possible (but not evident, cf. semantic difference) cognate see W 1 Hs ceefe `to comb (beard), undo a coiffure, sewing', ma-ceefi `a comb'. Including Hausa in the present root, we should reconstruct Chadic *c/cVp-. Alternatively, Hausa (but not Daba, Ngz, Dng, Msm) may be related to Semitic *dfdf `plait hair' (with HS lateral emphatic in anlaut). 79. W *sVp- `spear grass': W cf. 1 Hs saafaa `leeks, spring onions'; 3 Bol [GAB] suwo (-w- , *-p-) `spear grass'; 4 Jmb supa, Miya ipur, Kar ipi, Cagu upe `spear grass'. 80. *sVd- `to wipe, to clean': W1 Hs suda `finish up remains of food in a vessel by wiping round with a finger'; 3 Ngm sad- `clean, wipe' [VbNg], Tng yide (yi- < *si-) `to remove liquid from the surface', Pero ‰iddo `clean', Bol iddaa-, Gera sad-, Dera wude `sweep' [SchV]; 6 Bade sədu, Dulai səndo `wash' [SchV]; 5 Mngs sude `sweep' [Cs], Guus saad `sweep' [CrG], Saya saat `wipe' [Cs], Zaar saat v.t. `clean' (-t# < *-ḍ#, for the same correlation cf. *sVḍ- `stick'); C 3 Bana sadi `essuyer'; 5 Pod sada `brush off'; 7 Muy edida `cleared, swept' mod.; C 10 ZB sat `caresser, enduire, oindre', ZD sat `enduire' (-t# < *-ḍ#); E 3 Tum hЊd `essuyer'; 5 WDng suude (if not < *suu-ḍ-) `wipe'. Of the same origin as *sVd- `to skin'? 81. *sVd- `to skin, to undress': W 3 Tng wudɛ (su- > wu- regularly) `to undress'; C 4 Gude sədə `take off clothes; remove hair from hide'; 5 Pod səda `put on, take off (clothes)', Gis səd `to wrench apart, to strip off, to separate'; 7 Ould

48 səduk idf. `enlever la peau', Mafa sud- `to skin; undress', Mofu -səd- `muer, enlever (peau, ecaille), to skin, to peel, to shed hair' (contam. with 81 a). a. *sVd- `to shed hair': C 7 Cuv mɛ-ədɛy `muer, to shed hair', Mafa id- `tomber (pour des poils), to fall (of hair)'. Verbal deriv.: C 7 Ould -side `enlever, depouiller, to take off, to skin'. b. C *sVd- `skin': 9 Mba sad `skin'. Noun deriv.: C *sVdVb- `garment': 5 Pod sədava `habit', 7 Gis sədav(a) `cloth, garment', Mada səddava `ve^tement ample pouvant servir de linceul, cloth used as shroud'. Note -b- as a suff. used to specify human beings'. 82. *sVd- `to leave alone': C 6 Daba asəd `ignorer' [Lnhr]; 8 Mak sadii `excluded one'; E 6 Mok sedde `abandonner'. Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs sudi `a woman who has no husband'. 83. *sVd- `to jump': W 3 Tng sodok `hopping' [JgT]; 5 Bogh sida `to jump' [Cs 664]. Deriv.: E 5 Mig sadi‰o sautiller, sauter', Big sodo‰ `sursauter, to hop'. 84. *sVd(Vh)- > *sVḍ- `to swallow': W 3 Bol [GAB] sidok-sidok idf. `swallowing', C 4 Gude sədəh `swallowing (of non-liquid)'; E 5 Bid sid `manger goulu^ment', sidaawo `glouton', WDng side, E side `schlμcken, swallow'; 6 Mok siʔe (< *siḍe); 7 Brg sidi `avaler, to swallow', Kaj seeʔat (inacc.), siiʔidde (ac.) `avaler'. //Arab sʔd `boire' [BK1035]. Verbal deriv.: W 4 Wrj sidin `drink all' [BlS]; C 7 Mbuko sədak `avaler', Mafa sədək `avaler'. 85. *sVd- `to wash' (tr.): W 6 Bade sədu `wash clothes'; E 4 Mawa se^da `laver (qqch)'. Note E 5 Bid sedeny `tomber goutte a° goutte, to drip'; 6 Mok saade `couler, cast; flow'. Deriv.: W 5 Zaar «iḍЌґk idf.`wetness' [CrZ]// Arab sdw `e^tre humide' > `dew' [BK 1073]. 86. *sVd- `to die': W 1 Hs iide `die, come to an end'; C 7 Ould sidak idf. `die completely', Mada ssat `comme mort, like a dead' [BaMd] (-t# <*-d#).

49 87. *sVd- `to know, see': C 9 Mba sidi `to see, voir, know', Mulwi sidi `savoir, connai^tre, eclairer; to know, make clear', Msg ede `verstehen, understand', sɛda, zɛda, zɛda `sehen, verstehen, wissen, see, knoow' [LkM], Mnj sidi `connai^tre, voir, know, see' [CLR]; E 5 W Dng sude `croyance, belief, faith'. 88. *sVd- `go down': W 1 Hs iidaa `alight; arive at', iide `put down, help a person down with a load'; 3 Ngm (Y) siida^ `dive under water', sida^ `swim, dive' (G) [NEH]; E 7 Brg sida `deep'. 89. W 3 *sVḍ- (W 3 *s- < Ch *s-, c-, -, *c^- ) `to feed, to bring up': Dera wuḍe `to tend animals', Tng wudɛ `to breed animal', Bol sudd `fttern, aufziehen, to feed, bring up' [LkB], suddu `raise, feed' [GAB] // cf. Akk ṣuddu `to provide with food' [CAD 228]. Note that Akkadian parallel points to Chadic *Vd-> sVḍ-, with shift of emphatization. 90. C *sVd- `to slide, to be smooth' > *sVḍ-k `smooth': 7 Ould -səday `glisser, echapper, depasser', Muy eidɛ̄k `smooth' (cf. sat idf. `slippery' in 117 *sVwVt- `to glide':), Mada osdo `glisser', soddokw `(tomber) en glissant', Mafa sadadək `glissant'; 7a Skn edak `shiny, smooth' . 91. E 5 *sVḍ- (s- < Ch *s-, c-, -) `to harvest guinea corn': WDng side `harvest by knife, recolter en coupant au couteau', EDng sede `cut guinea corn, Hirse schneiden', Mig seddo `recolter, moissonner, to harvest, to mow', Bid seed `to harvest'.// Arab ḥṣd `recolter', ḥṣād `sickle' [BK]. Arabic cognate (pointing to Ch *-) was suggested by A.Belova. 92. *sVd/d- `stick': W 1 Hs sadii `stick (from which loads hang; used to secure the knot)'; C 7 Mada œssœd `branchette, baguette (pour fouetter)'. Note words for different kinds of stiks: W 5 *sVḍ- `stirring stick': Guus idə [CrG], 5 Dott et, Zaar «it [CrDZ]. Devoicing at the very end Deriv. in -k-: C 7 *sVḍ-k- `pole for tieing animals': Mbuko sədek, Mada estek (devoicing in contact position). 93. *sVd/d- `rope, thread, tendon; to plait a rope': C 9 Kus saḍǝ `fil, thread' [Tr]; 10 ZD ide `tendon', ZB sidiu `tresser une corde' (verbal deriv.); E 3 Smr sadi

50 `rope' [Luk] // Arab ʕsd `tordre avec force une corde, to twist a rope' [BK 250]. Note :*sVwd- (< *suw-ḍ-?) `to plait a rope, to tie': C 7 Mofu -suwd- `enrouler, attacher rapidement', Mafa uwd- `lier (des pattes)'; C 10 E 5 Bid suud `tresser une corde', WDng soode `rouler une corde entre deux mains'. 94. *sVd/d- `reed': W 1 Hs ada `the reed iwa or d'iwa'; 3 Tng sadar `kind of reed'; C 7 Muy sə-sad `kind of grass (for secco, strings)'; E 5 Bid sadi `jonc pour nattes dures, reed for hard mats'. 95. *sVḍ- `offshoot, offspring': W 3 Tng sadak (deriv.) `little shoot on stalk bearing grain, spike'; C 7a Skn ada `baby, newborn'; 10 ZD səda `bien pousser, bien donner (pour une plante), bien donner ne', ZB səda `bien pousser'// Arab sdh `have many children [BK 1069]. a. *sVd/d- `clan': C 7a Skn səd `clan'; E 5 Bid sude `parente, relation, kinship'. Noun deriv.: W 3 Tng sidam `offshoot, offspring, type, race, descendant'. 96. *sVd/d- `seed': W 3 Ngm ida^ `seed' [NEH]; 6 Bade sada-k, Ngz zadak (deriv.< *sVd-, regressive voicing) `seed' [SchN], Duw səda-k `seed', ida `seeds left after grain heads have been removed from storage'; C 7a Skn səd `seed' . Most probably, the same as *sVḍ- `offshoot, offspring'. Note that -k suff. marks sing. (derived from pl.) in Duwai. a.*sVwVḍ- `to sow': W 3 Tng swadi `scatter, spread, sow'; C 7 Mnj suwdi `semer a la volee, to sow with hand'. 97. *sVd/d- `arrow': W 4 Diri ida `arrow' [SkBN]; C 7 Ould suda `arrow'. 98. *sVd-/*sVHVd- `medicine': W 3 Bol [GAB] sedi `medicine' ; C 5 Pod suda `poison'; 7 Merey sidem `medicine'. Note W 3 Krf oɣodi `medicine' [Stl] (if not < o‘o `witchcraft'). 99. *swVd- `excrement': C 4 Gude ida `contents of intestine'; 5a Hdi swid [BrH] `remaining herb in an animal's stomach'; 8 cf. Mak sadidi `very bad odour'; 10 ZD sod [CC], ZB sudo `excrement' [CLR]; Peve sod `dirt' [Sn], Masa suday (pl.?) `les excrements' [CLR], Musey s¡t-na° [Shy] `excrement';

51 E 1 Kera soḍi `Drekigkeit; dirt'. Cf. C 10 Bnn sɔtɔ `dirt' in N 124 *sVt-. 100. *sVwVd- `dark, black': C 9 Mba siwid-siwid `dusk, twilight'// Arab swd (a) IV stem `be black'. Not necessarily related to *swVḍ- `faeces'. Noun deriiv. in -k-: *sVdVk `shadow': W 1 Hs sidik `emph. blackness', idf.; C 5 Glv idəkw(a) `shade, shadow, ghost, spirit', Mnd idukwɛ [Luk] `Schatten, shadow', Mlg ədəkʷa `Schatten, Geist, shadow, spirit'; 7 Gis mu-sədok `Schatten (Mensch, Baum), shadow (of a person, tree)'. 101. C *sV-sVd- `core, pith of a stalk': 5 Pod ede-de `partie superieure de la tige', sə-səda `moelle a l'interieur de la tige de mil'; 7 Mofu sa-sad `moelle de la tige de mil, core of a stalk'; Mafa so-sod- `moelle de la tige de mil'. 102. C *sVd/ḍ- `leg': 3 Bana səda `pied, jambe, patte'; 4 Holma idɛ-n, Gudu et-sə `leg' (voicing in contact), Kolma (Gudu d.) idə , Fali M sidin, Nzn idɛ, Cheke sida `foot', Gude sida, Nzn idɛ `leg', Bata sikka ido `foot' [all in Meek]; Gude səda (inher. poss., body part) `foot, leg' [Hs], Jimijimen sdən, Gude sida, Cuvan sʔdɛ , Sharva ide `leg, foot' [BrJ]// Akk asidu `heel (of a human being)' [CAD 330]. 103. *sid- `six': W 1 Hs ida°; 4 Cagu i‰ə (assim.) [SkNB]; 6 Ngz zədu, Bade əzdu (regressive voicing of s-); E 1 Kwang (Modgel) sid [Luk]; 6 cf. Mok zoot (?< sood) `six'// Sem*idt_/ ⁓ *i `six' > Geez səds, Akk eet `six', editu `sixth' [LsGz], [Sem 3245]. 104. *sVd- `many, multiply': C 9 Mnj sisidi `multiplication, multiplier'; E 2 Lele side `beaucoup '. Any relation to *sid- `six'?. a.*sVd- `big': W 1 Hs suduu-sudu pl. `huge (swelling on the body)'; C 5 Pod sadada `gros', 7 Ould sadada `dur, gros morceau, hard, big piece'. 105. *sVt- `to untie': W 2 Ang sət `to untie' [Brq]; 5 Dott it `untie, unload' [CrD]; E 7 Brg sawti `se detacher, to untie (intr.)'. 106. *sVt- `to walk, to go, to come out': W 2 Ang seet `go' [Fl], siit pii `pass by' [JgA], Mpn sЊet `go away' [FrM]; 5 Bogh sat `walk, travel' [Cs 688]; C 3 FK saatə `to come out' [BN]; 8 Log stə `vorbei-, hinausgehen, go out', sto 52 `herbeikommen, to come to' [LukL]// Arab sth `suivre qqn' [BK 1052], sṭw `marcher d'un pas large' [BK 1089]. [OS N 2264]. Cf. W 3 Ngm ot (G) idf. `running' [NEH]. 107. *sVt- `to make a mistake': W 3 Bol sott- `verfehlen, to miss (in shooting)' (if not the the same as `to shoot’ in *čVt- `to shoot’, cf.) [LkB]; C 5 Pod sutə idf . `rater, to misfire'; E 1 Kera siiti `irrefhren, to mislead'. 108. *sVt- `to fall, to throw': W 3 Bol sutu `let lose, let fall, drop, fall, slip off', (a plurac. verb) ottu, sottu `throw (overhead)' [GAB]; C 7 Mada asta `tomber (sujet plureil)'; E 5 Bid sot `e^tre projete (par vent), tomber avant maturite, to be thrown by wind, to fall unriped'.//Arab stʕ `jeter par terre' [BK 1310]. Internal Chadic data do not distinguish between *s- and *-. 109. *sVt- `to pull (off, out), to slough skin': W 2 Ang siit `pull up, take out, off; ausziehen, extrahieren' [Fl, Jg]; 3 Bol siite `sloughing of skin (by snake, lizard)' [GAB]; E 5 Mig seeto `degaigner, unsheath, enlever (chaussures), take off'// Arab sht `arracher avec la racine' [BK 1057]. Deriv. in m-: C 7 Mofu -mə-st- `couper en tirant, detacher un morceau, to tear off a piece by pulling'. 110. *sVt- `to cut off, to slaughter': W 1 Hs ittaa `cut'; 3 Krf et- `cut off, slaughter by cutting throat' [Stl]; 6 cf. Bade siidu (voicing in medial position) `slaughter by cutting throat'; C 7 Mafa et- `cut branches (with knife, sickle), raboter, tailler'; E 5 Bid seet `tailler, to cut (off)'; 6 Mok sitte `dechirer, fendre, tear off, split'// Arab shṭ `egorger, tuer d'une seul coup, to slaughter' [BK 1059], Hbr «ḥṭ `slaughter'. [OS 2237]. a. *sVt- `to be, to make sharp': W 3 Bol sott- `spitzen , sharpen' [LkB], ottu, sottu (pluract. Verb) `sharpen to a point' [GAV]; 6 Duw saato `to sharpen to a point'; C 5 (deriv.) Pod sətakə `insert deeply' idf. 111. *sVt- `to stand, to be vertical (stone, etc.)': W 2 Mpn sat `single standing vertical cult stone' [FrM] (any relation to C 7 Mafa səta-d, Mofu tɛ-d < *st-d- `one'?), Msh sat `mount stone' [TAS 317]; C 7 Mada stek `droit, vertical'. Cf. W 6 Ngz saatu `lift, raise' (if not < suktu `lift, raise'). 53 112. *sVt- `to rub, to sweep': W 3 Pero ‰oato `sweep'; E 1 Kera sete `abwischen, to clean , to sweep'. Cf. *sVd- `to wipe, to clean'. Note that both roots are attested in W 3 Pero. Deriv.: E 5 Bid sottok `se curer les dents; to brush teeth'. Cf. W 6 Ngz kə-atuwa `scabies'. 113. *sVt- `spread, scatter': C 7 Mafa sut- `verser des grains (dans un grenier, sac)'; E 5 Mig settito `eparpiler, disperser'. Cf. W 3 Bol siitaa `waste; loose; spend money' [GAB]. 114. C *sVt- `to dry up': 2 Bura sata `to dry up'; 7 Muy asutay `to dry in the wind'; 9 Mnj siyti `secher'. Cf. 7a *sVw/y/ʔ- `to dry up'. Deriv.: 5 Pod satara `become dry'. 115. C *sVt- `to drink': 2 Bura sata `to drink'; 7 Muy sut idf. `to (drink) quickly and completely'. Cf. 7 Mafa sawat- `to be thirsty'. If not < *sV `to drink', may be related to Sem *«ty `drink': Akk «atu^, Ug, Hbr, Aram «ty, Geez satya [OS 2205]. 116. *s(w)Vt- `to comb hair': W 1 Hs aataa `comb out partly'; 2 Msh wat kaa `comb hair' (kaa `head'), Goem swa°t [TAS 326], shwa°t [Hlw]; C 5 Pod sata `to comb'; 7 Ould -sete `peigner', Muy eetey `to comb'. Any relation to *sVwVt- `to glide'? Noun deriv.: W 2 Goem tǝ-saat `a comb' [Hlw]. 117. *sVwVt- `to glide': W 2 Mgh wɛɛt `gleiten, to glide, rutschen, to slide' [JgS]; C 4 Gude oota `sliding down an inclined surface'; 7 Muy sat idf. `slipery'; E 5 EDng sɛɛtɛ `rutschen, to glide'. 118. *sV(wV)t- `to teach, to learn, to understand': W 3 Ngm uuta^ (GY) `learn, teach' [NEH]; C 3 FK itə `understand', itəswə `knowledge' [BN]. Deriv. in-r/l-: W 9 Mulwi sit-ri `montrer, enseigner', Mba sitar `teach, show', Mnj sitiri `apprendre, learn'; E 5 EDng satiliye `angeben, to inform'. 119. *sVwVt- `to hit, to beat': W 2 Goem swat `with one stroke' idf. [TAS 327]; 5 Zaar suut `to stroke' [CrZ]; C 5 Vame e´t- `stroke' [KV] ; 6 Daba sat `taper 54 pour ramollir, tap,slap' [Lnhr].//Arabsṭʕ `frapper,battre des mains' [BK 1088]. 120. *sVt- `sister' : W 5 Buli isda `sister' [Cs N 14]; E 3 Smr sidən (voicing in medial position) `ma soeur' [JgSib] (hardly a loan from Arab sayyid-at- `dame, madame' [BK1162]); 5 Mig sut- `sister', sut-tu `my sister'; 7 Brg sotu `ma soeur', Mabire suti `sister' [JHM]. For a reliable cognate cf. sura-angas *sVrVp `women' (pl.) (< Ch *sVt- (sg.) with a -p pl. suff ) in [StP:6f]. 121. *sV[t]- `root, bottom': C 7a Skn itə `under'; 10 ZB site `racine de la langue'; E 4 Mawa sedu `racine' (voicing in medial position); 6 Mok sotto´, pl. sondayi (irreg. correlation between sg. and pl.: for pl. in -nd- one should expect [sVd] as a singular)// Cf. Sem *(ʔi-)Vt- `posterior, buttocks' [MK]. 122. *sVwVt-/ *sVʔʷVt- `traditional food': W 1 Hs soota `food given to a stranger on his arrival'; 8 Mak sota `welcoming meat' (if not a Hausa loan). Cf. C 3 FK swaʔitayi `tradition' [BN]. 123. *sV[t]- `cold': C 9 Msg ma-ade `cold' [LkM], 10 ZB setete `tres froid'; E 3 Tumak had `cold' [CLR]. 124. *sVt- `dirt(y)'; W 3 Tng siti `dirty'; C 10 Banana soto, Banana Musey sotiya `dirt' [Kr] (alternatively, may be related to *swVd- `faeces', see above); E 4 Sok ita `dirty' [Luk]. Note possible deriv. C 6 Daba se°teeh `dechet de biere, beer dregs' [Lnhr]. 125. C *sVt- `to be flat': 7 Muy sətit `flat, large, without limits', Mada satat `plat, uni, horizontal'; 9 Mbu satata `plat (rocher)'. A loan? // Cf. Arab sṭh `aplatir, renverser, to make flat' [BK 1087]. 126. *sV[h]- `to plunge into, to pierce, to cut ': W 2 Mushere saah `plunge weapon into, pierce' [TAS 314]; 3 Krkr iyu `pierce, bore a hole' [GK]; C 7 Moloko sah `cut, carve, prune', Mofu -səh- /həs `couper competement les broussailles pour cultiver, cut bush before cultivating'. Note possible deriv.: C 9 Msg uuɛʕ, uee, iyee `Wurfeisen, throwing knife' [LkM], Gidar soho [Mo] `knife'. 127. *sV[h]- throw (down), get down': W 5 Grn uwi `descend, fall down' [Jag], 55 Zaar ii `get down' [CrZ], Dott i `get down' [CrD]; C 7 Muy səh `jumping or throwing' idf.; 8 Buduma hai, hei `descend'; E 5 W Dng siw idf. de `jeter'. 128. *sVH- `to fish': W 2 Goem su `fishing' (Hellwig, apud TAS 322, but can not be found in [Hlw]); 6 Ngz iyu `to fish' [SchN], Duw uwi `fishing'; E 6 Mok sawwe `to fish with a net'// cf. PBantu *swe `to fish' [SkNB]. Note Chad *‰Vw/y- `fishing'. Noun deriv.: W 6 Bade ma-suuy-an `fisher-man' [R.Lukas] a. *sVw- `fishing-net': W 3 Tng saa `net for hunting and fishing'; C 8 Log ua `fishing line' [AlL]. b. *sVwVy- `kind of fish': W 1 Hs saawaayaa `the name of a fish'; 3 Bol aaa `kind of fish' [GAB]; 6 Ngz iyu `fish', Bade suuyu `fish'; C 10 Masa soy `kind of fish' [CC], ZB ʔəsao `anguille, eel'; E 5 WDng siwiya `kind of fish'. Cf. C Mnj siyi `frire (du poisson), to fry fish'. 129. *sVHʷ- `to exceed, to multiply': W 1 Hs aaya `to exceed`; 3 Ngm sauw- `increase' [VbN], (G) sawwa^ `to increase, do more of' [NEH], Bol saww- `add, help'[LkB], sawwu `increase, help' [GAB]; C 3FK səɣə `multiply' [BN]. a. C *sV(wV)h- `to swell, swelling': 7 Muy ih-ih swelling', Mafa suwah `enflure du sein d'une femme qui allaite'; ZB saʔa `enfler, gonfler, to swell'; E 4 Mawa sooyo `gonfler, to swell'. 130. *sV(Hw)- > sw- `to drink': W 1 Hs aa; 2 Ang wee [Fl, Jg], Mgh waa [JgS], Mupun ʷa [FrM], Grk ta, Chip uu [JgC], Msh «wa, Tal suwa [CLR], Kfy suwaa, Goem suwaa, swa, swa [TAS: 339]; 3 Bol s(a) [LkB], Krkr s- [LkK]; Ngm sa-, Bele hee-, Krf ee-, Glm -, Gera se^e-, Grm ee- [SchV], Glm - [SchB]; 4 Paa sa [MS], Wrj, Siri, Kar sa, Miya sa-, Jmb si, sa, Cagu aa, Diri ‰aa [SkNB]; 5 Bogh aa, Mng siye, ee, Saya s^ya, Grn sai, Jimi he, Tala hyau, hyaa [Cs], Grn sai; 6 Ngz saw, Duw sawo, Bade sau; 7 DB ah ; C 1 Tera za (regular voicing); 2 Bura sa, MrC sa; 3 Bana sa, FK sa [BN], Hya, Pskye sa [BHya]; 4 Jimjimen si, Gude siiny, Cuvan saʔ, Sharwa sa [BrJ], Gude sa; 5 Mlg a, Pod sa; 5a Lmn, Hdi, VemgoM sa [HmG], Hdi say [BrH]; 6 Daba sa [Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko sa, Ould -si, Muy ei, Mada ese, Zlg sa, Merey sa, Gis e, (Mj) si, Mofu -s- , Cuv masay, Mafa sa; 7a Skn sə; 8 Mak se [AlM]; Log 56 sa- [LkL], Bud hi , Zina sǝ°y, Kus se, Afd se° [Tr]; 9 Mnj si (sa), Mulwi si, Msg sa [LkM]; 10 ZB se ; E 1 Mobu se, Ngam se: [Lns]; 2 Nch, Kbl-sЌ `drink' [CH], Lele si `boire, fumer', sa `boire'; 3 Tum he; 4 Mawa se^-Ÿ, Saba seye ; 5 EDng se, CWDng sɛ [CJ], WDng sɛɛ; 7 Jegu s-, Zir ar-si, Mubi si [CJ]. Note W 5*ɫyV ( < *sHy-) Geji ɫa,Tule ɫe, Wangd ɫe, Zaar ɫeya, Tala hya, Jimi hiye [CLR]. For Ch data see [CLR], [Sol 701]// Cf. Arab hsw [-u-] `to drink (birds)'. Cf. Bol sa°ʔʔaa `drink repeatedly' [GAB]. a.C *sVh- `thirst': 5 Pod əha `donner soif', səhəha `assoiffe` idf.; 9 Mulwi say `thirst'. In W 3 Bolewa, 4 Paa, 5a Hdi , 7 Mofu, 7a Skn, 9 Munjuk, 10 ZB, E 2 Lele, 4 Mawa also `to smoke'. Note E 4 Sokoro sii `rauchen, to smoke' [Luk]; 3 Tum haw <*saw `to smoke'; 7 Mabire sio `smoke' [HJM]. a. *swV `water': W 5 Dott a`water' [Cr]; C 3 Fali so `water'[Luk]; 8 cf. Log sa `beer' [AlL], saa `ein berauchendes drink aus Durra, Merissa' [LkL]. b.*sVh- `to pour': W 7 DB uh `pour in'; C Ould suh idf. `action de verser', Muy suh idf. `pouring, to pour'. Deriv.: C 7 Mafa səhat- `pour (liquid) from the jug'. 131. C *sVhw- `to grind ; a mortar': 8 Log sahe `mahlen, to grind' [LkL]; 10 (noun deriv.) ZD suʔ `mortier, a mortar'. 132. C 7 *sVh- `to smear, to make glatt': Muy səhat-səhat idf. `anointing', Mada asah `e^tre glissant, lisse', Zlg suh `s'arbiter' make even', sa-sah `lisser, applanir', Mafa sah- `clean a plate with a finger', Mofu -səh- /həs `enduire, frotter avec les mains, -sa-səhw- `frotter (un peau)'// Arab m-sh `essuyer en passant la main, toucher, palper, frotter' [BK 1103]. Deriv.: Zlg sahak `se deplacer en glissant ou roulant sur une surface lisse', Mada shat `bruit d'une chose qui glisse'. 133. C *sVhʷ-/*swVh- `to escape': 4 Gude səhu `sneaking away quietly'; 7 Zlg sweye°h `se disperser, se mettre en fuite', Mofu -səhw- `save o-s., escape; (se) sauver, fuir', Mafa oehw- `quick movement, deplacement rapide'. 134. *sV(HV)m- `to cough, cough': W 2 Mgh səgəm `cough' [JgS], Ang sum

57 [Or], Grk te-tum [Fp], Mpn səhǝm [FrM], Mnt suum, Goem surrum [Fp], sm [Srl, Hlw], sm [Hff], Msh ikim [TAS 337]; 3 Bol ʔi sim `husten, to cough' [LkB], sim, im`coughing' [GAB], Krf ʔi imi`to cough' [Stl], Pero ‰i^m 'cough' [SchV]. a.*sVm- (as a part of a compound) `chest, breast': W 3 Krf boɣo sumu, Gera buu-simi [SchV] `chest' (boɣo `a hole'); C 4 Bata man-ume, um-e `breast'; 9a Gdr simia `breast' [CLR]. 135. *sVHʷVr- `to roast, to fry': W 1 Hs sooyaa `roast, fry'; 2 Mgh suɣur `to fry food' [BlM], Ang suur `to fry' [Fl], Mpn sur [FrM]; 3 Krkr suru-, Ngm sur-, Krf uru-wo, Glm sər-, Gera su^r-, Dera wuri [SchV]; Bol surr- `roast' [LkB], Pero ‰uuro 'fry', Bele huru- [SchB]; 5 Mngs k. sure, Jimi usarke `fry' [Cs]; 7 Kul suwər `burn' [CLR]; C1 Tera zurr (regular voicing) , Boka sura-ḍa [Kr]; 3 Kap sur-ke [Kr] `roast'; 4 Gude sərə `roast over open fire; fry'; 7 Mafa sawar- `griller'; 7a Skn sura `to fry' ; E 6 Mok soriye `griller'// Arab sʕr `allumer et attiser le feu' [BK 1091]. [OS N 2270]. a. C *sVr- `to boil': 2 Bura sor sor `boiling water' idf.; 7 Mofu -sər- `faire cuir (oeuf, lait)'; 10 ZD sar `bouillir'. Noun deriv. `ash': W 5 Tala sirvi [Cs] (< *sVrVp ?); C 7 Mbuko si-ser. 136. *sVhʷ- `calabash, water pot': W 3 Bol saawa `wide-mouthed pot for carrying water' [GAB]; C 3 Fali seheo `Krbis, calabash' [Luk1]; 7 Ould suwa `calebasse'; 8 Log ah— `pot for water'; E 7 Kaj suwa `calebasse', Mubi suwa `big calabash' [CLR]. 137. *sVh- `egg': W 3 Ngm aayo n. fem. `locust eggs' [NEH]; 4 Cagu sohoyi `egg' [SkNB]; C 5 Mlg suuya `egg';10 ZB seʔe `egg'//Eg swh-t (Pyr) `egg'. 138. *sVhVt- (or *sVh-t-) `spleen, liver': C 7 Cuv səhat `rate, `spleen'; E 5 Mig saate, pl. sattatti, Bid saate `liver'; 7 Kaj saati `foie, liver'. 139. *sVH- `war; to fight': W 3 Dera aa (< *aha) `war' [NmK]; 5 Jimi soosoo `fight' [Cs]; 7 Bok siyo `Kontrovrtse, Auseinandersetzung, Streit, struggle'; C 5a Hdi suʔaay `to resist'; E 3 Smr saya `war' [Luk].

58 140. *sVH- `urine': W 3 Tang sisi (redupl.) [JgT]; 7 Bok aa coll. `Urine, Blase, urine bladder', a^r `to urine'; C 7 Mafa suwhaʔa `gou^t ou odeur de rumen, d'urine; smell or taste of urine'// Cf. Cush Dahalo saahaw- `urinate', Omotic Ometo *eʔ- `urinate'. 141. *sVHʷ- > *sV(sV) `hair': W 7 Fyer so, DB swe coll., Bok syah, pl. sisyah [JgR]; C 2 Klb ii [Meek], Mrg ʔiiʔ [CLR], Bura «i«i `hair, feathers'; 3 Bana sə-ti `une cheveu, un poil, un plume'8 un plume' 4 Bch ewɔne `hair', Holma ewo-n, Zumu (Bata d.) «owo, Malabu ewe, Nzangi ɛʕwɛ [Meek]; 10 ZD sa `poil'// Shush Iraqw seʔeemi sg. f., seʔeengw m. < *seʔe- `hair' [MQK]. a. Of special interest are words for `hair' in the sura gr.: Mgh wɔɔp `hair' [JgS], Mupun iwep, wep [FrM siwep], Kfy swəp, səwəp, Msh yoop `feather, hair' [Jg], Montol «uiep [Fp], suwɛɛp kaa `hair of the head' [JgC], Mushere «yoop, Goem swop `pubic hair' [TAS 327]. Such a structure (with a long rounded vowel in the middle) is absolutely untypical of sura langauges. But an Arab loan (cf. aʕaf-at- `meche de cheveux, tupet, cheveux' [BK1240]), the proto-form was rather *sVw- sg., *sVw-Vp, pl. (for -p pl. in the sura gr. see [StP:147]). The supporting evidence is provided by a compound in Gerka without the auslaut -p: twɔ-tək (< *swV-sVk, t- < *s- is regular) `hair (of) body'9. Of the same origin is also W 3 Bol owɔ [Meek], sowv (< *sow-p-) [CLR], owwo [SchV] `hair'. In our opinion, sura-bolewa may reflect pl. of the present Chadic root, namely *sVHʷ-. b. Cf. C 5a *sVw-di ⁓ *sV-widi `hair': 5a Lmn siidi, Htkl siidi `Haar' [LkH], Hdi səwidi `hair' [BrH]. Semantic of the suffix is vague. Note that *sV-widi may originate < *sV-wudi, cf. C 5 *wud- `person'. c.*sV(H)- `to cut hair, to shave' (verbal deriv.?): W 1 Hs sausayaa `cut the hair with scissors', sausaya `shear sheep'; 7 Bok soh `shave'; C 2 Bura i `to shave'; 3 FK n-sə `shave; harvest smth. underground' [BN]; 7 Mafa - `raser', Ould -say `couper en morceaux, coiffer'.

8 Note -ti as a suff. of dimin., attested in some more Bana nouns, for example: ӡǝ°vǝ-ti° `stalk', kwǝ°li-ti° `chicken, poussin', mǝz-ti° `orphan'. 9 For Proto-sura origin of the both parts of the compound see [TAS 327, 333]. 59 d. *sVɣʷ- (*sV- + -‘- pl. ?) `tail': W 3 Dera yiwa (si- > yi-) [NmK]; 4 Paa suwa [MS], Siri suwi, Jmb sawa, Miya sau, Mbu sawa, sawaza, Kar soo, Cagu awe [SkNB]; C 2 Mrg u [CLR]; 3 Hya əɣə , Pskye əɣə [BHya].Cf. C 2 Bura uwi `necklace of woven horse hair'. 142. W *sVH-, *sVHVw- > siyaw-, saaw- `foot': W 1 Hs saawuu, sau `foot(print), sole' (often in Gen san ); 2 Ang ii `foot, leg from knee down' [Fl, Jg, Or], Mgh ii `foot, leg' [JgS], Mpn sii, n-sii `leg' [FrM], Mnt i `foot' [Fp], Chip ii `foot' [JgC], Goem ie [Fp] `foot', ʃe `foot, leg` [Hlw]; 3 Krkr siyo `Fuss, Fussspur' [LkK], sioʕ [Meek], Tng yo; Pero ‰oo `leg, foot'; Dera yoo `foot, leg', Grm iya [SchB], Krf o, Gera siyi [SchV], 6 Bok sa^y , Kul siyaw `leg, foot' [JgR]. 143. *sVh- `far': W 4 Paa iu `far'; C 7 Ould si-siha `loin, a perte de vue' idf.' 10 ZD e `loin, far'. 144. *sVh- `thin, long': W 2 Goem shμǝ° `make smth long' [Hlw]; C 7 Mafa sohw-sohwwaʔa, oehweʔe `fin et allonge, filirorme, thin and stretched'; 8 Log soahee `schmal, eng' [LkL], Zina swa°ha `etroit' [Tr]. Verbal deriv.: C 5a Hdi səhay `to become skinny; maigrir'; 7 Mofu -sasəhw- `(s') allonger'. 145. *sVhʷVt/d- `quickly, to hurry': W 5 Zaar swǎ:t `quickly'; C 2 Bura sat `quickly, unnoticed'; 7 Ould səhat idf. `quickly'; E 1 Mobu swade `se depecher, to hurry'. Derived from C *sVhʷ-/*swVh- `to escape' ? 146. *sVxʷ- `bitter': C 7 Cuv susaw `acide'; 8 Log sxa-ne `be bitter' [AlL], sxa `bitter werden' [LkL]; E 2 (noun deriv.) Lele ta-suwa `acidite'. 147. *sVx- `to be silent, patient': W 3 Krf oʔ- `to be silent' [Stl]; C 3 Bana saxə `lentement, patience'; 4 Gude səʔwa `be patient; mourn patiently'; 8 Mak sa interj. `quiet!' [AlM]. 148. *sVɣ- `to dig': W 4 Siri saɣa, Mbu səɣə `dig' (cf. səɣar 'hole') [SkNB] // Arab sḥḥ `piocher, creuser le sol' [BK 1064], cf. Ug «ḥ, Hbr «ḥā `pit' [KB 955]. Cf. *cV[ɣʷ]- `to hoe, to cultivate', *cVh- `to dig, to sow into holes'. 60 Deriv.: W 3 Smr sugdə `dig' [CLR]. Noun deriv. (with a suff. denoting tools) *sVg-m-/ *sVɣ-m- `hoe, digging pole': W 1 Hs su°ngumi `long-handled hoe'; 6 Bade sugum `long- handled hoe'; C 6 Daba songom  `la barre pour creuser le trou' (? < Hausa). 149. C 5 *sVɣVl- `sand': Glv səɣəla, Chn səɣəla, Mnd ili, Nak s—ɣle [Kr]. a. *sVl- `sand, dune': W 4 Cagu siliye `fine sand' [Sk-CLR], C 5 Pod səsəla `sable', Mlg iliye `grober Sand, Kies, grainy sand, gravel'; E Tor il `dune'. 150. *sVg- `to smear (with oil)': W 5 Jimi səgʔi `wipe' [Cs]; E 6 Mok ʔassige/a `se frotter, masser avec de l'huile'// Arab sgg `enduire' [BK 1051]. 151. *sVg- `to swinge, to move': W 1 cf. Hs sagai 'bending down (head of millet)'; E 4 Mawa sugu `bouger, to move'; 5 WDng sewge `se balancer' //Arab sʁsʁ II `remuer, branler (dent)' [BK 1095] . Deriv.: W 6 Bade su^gdu `swinging'. 152. *sVg- `to show, to indicate': W 5 Dott ak (-k# < *-g#) `show, argue' [CrD]; E 4 Ubi isge `montrer, exhibit; indicate, show' [HJ]// cf. Arab sgʕ `se proposer qqch' [BK 1054]. Deriv.: W 3 Tng wuglɛ `to show, teach'. 153. E *sVg- `to listen, to hear': 1 Kera əski (devoicing in contact), Mobu sege, Ngam segi `entendre, ecouter; repondre' [Lns]; 7 Mubi ige, egew (regress. voicing) [CLR] `hear', Tor ʔiag `dresser les oreilles; to pick up one-s ears'. 154. E *sVHVg- `to scratch (with nails, teeth)': 5 WDng sooge `ra^cler le fil avec les doigts, effeuiller un rameau en tirant d'un coup tout les feuilles' //Arab shg `egratigner jusqu'a enlever la peau; tear with claws' [BK 1058]. Deriv. in -d-: 6 Mok siggida `dechirer avec les dents (viande dur), to tear hard meat with teeth'. 155. *sVg-(n)- `knife': W 3 Krf onge, Glm ‰onga [SchV] ( metath. < *sVg-n-?) `knife'; 6 Bade sa^gi, Duw sa^gi `razor, small knife'; C 1 Hinna sug-di 'knife' [Meek]; 4 Malabu (Bata) suga, Bch suga-to, pl.suge, Kumbi (Gudu dial.) saa-cə, `knife' [Meek]; 8 Log saagii `Messer, knife' [LkL]. 61 156. *sVg- `a hole': W 1 Hs sagi `hole in the town wall for the exit of water'; E 5 WDng sisugur idf. `large hole'. 157. *sVg- `uncultivated, dry land': W 1 Hs saagaagii `uncultivated land, farm'; 3 Ngm agagi^ (G) `dry, desolated bush area' [NEH]; C 7 Muy iga `unfertile land', Mada esge `terre poussiereuse'. ,'a `legןsVg- `lower leg': W 4 Miya agu-hu `foot, leg' [SkNB]; C 2 Mrg i* .158 a (note b-pref.) `foot' [Meek]; 5 Glv ig(a) `leg, foot', Ngw igo, Dghwןbe-i səgə `leg' [CLR], sigɛ, Gdf sigə, Gava siga, Chkd, Chnn iga [HmG], Pod —ge a `leg' [Luk]; 8 Log «ī´gō `Kn£chel, ankle' [Sol N 307]; E 7ןleg, foot' [JL], i` Brg saago `lower leg, Unterschenkel' [JgBr]. Cf. *sVk- `upper leg, bone’. a.*sVg-r/l/n- `upper leg, lower leg' (possibly two different roots): W 6 Ngz seger [Kl], zəgər `leg' [SchN], Bade ЌzgЌl `leg, foot' (regressive voicing); 5 Tule agla `leg' [Sm]; C 8 Kus sa°gºan `jambe', Afd skal (sk- < *sg-) `partie inferieure de la jambe, lower leg' [Tr]; E 1 Kwan saagar-di `leg' [CLR]; 4 Mawa sugul `cuisse, thigh', Sok sugul-d-um `sein Oberschenkel, your upper leg' [Luk], sugul- `thigh' [CLR]; 7 Jegu sogor-to, pl. sogor-te `Huf, hoof'. Cf. W 1 Hs sangalii `shin-bone'; C 8 Zina sa°nga°lǝ°y `partie inferieure de la jambe, lower leg' [Tr]. Verbal deriv.: W 6 Bade sagvu (< *sagbu) `kick forward with foot'. 159. *sVg- `hut': W 1 Hs aago `canteen booth'; 3 Krf soɣo `house' [Stl], oko 'compound, household' (frozen pl.?) [SchB], Deno sogo `hut' [CLR]; C 5 Mlg ago `Verkaufsstelle, Laden, booth' (< Hausa?), cf. 8 Mak sag— `village' [AlM]. 160. *sVg- `(wild, bush) hoofed animal': W 3 Kirfi agga `hoofed animal', aggi fooli `wild animal', pl. aggogi [Stl], Krkr a^gga `wild animal; bush meat' [GK] (both - frozen pl < *sVg-); C 3 Bana kwamti (devoicing in contact) `wild animals' pl.; 5 Gdf d—k-siga, Chkd d—k-iga `animal' [HmG].Cf. W 4 Wrj sangalay `wild animal' [BlS]. 161. C *sVgw/‘w- `fire-wood': C 3 Bana əɣu `bois'; 4 Jimjimen igun, Gude ʔoigin `firewood' [BN], 7 Mafa oegwe `fire wood'. Cf. some more tree-names of similar shape: W 3 Tng sagdɔ `kind of palm'; 62 C 3 FK 7 Gis sugom `Schibutterbaum'; E 6 Mok sugibe, pl. su^Ÿgibagi `kind of acacia'; C 3 FK əgənə `kind of tree' [BN]. 7a Skn sagwan `tree Pilostigma'. 162. *sVg/k- `fear, anger': C 5 Pod ege `fear, angst' (-g- < -k-/-g-). Verbal deriv.: W 6 Ngz saak-tu (-kt- < *-gt- is possible) `be afraid; go into a rage', Bade sa°k-tu `be cowardly'. Cf. E 5 Bid sogol `se facher'. 163. *sVgVr/l- `hump': C 8 Mak sugure `hump (of a cow)' [AlM]; E 5 Mig sugu^l-gulu, Bid sugul-gilo, WDng su°gu°l-gu°lu°u°lu° `bosse pre°s du cou'. 164. *sVg- `big, many': W 1 Hs ige `exceed', igi-igi `in large numbers (piles, collection)'; C 5 Pod səga `grow, increase'; 5a Hdi səgay [BrH]; 7 Muy asagay `to increase', Mada sagag `en foule, en grand nombre (troupeau)'. Deriv.: *sVgVr- `to multiply, to swell, to be long': C 7 Mafa səgər `swell (grains in water)', Ould -səgur `s'augmenter, multiplier; suffir, e^tre suffisant'. 165. *sVg- `be dishonest, avarice': W 1 Hs sagi `a cheat; dishonest person'; 3 Tng sego `avarice, hostility'; E 2 (deriv.) Lele sag-le `mensonge'. 166. *sVg- `dirt(y)': C 3 FK igwa `clumsy, dirty' [BN]; C 8 Mak sagam `dead thing floating in current' [AlM]; E 2 Lele suge `saletes, garbage', sugi `pousser des poils en abondante, etre plein de saletes'. 167. *sVk- `to close': 1 Hs saakayaa `partially close a doorway'. Cf. *cV(wV)k- `to plug, to close'. Note that both roots are attested in Hs. Deriv.: E 5 EDng sɔkumɛ `zumachen, to close'. Deriv. in -t- (verb) : W 2 Mgh aɣat `close' [JgS], Mpn ot [sioot] `close' [FrM], Msh akat `close, lock' [TAS 340]; (noun) W 1 Hs sakata `cross beam'; 3 Bol sakata `metal door-lock' [BOLDU]. 168. *sVk- `to help': C 3 Bana skə `prendre soin, faire doucement, take care'; 8 Log sk—-wun `to advise'; E 5 WDng sakuwe `porter secours, bring help'. 169. *sVk- `to sit, to live, to dwell, to last': W 4 Paa iki `sit, dwell, live' (more often used than siki) [MS]; 5 (noun derive.) Guus sukoo-i `life' [CrG], Dott suk `sit, dwell', sukəə `rest', suk-dər (caus) `sit down' [CrD], suɣ 'live' [Cs 63 667], Bogh soɣa, Mngs m. sək, k. sigine `rest' [Cs], Geji uuki, uukti, Zul uku `rest' [Cs 673], Pol ik `live, sit' [Cs 667, 679], Wngd suk [Sm-CLR]; C 2 Mrg sku°̥ `wait for' [HfM:118]; 5 Mlg «ǝkwa `ausruhen, to calm down'; 7 Mofu -səkw- `wait', Mafa sak `durer', sak va `rest'; 10 ZD suk `rester, s'asseoir', Masa suk `to sit down, to rest' [CC]; ZB suk `s'asseoir, rester'. Deriv. in m-: C 7 Mofu -mə-sk- `se reposer'; E 5 Bid mu-sak `s'habituer, to accustom'. Deriv in -n: W 5 Pol soɣən `rest, be patient' [Cs 673, 723]; 4 Jmb ikə (metath.) `to sit' [SkNB]// Arab skn `be quiet, rest' [BK 1115], Hbr «kn `stay, dwell'. [OS 2240]. Note that according to A.Belova (personal communication) Arabic skn is derived < kwn `to be, to exist'. Cf. W 6 Ngz səkookuyu `pass time, spend a long time, chat, pass the time of day'; C 8 Mak saka `time' [AlM]. Note W 1 Hs saka `place, put; arrange, fix up'// Akk «akānu `to place smth for a particular purpose, to set out, arrange' [CAD 116]. 170. *sVk `to shave': W 1 Hs aska `to shave, razor'; 2 Ang sak [Fl], Mgh sak [JgS]; 3 Ngm sako^ (G), sakko (Y) `shave, cut hair' [NEH], sak- [VNg]; 5 Bogh uɣə, Jimi usakəi `shave' [Cs N 748]; 6 Ngz səku , Bade səku `shave', əsku (< Hs); 7 Sha uk `rasieren, to shave'; E 7 Brg siiki `raser'. a. C 8 *sVk- `trowing knife’: Mak skºa° [Tr], Afd sk-pa^ [Tr].// Arab sikkin- `knife' [BK 1116 ]. b. C *sVk- `spear, to throw a spear': 1 Gaa «uk-ta, Gbn suk-te `spear' [Kr]; 6 Daba sku `lancer' [Mo] // Eg sk (MK) `spear' [EG 315, OS N 2286]. 171. *sVkw- `to scrape, to brush': C 4 Gude saku `scrape calabash with side of finger when eating'; 7 Muy səka°-t `brushing'; E 5 Mig saako `racler, scrape', WDng suk idf. de korge `racler'//Arab swk `frotter, currer (dents); rub, clean (teeth)' [BK 1168] or Ef sk (Pyr) `abfegen, abwischen' [EG 310].. a. *sVk- `to comb’: W 5 Zaar sak `to comb' [CrZ]. Alternatively may be related to *sVk- `hair’. Deriv. in -t-: C 6 Daba sakwat `essuyer' [Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko sakat `nettoyer'; 8 Afd skǝdǝ `peigner, to comb' [Tr]. 64 Deriv.in -ḍy-: E 5 Mig ʔoskidyo `frotter; rub', Bid sookody `se curer les dents; clean teeth', WDng sokidye `frotter pour nettoyer qqch terni'. 172. *sVk- `to spoil (child, food)': W 3 Bol sakaa `spoil a child' [GAB]; C 8 Log ski-wun `spoil (food)' [AlL]. Noun deriv.: *mV-sVkw- `spoiled child' (a loan?): C 3 FK ma-sagwa (regular voicing of *-kw-) `bastard' [BN]; 7 Mada ma-sokwa `ba^tard'. 173. *sVk- `to steal': C 4 Gude sakə `steal when no one is looking'; 8 Log skay [CLR] `steal'//Arab m-sk `mettre la main sur, to take, catch by hand' [BK1105]. Deriv.: `a theft; be greedy': W 1 Hs sakau‰ii `theft (petty)'; 3 Ngm [NEH] ik-le^ (G) `miserliness'; 6 Bade sak-tu `be greedy' 174. *sVk(Vh)- `to increase, to multiply': W 1 Hs saakaaka `in large numbers; large in size'; C 7 Ould -sakw `croi^tre, grandir, to grow', sakka n. `en plus', Muy asək `increase', Mada sakak `en foule, en bandes', assak `enfler, gonfler, augmenter' (intr.), Moloko sak `multiply', Zlg-sək- `(s')augmenter, grow', sakw `big (person)', səkah `s'augmenter, s'aggraver', Cuv mɛ-ɛkɛy `augmenter en volume'; 7a Skn ik `be more then enough to' . Verbal deriv.: W 6 Ngz səkunu `increase'; C 7 Ould -seke `adopter, eduquer, elever, faire grandir'. 175. *sVkw- `to buy, to borrow, to pay': W 3 Tng sakɛ `borrow, lend, hire'; C 5 Glv sa/u/əgw `to buy', Pod səkwa `buy'. Deriv in -m: C 6 Daba səkəm `acheter' [Lnhr]; 7 Ould -səkum `buy', Muy asəkum `buy, pay', Mada oskwom `acheter', Moloko səkom `buy, sell, pay', Zlg səkəm `buy'. Deriv in -l: C 8 Zina sǝ°ka°l `to pay' [Tr]; 9 Mulwi sikili `faire du commerce', Mnj sikili `commercer', sakala n. A loan? Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs saaka `reward, compense'; C 4 Gude ikwa `payment, one's share'; 7a. Skn sokono `Anleihe, a loan' [Luk]. a. *sVk- `gift, dot': W 3 Krkr sakana (pl. in -n-) `gifts (chicken) to a mother-in-law' [GK], Bol ekeke `small money given by bride's family'

65 [GAB]; C 7 Mada sokolokw `dot'. Verbal deriv.: W 3 Ngm [NEH] ok-to (Y) `bring sp. food to a woman who has given birth'; C 7 Muy askad `to cut ( tuwo) and throw to the ground to the ancestors, to sacrifice'. 176. *sVk- `to thresh, to press firmly': W 1 Hs sussukaa (<*suk-suka) `to thresh': C 9 Mnj suki `tasser'; E 6 Mok sokke `tasser, press firmly'. Deriv. in -d-: W 3 Krf uɣu-du `threshing' [Stl]; C 9 Muy eeke-dey `to level, flatten'; note 7 Mofu -mə-skwad- `grind for the second time'. Noun deriv.: C 7 Ould sakanda `fleau long pour battre les haricots, a long flail'. 177. *sVk- `to hoe, to farm': W 2 Mgh sak `to hoe (with a big hoe)' [JgS], Ang saḳ `to hoe' [JgA], Mpn sak `plow, till, form' [FrM], Mgh sak, pl. səlak [Jg] `hacken (mit grosser Hacke; to hoe (with a big hoe)', Msh sak `to cultivate' [TAS 315]// Akk akku `to harrow' [CAD 433], Eg skȵ (Pyr) `pflgen (mit dem Pflug, mit der Hacke), to plough' [EG 315]. Cf. [OS 2177]. Noun deriv.`a hoe': W 1 Hs sakwa-mii `a long-handled hoe used at sowing time' (with a suff. of instrumens), 3 Ngm sakatoono (Y) `hoe (for harvesting)' [NEH]. A compound. a. *sVk- `to dig': W 2 Mpn sak `dig' (contamin. with `plow, till, form', alternatively may originate from *cVḳ- `to dig'); 4 Wrj sikyi `to dig smth off' [BlS]. Cf. *cVḳ- `to dig'// Arab sakk- `puits' [BK 1111]. Note that W 3 Tng suke `to till hard ground' rather originates from *c^Vḳ- (Tng -k- < *-ḳ-, -g- < *-k-, *-g-). 178. *sVk- `to mix, to stir, to shake': W 3 Goem ḳam-sak `kind of broom to stir the beer' (ḳam 'stick'), obviously: `stick (to) stir' [TAS 315]; 3 Tng saagɛ `to mix, to blend'; 5 Dott (deriv.) sukət `mix' [CrD]; C 4 Gude ikuiku (redupl.) `bounce a baby to quiet'. E 6 Mok sawke `melanger, mix'. Deriv. in -ḍy-: E 5 `to shake': WDng sɛkidyɛ `secouer un recipient, shake a vessel', sɛkɛ‰ idf., Bid segedy `secouer la sonnaille ou le hochet'. Note W 2 Kfy agal `to stir' [TAS 314], Goem sɔɔl `to mix a cooking meal

66 with a stick' [TAS314], shɔɔl `squeeze or pulverize smth (while cooking), forge', shɔɔl «at 'she mixed the porridge' [Hlw]. Possibly, < *sk-l, deriv. a. C *sVk- `stirring stick, tooth stick': 3 FK iku `stick (to stir porridge)' [BN], 2 Bura aku 'stirring stick', 8 Log ma-skama `tooth stick' [AlL]. Note C 2 Bura sikwam `stake for tying a horse', 7 Mbuko sukol `pilon, baton', Merey sakwal `stick' // Arab sakk- `clou' [BK 1111]. Words for `stick, pole' may be not related to `to mix, to stir'. 179. *sV(wV)k- `to go, to come': W 1 cf. Hausa suka° `galloping'; 3 Ngm isko^ (G), isko (Y) `is going, is coming' (defective verb: Complet. and Progres. only); C 3 Bana səkə `venir', skwa `venir en vas', FK skə `to arrive' [BN]; 7 Mafa ik `come'; E 7 Kaj saka `venir', Msm suugu `venir, arriver', Mubi suwak `come' [CLR]// Arab skʕ `se diriger vers' [BK 1114]. 180. *sVk- `to talk, to speak, to call': W 2 Ang ok `to speak' [Or]; 5 Bogh sok `conversation' [Cs N454]; C 3 FK səkə `to call s.o. from the east', ska `from the north' [BN]; 10 ZB sik `dire'; E 5 EDng sakkiye `convoquer, call to'. Deriv. `to whisper': C 7 Moloko sokoy `whisper', Mafa so-sukw- `chuchoter, murmurer'; E 1 Kera we-ske `flustern; to wisper'. Cf. C 3 Bana kwət(i) `saluer, greet'. 181. *sVk- `to roast, to fry': W 3 Bol sekku `fry in oil' [GAB], sekk- [LkB] `roast'; 5 Dott sək `cook' [CrD]; E 3 Tum hug `cuire dans de huile'. Noun deriv.: C 7 Mofu me-sekw, me-se-sekw `charcoal'. 182. *sVk- `to glide': C 7 Mbuko saak `tomber en glissant par terre'. Deriv.: C 7 Ould səkasəkad `glissant; lisse', sikede vt. `lisser, rendre lisse', Muy sakadi `slippery', Mada sked sked `lisse, plat, uni'; 8 Mak ma-skadio `slide, slip; glissade' [AlM]; E 5 Bid sookody `rendre lisse une corde'. Cf. E 6 Mok sookile `glisser'// Arab sql `polir' [BK 1109]. 183. *sVk- `to pull, to stretch': W 5 Zaar sak [CrZ] `thin out plants by removing unwanted ones'; 3 Pskye nsikə `pull' [BHya]; 8 Mak sku `stretch' [AlM]. 184. *sVk- `to pour in, to soak': W 2 Goem sǝk `to soak in water (grain, cloth)'

67 [Hlw], Ang ək `nass werden, become wet' [JgA]; 4 Miya, Diri, Jmb sЌka `pour in'; C 3 Bana kə `verser', Pskye ikekə, Hya nda-igɛ `pour' [BHya]. Deriv.: W 1 Hs akaf `damp; wet; sloppy (food), green (wood)'. 185. *sVkVR- `to dance': C 5 Mlg əkəla, Wnd əkəla, ikla `to dance' [CLR], Glv akal-, Dghw khila [CLR], 5a Hdi səkalay `to dance' [BrH]; 9a Gdr iskəla [Mo]; E 2 Kbl, Nanc -səkra `to dance' [HKb]. 186. W *sVk- `to praise': W 3 Pero ‰oko `to exalt', Tng sugɛ `to praise' // Arab n-sk `e^tre pieux, be respectful' [BK 1251]. Deriv.: W 6 Ngz sak-sak-tu `to honour, give honour to'. 187. *sVk- `dog, hyena, jackal': W 3 Dera ikə-nana `dog, crying nanna, hyena' [NmK]; C 3 Bana sakata `jackal'; 4 Bch sakke [Meek], sakey [Sk], Ngw iskhəde (compound?) [CLR] `dog'; 8 Afd ske^ `hyena' [Tr]; E 4 Sok oske `Hyena' [Luk]; E 5 WDng sɛkɛluwɛ `caracal (lynx rouge)' (comp.). Cf. W 4 Diri akisakwa (if < aki-sakwa), Miya gidan-zakwai (voicing in medial position) `hyena' [SkNB] Verbal deriv. `to sic on (a dog)': W 6 Ngz a-ku, ə-ku, Bade sək-tu. 188. *sVk- `bird of prey': W 3 Krkr saakiti `vulture' [GK], E 7 Brg siki `falcon' m.// for a possible cognate cf. Arab sahuuq- `aigle' [BK 1157]. 189. *sVk- `cord, rope': W 5 Pod saka `corde, rope'; 7 Ould asakw `corde', Muy asək `string, tree from whose bark it is made', Mada assak `fibres vegetales pour fabriquer des cordes, des filets', Zlg asak `corde, fibre de bois'; 9 cf. Mnj suwak `ceinture'. Verbal deriv.: W 7 DB sakal `aufwickeln (Schnur); wind up (a rope)'. 190. *sVk- `upper leg, bone': W 3 Ngm eke `foot, leg' [NEH], ɛkɛ `leg' [Meek] Bol eke [GAB]; 5 Bgh bu-skii (note b-pref.) [Sm]; C 4 Gude ikə sida `foot' [Meek];7 Ould sek `foot, leg', Muy asak `leg, foot', Mada sek `jambe, pied, patte', Zlg sik `jambe, pied', Cuv ɛk`pied', Mafa sak `leg, foot', Mukt ik [CLR]; 8 Log mə-skə [Mo] `leg', cf. Mak sku `hip; waist' (in case Ch is related to Sem, sk- < *ˆk-); 10 Masa sok [Mo], sɔk-a [CLR] `bone'; E 4 Sok

68 saka-d-um `dein Schienbein' [Luk]// Arab saq- `jambe, tibia' [BK 1167]. Deriv. in -r-: W 7 DB sakur `Bein, leg', 7 Sha səkaʕu (if ʕ < *-r-) `leg, foot'. Verabal deriv.: E 5 WDng saake `donner un coup de pied' < `pied'. 191. *sVk- `evening, west': W 5 Geji kə-suk-ti `evening' [Cs N373], Jimi maa-suku-to [Cs]; C 6 Daba sukuh `le soir'; 7 Mbuko suko `soir', sə-suko `apres midi'; 9 Mba sukoy `West' //Arab shkk (attested only in III stem) `e^tre tres sombre (nuit), to be too dark (night)' [BK 1061]. 192. *sVk- `(part of a) hut': W 2 Ang sek 'verandah' [TAS 318]; 3 Tng sike `house or place where one's grandmother (mother's side) was born'. Deriv. in -r-: C 7a Skn sukuruk `man's room (old, outside town)'; E 5 Bid suk-sukurre `grenier', 4 Ubi saakure `chambre en bois'. Cf. *‰Vkʷ- `barn, shelter, house', note that both roots are attested in Bidiya. Deriv. in m-: C 7 Mofu ma-sakwa `internal wall'. 193. *sVk- `morning, tomorrow': W 3 Pero ‰eger `morning', Krf aɣɣai (Ch *-k- > Kirfi -‘-) `morning' [Stl]; E 5 Bid sak-sake f. `aube', Mig sossoko `matin', sokko^ adj. `demain, tomorrow', sokonta `lendemain, day after'; 7 Jegu saka^n `morgen , tomorrow', sogo^t `ber-morgen'. Verbal deriv.: E 5 `to get up, quit early': Bid sak `se reveiller tres to^t le matin', WDng sake `quitter to^t de matin, partir de bonne heure'. a. *sVk- `to start, to begin': C 9 Mnj sok `starter'; E 6 Mok sawke `start quickly doing smth'. Deriv.: W 3 Tng sugde `to start'; 6 Ngz səkur `begining'. 194. *sVk- `kind of (palm) tree' (or names of different trees): W 3 Krkr sakwabi `gum tree' [GA], Bol sakaayi `nettle tree' [GAB]; 5 Guus ukoor `raffia palm' [CrG]; C 2 Bura ika `the black plum tree'; 6 Daba sikid `la figue'; 7a Skn iku `tree' [Meek]// cf. Arab saqiww- `palmier' [BK 1111]. 195. *sVk(Vk)- `fowl disease': W 1 Hs sukuku `a quickly fatal fowl disease'; E 5 WDng sakiyaw idf. `maladie'; 6 Mok sakkiya `maladie des volailles'. Cf. W 6 Ngz saak-tu `recover'. A deriv.?

69 196. *(sV)sVk- `snake': W 5 Bogh (b) ə-suk, (j) gi-zuk, Mngs iski [Cs], Buli iək `snake' [Cs N279]; C 7 Mafa oe-oekw `snake' (gen. name), Ould āskwākw `vipe°re de Gabon'; 10 ZB su-suk `tenia sp., kind of snake'. Cf. C 7 Ould asə-sukw `chenille, caterpillar'. 197. *sVk- `thing, one': W 2 Ang ik `Sache, Angelegenheit, thing' [JgA], Mgh ik `Sache, thing' [JgS]; C 5 Hdi səkwi `la chose, thing' [BrH]. C *sVk-t- `one, a unit': 2 Bura sok-ti `a unit; whole, entire'. Cf. C 7 Mafa sak `nombre de fois; how many times'. 198. *sVkwVr- > *sVrVkʷ- `in-law': W 1 Hs surukii (metath.); 3 Bol suuru, pl. sugure `in-law' [GAB], suuru, Ngm sorko^ [NEH] `father-in-law', sorkiti^ `mother-in-law', Dera wuuruk `male-in-law', Tng wurgo, Bele huuri `in-law' [SchB], Krkr sakwar [GK]; 6 Ngz saurak (< *sakwr-ak), Bade soolak; C 1 Tera sərvəki `in-law'; 4 Bata serwa [Mo], Gude sərəhwa `parent, child-in-law'; 5 Mlg owole (-w- < *-kw-) `in law'; 6 Daba sukul `father-in-law' [Lnhr]; 7 Mafa sukwar `in-law'; 9 Msg sula, pl. sulakai `in-law' [LkM], Mnj suwul `father-, mother- in-law’. Cf. W 2 *sVHVr- `in-law': Ang səər [JgA], Mgh səgər [JgS], Mpn səər [FrM], Kofyar sǝɣǝr, Goem su^r, suur, sur [ TAS 336]. If not < *sVkVr-, must be an Arabic loan, cf. Arab sihr- `brother in-law' [BK 1380]. Deriv.: C 7 Ould sukulu-kw `to work for father-in-law to pay part of the debt for the wife', Muy sukʷulu-kʷ (n.) `work for one's father- in-law'. a. *sVk- `younger brother, sister': W 1 Hs saako `younger brother, sister.'; C 3 FK mə-sakən `younger brother, sister', n-suku `brother- in-law' [BN]; 7 Gis sukom `brother' [CLR]. b. C *sVk- `clan, origin, ancestor': 7 Mofu səkway `clan of the father'; Gis sukoy `Wurzel, Ursprung, origin', sukwi (Mj) `family'; 9 Kus skºe° `alliees (parente), relatives)' [Tr]. 199. *sVkʷ- `horse': C 8 Log bə-skwan [LkB], mə-skpə [CLR]; E 7 Brg sauka, pl. saukay `cheval'; Verbal deriv. W 1 Hs sukwaanaa `to gallop a horse'; 6 Ngz sakəmu `to mount a horse, a camel; to ride an animal'. 70 Cf. W 3 Bol seekaro `horse the colour of patas monkey' [GAB]. 200. *sVkʷ- `hair' (rather < *sVw-, cf. *sVHʷ- `hair', with a body-parts marker, like in *zV `body'): W 3 Glm səgu, Gera aa [SchV], Glm suu [Gow],Tng wook, Dera wakai [NK], Krkr saku [CLR], saku `hair, feather' [GK], Krf ukka (old pl.?), Bele hoko `hair' [SchB], Pero ‰ok `hair'. Deriv.: W 7 Kul uku^l `hair'; C 7 Mada skab `longes (poils, cheveux)' 201. *sVkw- `spirit, soul, witchcraft':W 1 Hausa iska `spirit'; 3 Krkr sookoo [GK] `sorcery', Krf oɣɣo `witchcraft', ka oɣɣo `tabou' [Stl], Ngm ak-aka `evil spirit' [NEH], Tng wɔgɔ `evil spirit, witchkraft'; 5 Bogh swak `witchcraft' [Cs 470]; C 3 FK swaku `shadow, soul' [BN]; 5a Hdi səkwa ʒiʒi `ancestor spirit' (ʒiʒi `grand-father') [BrH]; 10 Masa suk `l'esprit' [CC]. Noun deriv. in -t-: W 3 Krf oɣot-tu, pl. okkotii `wizard' (-tu is a marker of NAg) [Stl]; 2 Ang soot `witchcraft' [Fl], Mpn soot `witch(craft), evil spirit' [FrM], Kfy sogot, Msh soko `witch', Goem s/soot `witchcraft' [TAS 337]. Deriv.: C 7 Mbuko səkar `idole', Muy səkəl `spirit of a clan, family'. Cf. W 3 Krkr usakuu 'spirit with power over the harvest' (according to [GK] - a Hausa loan). a. *sVk- `wind': W 1 Hs iska `wind' (contam. with `spirit', probably one and the same rooth with a semantic shift); 5 Jimi usukum `wind' [Cs]; C 4 Gude sakaʔ `blowing back and forth in the wind' idf. 202. C *sVk- `cooking pot':3 Bana aka `pot (for souce)', FK aka `pot' [BN]; 5 Glv aaka `pot (for miya), earthen vessel (for soup)', Pod sakama `grand canari pour la bie°re'; 7 Mbuko siked `big calabash', Mada me-sek `pot'; 8 Log skua [AlL], Mak sko `cooking pot' [AlM], Kus sko° `marmite, poterie', Afd sk-po `marmite en terre' [Tr], Ngala s³ku, Bud ho´gu, Shoe sko `pot' [Sol N 419]. Cf. 5 Mlg sakkan (old plural?) `Kessel, vessel for water'. Note possible deriv.: C 7 Mafa sokwan `citrouille sp.', 7a Skn sokono `Krbis' [Luk]. 203. E *sVk- `bird':1 Kera kaskɔ coll. (if < *ka-sk-) `bird'; 6 Mok sakkiya `kind of bird'// Arab ʔasqaʕ- `petit oiseau du genre des passereaux' [BK 1108].

71 204. *sVk- `quick': W 3 Ngm soku (G) `speed, quickness' [NEH]; C 7 Mada skwa `donc, deja, tout se suite'; 8 Mak sagisa `(be) fast' [AlM]; E 5 WDng usuk `brusquemant, immediatement'. a. *sVk- `easy': W 5 Buli səkwai `easy' [Cs 520]; E 5 WDng sɔɔk idf. `aisement, easy'. 205. *sVk- `be clever': W 3 Pero ‰ika 'cleverness'; 5 Dott sak `be wise' [Cr], saaɣti, Pol sak, Geji boɫkən (ɫk- < *sk-) `intelligent person' [Cs N 31]; C 4 Gude səkura `cleverness'. 206. *sVk- `line, straight': W 3 Mgh saak `Linie, a line' [JgS]; C 8 Mak sak `straight ahead' [AlM]; 10 ZB siked `droit'; E 5 WDng sak sak `straight' idf. // Arab sikk-at- `rue' [BK 1112]. Cf. W 3 Bol ma-saki `arrow-like stripes in calabash decoration' [IbBl]. 207. *sVkVk- `dry (of plants)': W 2 Kfy ak `to dry and be lost (beans)' [TAS 340]; C 7 Muy egkʷ idf. `dry', Mbuko sokok idf. `dry (trees, leaves)'; E 5 WDng sikiyaw idf. (used with bagiye `secher'). Deriv.: C 7 Muy səkwal mod `dying (plant)'. 208. *sVkʷ-sVkʷ- `cold': W 6 Bade sak-saka `cold', Duw sak-sak `coldness'; C 7 Mofu -sa/ekw sa/ekw `wrinkled (of coldness), cf. Muy eikʷЊy `to wither'. 209. *sVḳ- `to give water to smb': W 3 Tng soke `give water to a child'// Arab sqw `abreuver qqn de qqch, donner a boire' [BK 1109], Akk «aqu^ `give a drink', Ug «qy `drink'. [OS 2220]. a.*sVḳ- `swallow': W 5 Jimi suka `swallow' [Cs]; C 5 Pod ikəka ikəka `swallow (food)'; 7 Ould sək sək sək idf. `avaler'; 8 Afd s™e°, Kus s™e `swallow' [Tr] // Cf. Arab sqg `engloutir' [BK 1160]. Deriv.in -n-: W 4 Paa s—ḳən `swallow' [MS], Wrj suḳun-, Siri səḳənu, Jmb əkən-, Miya səkən-, Kar sukun, Cagu səḳən [SkNB, Wrj suḳun- `to swallow', sakwaana `swallowing' [BlS]; Deriv. in -d-: C 7 Cuv mɛ-əkɛ-dɛy `swallow'. 210. *sVḳ- `to fill, full': W 1 Hs aaḳe `fill (but calabash)'; 5 Mngs ikekke `full'

72 [Cs]; C 2 Bura ikta `to fill (hole, ditch)'. 211. *sVḳ- `to winnow':W1 Hs eeka `to winnow, to pour into vessel (esp. from a height)', iḳa `winnowing'; 3 Tng sek `winnow'; C 5a Hdi səskay `to sieve by shaking; tamiser' [BrH]; 7 Mbuko sə-sak `winnow', Muy asak `to sieve', Moloko sakay `sift', Mofu -sasək- 'winnow'. Deriv. in -d- : C 9 Mnj sikidi, Mulwi sikidi `tamiser'. 212. *sVḳ- `to weave': W 1 Hs saaka `weave'; 2 Ang sak [Fl], saḳ [JgA], Kfy sak [TAS 315]; 5 Buli sag-ən [Cs 174], Burma sake [Kr], Mng sake [Cs] `weave'; C 6 Daba səka `commencer a° tresser' [Lnhr]; 10 ZB sak `commencer a° tresser (natte)' // for a cognate see Cush Agaw *sVḳ- `to plait, weave': Bilin saḳw-, Xamir saḳ-, etc. [OS 2178]. Cf. C 9 Msg ma-saka `Baumwolle; cotton' [LkM]. 213. *sVḳ- `to cut (trees, branches), to carpenter': W 1 Hs sassaḳaa (< *saḳ-saḳa) `carpenter'; 2 Ang sak `cut down (trees to clear land for a farm)' [Fl], Goem sa°k 'cut, split lengthwise' [Hlw]; 5 Guus sassaka `carve wood' (< Hs) [CrG]; 6 Ngz sa-sku `scrape or cut off in small pieces, e.g. skin of mango; carve wood in this way to make a hoe handle'; C 7 Ould -saka `tailler'; E 5 WDng sike `terrasser, abattre (arbre), to cut down a tree'. // Eg sḳḳ (NK) `cut'. [OS 2180]. Verbal deriv.: W 6 Bade saak-saak-tu `cut off branches'. a.*sVk- `knife': W 2 Mnt ik [Fp, Jg] `knife, dagger', Ank ik `knife' [Fp], 3 Tng ti-zuk `chizel'. 214. *sVḳ- > *sV-sVḳ-/*sVwVḳ-: `to drive away, to push': W 1 Hs sa°a-su°ḳa° `drive away'; E 1 Kera so°ke `stossen, to push'// Arab swq `pousser devant soi' [BK N1167], [OS 2288]. 215. *sV(HV)ḳw- `to breathe, breath': W 1 Hs eeḳaa `inhale, sniff, smell at'; 5 Bogh soɣəmu, Mng sik, Saya səə, Tala t. suɣi, z. səɣi `breathe', cf. Jimi səkwaate [Cs], Dott suɣut, Geji uuk-ti , Pol səɣən-tə `to breathe' [Cs N 728]; 4 Paa sakwaa `to breathe, to pant'; E 5 Bid suu‰ (regress. assim.< *suuk?) `aspirer, inhalter, to breathe'. Deriv.: E 5 WDng siikime `respirer', Bid siikam `sangloter; to sob', Mig 73 seekino `sanglotter'; 6 Mok siikime `sangloter; sob'. Noun deriv. in -t-: W 1 Hs eeḳatay `panting'. a. *sV[™™]-/*sV[™]V[™]- `hiccups, to hiccup':W 2 Mpn sə-sək `hiccups' [FrM], Kfy doe-soek, Msh i-ik, Goem toe-sʔhek, tə-sek `hiccough' [TAS 332]; 5 Jimi akakəl, Geji aakadumi `choke' [Cs 729]; E 5 Mig sikko `hoquet, hiccup'. Deriv.: E *sVkVl- `to whistle': 5 WDng sogile (voicing in medial position) `siffler', 6 Mok sookile `siffler, hiss; whistle'. 216. *sVḳw- `nest': W 1 Hs eeḳa ` nest'; 3 Krkr sako, sakwau [GK]; 6 Ngz saka `nest; sheath', Bade saka^ `nest, sheath'; C 10 Masa ossokw `nid d'oiseau' (any relation to ECh *sVk- `bird'?) [CC]. Cf. C 4 Gude asǝkə `in, inside of'. a. *sVḳʷ- `a hiding place; to hide o.s.': W 1 Hs saako `any hiding place'; 2 Ang sok [Fl], sɔk [Brq], Mgh sɔk `verstecken, verbergen; to hide o.s.' [JgS], Mpn sok [FrM] `hide', Goem sok [Fp], sok [Hlw] `to hide' (alternatively, may originate from Ch *ɫaḳʷ- `to hide' [CLD II, N 328]. Note that c and ḳ are not compatible in one word in Hs, thus Ch *ɫaḳʷ- > Hs sVḳʷ- or cVk-. 217. *sVḳʷVn- `honey': W `honey': 3 Krkr ʔieeni [LkK], Bol sooni, Krf aɣani, Pero ‰igini, Glm suun,Gera sinya (*-kw- >-w-) [SchV]; 4 Wrj suḳʷan-ai, Siri sukʷuni, Jmb, Mbu suḳʷana, Miya abi sukʷam, Cagu ‰ooḳane (if ‰o- < *so-); E 4 Skr soone (-kw- > -w-) `bee', sonen `honey'. Cf. W 1 Hs sankaa (if -nk- < *-nḳ-) `honeycomb'. Loss of emphatic in a cluster? 218. W 4 *sVnḳ- `tongue': Paa sinḳi [MS], Wrj iḳə-na, Kar inakə, Miya inaki, Cagu iḳ-an, Siri sənaḳi, Mbu inaḳo, Jmb sənakə-la [SkNb]. 219. *sVl- `to cut (in pieces), to carve': W 3 Gera allə-mi `cut (slit)' [SchB], Bol sal- `strike with a sword' [LkB]; sallu `hack (off), slash (with sword, machete, etc.), cut off, pare; dodge, get out of the way' [GAB]; C 8 Mak sal he `carve; tailler' [AlM]; E 4 Mawa se^la `tailler avec un couteau; eplucher'; 6 Mok seele `depecer (animal), hacher, cut in pieces' //For Gera and Arab slʕ `fendre' [BK 1124] see [OS 2181].

74 Cf. cutting instruments of the *sVl-shape: W 4 Paa ila `axe' [MS]; 5 Saya albi `adze' [Cs]; 6 Duw salaliya `blade of any tool (without a handle)'; E 4 Sok salu `Dolch, big knife' [Luk], Barein saalu `knife' [Luk]. Cf. W 6 Bade saal-ba `tribal scars' (scars of a person ?). a. E 1 Mobu esele, Ngam esile `raser (faire la barbe)' [Lns] //Arab shl `peler, depouiller; raser, balayer' [BK 1061]. 220. *sVl- `to shoot, to throw a spear': W 1 Hs illa `shoot, throw'; E 4 Sok sile sua `throw a spear'. Note numerous words for `spear' and `arrow'. C 7 Zlg suwal `lance', E 5 WDng sal-tiine `spear with long iron blade', sul-dyu `spear', Bid sul-aayi `smal pointed spear'. C 7 Balda sala `arrow' [TrB], Mafa sulom `arrow'. Deriv. in -b-: W 1 Hs sul-bu `a kind of arrow'; 8 Mak s—l-bo `hairpin' [AlM]. a. *sVl- `war': W 2 Goem al `war'[Fp], C 7 Muy ilik `war'. Cf. C 8 Mak s—laa `weapon of war' (an Arabic loan?). Cf. Arab slh `s'armer' > silaḥ- `armes, sabre'. 221. *sVl- `to go out': W 5 Mngs m. sul, k.s—le `go out' [Cs], C 5 Dghw sawile `go out' [CLR]; E 5 WDng sallile `go out'. a. C *sVwVl- `to wander': 5 Mlg uwula `Reise, travel', Pod ule `voyage'; 7 Ould siwla `promenade, voyage', Mada asasala `se promener sans but', Mafa sawal- `se promener'. Cf. 6 Daba sulom `vadrouiller, wander'. 222. *sVl- `(to set) a trap': W 3 Tng sallɛ `set a trap'; C Mak me-sele `string trap for birds'; E 4 Mawa sulup `trappe, trap'// Arab sll > silla `filet' [BK 1116]. 223. *sV(wV)l- `to cry, to shout': C 7 Muy eleh `make shrill', salalay `cry of joy'; 9 Mba siwel `crier, shout'; E 2 Drm sile `schreien; to cry, to shout' [Luk]. Cf. E 1 Kera sewle `jammern, to wail'. 224. *sVl- `to be silent, quiet, to calm down': C 3 FK alala `quiet, calm' [BN]; 7 Muy ilek `silently'; 8 Mak s—lag— `quietly' [AlM]; 10 ZD sul `lentement, sans bruit'; E 4 Mawa suulu `garder le silence', Sok sole `be silent'; 5 WDng 75 sale `to calm down'///Arab slw - `se consoler de qqch' > `consolation, rela^che, tranquille' [BK 1132]. Deriv.: W 6 Bade səlootu `make piece'. An Arabic loan? 225. *sVl- `to wash (tr., intr.): W 4 Wrj il- `wash body' [Sk-CLR]; C 10 ZB sal, ZD sal `laver les graines, to wash corn'. Deriv.: C 7 Mofu -səl-b- `wash o-self quickly, become wet'. 226. *sVl- `to respect': C 2 Bura sili `glory, respect'; 7a Skn səlliy `respect', E cf. 5 Mig siilo `ga^ter un enfant, indulge, pet a child' //Cf. Arab wsl > `parente, affinite, credit, influence' [BK 1537]. 227. *sVl- `to strike, to whip': C 8 Bud hal (< *sal ) `schlagen, to strike'; E 5 Bid saal `gifler; to whip'. Redupl. *sV-sVl- `to touch, to tap': W 3 Bol saa-silu `touching lightly on the top of smth' [GAB]; C 7 Ould -sasawalay `ta^ter, palper, to touch'. 228. *sVl- `to make a hole': W 2 Mpn sul `pierce, make a hole', Chip səl `stuck, pierce, durchbohren, erstecken' [JgC], Kfy sul `make a hole' [TAS 323]. Noun deriv.: C *sVl-k/h- `a deep hole': 7 Mafa sulhwa'a `deep (hole)'; 8 Mak salka `toilet hole' [AlM]. Cf. C 7 Mbuko sololo `profound'; 8 Mak sululu `deep' [AlM]. 229. *sV(w/y)Vl- `to ask (for)': W Tng seli `beg, ask for'; C 8 Mak swal `question' [AlM]; E 7 Jegu eel- `wollen, verlangn, fragen' // Arab swl `demander', suwl-at- `question' [BK1169], s€l `ask, demand' [BK 1036]. Cf. C 7 Mada slek `dispute'. 230. *sVwVl- `to disturb': W 2 Ang wal `to annoy, trouble' [Fp]; C 7 Zlg swalwa `destruction, malveillante'. Verbal deriv.: W 6 Ngz sal-tu `be concerned, worried', Cf. C 9 Mulwi sil-ki `deranger qqn chez lui, to cause disorder'. a. W *sVwVl- `to be stubburn': 2 Ang suul `be stubburn' [Jg], Goem suul `firm, resistant' [Hlw]; 3 Tng swaali `impudence'. b. *sVl- `to abuse, to asperse': 1 Hs sillaa `abuse', sulbaa `abuse'; 3 Bol ol-

76 `verleumden; asperse' [LkB]; E 6 Mok suule `reprimer, brimer, mock at'. Deriv.: W 3 Tng sal-dɛ `insult, despise'. c. *sVl- `be jealious, envious, have bad character': W 3 Bol iila 'miserliness; avarice' [GAB]; C 3 FK səl-kə `be envious, jealous' [BN]; 5 Mlg iliya `Eifersucht, jealous'; 7 Ould silik `jalousie, querelle', Mada ssolo, mososolo `jalousie, bad character', Mofu səlagw `jealious, envy', Cuv əlɛk `jalousie'; 9 Mnj sile `jalousie', me-sile `jaloux'. 231. *sV(wV)l- `to burn, to fry': C 2 Bura sula; Mrg səl `fry' [Hff]; 3 Bana s(ə)li `frire (dans un recipient avec ou sans un peu d'huile)', FK səl `fry' [BN]; 5 Dghw sula [CLR], Mlg səla `braten, fry', Pod sula `grill, roast fry'; 5a Hdi sulay `fry, roast' [BrH]; 6 Kola sa^l `fry' [CLR], Daba sal `griller' [Lnhr]; 7 Muy asawalay `fry', Mada oslo `faire, frire, ro^tir, roast', Moloko səloy `cook on fire', Zlg sawla `griller', Gis sol `roast', Mofu -səl- `(faire) griller dans un recipient; fondre (le fer)', Cuv mɛ-ilɛy `frire, griller', Mafa sul- `griller (dans un recipient)'; 8 Zina sǝ°wl `to fry' [Tr], Mak silya ho `fry' [AlM]; 9 Mulwi sisili `roast, fry', Mba sisal `frire', Mnj sisili `frire (de la viande)'. Noun deriv.: C 8 Mak m-sali `mobile fireplace' [AlM]; 10 ZB sile `flamme'; E 2 Kbl ku-ələ (< *ku-sələ), Nch ku-sələrə `braise' n. ( pl. in -r- ?) [HKb]. Cf. C 7 Mafa n-oeloem `braises refroides'. a. *sVl- `to boil, to cook': W 1 Hs silaalee `cook food by steaming', sulaalaa `warm up, heat up'; C 7 Ould sə̄lāy `cuire'; 8 Mak swal `boil (food)'. Cf. W 2 Kfy aal `lukewarm' [TAS 341]. 232. *sV(wV)l- `to dance, to whirl': W 2 Goem swal `to dance' [CLR]; 6 Bade suwaali `playing, dancing'; C 2 Bura ula `to whirl'; E 5 WDng sewle `faire tourner un liquid'. Note possible deriv.: C 9 Mulwi sil-ni `melanger'. 233. *s(w)Vl- `to scrape (marrow, fat)': W 3 Dera wali `scrape (marrow from a bone)'; E 5 Dng sale `decaper, degarnir de la chair' (bones, tronc), to clean from flesh (bones)'. Note possible deriv.: C 7 Mofu -səlm- `egrener, extraire'. a. *sVl- `to be smooth': W 1 Hs sulai `smoothness'; 3 Bol sulsul `smooth' idf. 77 [IbB]; 5 Bogh (b) iluənuə, (j.) ilaa, Tala silə, ilə, Jimi su-sulwi `smooth' [Cs], Jimi su-sul `softness' [Cs N 481], Dott iilə-ti , Geji selən-ti `smoothness' [Cs 486]; E 6 Mok sul- do `lisse, smooth' // cf. Arab shl- `be flat (surface); plaine' [BK 1157]. Note possible deriv. `baldness': W 3 Krkr sileedi 'baldness' [GK]; 6 Bade saalai; 8 Mak salaha `baldness' [AlM]; E 5 WDng sulany `sans cheveux'. 234. *sVsVl-/*sVwVl- `to laugh': W 7 DB sisal `to laugh'; C 7 Zlg sawla `rire'// Arab sʕl `e^tre vif, gai' [BK1093]. 235. W *sVl- `to hear': 3 Maha soli [NmM] `hear', sol `feel' [MW]; 7 Sha sala^y , Kul sel, syel [CLR]. 236. *sVl- `tongue' (if not a metath. < *lVs-): C 10 ZB sili `langue', ZD illi [CLR], Masa si [Mo], sinna (assim. < *sil-na ?) [CLR] `tongue'; E 4 Sok solan-d-, selindu, sɛlɛny (< *sVlVn-d-) [CLR], Ubi silinyo `tongue'. 237. *sVl- `excrement, to render excrements, to stink': C 9 Mba salay `excrement'; E 4 Mawa saala `puer, sentir, to stink' [JR]; 7 Jegu ilw- `Notdurf verrichten, to render excrements' [JgJ] // Arab slh `rendre les excre°ments' [BK 1120] . Any relation to *swVl- `to fall' (derivative?): W 2 Msh -wul 'dysentery' (es `faeces') [TAS 328]; E 5 WDng so^lle `to fall (several obj.)'. 238. *sVl- `pith, core' W 3 Bol ille, sille `pith of cornstalk' [GAB]; Compounds: E 5 WDng sol-kumo `coeur d'une tige de doum'; 6 Mok sul-bo `moelle; bone marrow'. Note W 3 Tng sul-dum `heart'. 239. *sVl- `hawk, kite': W 3 Tng sɛlɛ `hawk, black kite', Ngm uuli `black kite' (G) [NEH]; C 4 Gude alawa° `type of bird, bigger than vulture'; 6 Daba salak `kind of hawk; big bird in general'[Lnhr]; 8 Mak selo `bird' [AlM], Log ma-s—lankai `eagle' [AlL]; E 5 Bid seleelu(wa°) `small white hawk', Mig seleluwa `hawk'. Note W 2 *sVlVk- `kind of bird': Ang n-sulk `black bird' [Brq], Goem swalak

78 `bird (black)' [TAS 323]; 240. *sVl- `leg, tibia': W 6 cf. Bade sila^k `bone'; C 2 Bura sil 'foot'; 3 FK səla `leg' [BN]; 5a Hdi səla `leg' [BrH]; 7 Ould sə-səl-gu `devant de la jambe, tibia', Zlg sisilikw `tibia', Cuv sasalay `jambe', Mofu salay `jambe', sasalay `tibia', Mafa eelay `jambe (entre genou et cheville), tibia'; 8 Mak salio `shin; tibia' [AlM]; E 7 Mubi silalo `Schienbein, tibia' [Luk]. Verbal deriv.: W 1 Hs allakee `to throw legs over'; C 7 Mol səl-day `to cross ankles'. 241. *sVl- `thread, rope': W 1 Hs siilii 'strand, thread'; C 8 Mak m-suli `rope used to tie goats', s—l-gi `wire, fil' [AlM]; 9 Mba sile `rope'. Cf. C 7 Mafa ele `manner of tieing with a rope, carcan, chain'. a. *sVl- `to plait, to weave': W 3 Dera wole `to weave' [NmK]; C 7 Mada sala `grand sekko'; 9 Mulwi silbi `tresser des sekkos'; E 6 Mok sel-ke `herbe utilisee pour trsser les seccos' // Arab shl VII ` tresser un cordon' [BK 1061]. 242. *sVl- `magic power': W 1 Hs saloo `part of the practice of fortune-tellers, wizards'; 3 Tng yilɛ `magic power'; C 8 Mak s—l-gi `charm (fetish)'; E 1 Kera sal `Zaubermittel der Schwarzen Kunst, medicamentde la magic noir'. Cf. E 5 WDng sawle `disparaitre mysteriuesement, to disappear mystically'. 243. *sVlVm- `kind of hardwood tree': W 3 Dera ele `kind of hardwood tree' (-Ÿ# < -m-) [NmK] ; E 5 Bid solmo, pl. solo `arbre sp.', Mig solmo `arbre. sp., au bois tres dur', WDng solmo id. Cf. also: C 8 Mak salfu `kind of tree' [AlM]; E 6 Mok se^lwe `kind of tree in the mountains'. 244. *sV(wV)l- `disease, pain': W Mgh wal `Krankheit, illness' [JgS], Mpn wal (siwal) `ache, pain, sickness' [FrM], Kfy swal `pain, difficulty', Msh wal `painful, sickness' [TAS 325]. Deriv. in -k- `sickness, disease': C 2 Bura il-ku, Mrg il-gu [HfM:58]. 245. *sVwVl-`morning, beginning':W 1 Hs soolii `first beginning of anything (of fortune)'; 4 Jmb suwal [SkNB] 'morning', C 5a Hdi silwa `east' [BrH].

79 Deriv.: C 7 Mafa n-elikeʔe `the first'. Cf. : W 6 Bade salau `preceed, arrive before'. A verbal deriv? 246. *sVwVl- `kind of vessel': C 6 Daba siwili `la marmite' [Lnhr]; E 6 Mok soole `vessel for chicken'. a. *sVl- `a clay pot': C 6 Daba səla `la jarre' [Lnhr]; 7 Mafa ele `petite poterie fait par un esclave apre°s sa liberation'; 8 Mak sali `pottery' [AlM]; E 6 Mok seelo `bassine, cuvette en terre cuite'. Cf. C 7 Gis silakwa `earthen pot (for food)'. 247. *sVl- `kind of stick': C 8 Mbuko silk `stirring stick', Ould sisili `ba^ton pour tourner la boule, la sauce', Mafa solay `gourdin, big stick'. a. *sVlVv- `digging stick': 5 Pod sələva `ba^ton du jujubier avec lequel le tombeau est creuse'; 7 Ould silvi `pic droit pour creuser une tombe', Muy ilik `stick for digging grave', Cuv səlɛv `plantoir en bois, planting stick', Mafa sulov `plantoir' . b. C 7 `a ladder ': Ouls sasal `echelle, joug, pilori, ladder, pole', Mada assal `echelle, perche fourchue servant d'echelle', Mofu sasal `ladder, echelle'. 248. *sVl- `to be white': W 1 Hs illoowa `a wholly white hen'; 2 Goem alak `white blemish on an eyeball' [ TAS 352]; C 2 Bura alaku 'very white'// Arab syl > `tache blanche' [BK 1177]. 249. *sVl- `red (things, animal)': W 1 Hs aali `kind of red cloth used for waistbands by warriors'; 3 Dera al `red'; 5 Tala silisi, silim 'red' [Cs], Bgh aal `blood' [Cs]; C 7 Mofu salaway `red sorgho'. 250. *sVwVl- `tall, long, eng': W 1 Hs sooloolo `tall and thin', ala `tall, thin person', saala `thin slice of raw meat', saalaalaa `tall, thin person, horse'; 2 Mgh wal `long' [JgS], Mpn wal `long' [FrM]; C 5 Pod elele `eng'; E 4 Mawa se^leat `etroit'.// Arab syl IV stem `allonger' [BK 1177]. Deriv.: C 7 Mafa sulhwa'a `allonge vers l'arriere (tete)'; E 5 WDng sula `allonge, oblong'. Cf. a. *sVl- `road, row, straight': W 1 Hs saala `row'; 7 Bok ʔasel `road'; C 7 Mada sleh `direct, tout droit, straight', 8 Glf sulu `Weg; road' [Luk]; E 4 80 Mawa sal `droit'// Cf. Arab masal- `long piece of land' [BK 1107]. 251. *sVm- `to descend': W 2 Ang aam `come down, descend' [Fl], im [JgA], Mgh am `go down, disembark' [BlM], Mpn am `descend' [FrM], Kfy sam, Goem sham `unload or take smth down' [Hlw]; C 9 Msg asmai `unten, down' [LkM]. Any relation to *sVm- `to sleep, to lie down'? Deriv.: W 3 Dera im-de `to swoop (bird)'. a. C 9 *sVmVn- `to sit down': Msg samana [LkM], Mulwi simni `to sit down', Mnj simni `montrer a cheval, s'asseoir, sit down'. // Cf. Eg smn (XVIII) `remain still' [OS 2189]. If not a Causative in s-. 252. *sVm- `(to make) a rope': W 3 Pero ‰amu `make a rope': E 1 Kera saama `corde'; 6 Mok saame `chapeau tresse, plaited cap'. 253. *sVm- `to scratch (body)': W 2 Mush sam-sak `scratch (body)' (hardly related to Goem sam `to grind' as in [TAS 316]); 3 Bol sam- `einreiben; rub' [LkB]; E 2 Lele sam `demanger, gratter, scrape'; 4 Skr sosumsosum `scratch' [Luk]; 5 EDng susume `jucken', WDng sosime, Mig susumo `demanger; to itch'. a. *sVm- `sweep, brush': W 4 Miya sàmay `trash, sweeping' [Sch]; 5 Bogh swam `sweep' [Cs]; 6 Duw sam-‰uwo (VN sam-ta) `brush slightly, touch with palms' (contam. with *sVmsVm `beat slightely, touch'). b. *sVm-(t/d)- `broom': W 6 Duw səm-tok; C 2 Bura im-tu `broom grass; broom'; 3 FK imə [BN], Bana əm ; 5 Pod sama-ta; 4 Gude in-ta `broom' (-nt- < *-mt-); 10 ZD sam-da ; E 5 Mig saame `balai'. Verbal deriv. in -d-: C *sVm-d- `to make smooth': 3 Bana səmadi `caresser'; 4 Gude səmbədə `smooth surface of pot with wet cloth before firing'; 5 Pod səməta `passer la main pour essuyer'; 7 Ould -simedeŸ, simete `caresser', Mofu -səmd- `make smooth (hair, pot)', Mafa səmbəd- `caresser'. Deriv. in -n-/-l-: W 1 Hs sumulmulee `to render thing smooth'; E 5 EDng saminye `polieren', Bid simal `clean grinding stone (collect flour by a piece of tuwo)'. 254. *sVm- `to buy, to exchange, to make debts': W 7 Bok um `Lohn, debt'; W

81 5 Zaar iim `exchange' [CrZ]; C 5 Vame sЌm- `buy' [KV]; 7 Mafa sum- `buy'; 9 Mnj simi `cou^ter; to cost'; 10 ZB sam `echanger', ZD sam `change, exchange'// Arab sawm- `prix (d'une marchandise)' [BK 1169]. Accord. to Fedry, ECh 5 WDng su°umiye° `vendre' is an Arabic loan. Deriv.: C 7 Mofu -səmk- `to buy'. Note W 3 Krkr simu `pay back, take revenge' [GK]. 255. *sVm- `to cultivate': C 10 ZD sum `piocher'; E 1 Kera sumi  `Rillen ziehen, to harrow'. a. *sVm- `field': W 1 Hausa eeme `cleared (ground) for sowing'; 5 Buli aəm, Dott im `field` [CrD], iəm `farm' [Cs N 135]; 4 Miya im `fields (farm)' [Sk-CLR]. Deriv.: W 1 Hs eemaa `clearing a piece of ground of grouth (for sowing)'; 5 Dott eema `clear, till field before farming' (< Hs?) [CrD]. 256. *sVm- `to hiss, to whisper': C 7 Muy a^sum `to hiss'; E 5 EDng sem- sume `murmeln', Bid see-se°m, Mig sem-simo `wisper'.// Cf. Eg smy (n) `tell' and Sem *«mw/y `call, give name' [OS 2244], cf. `name'. 257. *sVm- `to faint, to be, to become weak, weak': W 1 Hs suumaa `faint, wither (crops)'; 2 Ang aam `die out (fire)' [Fl]; C 7 Mbuko seməme `epuise' adj. `exhausted'; E 2 Kbl sema `weak; schwach' [Luk]// Arab saʔam- `mort' [BK 1037], shm `e^tre maigre, pa^le' [BK1158]. Deriv. in -d-: W 6 Ngz saamadu `to wither, (faner) shrivel up'. a. *sVm- `to calm down, to slow down': 2 Bura sama `slowly'; 3 FK səmanə `reconcile' [BN]; 7a Skn samn `slowly' ; E 5 Bid saamo tranquille, pacifique'. Cf. C 7 Mada samallak `comme mort, immobile, like a dead'. 258. *sVm- `to eat, to chew; food': W 2 Ang sm `to chew' [Fl], səm `eat, chew' [JgA], Mgh sum `eat' [JgS], Mpn səm `to chew' [FrM], Goem sem , sem `to eat grain' [TAS 338]; C 2 Bura sim (gen. term) `eat', su-sima `food'; 8 Bud hmi, himi, hmi `food', ham `eat', Mak s—m `eat' [AlM], Afd sǝ^m [Tr]; 9 Msg sama `essen (Brei, etc.), eat' [LkM], Mnj simi `repas, nourriture, food', Mulwi

82 simi `manger'; E 5 cf. WDng saame `aller chercher sa nourriture, to search for food'. Deriv. in -™- `to eat much': W 1 Hs saamuḳee `eat up a large amount of food'; E 2 Tob sumoge `ba^frer; fressen'. a. *sVm- `to taste': C 9 Msg asmo (noun deriv.) `Geschmack, taste' [LkM]; E 4 Mawa esem-e `gou^ter, essayer, to taste'. b. *sVm- `kind of grain food': W 5 Dott im `mush of guinea-corn flour; food' [Cr], Tala im, Mngs m. im, k. ipm [Cs], Buli im, Pol iim, Zul imi `mush' [Cs N200]; E 5 WDng simiya `pate de boule froid frottee contre la meule pour recuperer les restes de pa^te', cf. suumu `pa^te blanche avec petit mil pile'. 259. *sVm- `to gather; all, completely': W 1 Hs imi `in great quantity, of huge size', sum `completely'; 2 Mnt sum `together' [Fp]; C 5a Htkl səma `alle, all' [LkH]; E 7 Brg soomi `ramasser '. Noun deriv.: C 5 Pod samənawa `reunion'. 260. *sVmVh- `to run (away)': C 4 Gude səmuhə-səmuhwa idf. `sneaking away quietly' (if not < Arab); E 1 Mobu səme, Ngam seme 'courir' [Lns]// Arab smh `courir', sʕm `marcher avec une grande vitesse', samam- `veloce, rapide' [BK 1144, 1093, 1133]. Deriv. in -d- : C 7 Mofu -səm-d- `escape, run away, save o-s', Gis smo-d (A) `weglaufen, run away'. 261. W *sV(wV)m- `to begin': W 1 Hs sooma `begin'; 3 Bol soom- `begin' [LkB], Krkr somu `begin' [GK]. A Hausa loan? 262. *sVm- `to sleep': W 2 Ang seem [Fl] `to sleep', Mgh saam [JgS], Mpn sam [FrM] `sleep, lie down', Mnt sam `sleep' [Fp], Goem shaam `sleep, settle, sink to bottom' [Hlw]; 3 Bele hoom `sleep' [SchB], Ngm som (Y) `sleeping, day, sleep', monsoom (G) `sleeping, day' [NEH]; E cf. 1 Mobu so:me, Ndam so:me `bailer (de sommeil), to yawn (while sleeping)' [Lns]. 263. W *sVm- `to hit, to shoot': W 1 Hs saamaa `hit (in aiming at)'; 4 Paa s—maa `shoot' [MS]. Of the same origin as *sVm- `to hunt'?

83 264. *sVm- `to hunt, to herd': C 8 Mak sam `hunt' (n.) [AlM]; Mlt, Afd sam `chasser' [Tr5]; E 5 EDng saame `weiden; hirten'//Arab swm `s'en aller a sa guise au pa^turage (cattle)' [BK 1169]. 265. E 5 *sVm- `to copulate': Mig simaw, EDng sambe (old pl.) `geschlechtlich verkehren; to contact (sexually)', WDng sambe `copuler (hommes, animaux)', sambo `prostitute!' (apellation)// Arab smw `couvrir (femelle)' [BK 1145]. 266. *sVm- `ear': C1 Tera im; 2 Bura łim, Mrg łimi, Klb ximi [Kr]; 3 HN ɫimɛ [Kr], Bana łǝmǝ; 4 Gude lemi-na, Gudu ɫim [CLR]; 5 Pod łǝma, Dghw łimɛ, Gvo łuo (< *łumo), Gdf łime, Cnn łim(i)ya [HmG], Wnd ɫima, xima, Glv hyimia [CLR]; 5a Lmn łimuŋ, Hide łǝmǝŋ [HmG]; 6 Daba i°m– [Lnhr] ; 7 Muy łimi , Cuv ǝ°ma°y, Ould, Mbuko łǝmay, Mofu ɫumay, Gis ɫim-ed, Mada łme; 7a Skn łǝma [CLR]; 9a Gdr ɫum; 8 Bud humo, Zina, Kus sǝ°m, Mak «ǝmu° ime [CLR], Mba ɫumo; E 1 Kera ko-so (-Ÿ# < -m-), Mobu^ן Tr]; 9 Msg] sem-di~ [CLR]; 3 Tum him, Ndam ha^m, Smr sumi [CLR]; 2 Nan sem-ang [Luk: 90], Lele suma [Grg], Gbr suma-in [Luk], Kaba sami [CLR], Drm suma-nu [Luk]; 7 Mubi sumami [CLR]. For Ch data see [CLR I 53 *łm], Biu-Mandara *ɫVm [RGr]. For secondary lateral in CCh see [StS].// [OS 2245]. a.. C 8 *sVm- `to hear': C 8 Bud hamay `vernehmen, hren, to hear', Zina sǝ°mǝ°y [Tr] //Sem *«mʕ `to hear': Hbr, Ug «mʕ, Arab smʕ [KB, BK 1139]. Cf. W 3 Bol sooma [GAB] `deaf person', Ngm sooma (G) `deaf' [NEH]. 267. *sVm- `beer': W 6 Ngz səma^ `beer'; C 10 Bnn, Kln suma, Lame zum `beer' [Luk:131, 139], ZB sum `beer, alcagol'. 268. *kV-sVm- `rat': 2 Mgh kwu-zum, Chip k—-z—m [Kr], Kfy kə-zum, Goem ke-sem, ge-sem [Hlw] `rat' [TAS 185] (note regular voicing in inlaut); 3 Krkr ‰a-əm (assim. < *kVsVm), Bol ko-sum, Dera kom, Gera ka-səmi `rat' [SchV]; 4 Kar ku-sam, Mbu ku-ən[SkNB] `rat', Paa ku-san-‰iki [MS], Miya ku-sam `mouse'; 7 Bok ku-si^m, DB ku-sum `rat'; 5 Bogh ku-sam [Sm]; C 8 [semi (< uksemi < ku-semi), pl. usemien `rat' [LukL], Aff [mu-sumןLog u `Maus' [Sol N 255]; 9 Msg ku-sum [Mo]. The lack of initial k- in Log pl.

84 prooves that is really a prefix. // Akk (u)ummu `Gartenschlfer, `cane rat' OB [AHw1443]. Common origin of Akk and Arab m- pl. `rat' (as postulated in [MK N 214]) is not evident at all. Alternatively, Akk may be of common origin with Ch, (while Arabic m- may reflex HS root with initial lateral fricative). a. *sVhVm- `kind of mouse': W 3 Krf suma-senti `musk shrew' (sen- `to smell') [SchB]; 7 Mofu sehwem `shrew-mouse'; C 9 Msg ima-imet [LkM] `Fledermaus'; E 3 Smr swama [JSib] `rat palmiste', Tum soom [CLR]. Note unexpected s- in Tumak. May it be a Somray loan or a specific reflex of *s- in roots with medial -h- (*sVhVm > sVhVm, not hVhVm)? 269. *sVm- `name': W 1 Hs suunaa (sum-na?), pl. suunaayee; 2 Grk attum [Fp], Ang sЌm [JgA], Mgh, Mnt sum [JgC, JgS], Mpn sЌm [FrM], Kfy sum, Msh «um, Goem sЌm, ṣem [TAS 338], sǝm [Hlw]; 3 Krkr səm [LkK], Krf imi, Tng sumɔ, Pero ‰ombo ; 4 Paa s—m, pl. s—naani (also sun, pl. sunaani < Hs) [MS], Diri, Mbu in, Jmb suu, Cagu s—m-an [SkNB]; 5 Zaar sə^m, pl. səm-də [CrZ], Tala səm, Buli sim [CLR]; 7 Fyer ku-sum, DB sum, Kul ʔasim; C 1 Tera əm [NmT]; 2 Mrg ɫəm, Klb ɫim [CLR]; 3 Bana łǝn (-n# < -m-); 4 Gude lima; 7 Gis ɫim-ed, Muy łimi, Ould, Mbuko łǝmay, Mada łme; 9a Gdr ɫum [CLR]; 8 Bud hɛmu, homu, Log ɫəmi [CLR], Zina, Kus sǝ°m, Mak «ǝmu° [Tr]; 9 Mba ɫim; 10 ZB sem, sam, ZD em, Masa sem [CC]; E 1 Kera sa´m, Kwan ka-səm [CLR]; 3 Tum him, Smr sumi [CLR]; 4 Sok sin-ta (< *sim-ta) [Luk], Saba sin-dir [DMT]; 5 WDng si^ (-Ÿ# < *-m-), E, C, WDng si [CJ], Mig seme (pl.) [CLR]; 6 Mok suma [CLR]; 7 Zir same, Mubi sami [CJ], Brg ʔoso°m. For more Chadic data see CLR, *s3m `name'.// Sem *(ʔi-)im- `name' [Sem 602], Arab smw `nommer, appeler' [BK 1145], [OS N 2304]. One of Common Hamito-Semitic roots, attested already in D.Cohen's Dictionary. In the view of initial s-/- all over the phylum, WCh 2 Goem s- is hundert percent secondary, as well as lateral in CCh (for the latter see [StS]). a.*sVm- `person': W 4 Wrj sən-na, Kar sum, Miya su^m, Diri suu `person' [CLR]; 7 Bok som pl.; C 10 Masa sum pl. `les hommes, les gens' [CC]. 270. *sVm- `skin': W 2 Grk, Mnt gob-shim (gob `man', Grk i- < *si- is regular) [Fp], Grk sǝ°m (< *«im) `skin' [JgC], Goem um `animal and human skin' [Fp], 85 Ang im [Fl], Mgh im [JgS], Mpn sim [FrM], Goem im [Hlw]; C 1 Tera kə-zəm [NmT] `skin'; E 2 Kbl səm [CLR], 3 Smr sumo `skin; Haut' [Luk]. Noun deriv. in -n- : W 1 Hs saminya `a form of dermatitis'; E 2 Lele sam-nya `maladie de la peau' (< Hs ?). Verbal deriv.: W 3 Krf ume `cover a drum with skin' [Stl], Bol sume `leather work, upholstery' [GAB]. Deriv.: C *kV-sVm- `body': 6 Daba ki-sim [Lnhr], Mus k-səm [Mo]. b. C *sVm- `chaff': E 2 Lele ka-suma `balle des cereales'; 5 Bid soo-suma (< *som-suma) `balle de petit mil; chaff', Mig su-suma `salete de grain' . 271. *sVm- `calebase, water pot': W 3 Bol tosum (? *to-sum) `small calabash used s a cup' [BOLDU]; E 1 Modgel (Kwang) soma `water pot; Wassertopf' [Luk]; 4 Mawa suma `calebasse'. Note W 1 Hs imiryaa `raft of 2 gourds joint by a plank'. 272. *sV(ЂV)m- `hair (on head)': W 1 Hs suumaa `the growth of hair on the head from its first appearance after the head has been shaved until it is long and termed gizo'; 3 Ngm som `hair, feathers' [NEH]; C 3 HB sim-thifi (ɫifi) `hair' [Luk], Hya ini, Pskye in‰i (< *sim-ti) `hair (on head)' [BHya], FK in-‰i [BN], Kap, HB, HN «i°n-ti `hair' [Kr]; 4 Gude in-ki-nə (reg. poss.) `(my) hair' (cf. Gude " «i«i-nǝ (inher. Poss.), stem «i `body', «i«i-n-ki `my body'" [Hs:270]); Jimijimən im-kin, Gude in-kina `hair (on head)' [BrJ], FM «i°m-ki, FB «im-kin `hair' [Kr]; 7a Skn umbut [DSk], imbut [Meek] `hair of the head'. Note higi-bata forms with a poss. pronoun -ti/-ki. // Eg smȵ (Pyr) `hair' [OS N 2280]. Note possible deriv.: E 1 Kera simigi `dicht (Fell), thick wool'. Cf. W 3 Tng sayu^m `beard' (rather < *say-um, with a body-part pref.). 273. *sVm- `kind of hut': W 3 Dera am `entrance hut' [NmK]; 7 DB, Kul sam `hut, room'; 5 cf. Wang samda [CLR]; C 8 Mak same `entrance hut' [AlM]; E 5 WDng sɔɔmɔ `grenier en palisade de paille'. 274. *sVm- `hay': W1 cf. Hs eme 'reed'; C 6 Daba sam `big hay for big mats' [Lnhr]; E 2 Lele ka-suma `fourrage, foin'; 5 Bid sooma herbe sp.; 6 cf. Mok

86 seemi, pl. sembami `foin, hay' (if not < *s^Vm-, cf. CLD II, N222). Cf. a deriv.: *sVm-d `to thatch, (thatching) grass': W 3 Dera imde `to thatch' [NmK]; C 10 ZB samda `kind of grass'; E3 Smr semde `grass' [Luk]. 275. *sV(y)m- `louse': W 2 Mgh n-siyam `louse', Mpn nyam `body-louse' [FrM], Msh iyam, Goem niam, nəm [TAS 328]; C 7 Mafa n-so-som `bed-bug'; 10 Bnn su-suma `Floh' [Luk:135]; E 5 Mig simiine f. `pou de pubis'. Note affix n and redupl. Likely, were used to mark pl. 276. *sVm- `to give': W 1 Hs saama (with Dat.) `to give'; E 1 Kera seme `vererben (Eigenschaft), to give by inheritence (qualities)'. a. *sVm- `to get, to obtain': W 1 Hs samu `obtain', samu `wealth, possession'; C 7 Zlg səma `acquerir de nouveau le me^me chose, to get once more the same thing'. 277. *sVm- `stone': W 5 Dott səm `stone' [CrD], Jimi səmən [Cs 404], cf. Dott sumubari `mountain', səəmfoon `grinding stone' [Cs N 387, 147]; C 4 Bana əma `brique'; 5 Pod —ma `stone wall around the house'// Arab sahm- `grosse pierre' [BK 1158]. 278. *sVm- `seed, corn' : C 8 Bud himi, simi `Korn, Getreide', imo [N], hyimo [Cy] `seed' [CLR], Mak s—ms—m `sesame seed' [AlM]; 9 Mnj seyem `semence', Mba siyom, suyom `seed'. Cf. E *bVsVm- (*bV-sVm- ?) `seed': 7 Mogum (Jegu) bu-sum `seed' [HJ]; 5 E, C, W Dng bu-sam `seed' [CJ]. Cf. *sVn- > E *bu-sVn `seed'. a. *sVm- `to grind corn': W 1 Hs sansa°amaa ( <*sam-sama) `lightly beat a washed garment; thresh corn'; 2 Goem sa°m `to grind' [Hlw], Mgh som `to thresh corn' [BlM]; 6 Duw səsəmo `thresh grain from chaff in a mortar'; C 10 Masa hidi sumda `grinding stone', hidida `stone' [CLR]. Cf. W 2 *sVm-`smith': Mnt soom `blacksmith' [Fp], Goem sum `smithing' [TAS 322].*sVm`seed, corn' and *sVm `to grind' may be of different origin. 279. C *sVm- `poison (against insects)': 5 Mlg sum `poison', Pod suma `insecticide contre les termites'; 7 Muy sum `liquide insecticide'; 8 Aff səm(m) `poison' (accord. to [Sol N 613], an Arabic loan); 9 Mba sam `venin; venom', 87 Mnj sam `produit contre les termites, antidote for termites, poison') // Arab smm `faire avaler du poison', summ- `poison' [BK 1133], Akk «ammu, Soqotri sam, Mehri sem `poison'. For Semitic - Mbara see [OS 2185]. 280. *sVm- `fence, dam': W 1 (deriv.) Hs im-gee, in-gee `fence'; 6 Bade səmu `to apply thorns to make fence stronger'; C 8 Mak s—mo `fish dam' [AlM]. Note possible deriv.: E 5 Bid simany `se boucher'. 281. *sVmVm-`which(craft)': W 1 Hs sa΄mmu `any charm'; 3 Bol sammu (< Hs) `witchcraft' [GAB]; 5 Dott soom `sightseer, medicine man' [CrD]; C 6 Daba sami `kind of gri-gri' [Lnhr]. Deriv.: W 1 Ha samma‰ee `to practice magic'. a. *sVm- `wind, spirit': W 1 Hs samami `spirit (assumes the form of a snake)'; 5 Bogh b. swom, swam, j. som, Mngs m. soom, k. som `wind, spirit'. Contamination with *sVm- `cold’ > `wind’. 282. *sVmw-/*sVwVm- `swelling of the scrotum':W 3 Bol suume `swellling of the scrotum' [GAB], 5 Zaar som `scrotal elephantiasis'; C 4 Gude səmwa `type of sickness (swelling of testicles)'. 283. W *sVmVn- `ants, termites': 1 Hs samniyaa `small termites in the winged state'; 3 Krkr saaminto `sugar ants' [GK], Bol saamulto `sugar ants' [GAB] (< Hausa < Arab?); E 2 Lele sama-sama `flea' // Arab sumsum- `red ants' [BK 1138]. For Arabic - Lele cf. [OS 2187]. 284. *sVm- `cold (season)': W 3 Ngm samsam (Y) `cold' [NEH]; 5 Bogh soom `cold' [Cs]; C 8 Log ima `Erntezeit, kalte Jahreszeit' [LkL], ima `cold weather' [AlL], Kus «іmo `cold season' [Tr]; 9 Mba simi `harvest time'. Cf. E 6 Mok sommide `saison d'abondance (from October to Januar)'. Deriv. in -d-: W 5 Zaar emdi `hail, ice' [Cr]; C `wind, cold': 8 Mak s—mad— `cold weather' [AlM], Log səmadə, se/umade `wind, cold(ness)' [LkL], smadi `air (breathed)' [AlL], Afd sǝmaḍe `cold season' [Tr]; 9 Mba sumday `cold, wind', Msg immed `khl' [LkM], Mnj simer `le froid, vent, cold weather, wind'; 10 ZB simbed `froid'. a. C *sVm- `wind': 7 Mbuko sǝmal `vent sec, dry wind'; 10 Masa simed, 88 simeb `wind' [CC], Bana smeena `wind' [Luk] // Arab smm `souffler qqch a qqn' [BK 1133]. Note contamination with `spirit, wind'. 285. *sVm- `be evil, envy': C 7 Cuv ɛm-ɛmɛ `mechancete'; 8 Mak s—m `become annoyed' [AlM]; 9 Mulwi siimi, Mnj siymi `envier, to envy'; E 2 Kbl suma `mauvais' [HmK]; 3 Smr somana `evil, angry' [Luk]; 7 Jegu saame `Schande, disgracefulnes, disrepute'.// Arab sʔm `eprouver de degou^t pour qqch; e^tre las de qqch' [BK1037]. 286. *sVʔVm- `to be foolish, stubburn': W 3 Bol seme `fool' [GAB], Ngm seme `fool', semete 'foolish-ness' [NEH], Krf oʔomu `madness of head' [Stl]; C 7 Mofu səmsama, səmseme `te^tu, stubburn'. Deriv.: W 1 Hs samniyaa `a person who is mentally deficient'. 287. C *sVm-sVm `yellow': 1 Boka «ummaa°, Hildi mi-«i«ime `yellow' [Kr]; 4 Gude «i«ima-«i«ima `yellow' [Kr]; 7 Zlg sisim sisim `yellow' // Akk saamu (OA) `red (fire, blood, vine, dawn, beer, oil, urine, gold)' [StI, N 1]. *sVm-sVm- `kind of tree with yellow fruit or bark':W 3 Ngm ooome (G), ooomei (Y) [NEH], Bol amam, emem [GAB] `tree Sclerocarya birrea, yields yellow fruit'; C 7 Mafa eem `kind of tree, bark used as a medicine against malaria (jaunisse)', Mofu sesem `tree with yellow wood' (cf. 4 Gude iima `kind of tree'). 288. *sVn-/*sVw/yVn-`to dream, to sleep' v., n.: W 3 Bol sun- `spend the night', sunna `dream' n. [LkB]; Pero ‰on `sleep', ‰una `dream'; Dera uwan `dream', Tng wune `to spend the night', Ngm suna^ (G), sun-da (Y) `dream' [NEH], sun-, Krf an-ko, Glm san-, Gera si^n, Dera ani `sleep, spend the night', Krf sunna `a dream' [SchV]; 4 Wrj, Mbu sən-, Kar sənasan, Paa assinnu, Siri sunni, swəni, sunsuni `to sleep' [SkNB], Miya səna `spend the night, sleep' [Sch]; 5 Grn, Tala (t) suuni [Cs] `dream'; 6 Ngz saunu `to dream' Duw, Bade suwan `a dream'; 7 Kul ʔaswan `dream' VN, Bok sunat `to dream', DB sunan `trumen, to dream'; C 1 Tera ʒine `dream'; 2 Bura suni `a dream'; 4 FK in `dream, vision' [BN]; 4 Gude sənii `to dream'; 5 Mlg ine `Traum, dream'; 5a Hdi suni `dream' [BrH]; 7 Zlg suna  `songe, re^ve', Gis musan `Traum,

89 trumen, ti dream' [LkG], Cuv mɛ-hʷɔnɛy `re^ve'; 6 Daba sini `re^ver, re^ve' [Lnhr], 8 Mak n-san `sleep' [AlM], Zina sǝ°n `se coucher, dormir' [Tr]; 9 Mba sa `to dream', kal-sa `dream';10 ZD en `sommeil', Bana sene `sleep' [Luk], Masa sen [CC], Bnn siyena [Kr]; E Mobu so:nde, Ngam so:nde `re^ver', Kera soone `to dream'; 2 Lele son, Kbl suwən [CLR] `to dream'; 3 Smr sən `to dream' [CLR], Tum hanəm`re^ve'; 4 Sok sonisoni `Traum, dream' [Luk]; 5 EDng sɔɔnɛ `trumen, to dream'; 6 Mok suniye `re^ve, a dream'; 7 Brg sooni `to sleep'; Mubi sunɔ `to dream' [Luk], Jegu suun- `trumen'. Cf *(w)sn, *swn [CLR I 154] //Sem *wn `to sleep', *«Vn- sleep, dream' > Arab wsn `e^tre endormi; re^ve', [BK 1544], Hbr «n-t `sleep' n., etc. [OS 2226]. Forms like C 9 Munjuk wese `sommeil' [TrMnj] are rather Arabic loans (cf. wasan id). a. *sVn- `to lie down, to sit, to dwell; down': W 3 Krf en- `lay down' [Stl], Glm san-aala `lie down, spend the night' [SchB], Gera si^n-mi `lie down' [SchB]; 5 Bogh b. soono, j. soon `lie down' [Cs], Guus sən `sit down, dwell' [CrG]; 6 Ngz sənu `lay (down flat), spread out', Bade sənu `lay down, out, spread out'; C 10 ZD sunyaʔ `bas'. Note W 3 Tng siinɛ `to rest'; C 7 Mafa sən va `se reposer'. 289. *sVn- `to smell, smell': W 1 Hs sansanaa `to smell'; 3 Bol sunkunu `smell, sniff' (? < Hs) [GAB], 4 Paa sasun `to smell' [MS ], Miya aən `to smell, sniff' [Sch]; 5 Jimi isənkəi, Pol du-sui, Dott isin, Geji wuusənti, Buli du-sənən `bad smell, stench' [Cs N 473], Buli du-sənən, Geji wusəni `to smell' [Cs N749]; E 3 Tum hunən `sentir'; 5 cf. EDng suuniye `kssen, to kiss'// Eg sn (pyr) `smell', snsn (MK) `breathe, smell'. [EG 153, OS 2199, 2251] Cf. W 2 Goem sang `to inhale' [TAS 316]. 290. *sV(w/y)Vn- `to know, be clever, wisdom' > E *ʔVsVn- `teach, learn': W 1Hs sani (without obj.); 2 Mgh sɛɛn `wisdom' [JgS], Mpn seen `clever' [FrM], Kfy soon `clever', Msh soon `wise', wan `to think' [TAS 325, 332]; 3 Dera en `sense' [NmK], en- `to know' [CLR], Tng sɛn `wisdom, sense, clever'; 4 Wrj, Kar, Jmb, Miya, Cagu sən, Mbu sin, Siri səniwi [SkNB], Paa s—nee `know' [MS]; 5 Buli ina^w [Sm] `see'; 6 cf. Ngz saanu `mention'; 7 Bok 90 ai `wissen, erkennen', DB iat `clever', sun `know', Sha, Kul syen `know'; C 1 Tera zəni `know' [NmT]; 2 Bura sin-da `know'; 3 Bana səna `savoir, connai^tre'; 4 Gude sənava `be familier, accustomed, used to'; Cuvan snanən, Sharwa snan [BrJ]; 5 Glv sər (-r<*-n-) `to know'; 5a Lmn sina [CLR], Hdi snanta [BrH]; 6 Daba sən `know' [Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko sa `know', Ould -sər, Muy asər `got to know', Gis san `wissen, kennen, versuchen', Cuv mɛ-nɛy `know', Mafa sən- `reconnaitre, decouvrir', sən da `teach', Mofu -sər- `know' (Note *-n- >-r- in C 7 and in Glv); 8 Log sən [LLog], Bud hin, Mak s—n `know' [AlM], Kus sǝn, Afd sǝŋ [Tr]; 9a Gidr sən `know' [CLR]; E 1 Mobu asəne, Ngam asine `connai^tre, apprendre' [Lns], Kwan asine `learn'; 2 Nch sən [HKb], Lele sen `know (s.o.)' [Grg]; 3 Tum han, Ndam həna `know' [CLR], Smr osen `learn' [Luk]; 5 Bid ʔisan `know', ʔoson `teach' [CLR]; 6 Mok suune `know, understand'; 7 Jegu ʔusun `learn', Kaj sun `penser'// Eg swn (l) `know'. For more Chadic data see [CLR 216], [OS 2198]. Deriv.: W 6 Bade sənootu `recognize, know from sight'. 291. *sVn(Vh)- `to skin': W 3 Tng wunɛ `to flay, to skin, turn inside out', Pero ‰unu `skin'; E 2 Lele osini `eplucher, to shell'; 5 EDng sɔɔnyɛ `die Haut abziehen; to skin'. Deriv.: W 1 Hs sun-da  `to skin; to flay'. 292. *sVn-, *sVgVn- (pl.?) `to stir up': W 2 Ang siin `toss up (grains), stir a pot of food' [Fp], Mpn səhən `to shake' [FrM], Goem su^u^n `shake smth gently' [Hlw]; C 2 Bura ona `stir up', ogana `stir up' (pl. objects). 293. *sVn- `threshing floor': C 8 Mak sanye ` aire de battage' [AlM]. Deriv.: in -ḍ- *sVn-d- `to press, to beat':1 Hs san-da 'rub, beat cloth, floor'; 3 Tng son-de 'squeeze, milk, press, wring', Dera yon-de to squeeze'. 294. *sVn- > *kV-sVn- (> BM *ksVn- >ɫVn-) `work': W 4 Jimi isəntən `work' [Cs]; 6 Bade sanaa `occupation, craft, trade'; C 1 Tera ɫǝna°; 2 Bura, Chib ki-ɫі°r (-r < *-n-); 3 Kap ɫ—nɛ [Kr]; 4 Gude ɫǝ°na ; 8 Mak s—naa `occupation, trade' [AlM]; 10 ZB s–n, ZD in `travail'; E 3 Tum kǝ°-hǝn; 4 Sok ussan [Nm]. Cf. Biu-Mandara *ɫǝn [GrCl], for secondary lateral see [StS].

91 295. *sVn- `brother': W 3 cf. Bol sun-sina `child of a slave' [GAB]; 4 Cagu ə^n `elder brother' [SkNB]; 5 Bogh ina, Grn yaain `brother' [Cs]; E 1 Kera seenǝ `brother', Kwan seni, Mobu se:ni [CLR]; 3 Smr ʌn `my brother' [CLR], syʌ^n `my brother' [JgS], sen-du AF `brother' [Luk]; 4 Sok in-tu `elder brother' [Luk], Ubi sino `brother'; 5 WDngsio `frere', Bid sin-te `brother', pl. se°ney `brother, sister'; 7 Brg sin-ti `my brother', Mubi sin [CLR], Mabire sin `brother' [JHM], Jegi in(e) `my brother', Zir sini, Mubi si [CJ], cf. Mubi si [Luk] `unckle'// Eg sn 'brother' (Pyr), [OS 2192]. a. *sVn- `clan, persons': W 2 Mpn son `relatives, clan' [FrM]; C 6 Daba sesin `race, la genre' (also `seed', cf.); 10 ZB suno (pl. of surwa) `person' [CLR], BM sana `Mensch', Kulung sana `Mann' [Luk]. 296. *sVn- `tooth' : W 5 Jimi sən [Cs], Pol in [Cs], Geji i [CLR], Grnt, Tala in, Tule ina [CLR]; C 2 Mrg hyir, Klb hyur (hy- < *ł y-) [CLR]; 3 HNk łinɛ, Kap łənɛ [Kr], Bana łini; 4 Gudu łin [CLR]; 5 Pod łira [JP], Glv, Cnn łrda (<łVn-da, with a suff. of singularity), Gdf łiḍe (< *łVn-ḍe), Gava łiŋa ; 5 a Lmn ł—d—, Hdi ł—ʔi, Vemgo ł—ʔin, Gvo ł—r, Dghw łirɛ (-r < *-n-) [HmG]; 5a Hide łliʔiŋ [BrH]; 7 Gis łeŋ, Balda łina, Cuv ɛḍŋ, Mbuko łan, Mada ałar; 8 Log ł—ni [AlL], Bud henai, Zina sǝ°yǝ°n, Kus sǝ°r, Mak «an [Tr]; 9 Mba si `tooth', Mnj sisiyen, Msg ɛiɛ pl. ɛɛaad [LkM]; 10 Bnn łini [Kr]; E 1 Kera kə-sə (coll.); 3 Smr san-de [CLR] Tum hiin , Ndam ha^n [CLR]; 2 Lele ka-singa [CLR], kan-(< *ksan-) [WP], Gbr k-song [Luk:88], Kbl ka-sən-da [CLR], Drm ga-sene [Luk]; 4 Mawa sin, Sok sən, son-d- [CLR], Saba sene [DMT], Ubi siina [Alio]; 5 WDng saao, Mig sa^:nu, Bid seeŸo; 6 Mok sinta, pl. si°na; 7 Mubi siau [CLR] , Zer sio [CJ], Jegu sao, Mabire sin [JHM] // Sem *inn- 'tooth' [MK N 249, OS N 2250]. For more Chadic data

see [CLR I 170*s3n]. For secondary lateral in CCh see [StS]. 297. *sVn-/*sVwVn- `oil': W 1 cf. Hs anana adv. `emph. large quantity of butter in tuwo, fat on meat'; 4 Diri sinama, Jimi sin `oil' [SkNb]; E *sVwVn- (possibly < *sVHʷVn-): 1 Kera son `oil, fat', Kwang suwane `oil' [Jg]; 2 Lelee son-go `oil', Kbl suwən-gə `oil, fat' [Cp]; 3 Smr sooane `liquid butter' [Luk], Ndam swan `oil' [JgD], Tum hɔɔn `graisse, huile' 4 Saba sun `oil, fat' 92 [DMT], Skr sune `fett', sunne `liquid butter' [Luk], Ubi suune `huile'; 5 Mig sewen `oil', Bid sewe°Ÿ `oil', WDng sɛwɛ `fat', EDng seweny `huile'[CJ]; 7 Brg sewen pl. `huile', Mab sɛwɛ `oil' [HJM], Zir siwini `huile' [CJ], Mubi siwin `fat' [LkM]//Arab sʕn > `graisse' [BK 1094]. Deriv.*sVn-g- `oil': W 5 Wand suga [Sm] `oil'; E 2 Kaba su~gə `huile' [HKb], suwəngə `oil, fat' [Cp] Lele songo `huile, miel [CLR]]. Note that W 4 Diri inama `oil' [SkNB] may be related (as a metath.) to Sem. *am(-an)- `fat, oil'. Cf. [OS 2247]. 298. *sVn- `field': W 2 Mgh sen 'Hirsefeld' [JgS]; 4 Wrj usina, sənana [Sk, CLR], Cagu inan, Kar sə^n, si^n, Siri inawi, Mbi ina,Diri səna [SkNB], Paa s—na `farm'[MS]; C 8 Mak sara (if -r- < *-n-) `a farm'; 10 Masa sine [Mo], senena [CLR], ZB sine `champ', BM asine-na `farm' [Luk]. a.*sVn- `sand, earth': C 8 Log sen [LLog] `sand', Kus sen , Adf se°ŋ, Mak sero (-r- < *-n-) `sand, dust' [Tr]; E 1 Kwang gi-siny`sand' [CLR]; 2 Lele ku-sinyo `terre' [WP]; 3 Smr sinya `earth', gaw-sini `sand' [CLR], Tum, Ndam həny `earth'; 4 Sok sine [Luk], Saba sinye [DMT], Mawa sinѕa `sand'; 7 Brg sanyo, Kaj sunnyo `sable' [Alio], Mabire sin [HJM], Mogum (Jegu) seny [HJ], Jegu eny [JgJ], Zir sinyi `earth', Mubi sinyu `sand' [CJ]. Verbal deriv.: W 3 Bol sanaanu `cover with earth, clay'. Note *(kV)-sVng- `earth': W 7 DB igyil 'earth'; E 1 Kera sega ; 2 Kaba kə-səga `terre' [HKb]; 3 Smr siga `Boden' [Luk]. 299. *sVn- `sprout, seed': W 3 Tng siini `sprout, germ'; C 6 Daba sesin [Lnhr], Kola sisi^n `seed' [CLR]; E 4 Saba bi-sinya `seed' [SR]; 5 Mig bu-sini `seed'. Cf.*sVm-`corn, seed'. Note some cereal names of the S-n shape: W 2 Goem song `millet' [Kr]; E 1 Kera seee `Negerhirse, petit mil'; E 5 WDng sina `sorgho' . 300. *sVn- `tongue': W 4 *sVn-ḳ-/-ḍ-: Wrj i^ḳə-na, Diri indu , Cagu si^ḳan, Kar inakə, Miya inaki, Siri ənaḳi, Mbu inaḳo, Jmb sənaḳəla [SkNB], Paa sinḳi `tongue'[MS]; C 9 Mnj se `mot, parole'; 10 Masa sin `la langue; le mensonge' [CC], Bnn sin-da [Luk], Bana senan `Zunge' [Luk]; E 4 Saba sonʔ [DMT]// Note Eg sn.w (gr), snk (XVIII) `tongue' in [OS 2248, 2252]. 93 301. *sVn- `grass': W 2 Goem en 'sesame' [TAS 343]; 3 Ngm san-ta (G) 'grass, weeds' [NEH]; C 3 FK swən `grass' [BN]; cf. E 2 Lele sanyla `kind of grass (Fragrostis tremula)'; 5 Bid sinyaamo `herbe sp.'. 302. *sVn- `kind of ant': C 5a Hdi sisina `lion ant' [BrH]; E 5 WDng sinypo m. `petite fourmi', sisinyo f. `tre°s petite fourmi', Mig sisinyaaka f. `soldat (noire)', Bid sinsinyaako `termite'; 7 Mubi miseni `Ameise, ant' [LkM]. Cf. W 2 *ang- `kind of ant' [TAS 350]. 303. *sVn- `hut, village': C 7 Mafa inek 'native village'; 8 Mak sanhe `habitat' [AlM]; 10 Bana sina, Kln asena `Haus' [Luk], ZD səna `grenier'// Arab suʕn- `pavillon' [BK 1094]. Cf. W 1 Hs sansanii `war camp'. 304. *sVn- `light, halo, day': W 1 Hs sansanii `halo round moon/ sun'; 2 Goem shaan `to clear or brighten smth' [Hlw]; 4 Wrj əsaana, Paa ain, Siri su, Diri yisa, Jmb isan, Miya suno, Kar isan, Mbu di-san `day, Cagu asoosen `morning' [SkNB]; 6 Ngz sanu `become light, become enlightened'; C 9 Mnj saana `allumette, a match'//Arab snw `briller (feu, eclairs)' [BK 1154]. Cf. W 3 Tng sa, saza `bright, clear'; Gera saasangira `star' [SchB]. 305. *sVn- `cold': W 1 Hs sanyaayaa 'cool', sanyii `cold, dampfness'; 3 Bol son-du `cool off'; 5 Grn sani `cold, cool off' [Jag]; 4 Paa s—n-di `dry cold' [MS], Miya in-də `cold weather' [Sch]; 5 Guus in-də `hail' . a. *sVn- `storm, clouds': W 2 Chip ko-wən `storm' [Kr]; 3 Tng sɛnɛ `rainy season'; C 8 Mak sunḳur `wispy clouds' [AlM].// Cf. Arab snw `àrroser la sol (se dit d'un nuage qui verse la pluie)' [BK 1154]. 306. *sVn- `spirit': W 2 Mgh ɔn `Geist, Gespenst' [JgS], Mpn on `evil spirit, spirit of a dead person (to haunt family)' [FrM]; 3 Tng sɛɛnɛ `to worship (idol)' // Arab snh `se presenter, s'offrir a l'esprit de qqn' [BK 1149]. According to A.Belowa (personal communication), Duw, Bade sanam `fetish, idol' and Mak sanam `witchcraft, idole' < Arab ṣanam- `idole' [BK 1378].. Cf. possible deriv.: C 2 Bura anggur `soul, spirit; life principle; shadow'; 5a Htkl sunoku `Schatten, shadow'. 94 307. *sVn- `penis': W 4 Wrj sana-na, Paa, Kar san, Miya am (unexpected -m, probably < *san-m, with a body-part suff.) [SkNB], Wrj sana-na `penis', saana `male private parts' [BlS]; 5 Grn sa^ `penis' [Jag]; 7 DB ma-sin Penisfutteral, penis sheath'; C 4 Gude usanə `private parts of the body'. 308. *sVn- `dregs': W 2 Goem s'han `dregs, sediment' [TAS 331]; C 7a Skn san `dregs'. 309. C *sVn- `beer': 7 Mafa ene 'k of beer'. *sVng- `strong beer': W 2 Grk mu-tong `beer' [Fp], Goem sunga `very strong beer' [TAS 324]; C 4 Gude sangara `unstrained beer'. 310. *sVn- `to be disobedient': C 4 Gude səna `be spoiled, be disobedient (child)' [Hs]; E 5 Bid sono `impolitessse, disobedience'. May be of the common origin with the next root. Deriv.: W *sVnK- `to annoy, to disturb': 2 Goem swa^ng `irritate, excite', Msh song `annoy, awake smb.' [TAS 326]; 3 Bol sunku `to bore, to tire' [GAB]. 311. *sVwVn- `evil, to envy, to be evil': W 1 Hs uuna (if not < *sVkn-) 'set a dog on to a person, animal; urge to fight'; C 5 Pod suna `envie'; 9 Mnj suwna `envie'; 12 ZB səna `envier'; E 2 Tob əsinywa `mechancete', əsiny `e^tre mauvais, mechant', Lele sinya `avare, mechant'. Note possible deriv.: C 7 Muy inɛkʷ `a curse (afflicts a boy)'. 312. *sVn- `hard': W 3 Tng sinɔ `stickness (as rubber), tough(ness)'; C 7 Ould sasa `dur, colle', Mofu sa/ew `tout raide, rigid; steep; stiff'. Deriv.: W 1 Hs san-daree `become rigid (corpse, limb)'. 313. *sVn- `slippery, smooth': W 1 Hs san-san-caa `slippery'; 2 Goem san `be slipery, slip' [Hlw]; 5 Grnt inuwe `smooth' [Cs]; C 4 Gude a-inə `make smooth or level', inaʔi `smooth, slick'. Verbal deriv.: E 5 EDng sɔyninɛ `rutschen, to glide, to crawl'. 314. *sVng- `to rot': 3 Bol saguy-`verderben; to rot'; 5 Geji swaa `pus' [Cs N 82] // Arab snḫ `rancir (huile)' [BK 1149]. 315. *sVng- `kind of net': W 1 Ha sangee `mosquito-net'; 2 Mgh ang `general 95 name for all kinds of nets' [BlM], Ang a `(fishing) net' [Fl]; C 2 Bura ong `kind of fishing net'; 9 Mnj seke `mosquito-net'; E 1 Kera sege `Mosquito- netz'. 316. *sVng- 'far': W 2 Ang so [Brq], Mnt sung-sung `far', Goem s— `far' [Kr]; 5 Bogh b. ənəɣə, j. aa, Mngs (m) yaane, (k) an `far' [Cs]; C 10 Lame ang `weit' [Luk 139], ZB se `loin'. 317. *sVr- `to grind, to thresh': 4 Wrj sara-vuna `threshing' [BlS]; C 3 HB sesira `thresh' BN]; 9 Msg sir, sara [Mo] `pound in a mortar', Mulwi siri `ecraser, mourdre, Mba ser `ecraser,' Mnj siri `ecraser'; E 6 Mok sara `battage de mil, moisson, harvest', sire `battre de mil, strike with a stick, thresh'.// For C 9 and Eg sȵy `grind' see [OS 2222]. Deriv. in -p-: W 1 Hs surfa `pound moistened grain to remove bran'; C 8 Log sirpu, sərbə [CLR] `pound in a mortar'; 9 Mnj sirpi `decortiquer (riz, mil)'; E 2 Tob surobe `piler, to pound'. 318. *sVr- `to pour': W 4 Miya sar `pour into' [Sch]; 5 Dott war `drip, leak' [CrD]; C 2 Bura iri `pour out liquid on a flat surface so that it runs'; 7 Mafa so-sur- `vider (liquid, recipient), Mofu -sa-sər- `(faire) couler de faon continue'; 10 ZD Œr `to pour liquid in a small vessel'. Deriv. W 5 WDng sɛr-dyɛ `puiser en petite quantite'. Deriv. in -p# (< *-b-): W 3 Tng sirip `sprinkling of water'; C 7 Muy səraf idf. `pouring' //Artab srb `couler (eau)' [BK 1076]. a. W 4 *sVr- `river': Siri ərəgi `stream', Jegu sirya `river' [SkNB], cf. Miya sər-təhə `lake' [Sch] // Eg srḥ (gr) `rivulet'. [OS N 2260]. Verbal deriv.: E 5 Mig sor-to `couler (riviere)'. 319. *sVr- `to say, to speak': W 3 Tng sɛɛrɛ `speak, tell', Pero ‰eero `tell a story', ‰eeri `a talk'; C 4 Gude usəra `say'; 9 Mba sur-ku `ask'; E 3 Tum hur `ask'; 6 Mok seere `quemander'. Deriv. in -m-: W 5 Dott erəm `tongue, language', erəm `to speak' [CrD], Zul irimi `speak' [Cs N707]. 320. W 2 *sVr- `to paint, to smear': Mgh sir `to paint a place or make it clumsy' 96 [BlM], Mpn sər `to paint' [FrM], Goem ser `adhere, stick', fasten, apply oil' [TAS 318] // Arab shr `enduire, oindre' [BK 1379]. Note that s- in the sura-angas languages may originate from Ch *s/*c/*. a. *sVr-/*sVw/yVr- `sweep, wipe, rub': W 2 Mgh wɔɔr `scrape out of a vessel, reiben, Brei aus Gefass kratzen' [JgS], Msh yor, yoor `lick out the dish' [TAS 328]; 5 Zul sari `wipe, rub' [Cs N 846], Dott sar 'sweep, wipe' [CrD]; C FK sar `clean, wipe' [BN]; E1 Ngam saare, Mobu sa:re `essuyer' [Lns]; 3 Ndam sura `sweep' [Jg] // Arab ḥ-sr `oter, enlever; balayer' [BK 425]. Arabic - originates from HS lateral fricative). Deriv.: C 7 Mafa sur-b- `passer la main sur, frotter, smear by hand, rub'. Noun deriv. *sVr-(K)- `broom': W 3 Glm surgu (-rg- < *-rk-) [SchB]; 5 Dott sə-saari [CrD], Tala sur `broom' [Cr]; Buli suur, Geji suuli, Zul suure, Saya swarəɣa [Cs 114]; C 7 Mbuko sərok; 9 Mnj suruk . 321. *sVr- `to cut, to chop':W 1 Hs saara `fall (tree), chop (wood), slash, hack (p. or thing)', saar~aa `a blow with a sword, axe, chopping wood, bones'; 4 Cagu saasar-, saaru `cut' [Sk], C 4 Bch oworo `cut, chop' [Sk]; 9 cf. Msg saraʕ n ar-ku `Ttowierung, Einschnitt deines Gesichts, face tatoo' [LkM]. Noun deriv. *sVwVr- `knife': W 3 Dera waari `knife'; 5 Grnt suuri 'knife' [Cs]; E 5 Mig sawre `throwing knife'. a. W 4 *sVrVN- `knife': Wrj sirn-ai, Siri sərni, Jmb sərna, Kar sirən, Mbu sərə, Miya sərəm `knife' . Most probably, derived < *sVr-, but cf. Arab srm II `couper en morceaux' [BK 1084]. 322. *sV(wV)r- `to sing, to dance': W 3 Bol sūri° `singing for alms' [GAB], Gera sori `song' [SchB], swarri `to dance' [Gow], Pero ‰or `dance' [FrP]; 5 Jmb sar `dance' n. [SkNB]; 5 Wngd la sər [CLR], Dott sər, Guus sər `dance, song' [CrG, CrD], Pol sər 'song' [Cs 457]; 6 Ngz suwaari `dancing' [SchN]; E 1 Ngam (dial. of Kwang) sire `chanter' [Lns]. // Ug, Hbr, Aram «yr `to sing'. For Kwang - Semitic see [OS 2258]. a. *sVr- `to play, to enjoy o-s.': W 3 Glm sori, Galambu sur `playing' [SchB]; C 10 ZD sur `jouer'; E 2 Kbl , Nch -suur `jouer' [HKb], Lele sura `s'amuser'. //Arab srr (u) `rejouir, rendre gai' [BK 1074]. 97 323. *sVr- `to go': W 2 Mgh sɔr `go, gehen' [JgS]; E 5 EDng siiriye `gehen, to go', Mig sirro `partir'//Arab syr `marcher, aller', sayr- `route, voyage' [BK 1174]. [OS 2203]. a. E *sVVr- `to follow': 5 WDng suure `s'approcher de'; 7 Msm saari `guide'. A loan ? Cf. Arab srh (caus. < *rḥ ) `laisser (le troupeau) aller liberment, conduire' [BK 1078]. Note W 3 Bol surut idf. `moving quickly' [GAB], but 6 Bade sarta `taking a stroll'. b. *sVr- `to escape, to quit': W 1 Hs siraaree, suraare 'escape, slip away'; 3 Krf eriyo `escape'; E 5 Mig siraw `esquiver; dodge, abwehren'; 7 Brg seeri quitter, abandon'. Cf. W 1 Hs sarfaa `stalk; wheedle; spy out'; C 8 Mak sara 'crawl' [AlM]. 324. *sVr- `to till the field': 5 Dott sar `clear, till the field before farming' [CrD]. (contam. with 319a. *sVr-/*sVw/yVr- `sweep, wipe, rub' cf.). Deriv. in -k-: E 5 WDng su°r-ke° `cultiver sans soin, cultivate without care'. a.*sVr(Vb)- `a hoe': W 4 Diri ura `hoe'; C 5 Pod sarəva `pioche'// cf. Arab srb II `creuser dans la terre' [BK 1076 ]. 325. *sVr- `to miscourage, to abort': W 3 Bol suraa [GAB]. Any relation to C 7 Mafa sur- `maigrir, se vider de ses forces (sous l'effet d'une maladie dont on attribue la cause a° une mavaise conduit sexuelle pendant l'adolescence)', Mofu -sasər- `maigrir sans en connai^tre la cause' ? Deriv. in -ḅ- (marker of a human being?): `to miscourage': 6 Daba səlab [Lnhr]; 9 Mulwi surbi , Mnj surbi `avorter'. Note possible deriv: E 5 WDng sɔ^r‰ɛ `nai^tre avant term, to bear premturely'. 326. *sVr- `to shave': W 1 Hs saariyaa `shaving the front of the head'; C 6 Daba sər `raser, coiffre'. Deriv.in -d-: E 5 Mig sur-do `raser', EDng sor-de `rasieren, to shave'. Deriv. in -b-: E 2 Lele sorbi `raser; arracher (feuilles)' (note contamination with *V(wV)r- `to pluck leaves'. 327. *sVr- `to tear (off) ': W 1 Hs sassaree (< *sar-saree) `do the last weeding

98 before harvesting'; E 4 Mawa sɛrɛ `dechirer'. Deriv. in -t-/-ḍ- `to tear (by pulling)': C 7 Zlg surat `arracher, o^tter en depouillant', Mafa sərd- `arracher un fil (epine)'; E 5 WDng sɛ^rtɛ `arracher les pois de terre', Bid sorod `cueillir des legumes, pluck vegetables'. 328. *sVr- `slide, slippery': C 7 Muy səsoruh `a slide, sliding', irɛh-irɛh 'slippery', Mada srooh `en glissant, sliding', Moloko soroy `slide'. Deriv. in -d/t- `to (make) glide': W 6 Bade sərtu `move, roll down slope'; C 7 Mada osroto `faire glisser en bas', soromod-mod `glissant, slippery'; E 5 Mig sordido `glisser'. Cf. *sVn- `slippery, smooth'. 329. *sVr- `to hang, to attach': C 3 Bana s(ə)rə `accrocher, hang, attach'; E 3 Tum hərəw `accrocher, suspendre'. Deriv.: W 1 Hs sar-be `(catch with) lasso, hang oneself'. 330. *sVr- `to insult': C 2 Bura sara `insult'; E (deriv.)1 Kera sar-te `insulter, verletzen'; 5 EDng sar-piye `verfluchen, to curse'. 331. *sVr- `to cover, to wrap': C 3 FK ar `cover' [BN]; E 2 Lele saar `roll up'; 5 WDng suriye `envelopper, ficeler, wrap', EDng suuriye `einhllen, wrap'. Deriv. in -t-: C 7 Mofu -sər-t- `cover (crop, hangar), cover o-self', 7 Muy sərət idf. `covering'. Deriv. in -P-: C 7 Mafa irpeʔe `enroule autour, enveloppant' (`wrapped completely'); E 2 Lele sirbi `tordre sur la cuisse, dans les mains'. Note possible deriv. `to twist, to wind': E 5 EDng sirmidye `winden', Bid sirmady `tordre'. 332. *sVr- 'to glean': W 2 Goem sr `to clean the place by collecting waste' [Hlw]; E 6 Mok seere `glaner les arachides, pois de terre; to glean'. Deriv. in -t/d-: W 3 Bol siraata 'gleaning (peanuts, corn heads), left after harvest' [GAB]; E 5 EDng sardume `stoppeln; to glean'. a.*sVr(h)- `to gather': C 7 Mada srah `(se mettre ensemble) quelquesuns'; 9 Mnj sar-ti `rendes-vous'; E 5 WDng siriye `convenir, ressembler'. 333. *sVr- `dirt, excrements': C 8 Mak sero 'dirt' [AlM]; E 5 Bid sir `souiller

99 (crasse), to stain (dirt)'; 6 Mok siiri [JgMkk] `excrements'.//Eg sr `Schmutz'. Deriv.: C 4 Gude irada 'person with dirty habits'. Deriv.: *sVr-k- `black': Mofu sərek sərek, sərakw sərakw, Zlg sirikw sirikw. Cf. CCh *łVr- 'black` [CLD II N275]. Secondary lateral? Note that Kera ki-sir-ki `black' may originate from *sir-/*łir-. 334. *sVr- `stick': W 5 Saya irə 'stick' [Cs]; C 5a Hdi sarak 'stick' [BrH]; E 4 Mawa sɛrɛ `ba^ton' [Rb]; 5 Bid serseeru stick used to make fie by rubbing' ("frotteur"). Cf. W 2 Goem sɔɔr 'forked stick (for storing calabashes)' [Hlw]; 3 Krkr sardu `3-pronged pole for a fetish' [GK] Cf. W1 Hs sarbai `swizzle-stick'; C 7 Muy sarva `digging stick'. 335. *sVr- `kind of grass': W 3 Glm sirya [SchB]; C 5 Pod —era `kind of grass'; E 5 Bid sira `herbe sp.'. W 5 Dott saar `sesame Sesamum indicum'; E 5 WDng sarwiya `a weed sp.'; 6 Mok soriyo `herbe sp., kind of gras'. Dera wari 'grass, fodder' (if not <*Sbr); C 7a Skn swaram `kind of grass'. 336. W *sVr- `hand(s)': 2 Mpn saar 'arm, hand' [FrM], Sura sar [JgS], Ang sar [Fl], Chip sar [JgC], Mnt sai [CLR] (for Grk taa , Goem sa see Ch *ˆV `hand'); 3 Bol sara `hand', saa-no 'my hand' [LkB], tafi-sara 'hand' [Bn], Krkr, Ngm, Maha sara 'hand' [SchV], Pero ‰ira 'arm, hand', Tng yaara (irreg. reflex of *s- before -a-. Orig. *sira > yira > yaara with internal -a- pl.) `hand, arm, paw', Dera arǝ°k [CLR], Krf ara `hand(s)' [Stl]; 7 Fyer «aaraŋ `hands'. The only trace of the root outside WCh-A is C 8 Mak suri `handful of smth' [AlM]. Cf. W 3 Pero ‰uuro `right hand side'. For a possible cognate cf. several Arabic parallels, namely: Arab ʕsr (i, u) `venir du co^te gauche', (a) `faire qqch avec la main gauche', or Arab yasr- `main gauche, co^te gauche' [BK 251, 1627]. 337. *sVr- `cotton, thread': C 8 Mak sare `cotton, thread' [AlM]; E 3 Smr sire `cotton, Baumwolle' [Luk], Tum həər `cotton'.// Cf. Berber Ahaggar a-sar `kind of thread or tissue'.

100 Deriv.: W 3 Pero ‰aaro `obtain fiber from plants'; C 2 Bura arar `ravel out (as cloth)'. a. *sV(wV)r- `to plait (cotton)': C 7 Mofu -sa-sər- `filer (le cotton), to spin'; E 1 Mobu sa:re `filer', Ngam suware `filer' [Lns]. Cf. W 3 Tng sɛr-gɛt `spindle'. Noun deriv. `cache-sexe': E 1 Kera ke-ser-de `trad. cache-sexe fem.'; 5 WDng sɔɔra `ancien cache-sexe fem., fait de tresses de cotton'. 338. *sVr(Vr)- `bamboo-flute': W 1 Hs sa°reewa° `kind of flute made from corn stalk or from bamboo'; C 3 Bana ery `kind of flute'; 6 Daba serere `flu^te' [Lnhr]; E 5 WDng suraare `petite flu^te en bambou'; 6 Mok siraro `flu^te'. Cf. W 7 Kul syer `to blow (an instrument)'. 339. *sVr- `snake': C 10 ZD sur `kind of snake'; E 3 Tum hirə `snake' gen.n. Cf. C 7 Mafa nur-dede `couleuvre' (gen.)'; 2 Bura irim `earth- worm'. 340. *sVr- `road': C 7a Skr sura lmena `Furt' [Luk] (lmena 'river'); E 5 Mig suurane `road'//Arab siraṭ- `chemin' [BK 1081], sirar- `ligne' [BK 1074]. a. *sVrV `narrow': W 1 Hs saraa-sara idf. `long and slender' 3 Tng sursur `narrow' [JgT]; C 5 Mlg arre `dnn, eng, schmal, thin'; 7 Muy erra mod. `narrow'; 8 Mak sarsar `thin' [AlM], Aff sa´rsa´r `mince' [Tr] (accord. to [LkB], Bud sersere is a Kanuri loan; E 6 Mok seeret `narrow (small hole)'. b. *sVr- `straight': C 7 Muy sara `thin and straight', Ould serra `long and straight', Mada sarra `direct, tout droit', Zlg ser, Mafa suraʔa `droit'. 341. *sVwVr- `kite': W 1 Hs irwa `black kite'; 3 Bol saawura `kite'; 5 Pol suura `kite'; C 1 Gaa iw—r-ta~ , Gbn uwur-te~, Hwn u~wle [Kr] `kite'. 342. *sVwVr- `kind of spear': C 7 Mbuko suwer 'lance'; E 5 WDng soora lance sp.'//Arab sarw-at- `arrow'[BK1085]. An Arabic loan? 343. *sV(wV)r- `rectangular hut': W 1 Hs sooroo `rectangular clay house, upper storey'; 2 Goem sur `rectangular' [Hlw]; C 2 Mrg soro [HfM] `hut', Bura soro `upper room, tower; large house'. A Hausa loan? 344. *sVrVp- `rib (of an animal)': C (secondary lateral) 3 FK ɫurpu, FG iɫ ɫurpwu, 101 Kap ɫurupwe; 5 Mnd ɫurpe [Kr], Pod ɫərəpa `co^tes de vache', Mlg ɫərpe `Rippen, ribs' 9 Mba sirap; E 1 Kwn sirapu [Jg], Kera sərbə (voicing in contact); 4 Sok serfi-d-um `(your) ribs' [Luk]; 5 WDng sa^rpe; 6 Mok sirpa `rib'; 7 Jegu irafo `Brustseite (?) eines mnnlichen Tieren, rib (?) of a male animal', Brg siraafi `co^te', Kaj sarfi [Alio]// Eg spr (Pyr) `rib'. Eg parallel points to a metath. in Ch. For secondary lateral ( ɫ ) in CCh see [StS]. 345. *sVrt- `time, momemt': W 3 Bol sarti `time, period' [GAB], Krkr sartu `(appointed) time' [GK], C 1 Tera sarti `time' [NmT]; 3 FK sarte `time' [BN]; 5 Pod sarəta 'temps, saison', 7 Mada sarta `moment'. A loan? 346. W *sVr `body-parasit (louse, bedbug, louse)': 2 Mpn ndə-sur `bed- bug' (for ndV-pl. cf. [StP]) [FrM], Goem n-ʃɔɔr `bug' [Hlw]; 5 Dott sər `flea' [CrD], Saya səər [Cs], Guus səsər `louse' [CrG], Buli sasar `flea', Jimi surudu 'flea' [Cs]; 3 Gera suruudu `flea' [SchB]. 347. C *sVr- `leg': 1 Tera sara [Nm], Gabin saar-ta `leg' [Meek]; 3 HN sirra, HK silla, Bpel sil `leg' [Meek]; 4 Gude iraa `leg from knee to ankle' (inher. poss., body-part); 5 Wnd sra, sira [CLR], Mlg səra `leg, foot', Ngw sɔrɔkh `knee' [CLR]; 5a Lmn səra [Luk], Htkl səra `Bein, leg' [LkH]; 7 Gis sar `leg, foot'. Note C 7 Mada ma-sar-fagai `scolopendre, millepattes'. 348. *sVr- `deep': W 5 Guus surgə `be deep'; C 2 Bura siri; 7 Zlg sirrib `deep'. 349. *sVr- `quiet, silent': W 2 Hs iru `silence'; 6 Bade səriyuwwa idf. `quiet, silent'; C 2 Bura siri `quiet, silent'// Arab syr `laisser (tranquille)' [BK 1174]. Note C 7 Mada serreh `sans bruit, sans rien dire, sans dispute'. 350. *sVrVh- `to envy, be jealous': C 4 Gude sərəhə `be jealous'; 6 Daba sərəh `s'enorgueillir, e^tre jaloux, envy, be proud'; 7 Ould -sar `avoir envy de qqch'; E 3 Tum heri  `e^tre avide, accaparer'. Noun deriv.: C 7 Mafa sərak `jealousy’; 7a Skn sərək `jealousy' .

102 *Z 351. *zV- `to pierce, stick into': 7 Mofu -z- `mordre, piquer' (contamination with *¾V `to bite'); 8 Log za `(an)stecken, to stuck (in)' [LkL]; 10 ZD e `entrer, penetrer'. a. *zV- `sharp object': W 5 Guus zaw `spear' [CrG]; C 10 Lame ze ` horn' [Luk]. b. *zV- `push': W 5 Grn i `push'; C4 Jumjumen dzi (i) `push' [BrJ]; 8 Zina zǝ°y `frapper (1 fois), to strike (once)' [Tr]. c. C 7 *zVwVt (< *zVw-t-) `spear': Mafa zot , Mofu zuwet, Gis iwet. 352. *zV `to do, to make': W 3 Ngm (GY) za `cause (s.o. to do)' [NEH]; 4 Jmb zaa `make, do' [SkNB]; C 4 Gude a `do again'; 10 Msg za [Mo], Mulwi zi `faire, `fabriquer'; E 1 cf. Kera i `do, make'. Noun deriv.: C 7a Skn zozowa `work party' . 353. *zV `(to) measure': W 3 Bol za `measure of length (from elbow to the tip of the middle finger)' [IbBl], za^ `el' (from elbow to finger-tip) [GAB], C 2 Bura ʒa (? < *nza) `unit of measure (from elbow to finger-tip); to measure'; 8 Mak za `hand measure' [AlM], (cf. Kanuri za^). 354. *zV `to call, to cry, to weep', *zVw- `a call': W 3 Gera zawa, Glm zawa `call, summons' [SchB]; Krkr zawa `Schreien, Weinen, a cry' [LkK], zawaa `to cry, weep' [GK]; E 4 Barein za `call, rufen' [Luk]. a.*zV- `tell (news, fortune)': W 5 Grn zei `tell fortune' [Cs]; E 6 Mok zozze pl. `conter, raconter, tell news'. 355. C *zVw/y- `to eat': C 5 Mlg za `eat, food', Gdf, Gava, Chkd zuwa, Chnn zʷa [HmG] `eat' ; Glv z- `eat', Gdf zua, Ngw zawe, Dgh uza, wza `eat soft things' [CLR]; 5a Lmn, Hdi, VemgoM za `eat' [HmG], Htk z- `eat' [LkH], Hdi zay `to eat' [BrH], Lmn z- [CLR] `eat soft things'. a. *n-zV `to eat hard food' (intensive stem?): C 1 Tera ni [NmT]; 10 ZB nʒu (*nz- > nӡ-) `croquer, grincer des dents', ZD nzu `manger du dur'.

103 Cf. C 5a Hdi zeɣʷi `right (side)' (? orig. `right hand') [BrH]. 356. *zVw- `to mix, to turn': 3 Bol zuw- `umrhren (Flssigkeit), to mix (liquid)' (if not < *zub-); 4 Paa za `mix' [MS]; 5 Jimi zuwi `turn' [Cs]; C 5 Pod za `to turn'; 7 Ould -zuway `se tordre, to coil'. 357. *zVw- `come, walk': W 1 Hs zoo `come' (VN zuwa); 4 Wrj, Kar zau, Paa, Siri za, Jmb, Miya za-, Mbu zaa- `enter' [SkNB], Wrj za `to go before' [BlS], Diri aawa `journey' [SkNB]; C 4 Gude zaawa `go around smth'; 5 Pod e `to move'; 8 Log zuwa `spazieren, umhergehen, to walk' [LkL]; 9a Gdr za `come' [ZG 472]; 12 ZB ze° `entrer' [Sa]; E 5 Mig ʔizaw `to accompany'. Cf. *¾V(w/y-)- `to run, to come'. [OS 2598]. 358. *zVʔ- `put (down), send' (=`put away'): W 3 Krkr z(aa) `legen, senden' [LkK], za `put away, put down, give a name, send a person' [GK], Bol z(a)- `niederstellen' [LkBl], zaa `put down, put away, send' [GAB], Ngm (GY) za `put down, put away', (Y) za `send' [NEH], C 5 Gvoko a `send' [HmG]; 7a Skn nzowa `to send' . a. *zV- `put (on)': W 3 Glm zw-aala, Gera za^w-mi `put (on)' [SchB]; 4 Paa, Siri, Diri za, Paa, Diri, Siri za, Miya za-, Wrj a, Mbu zi, za, Kar zə, Cagu soo, sə `put on (clothes), put' [SkNB], Paa zei `put (in, on)' [MS], Wrj a `put on cloth' [BlS]. 359. *zVʔ- `to exist, to last': W 3 Krkr zu(u) `sich befinden, sein' [LkK]; C 7 Mafa za , e `exister'; 10 ZB zaʔa `rester (longtemps), durer, to last long'.

Moloko ne [ nʒe /Cy] `sit, stay, live'; 7a Skn nza `to sit' [Mo]. a. *nʒV `sit, stay': W 7 Kul nza `sit (down)'; C 2 Bura nzi `sit, remain', Chb nzayi [CLR]; 4 Bch nza `sit' [CLR], 7 Mada enze `rester, durer; laisser',

Moloko ne [ nʒe /Cy] `sit, stay, live'; 7a Skn nza `to sit' [Mo]. b.*zV `bottom': C 10 Lame zu `Arsch, bottom' [Luk1], cf. ZB zu `bas ventre'; E 6 Mok zoy-zoy `bas' . Cf. *Vy/ʔ- `to sit, stay in place'> *nV `to sit'. Note that for `to sit' - *nʒV and *nV - originate from different roots: *zVʔ- `to exist', and *Vy/ʔ- `to sit, stay in place', correspondingly. It is clear, that contamination between

104 reflexes of *nʒV `to sit' and *nV `sit, dwell' was inevitable. 360. C *zV `to disappear, to lose': 3 FK za `lose' [BN], Bana za `se perdre'; 4 Gude za `become lost, disappear, lose; die, forget'; 5 Glv zə `to forfeit, to lose', Pod za `disappear, lose, destroy'; 7 Mafa za `se perdre, oublier', Gis zəze, əe (redupl.) `verloren gehen, disappear', Cuv ma-zay `perdre'. a. *zVw- `to faint': W Bol zawaa [GAB]; C 2 Bura uuwa `dim, faint' 361. C *zVʔ- `to carry, to take': 5 Dghw za [CLR]) `carry'; 5 Muy azay `take, carry'; 8 `to take': Log zi [LkL], Aff si:, Ngala zia, Sao sii, Glf si, Bud hi [Sol N 676], Kus zi° `take (one th.)' [Tr]; 10 ZB ziʔi , Masa zii `porter' [CC]. 362. *zV (usually attested with a body parts markert -k/-t-) `body': 1 Hs i-kii (¾i- < *zi-); 2 Ang e-uk [Fl] , Mgh i-k [CLR: 34] Mpn i-k [JgM], Chip i-k [Kr N 58], Mnt n-i-t [JgC], Goem sǝ-k [Hlw], s—-k [Kr N 58], Grk tə-k [JgC]; 3 Bol iwo, Krkr zu(u), Dera yi-k [SchV], Tng i-k, Pero ‰i-g, Maha zo-ko, Bele hi-ko, Krf, Glm i, Gera zuwi [SchB], Ngz k ro^ (G), zugo roi (Y) `trunk of tree, log' (ro `tree'); 5 Grn zu [Jag]; 4 cf. Siri zəri `body' [SkNB]; 7 Kul zi-gy, Sha zə-k; C 4 Bch su-to [Sk], Nzn sə-‰i [Mo]; 5 Vame ek [KV]; 7 Mbuko ze-k ; 8 Log ze-zi [Mo], Mak si° [Tr]; 9 Msg su [Mo]; 9a Gdr zu [Mo], zə̀ [FG 475]; E 1 Kwan si°– [CLR]; 2 Kbl ko-sa [CLR]; 3 Smr si [Jg], Ndam hə-g [JgD], Tum hi°g kǝ°u; 4 Mawa si-t; 5 WDng zi `body, person', Mig zii [JMig], Bid zii-te; 7 Brg zi, Mubi i-‰ [Jg]. Cf. [CLR II 152 *zk `body'].// Eg d_.t (Pyr) `body'. For Ch-Eg see [OS 2597]. Note unexpected ӡ- instead of z- in the bura gr.: C 2 Mrg uʒu [SkNB], wu-ʒu [Kr], Kilba, Chb ʒa [Kr], Bura ʒa `body'. Probably < *nz-. Note *zVʔ- `to exist, to last' a.*zV `skin': W 2 Goem zau `leather' [TAS 423] (but cf .`leather string'); 3 Krkr zu, Grm i `skin' [CLR]; 5 Grnt zau [CLR]; C 8 Log zai, zaa `Haut des Menschen, human skin' [LukL]; E 5 Bid (Tounkoul) zi-te `peau'; 7 Mubi i-t [CLR], Jegu zii-to, pl. zii-te. Verbal deriv.: *zV- `to skin': W 4 Miya zəz- `to skin' [SkNB]; C 10 Masa zi `to skin, depouiller' [CC], ZB ze `to bark, arracher l'ecorce'.

105 363. *zVʔ/w- `child’: W 4 Paa a, pl. vəra^ child' [CLR], ee `small-small' idf. [MS]; C 2 Mrg za°-mu° `brother' (son (of) mother) [HfM:53]; 3 Bana a `daughter', HB јa-mà̀la, HN јa-mà̀le, Kap јa-mà̀kwa `girl', FG јà `girl, daughter’ [Kr]; 7 Gis za, pl. zəray `child', Ould zuway `bebe sans nom'; 10 ZB ʒa (note irregular ӡ < *nz- < 368b ?) `petite fille, girl'. Cf. C 9 Mulwi ziyi , Mnj ziyi be pregnant' and 10 Masa ze `oeuf'. Bearing in mind that Chadic monosyllabic nouns eagerly accept all sort of affixes, there is no doubt that what follows present different manifestations of the same root or compounds with *zV as an integral part. a. C *zV-ŋ `child': 5a Hdi zwa `child' [BrH]; 7 Gis zu `son', za ʔaw `young goat', Ould ze°zeŋ ‛bebe'. b. C 4 *n-zVy- `boy, child': Gudu n¾i `son`, nzu `boy’, Bch nzey `boy, son’, Mwl nzo `boy’, Cin inzi `boy’, nzəy `son’, Bch nјi°y-to `girl’ [Kr], n-ze `child' [Meek], Nzn inze `child' [Meek]. c. C *zV-ɣʷ/gʷ- `boy’: 3 Bana z(ə)ɣʷə, pl. ndrai `child' FK, HB zigu, HF, HNk zigwi, FG zo°ɣwu `boy’ [Kr]; 4 FMch zigu `son, daugter, boy, girl’, FJ uzku, FB ziguni `boy, girl’ [Kr]; 5 Glv iiɣa `grandchild'; 5a Hdi ziɣi `a nephew'. d. C *b-zV-r- (possibly < *bVzVn-) `child': 2 Bura bzir `child, small one, son', Mrg bzǝr `child, son' [HfM:54]; 5 Dghw v-ʒire, Gdf z—re, Gava zəra, Chin, Glv zra `child' [HmG]; cf. 5a Hdi vəziʔuwa `newborn baby' and 7 Mofu bǝzey. For the *-n- >-r shift in bura and matakam groups (see [Nm], [Stolbova 1966]). Alternatively, -r- may reflect pl. suffix, cf. Gis za, pl. zəray `child'. Contrary to [CLR I 36], we limit considerably the frames of the *bzn/r-root. e. C *ʔu-zV > *ʔu-zV-n- > *ʔuzV-r- `child’: 4 Cuvan wunʒɛ, Sharva ʔwunʒe (metath.)`child' [Bry], Gude u°uzə΄nə `child’ (reg. poss., kin term) [Hs]; 5 Gvoko uzar [HmG]; 5a Lmn uzaŸ, Vemgo uzan [HmG] `child', Hitk uuza° `child, boy’, pl. uuzina° [LkH], Lmn uuza, uzan `child' [CLR]. Alternatively glavda-lamang may originate from *mu-zV-n. The only possible cognate to so widely spread West-Central Chadic root is Egyptian zȵ (OK) [EG 408] `son', but if and only if Egyptian ȵ originates from Hamito-Semitic *€. 106 364. *zi /*zVw/y- (< *zVw-h-) `a fly': W 2 Ang i `a fly, a bee', Mgh, Mpn n-ii `bee' [JgS, FrM], Kfy, Msh ii `fly', Goem ni `fly, bee, honey' [TAS 345]; C 5 Dott zii `a fly' [CrD], Bogh saay [CLR]; C 3 FK iwo-nʒuahu `bee' [FK], HN uwi, Kap u `fly' [Meek]; 5 Pod ewe `chasse-mouche'; 7 Ould; zuway `a fly', Muy ewi `a fly', Mada zwe `mouche (nom. gen.)'; 8 Log zuu, pl. zuwen, zaawe `Fliege' [LkL], Bud aiyu. Cf. C 3 HNk unzɛ, HKam umzɔho `bee' [Meek]. Probably < *um-zVh- (`honey-fly' < *zVh- `fly'). Cf. C 5a Htk ziidi `a fly' [LkH], Lmn ziidi [Lk], zidə-k; 4 Bch јide [Meek], ¾iḍe [Sk-CLR]. All < *zi-ḍ- (presumably, -ḍ- is a suff. of singularity). a.*zVw-/*zVzV- `winged termite': W 3 Bol zuuzuu `winged termites' [GAB]; C 7 Mafa oee `termit sp', Mada ezew `termitiere'; 10 ZB zuwa, ZD zuwa° `termite aile, comestible'. b. *zVw- `to jump, locust': W 3 Ngm (G) ziiwa^ `jump up, leap up' (alternatively may be related to ECh *zVV `to fly'); 5 Zaar za°y `locust' [CrZ]; C 7 Zlg zawa `sauterelle'. // Sem *zz- `kind of insect (locust, bug)' [MK 265]. Cf. E 5 WDng zezewa `chenille sp., kind of caterpillar'. Note E *zVw/y- `to fly': 2 Kbl, Nch bə-səy `voler (oiseau) [HKb], Tob say (reg. s- < *z-) `se lever, enfler; voler' [Cp]; 4 Ubi zeeyin (zeey-in) `to fly (of birds)', [Alio], zei-ga `voler' [HJ]; 5 EDng na-zewe, MigB zeewa [HJ], E, CDng zewe, `voler (oiseau)' [CJ]. 365. *zV- `war': W 5 Grn u [Jag], eo [Cs]; C 10 ZB zi ZD i `guerre'. a.*zVʔ- `bow': W 4 Wrj zaʔai, Kar, Jmb zaʔa, Miya zaʔi, Mbu i-di [SkNB], Paa zaa [MS] `bow', aa `rainbow'; C 5 Mlg uwe `musical bow' 366. *zV- `a present': W 2 Mnt zu `free of charge' [FrM]; C 10 ZB zu `cadeau, present'. Deriv.: C 8 Mak n-zayo `contribution'. Cf. W 3 *zVw- `to sell, to buy': Gera zo^o-mi, Grm aw-ala `buy, sell' [SchB], Tng wayi `sell'. 367. *zVw/y- `guinea corn': W 4 Wrj zuu-na, Miya, Kar zu, Mbu uu, Cagu zu-n `guinea corn, sorghum' [SkNB]; E 7 cf. Ould zazay `grains flowing from a 107 torn suck'. //Eg zw.t (Pyr) `wheat' [EG 426]. For Ch-Eg see [EDE I 181]. a. W 3 *zVw/y- `kind of grain food': Bol zayya `coarse tuwo' [GAB], Ngm (G) zuwe^ `gruel' [NEH]. 368. *zVw- `small hut': W 1 Hs zauzau `entrance hut (made of mats)'; C 9 Kus ze° `compound' [Tr]; 10 Lame zo `house' (so Dari `village') [Luk], Masa zi [Mo], zii (ziita determinant specifique) `la case' [CC], ZB za `abri, case, ecurie, cuisine, hut, kitchen'. a. *zVy/w- `wall': W 2 Ang zee, wee (¾w- < *zw-) `wall between huts' [Fl], Mpn zey `wall of the compound' [FrM]; C 9 Msg zao `Gehege, fence' [LkM]. 369. *zVw/y- `(blast) of wind': W 3 Ngz zuwak `cold wind, evil spirit' (pl. zuwawin); E 6 Mig ziziyo `tempe^te de vent precedant la plui'. 370. *zVy- `excrement': W 3 Ngm (Y) n-ze `excrement'; C 7 Ould zay, Muy azay `excrement', Mada za `excrement, crotte, selles; dechet', Zlg za `excrement', Mofu zay `excrement, selles, crotte, bouse', Gis zay, Cuv zay `excrement', Mafa zay `excrement, crotte; dechet, residu'. Cf. W 5 Dott zii `black' [CrD]. a. C *zV- `to stink': 5a Hdi ziʔay `to smell' [BrH]; 7 Ould zi `sentir, odeur, pourrir', Muy ei  `to rot, to stink' (CAUS i `cause to rot'), iu `to smell', Moloko ze `smell, stink', Zlg ɛ `sentir', Mofu -z- `sentir, pourrir'; 10 ZD i~ `sentir, odeur'. Cf. [CLR II 61 matakam *zay]. 371. *zVw- > *zVzV `kind of mouse': W 3 Bol zuwe `musk shrew' [GAB], Maha zuwwa, Glm zoozi `rat, mouse' [SchB]; C 9 Mnj zozo `roussette des ro^niers; palm-bat'; E 7 Brg zawyo `bat'; 5 Bid zawyo `bat,chauve-souris' 372. *zVw/y- `kind of hair': W1Hs zaazaa `pubic hair'; C 2 Bura iu `long haired'; 5 Pod ewe `poil autour de la queue'; 7 Mbuko zo°y `chevellure'; 8 Kus ze°we´ [Tr], Bud nui `tail' [LkB]. 373. *zVw- `(pouring) water, rain': W 4 Cagu zaawe `water, rain' [SkNB]; 5 Geji zee ,Tule a [Sm] `water', Zaar јa° [CrZ], Guus ʒa (< *zwa) `water' [CrG]; C 2 Bura oa idf. `water came running out'; 6 Daba za `to rain' [Lnhr]; 10 ZD

108 e [ӡЊ] `cours d'eau', ZB ze `affluent, riviere'; E 6 Mok zozze `tomber gout a gout, to drop'.// Cushitic Agaw Bilin zuwaa, Xamir zoowa, etc. `rain' [OS 2614]. Cf. W 7 Kul nzonz `waschen; to wash'; E 4 Saba soʔe `to wash'. Note possible derivatives: C 7 Zlg maa-zaw `inondation, fleuve rapide', aziw `water monitor'. C *zVɣ- (pl.?): C 3 FK zəɣ, zəgə `pour' [BN]; 5 Glv zaɣa `river, stream'. 374. *zVʔVw- `rope': W 2 Goem zaw `string (made of leather)' [Hlw]; 3 Ngm (G) zaawa^, (Y) zaawa [NEH], Bol zaawa, Krf aawa [SchV]; 4 Wrj au-na, Kar au, Miya yau [SkNB]; 6 Ngz zawa [SkNB]; C 1 Tera zo [NmT]; 3 Bana zəʔwə FK zəu [BN]; 4 Gude zəʔwa [Hs], Jimjimen zuʔun, Gude zuʔa, Cuvon ʔazɛʔwe, Sharva ziʔye [BN]; 5a Lmn zuwii, Hdi zuʔi [HmG], [BrH]; 5 Vemgo ʒui, Gvoko za-da, Dghw zaʔa, Gdf zawe, Chkd, Gava, Chnn zawa, Glv zowa [HmG], Mnd zawa [Luk], Mlg zawa `Seil, cable, rope', Glv zawa `thong, strap, bond, rope (worn round the head)'; 7 Muy eew-ɛd `rope' (< *zew-, with a -d- suff.), Mada azawa `ligament, cordon, corde', Gis ew-ed `Bindfaden, Strick', Mofu zew-ed `corde en fibre vegetale ma^chee, ficelle', Cuv ɛwɛy `fibre (d'ecorce), Mafa zaya fibre, ew-ed `fibre en ecorce'; 10 Masa zew `la corde', ZB zeo `corde (ombilical), artere, veine'; E 3 Tum ha , Ndam ha [Jg] `rope'. [OS 2612]. Verbal deriv.: W 3 Bol nzaa `tie together' [GAB]; C 7 Cuv mɛ-ɛwɛy `attacher'. a. *zV(yV)w- `plaited object (net, roof)': C 7 Zlg zəzaw `filet de chasse', Mada zewe `collet, collar; noeud coulant'; 10 ZD iw `filet (pe^che), fishing net', ZB ziu `toile d'araignee', za `toite tresse, plaited roof'. 375. *zV- `(to be, become) many, big': W 4 Wrj za `enough' [BlS]; C 4 Gude zii `many'; 7 Mada zaza many', Mofu zaw zaw `grandir rapidement, to grow quickly', ° zawwa `(venir) en foule, a flot'. Note C 5 Pod za `eight'. Cf. C *zV- `to exceed: 5 Pod ewe `advance'; 7 Zlg za `depasser, e^tre superier'. 109 376. *zVw/y- `hot, to burn': W 3 Glm zaya `warm weather' [SchB]; C FK zau `hot' [BN]; 5 Gdf azuu `burn' [CLR]; 8 Kus ze `cuire', Log ze `kochen, to cook' [LkL], Bud haw, ho `sieden, kochen'; E 5 cf. WDng zewe `bruer, pi^quer; burn, bite' (se dit seulement pour la chenille, told mostly about a caterpillar)'. Verbal deriv. : W 1 Hs za°uzau-ta° `become hot (sun), become severe (pain)'. Note E 4 Sok zЎo `Feuerholz, charcoal' [Luk]. 377. *zVb- `to follow, to search': W 4 Diri ibu `follow' [SkNB], C 2 Mrg zǝ°ḅu°̥ `to follow' [HfM:118]; 7 Mofu -zəb- `search, follow, chercher; suivre (les conseils de qqn), se suivre a la queue -leu-leu'; 8 Log zbi `follow' [LkL], Zina zǝ°bǝ°y `suivre' [Tr]; 9 Mnj zibi `suivre a la queue leu-leu'; 9a Gdr -zb- `follow' [FG 477]; E 5 Mig obbo (¾o- < < *zo-/*o ) `suivre', Bid ob `suivre', pl. `poursuivre'.// Arab zʔb `s'eloigner rapidement, faire marcher devant soi' [BK 965]. Cf. in a different way in AA 366 *ӡVb II. Deriv.: C 2 Bura zuba-ta `to send'. Verbal noun: W 1 Hs zabarii `seeking, looking for a person or thing'. Noun deriv.: C 8 Log zevelo `Weg, road' [LkL]. Note C 7 Mofu -zambal- `suivre qqn lorsqu'on a rien, follow smbd'. 378. *zVb- `to insert': W 3 Krkr zab `hineinlegen, hineinstecken, hineintun, to insert'[LkK], Bol zow- `hineintun; eintreten lassen, put, go inside' [LkB]; C 5 Pod zəva `enfiler'. Deriv. in n-: W 3 Bol n-zob- `to string, to lace' [IbBl], n-zobu `string beads, put in line' [GAB]. Cf. W 2 Mpn op (-p# < *-b-) `to push, dip' > `have sexual intercourse'. 379. *zVb- `to pour': W 1 Hs zuba `pour in or out'; E 5 WDng zozbe `to pour' // Arab zwb `flow', ʔzb [i] `flow', zbb `full (wineskin)' [OS 2631]. Cf. Hausa -Arab in AA 368 *ӡVb IV. Cf. *¾Vb- `to pour, to flow', note that both roots have reliable parallels in Semitic languages. Deriv.: C 7 Mada n-zebeɫ n-zebeɫ `humide (sol), boueux'. Note C 7 Cuv zazav `bave, spittle', Mafa zozob- `bave'. a. C *zVb- `pond': 4 Gude zuuva, zuuba, zuuova `pond surrounded by 110 trees'; 7 Ould n-zaba-n-zaba `flaque d'eau, marais, puddle'. Cf. W *zVw/bVb- `to put into, mix with water': 2 Goem zɔɔp `to mix with water' [TAS 441]; 6 Ngz zəbabiyu `wash cleaned millet before pounding'. 380. *zVb- `meet, join (in pairs)': W 3 cf. Bol ga zobbe `together' [Bn]; 6 Ngz zəbu `contact, meet up with', Duw əzvuwo `join, meet', Bade əzvu `join, come together'; C 7 Mulwi zibi `reunir par paires; s'accouplier (chiens)', Mofu - zəv- `joindre, relier, articuler'. Deriv. in n-: W 4 Wrj n-zəb- `gather, join, meet' [SkNB]. Deriv.: C 9 Mulwi zivini `s'accoupler (bovins, caprins, ovins)'. Deriv. `pair': W 4 Diri azəbabu `twin' [SkNB]; C 7 Mofu zəbak `second months of the year, douxieme mois de l'annee (cycle trad.)', Mada oboɫ `faire deux choses en me^me temps, make two things at the same time'. Note W 6 Ngz zəbau `to marry'. 381. *zVb- `to boil': W 6 Ngz zəbaayu `start boiling'; C 10 ZB zup (-p# < *-P-) `bouillir (non liquide)'. a. *zVbb- `to boil' (intens.) : W 1 Hs zababbaka `boil furiously'; E 6 Mok zobbe `verser le mil dans une marmite pour la faire cuir'. Cf. C 9 Mulwi zi°bi°yi `griller (arachides dans leur coque)'. 382. *zVb- `to dance': W 4 Miya zabu, Siri zəba, Mbu zabuzabu `dance' [SkNB], 5 Grnt sebi-ddi [CLR]; E 7 Jegu zob `kind of dance, Tanzenart (bei Todesfall, mit Speeren, etc.)' [JgJ]. [CLR II 46 *zb]. 383. *zVḅ- `(to sit, slip) down': W 3 Bol zubaa `slip down' [GAB], Ngm (G) zuba^ `slip out, slip down' [NEH], Krf ow-, pl. obb- (*zo-> o-) `put down' [Stl]; E 6 Mok zabbe `sauter (jump down), descendre'. Deriv. *n-ʒVb- `to fall down, bottom': W 3 Krkr n-zab- `niederfallen; fall down' [LkK], n-zaḅu `fall from standing position', n-zibii `bottom' [GK], n-zəbi `Ges; lower back', cf. 4 Paa n-ibaka (irreg. ni- < *nzi-) [MS] `buttocks'. Deriv. in -t-: W 3 Krkr nzaḅ-tu `throw down, knock over, fall (a tree)' [GK]; 6 Bade əzbə/a-tu `turn over'.

111 a. *zVb- `to sleep': W 6 Bade zaabanu `doze off, fall into a light sleep'; C 5 Nzn zavə [Mo]; 7a Skr səva^i [CLR] `sleep'. 384. *zVḅ- `to lift, carry': C 7 Mbuko zəba `prendre, porter, take, carry', Gis zob `aufheben, nehmen, lift, take', zub (Mj) `nehmen, take', Mafa zub- `soulever, porter, lift, carry'// Arab zby [-i-] `carry (load)', Eg zby (pyr) `bring' [OS 2638]. Deriv.: E 6 Mok za^mbil()e `entasser, carry a heavy load' (pl. < *zbl?) 385. *zVb/b- `close, cover': W 4 Wrj zabə, Diri zabaa, Miya zəbw-, Mbu ab-, Cagu zəb- (Jmb duba) `cover, close' [SkNB]; 5 Grn zəbi `close, cover' [Jag], E 5 Mig zubbo `couvrir, cover' [JgM]. Cf. *¾Vḅ- `to wrap, to cover'. a. *zVb- `(store)hut': W 1 Hs zaabur `storeroom'; C 7 Cuv ɛmbɛk `hangar pour recoltes, sechoir a mil'; 10 ZD zəba `case, room'; E 5 Mig zuba `hangar' . // Cf. Arab zuby-at- `cachette, hutte ou° le chasseur se met en embuscade' [BK 972]. 386. *zVmb- `to deceive, to cheat': W 3 Bol zamba `swindling' [GAB]; 4 Paa zamba `deceive'; C 2 Bura zamba `to cheat'. 387. *zVb- `stick': W 3 Dera ambak `stick' (< yamba-k < *zamba-k) [NmK]; C 5 Zlg zəva `stick'. Deriv.: *zVb(-l/r)- `stick (used in household)': W 1 Hs zabarii `stick or anything used to get a bucket out of the well into which it has fallen; the act of getting a bucket out'; 3 Maha zaure (< *zabre) `stick' [SM]; 4 Kar abal, Cagu aabulan `stick'; C 7 Mbuko zambal `stick', Muy imbel `threshing stick', Zlg zambal `fleau a battre, flail'; 9 Msg ibirui `Zweig, Ast, branch' [LkM]. 388. *zVb- `belly, navel: W 6 Ngz zabəu `belly' [CLR-M], cf. Bade sabawu, Duw zaabau `navel' (< *s/z-). Cf. C 7 Mafa eveʔe `aplati (ventre), flat (stomach)'. Cf. E 5 EDng zoḅke `auf dem Bauch liegen, to lie on the stomach'. Deriv. *zVmb- `navel': C 3 FK imbur `navel' [BN]; 4 Jimjimen ʒimbudən, Cuvan zumbude, Sharva zumbude' [BrJ]; C 4 Bch zumbude [Sk]; 5 Wnd 112 əmba [Mo], Mlg amba, Gava zimba, Chkd imba, Chnn amba `navel' [HmG], Gvoko zimbo, Dghw imbe [HGG], Pod —mba, 5a Hdi zimbid [BrH]; 7 Ould zimbel, Mafa јembe. Cf. C 7 Muy me-imeim `navel'. 389. *zVb- `fly, bee': W 6 Ngz ɛboa `bee' [Meek], mii abuwa'bee', abuwa `honey' [SchN], Bade səvuwa (regr. devoicing, cf. `guinea fowl') `bee'; C 3 Bana ib(i) `mouche'; embe `ruche' (note pl. in -mb-); 3 FK ibi `fly' [Kr]; 4 cf. Bata ebi `fly' n. [CLR: 149].// cf. Geez zənb `fly' [LGz. 640]. 390. *zVb- `sacrifice': C 5 Pod g—‰—ka —be `hut for sacrificies', g—‰—ka'hut'; 7 Muy eibi `give dowry for a woman, give by stages'; E 5 Bid ziib `make a sacrifice before eating the new corn' //Akk OB zbu `food-offering' [CAD]. Note that Akkadian is hardly related to Sem *d_bh `to slaughter, sacrifice'. 391. *zVb- `ram': W 4 Wrj iba-na, Siri zəbəna, Kar ibən `ram` [SkNB]; C 3 FK iva `ram' [BN]. Cf. C 7 Ould n-zəba `jeune brebis'. 392. *zVb- `farm': W 4 Wrj zabu `farm', zabai `private farm' [BlS]; C 7 Muy zəbər `fertile field'. 393. *zVbVn/r- `guinea fowl': W 1 Hs zaaboo (<*zbn); 4 Paa avuna, Diri azavuna, Siri zuhun‰i, Wrj zabriy-ai, Kar zabur, Miya zaburaku, Jmb aabur [SkNB], Paa aavunaa fowl' [MS]; 5 Jimi zoobun [Cs], zubben [CLR]; 6 Ngz zaabanu, Bade sa^vanyi; C 3 Bana zəvəni° ; 5 Mlg ebre, Glv abəra; 5a Hdi zəvnək [BrH], Htk zəvəna-aka [LkH]; 7 Ould zavar, Muy ʒavar, Mada zavar, Cuv zapa, Mafa zapan (irreg. -p- < *-b-) `guinea fowl, Pintade commune'; 6 Daba zavən [Lnhr]; E 2 Lele simli (< *sibli < *zbl); 3 Ndam həbə [CLR], Tum hibəl 4 Ubi sobila, Mawa səbəl, sobila (note regular devoicing of *z- in E-South Chadic); 5 WDng zopulo (devoicing of Ch *-b- may be influenced by -l-) [Fd], Bid zobilo, Mig zobilo ; 7 Jegu zobolo, pl. zobol, Brg zobolo. Cf. Mubi nyebelo (accord. to [CLR] < *nzebelo) // [CLR I 84 A *zbl], [Nm *zbn].

113 394. *zVbVr- `worm': W 3 Bol nzawar, nawar (< nzabar) `earthworm', Pero ibori `earthworm'; 5 Zaar јi°bЌ°r `generic name for maggots, worms, caterpillars' [CrZ], Guus ʒibər (irreg. ӡ-, possibly, < *nz-) `worm' [CrG], Dott «aḅǝ^r `worm' [CrD], Saya ibər [Cs], Mng (m) embir, (k) amb—r, Grn auri (< zabri) `worm' [Jag], Tala imbər [Cs]; C 3 Bana embre-de° `ver de terre'; 7 Mada zver `chenille urticante du mil, a gluttonous caterpillar'. (Forms with medial -mb- may reflect plural); E 2 cf. Lele su°bo° `larve, ver, worm'. Cf. W 3 Krkr nziifir `earthworm' [GK], Ngm (G,Y) nzifir. Irregular medial -f-. Less probably, *zVbVr may originate < *zVfVr- (by regres. assim. of medial -f- with z-). On the other hand, note irregular s- (instead of *z-) in W 5. Dissimilation of two voiced consonants? 395. *n-zVb- `to knot': W 4 Wrj, Mbu n-zub-. Cf. C 6 Daba zəmbəl `big rope'. a. *zV(w)b- `a plaited object': W 1 Hs zu´uba´a `basket'; C 7 Muyang zəva fishing net'; Mbuko zuvo 'fish-basket'. b. *zVb- `kind of cloth': W 1 Hs zaaboo `the cloth saḳi', zaabakoo `a poor quality coton material', zabuun `kind of gown (with long sleeves)'; C 2 Bura ebi `cloth', Chb zabi, Ngw abi, Mrg ɛbi `loin-cloth' [Kr]. 396. C *zVḅ-t/k- `(bean) leaves': 5 Pod zəbata `feuille de haricot'; 7 Mbuko zəḅat `feuilles d'haricot', Zlg zəbat `leaves (pl.) of haricot', Mofu zəbak `feuille de haricot (fraiche)', Mafa zəbak leaves of beans'; 10 ZD zəbat `feuilles de haricot (pour sauce)', ZB zəbat `feuilles sp.'.; E 5 WDng ѕ¥¥b¥ (ѕo- < *zo-) `feuilles d'arachides'. 397. C *zVvVh- `kind of bat': C 5a Hdi zəvahw `a large bat' [BrH]; 7 Mada zvoh `gros chauve-souris sp.'. a. *n-ʒVb-/*zVmb- `kind of rat': W 7 Bok nzuf (-f#< *-b#) `Rattenart, kind of rat'; C 7 Mada ozombo `kind of rat'. Note W 4 Kar zabahən, Cagu zabakan `ground squirrel' [SkNB]. 398. *zVb- `big, heavy, old' : C 7 Mafa zəviy `too big', Muy ib-ib `heavy'; E 5 EDng za°bЊ `alt werden, become old'; Jegu zob `old man', Mabire zoban `old'. 114 a. C *zVbVr- > zVbVl- `long, tall, big': 5 Pod zəbəla `allonger'; 7 Mbuko zəbor `long', Ould zəbal `grand en taille, tall', Muy zəbal `long', Zlg zubel `long', Cuv za°mbla `long, thin'; 7a.Skn zəbur `tall' [DSk], zəbir [Meek]; 9 MsgM zabla `big' [Lk:143]. Cf. W 5 Zaar zumbit idf . `very tall'. 399. *zVb- `darkness, evening': W 3 Krkr zombayi `late afternoon' [GK], Ngm ibe (Y) `evening' [NEH]; 7 Ould zəbbā `le soir'. C7 *zVb- `to become dark': Mada ozbo `enfumer, noircir, soulever de la poussiere', (noun deriv.) Mafa me-eb `shadow, ombrette'. Deriv.: W 5 Zaar јipti (-pt- < *-bt-) `shadow, soul', Dott «ip-ti (< «ipti < јibti) `shadow' [CrD]; C 6 Daba zi-zabəl `shadow, ombre'. 400. *zVf- `to soak, to dip': W 2 Ang op `to soak' [TAS 429], Mpn op `to dip' (contamination with *zVb- `to insert') [FrM] Goem zwǝ°p `to dip smth into water' [Hlw]; 3 Ngm zop- `to dip' [VbN]; C 5 Pod zufa `noyer; drawn'. 401. *zVf- `to jump': C 8 Kus zǝ°f `sauter' [Tr], caus. 7 Muy eeftey `lift up'. Cf. C 7 *n-ʒVf- (rather < *n-ǯVf-) : 5a Htkl ʒəf- (ʒ- < *nz-) `soar up' [LkH]; 7 (deriv.) Mafa n-ʒav- `soulever, relever'. 402. *zVf- `anger, hate': W 1 Hs zaafii `heat, anger, pain'; C Mada zeva `haine, inimitie', Muy eeveri `wish evil'.// For Hs - Hbr, Aram zЃp `be furious' see AA 373 *ӡЃf `rage'. 403. C *zVf- `goat': 3 HF ifa, Kap ufa [Kr]; 6 Kola zuvu [Sb-CLR]; 8 Log zəv-gi [Mo], zi/ov-gii [LkL] `he-goat'; 7a Skn ifa `goat' .// Cf. Akk zipu `sheep' [OS 2620]. 404. *zVp(Vn)- `to sit, to squat, to put': W 5 Zaar zup-m `squat' [CrZ]; E 5 EDng opine `niederhocken, to squat', WDng opine `to squat (esp. - for eating), s'accroupir, notamment pour manger', Mig oppo `s'accroupir, squat'( o- < zo-); 6 Mok zaape `mettre, poser'. 405. W 4 *zVṗ- `tears': Wrj zəṗi-na, Miya aəpi, Kar zipi, Mbu zəbi, Jmb aəmbi, Cagu ibn `tear (lacrima)' [SkNB]. 115 406. *zVd- `to do smth., to make efforts': C 7 Mada azad `faire, s'occuper de, make, be occupied with'; E 5 Mig ziddo s'efforcer; make efforts'. Noun deriv. C *n-zVḍ- `power, strength': 5 Mlg n-zəda `strength, Mut, Strke; hrten', Glv n-zəd(a) `power, might, strength, authority', Pod n-ʒəda `e^tre fort, force', n-ʒada `obliger, forcer'; 7 Ould n-zəda `force', Mada n-zda `force, violence', n-zad `avec force, brutalement', Zlg n-ʒəda `force'. Note nӡ- < *nz- in Podoko and in Zulgo. 407. *zVd- `to pour out': W 3 Bol nzud- `ausfliessen; lecken, to pour out, to lick' [LkB]; C 7a Skn zada-va `pour out' . Cf. W 7 Bok n-zet `spcken, to spit'. a. C *zVd- `to pour out (grains)': Pod zədədəda idf. `verser (grains)', Gis zad `to throw, to spend, to scatter', Mulwi zuzudi `fuir par un trou (sac, grenier), to pour out through a hole (from a sack, granary)'. 408. *zVd- `cut, slaughter': W 6 Ngz zi°idі `to slaughter animal by cutting throat', Duw zədo `slaughter'; C 7 Mada n-zed n-zed `(couper, dechirer) en petits morceaux, to cut, tear (in small pieces)', Cuv idey `cut, carve'. Note C 4 Gude muidə `cut into very small pieces' (rather < *mV-d-). 409. *n-zVd- `to compress, to push' (or two different roots): C 5a Hdi n-zəday `to compress, serrer' [BrH]; 7 Cuv mɛ-dɛy, mɛ-ɛdɛy `pousser', Zlg nʒide `pousser hors de soi', Mbuko nide (n¾i- < *nzi-) `pousser pour na^tre un enfant, exert trying to deliver'; 9 Mba zu°t `push'; 10 Masa zut (< *zud-) `pousser' [CC]; E 5 Bid ziid `serrer', Mig ziddo `serrer'. Cf. *¾V(wV)ḍ- `to pinch'. Deriv. in -k-: W 3 Ngm (G) n-zaʔako^, nzad-ko^ `squeeze up'. 410. C *zVḍ- `take off' > *n-zVd- `to tear': 2 Mrg zǝ°ḍu̥ `take off' [HfM:124] ; 5 Pod n-ʒəda `arracher qqch qui e^tre colle ou attache; remove smth fixed or stuck'; 7 Ould -n-zad `arracher, deraciner, tear, uproot', Zlg n-ʒada `second weeding', Cuv mɛ-n-dɛy (*zC- > C-) `arracher (arachides)'. Cf. W 6 Sha zyet `zerreissen; to tear up' (if -t# < -d-). 411. *zV(wV)d- `to be old, used, weak': C 5a Hdi zaday `to loose' [BrH]; 10 ZD n-zot `e^tre use' ; E 3 Tum haad `etre faible, be weak'; 6 Mok zodide 116 `maladroit, faible'; 7 Brg zoodi `old'; Kaj zaadi `use, worn'. Cf. E 5 Bid zood `pourrir, to rot', EDng zo°o°ḍЊ `faulen, to rot'. 412. C *zVd- `long': 5 Pod zada-məma idf. `plus long, grand, too long, big'; 7 Mada zdar, zdah `long, allonge, de grand taille, long, tall'. C *zVd- `(to have) long neck': Mafa zadawaʔa `au long cou'; 8 (a noun derive. ?) Log m-zede-kə `Giraffe' [LkL]. 413. *zVt- `to add, to make complete': W 2 Msh zut `plenty, sufficient' [TAS 428]; 3 Bol zootu, ootu `add to a container and fill completely' [GAB]; 4 Paa zuutu `completely' [MS]; C 7 Muy zat `full'; E 4 Mawa zidi (-d- < *-t-) `ajouter, to add'.// Arab zʔt `remplir' [BK 966]. 414. *zVt- `to beat (a person)': W 5 Zaar n-ʒwaat n-ʒwaat (ʒʷ - < zʷ-) idf. `lashing with cane' [CrZ]; 7 DB zut `beat (person); schlagen, Ohrpfeigen'; E 5 Bid zaat `fustiger, rosser; to whip'; a. *zV[ṭ]- `pound': W 6 Ngz zaatə `pound' [SchN]; Bade (deriv.) zəd-ku `pound in mortar'. Note W 5 Dott nzǝt [Kr], nӡat [CrD `to squeeze'. 415. *zVkʷ/ɣʷ- `to fall': C 5a Hdi n-zeɣʷay `to fall' [BrH]. Deriv. in -t- `to make fall': W 3 Dera yukure, yukot (< *zuk-t) `to fall' [NmK]; C 7 Mofu -zakwat- `faire tomber', Ould -zəgwara `faire tomber'. Cf. 7 Mofu -zazak- `to throw (stone), throw, chasser avec projectile (animal, personne)'. 416. *zVk/ɣ- `to clean': W 3 Bol zak- putzen, to clean' [LkBl]; C 7 Zlg nʒəɣ nʒək (< *nzəɣ/k) idf. `pure, clean' 417. *zVɣʷ- `to hide': W 2 Mgh zok `to hide' [BlM]; C 7 Mafa zohw-zohhwaʔa `en cachette, secretly'.// Arab zġzġ `cacher' [BK 994]. 418. *zV[ɣ]- `to glide': W 3 Ngm zag- `to glide' [VbNg]; C 7 Mada azah `glisser', zzoh `en pente raide, glissante', Ould -zah `glisser'. 419. C *zVɣ/k- `to forget': 3 FK zaɣə `forget' [BN]; 7a Skn zəka `to forget' [BrH]. 117 420. *zVɣ- `ceremony, fiest': W 4 Wrj eɣa-mar `wedding festival' [BlS]; C 7a Skn ʒəɣiy `tradition, ceremony' . 421. *zVɣ- `sand, sandy spoil': W 1 Hs igawa (i- < *zi-) `a sandy waste' (waste land); C 5 `sand' : Gdf zaɣa-zaɣa , Dghw ige [CLR], ʒiɣe [HmG], Guduf zaɣa-zaɣe, Gava, Chkd zaɣə-zaɣə [HmG]. 422. *zVhw- `dig (out)': W 5 Guus zuu `dig (a well), dig up (yam)' [CrG]; C 4 Gude ʒəhu `dig hole to get building mud'; 7 Mofu -zəh- `enterrer cadavre, semer arrachide, to burry, plant arachides'; 8 Kus zo° `dig' [Tr]; 10 ZB ʒoʔo (ʒo- < zo-) [dzo`o] `creuser, dig'. Noun deriv.: C 5 Pod n-ʒaha `kind of hoe'. Note nӡ- < *nz-. Cf. C 10 ZB zeo `rigole, a ditch'. 423. *zV(hʷ)- `to pound, to thresh': W 4 Wrj zawai `threshing of grain' [BlS]; C 4 Bch suwe `mortar', suwo `pound in a mortar' [Sk]; 5 Pod zaha `to grind well'; 9 Mulwi zuwi `repiler (le mil), to pound (grain)'; Masa zu, su [Mo], zuu `la mortier, a mortar' [Cpr]; 10 ZB zuʔu `mortar, mortier, piler, a mortar, pound'. 424. *zVhy/w- `long': W 3 Krkr n-zai `long, weit, tall, deep' [GK]; C 4 Gude zəwu `long'; 7 Muy iya `long', Mada n-zah `long et etroit (passage, bande), long and eng (passage, cloth)', Ould za°h-za°hha° `allonge et grand (feuille, mamelle)', cf. Mada zzah `profond, deep'// Arab zhʔ `e^tre grand, haut, prosperer' [BK 1023]. Cf. C 5 Pod zəhəhə idf. `big'. 425. *zVhʷVr- `to become dark; shadow': C 7 Ould -zawaray `s'obscurcir, to become dark', Muy hʷeri `shade, shadow', Mofu -zawal - `tomber (nuit), obscurcir, become dark, fall (night)'. b. *zVr(Vr)- `dark': C 5 Pod zərəra `crepuscule, twilight' , Bura urura `to blur, obscure'; E 6 Mok zeere `noircir, turn black'. Verbal deriv.: C 7 Mofu -zər-m- `couvrir la terre (nuit), faire de l'obscurite, become dark, night'. 426. *zVHVr- (probably, < *HVzVr-) `greedy': W 1 Hs zaarii, zwarii `greed'; 2

118 Ang uur `jealousy, envy, malice', uur [Jg], Mpn zuur `jealousy', Goem ir [ TAS 441], Mgh zuɣur [BlM]; C 7 Muy eirey `be jealous of'. 427. *zVg- `to go': W 5 Geji zigga [CLR] `go'; C 8 Log zəge `follow' [LkL]; 5 EDng oge (< *zoge) `folgen, follow'. a.*zVgVr- `to follow, to chase': C 7 Mada azgal `suivre', Gis əhal `verfolgen, to pursue' (-l- < *-r-); E 2 Lele segre `chasse individuelle'. b.*zVg- `to run, to be quick': W 1 Hs zagii `a runner in front of a horseman'; C 5 Mlg agade `laufen, rennen; to run'; 10 Bana zag-zag `schnell' [Luk].// Cf. Arab zgg `courir (se dit particulie°ment de l'autruche ma e), run (espec. - about male oustrich)' [BK 973] 428. *zVg- `to blow up fire': W 1 Hs zuga `blow up fire'; E 5 Bid zeeg `to shine, to flame; flamber', ze°ge°ewa `flame', Mig zeego `allumer, make fire'. Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs zugaa-zugii `a pair of bellows'; 3 Bol zuga `bellows' [GAB]; 5 Dott ʒuga `blow the bellows of the smithery' (< Hs ?). a. *zVg- `hearth': W 2 Mpn zuk `open hearth where men only are allowed to sit' [FrM], Mgh zuk `fireplace (for elders)' (< *zVg-) [BlM]; E 6 (deriv.) Mok zigile `fire place of three stones'. 429. *zVg- `hollow out, dig': W 3 Ngm (G) zuga^ `hollow out, scrape out interior' [NEH]; C 7 Mbuko zugoy `pointe pour creuser, a point for digging'. Cf. *¾Vg- `to hoe, to dig'. Deriv. in -d- `to dig with...: C 9 Mulwi zugudi `creuser, dig', Mnj zugudi `creuser (a° la pioche)'. a. *zVgVm- `to plant; a planting hoe': W 3 Krkr ziigim `long-handled planting hoe' [GK]; 6 Bade zəgəm `sowing, planting', Ngz zǝg°ǝm°u `plant, sow (any crop)'. 430. *zVg- `to put, to place': C 9 Mnj zigi `contre-(poser), Mulwi zigi `poser contre, appuyer (qch) contre, to lean to', za°k `fardeau, load'(-k#<*-g#); E 5 WDng zuge `put a load on the ground', EDng zuge `legen, to put (down)'. a.*zVg- `to descend': W 4 Cagu zugu [SkNB] `squat'; C 9 Mnj zigi `(se) pencher, incline'; E 3 Tum hig `descendre, descend'; 6 Mok zoge-zogeny

119 `(en) bas, down, (on the) bottom'; 7 Brg ziigi `descendre; go down', Jegu zuk/g- `herabsteigen, go down'. b.*zVg- `to settle': C 7 Ould -n-zege `stay inside, live, dwell'; E 5 Bid zaag `se poser sur un arbre (oiseau), atterir, to sit on a tree (bird), to moor'. Cf. *zVg- `to last, to wait': W 6 Ngz za°agu `to wait'; C 7 Mofu -zazəg- `veiller, durer, garder longtemps, to last'. 431. *zVgº- ` squeeze': C 5 Pod zəgwa `to squeeze a hand'; E 5 Bid zigzig idf. evoquant le fait de serrer fortement'. 432. W *zVg- `to rub': 3 Krkr zagaa `rub (wood)' [GK]; 6 Ngz za°-zgu `rub to relieve an itch', Duw zazgo `rub, scratch (animal)'. Noun deriv.: 3 Bol zogina, ogina `cat's whiskers used as a potherb'[GAB]. 433. C *zVg- `to tie, to sew': C 5 Mlg n-zugwa `anbinden, to tie'; 9 Mulwi ziigi `coudre, sew', Mnj ziygi `coudre, remailler (un filet)', Msg ziga `sew' [Mo]. Deriv. C *zVgVm- `kind of band for a horse': 5 Pod zagwama `muselie°re de cheval, horse-muzzle'; 7 Mada zogoma `bricole du cheval, breasband', Mnj azogom `corde, courroie, belt' ( if not the same as `snake', cf. N 438). 434. *zVg-m/l- `worm, snake': C 4 Paa zəgun `worm' [MS]; C 7 Mnj azogom `serpent'; E 5 WDng zuugile `snake' [CJ]. 435. *zVg/k- `lion': W 1 Hs zaaki `lion'; 4 Paa zaagi `lion' ; C 5 Daba n-agaw `lion'; E 3 Tum hag `lion' (-g < *-K-). b. C *zVx/g- `leopard': W 3 Krkr zəgau, zigan [CLR]; 4 Cagu zəgən [SkNB]; (.ti `Leopard',  [LkL], zəgti [Mo], Kus zǝ°hti°, Mak sǝ°t-tǝ° (assim-ןC 8 Log zə `panthe°re' [Tr]; 4 Gude zəgə-dana `rare or mythical leopard-like animal'. Note that Proto-Chadic *zVHVk- may account for all the reflexes (as well as for the long vowel in Hausa). 436. W *zVg(Vm)- `a present': 1 Hs zuguu (?< *zugum) `a present'; 2 Ang zum [Fl], Mgh zugum, zuɣum [JgS], Mpn zuum [FrM]. A loan from Hs? 437. C *zVg- `tree' > *zVɣʷ- `forest': 4 Gude zəga `type of tree or its fruit'; 5 Pod zəga `kind of tree'; 7 Muy azəga `tree', Mada azga `Vitex cuncata (tree)', 120 Gis iged `kind of tree'. Cf. 3 Bana eɣwə `forest'. 438. *zVg- `big, tall': C 4 Gude zəgam `very big (of gown)'; 7 Mada zogokw `big and high'; E 6 Mok zagire `tall' . Cf.*¾Vg- `long, high'. a. *zVg- `add, many': W 4 cf. Diri zəgib `ten', azugu `twenty'; C 7 Mbuko zəga `ajouter', Mofu zaga-ba `foule, a crowd'. (note ba- suff. in a noun denoting living-beings). Note a compound: C 5 Mlg zagwa-tare `Tausendfssler, milli-ped'. 439. *zVk- `rest, stay in place' (a var. of *zVg-, probably, pl.): C 5 Glv zuk `to slumber, sleep'; 7 Gis zak `dauern, (aus)bleiben (langer Zeit), to last long', Mbuko zəzek `reposer, rest'; 8 Zina za°kwǝ° `passer la journe´e' [Tr]. Deiv.: W 6 Duw zak-to `to rest'; E 6 Mok zookime `wait'. Note W 3 Ngm n-zok idf . `tightly lodged or stuck' (and thus, `staying in place'. Alternatively, may originate from *zVḳ- `to pierce' - `stuck (after shoving into)' [NEH]. 440. *zVk- `to come, to return': W 1 Hs zaka, zakuwa `come' (only in the Past); C 8 Log zga (voicing in contact) `zurkkehren, return' [LkL]. 441. *zVk- `to move': W 3 Mpn zək `move a bit, toss' [Fr], Goem zwak `push with the hands' [TAS428]; 3 Krkr n-zuku `move a little, budge' [GK], Tng yugɛ `to move, to shift'.// Arab zhh `to push' [BK 980]. Deriv. in -t-/-ḍ: `to move aside': W 1 Hs zaaku-daa `move aside'; 3 Krkr nzuk-tu `move aside or away slightly' [GK], 4 Kar zəkətə `push' [SkNB]. a. *zVk `shake': W 2 Ang ək `to shake' [JgA], Mgh zik `shake' [BlM], cf. Goem zǝk `draw o.s. back, shrug' [Hlw]; 3 Bol zakaa `shake (down)' [GAB]; C 7 Mada azzak `balancer, to balance'. Deriv. . in -t-/-ḍ- : W 1 Hs zaakudaa `stir, shake (contents of calabash, etc.)'; 3 Tng yagdɛ `shake'; 5 Zaar iɣət (< zikt) `shake' [CrZ]; C 3 FK zakukurta `swing' [BN]; 4 Gude zəkutə `nod head when sleeping'; E 6 Mok zekide `secouer, remuer, shake, move'. 442. *zVk- `thresh, pound': W 4 Miya zəkə `thresh (on ground or in mortar)' 121 [Sch]; C 8 Zina za´kǝ´ `frapper, tuer' (plurac. verb) [Tr]; 10 ZB ʒoko (ʒo- < *zo-) [dzoko] `piler a petits coups, pound'. // Arab zhk `broyer entre deux pierres, crash between two stones' [BK 1022]. Noun deriv.: W 2 Ang ga-zak `roughly ground flour' [Fl]. Note Msh kə-zaak `dregs' [TAS 421]. 443. *zVkʷ- `kind of snake': W 2 Ang ka-ək `kind of viper' [JgA], Mgh zik [BlM]; C 7 Mofu zezekw `snake' (gen.), Cuv ɛkʷ `snake'; 10 cf. ZD nzok-dadi `ver de terre'. Cf. C 5 Mnd zɛhɛ `Schlange' [Luk] snake'. Irregular reflex of -kʷ-. 444. *zVkʷ- `basket': C 5 Mlg zokwa `Korb'; E 5 Mig zooko `basket'. 445. *zVkVr- `cock': W 1 Hs za°kara `cock'> Gera zekira yiibi `rooster' [SchB]; C Msg m-zekr `Huhn' [Luk:143] (note m- pref. as a fem. marker). 446. C *zVk-(R) `spirit, shadow': 6 Daba zuko `fetiche, esprit'; 7 Mofu zəgəle, zəkəle `esprit mauvais, sacrifice, evil spirit'; 7a Skn ik, mə-ik `shadow, spirit' . Compound.: 6 Daba zəka-bəl `shadow of unanimate objects' [Lnhr]. 447. W *zVk- `pile, many': 2 Mgh zuk `heap' [BlM], Ang zuk `rubbish heap'; 4 Miya əkə `much, many' [SchM]. Noun deriv.: 1 Hs zukumii batch, collection, company'. Verbal deriv.: C 7 Ould zikete `entasser, to pile', zəkat `faire un tas de terre, reunir' idf. 448. C *zVk-(zVk-) `cloud(ly)': 2 Bura zikzik'cloudly'; 5 VemgoM zək `cloud' [HmG], Pod zakwaya `nuage qui couvre le ciel; cloud'; 7 Mada azak azak `gris-cendre, grey' 449. *zVḳ- `to smell, stink': C 7 Mafa ik- `to have strong smell', Cuv mɛ-ɛkɛy `sentir (odeur)'; E 5 WDng idf. zik zik `sentir mauvais'. Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs zuḳuuluu a stingy person'. Note E 5 WDng zɛkidɛ `e^tre degou^te, be disgusting'. 450. *zVḳ- `to hollow out, hole': Ang zuk `rat hole (filled by a rat with earth)' [Fl]; 122 3 Bol zuk- `stochern, to pick one's teeth, saubern (Pfeife), clean a pipe' [LkBl], zukaa `prod, poke into, hollow out smth cylindrical' [GAB], Ngm zaaka^ (G) `hollow out, scrape out interior' [NEH]. Noun deriv.: W1 Hs zuḳooli tool for hollowing mortars'. Deriv. in n- `to pierce': W 4 Wrj n-zaḳʷ- `stab, pierce' [SkNB]. Deriv in -t-: W 6 Duw zək-to `pierce, be pierced', Ngz zu°k-tu `pierce' (in the view of numerous parallels in other Chadic languages, Ngizim is hardly < Kanuri suk-‰in `pierce'). Deriv. in -m-: W 4 Mbu zuḳum-, Cagu zugum- `stab, pierce' [SkNB]; 6 Ngz za°gǝ°mu `hurl a spear, hit with a thrown spear'. Note voicing in medial position of a CVCVCV-word. Noun deriv: C 7 Cuv kʷ `lance, spear'. a. Cf. C *z/Vk- `thorn': 7a Skn ik `thorn' ; 10 Masa zikil `l'epine' [CC]. 451. *(n)zVḳ- `pull, stretch': W 3 Krkr n-zaku `pull, draw out, extract' [GK], Ngm (G) n-zako^ `draw out, extract' [NEH]; 5 Mng (m) zik, (k) zəgə `pull' [Cs]; C 6 Daba zak `tendre la main' [Lnhr]. Deriv.: C 7 Mofu -zakwat- `allonger (les le°vres), to draw lips'. a. W *zVḳVḳ- `long': 1 Hs zeeḳeeḳee `too long'; 2 Msh zek-zek `tall and thin' [TAS 423]; 5 Zaar zuɣuɣu idf . `tall' (< zukuku) [CrZ]. 452. W 4 *zVḳʷ- `awaken': Wrj zəḳʷ-, Kar zəkw-, Miya zəka-, Paa zuu, Siri zəhu, Diri uwu, Jmb zəgə, Cagu ugu `awaken' [SkNB]. 453. *zVḳ- `cotton (rope, tree): W 4 Paa ziiki `rope', zəḳi, Siri ba-zooḳi `silk-cotton tree' [SkNB]; C 5 Pod zaka `cotton rope (a ligne)', zakata `rope'. a. C 7 *zVkʷ- `cache-sex': Muy ma-zgʷay (voicing in contact) `girl's cache-sex', Mafa mo-zokw- `centure, cache-sex en fibre rouge'. 454. W 4 *zVḳ- `stone': Wrj zəkəyi wi dərai `grinding stone', zəkəy-ai, Paa z—g—ya, Miya, Mbu, Kar zəḳi `stone' [SkNB], Wrj ziḳi-yai `stone' [BlS]. 455. *zVḳ- `sweat, pleasant (taste)': W 1 Hs zazzaaḳaa (< *za™-za™aa) `sweet, pleasant', zaaḳaḳaa `give a pleasant flavour to', zaaḳii `pleasant flavour'; 4 *zVk-um: Wrj zukuma-na, Kar zukum, Diri zəkuma `sweat' [SkNB], Paa 123 ukwa `pleasant tasting' (irregular warji -k- < *-ḳ-) [MS]. a. *zVḳ- `pleasant, nice': W 2 Ang zuk-zuk `please' [TAS 427]; C Muy eekw `sympathies'. 456. *zVl- `to pour (away)': W 3 Krkr zal- `pour away' [LkK]; 4 Wrj zal- `pour' [BlS]. Cf. *zVr- `to drip'. Deriv. in n- `to pour in (accurately)' : W 3 Ngm n-zal- `pour in' [VbN], Krkr n-zalu `pour in thin stream, through narrow opening' [GK], Bol n-zol- `eingiessen, pour in' [LkBl]. Deriv.:W 3 Ngm (G) n-zal-ko^ `pour through narrow opening'. a. Cf. *zVl-m/n `tears': W 5 Zaar јe°lЌ°m `tears', Guus ʒaləm (< *јalǝVm < *јilam) `tears' [CrZ,G]; E 5 Bid zilaanya `larme'. 457. *zVl- `to float `: W 1 Hs zallo `bobbing a corc on water'; C 7 Mafa ʒol-ʒololaʔa (ʒo- < *zo-) `floating (leaves in a badly cooked souce)'. 458. *zVl- `to go down': C 7 Cuv zala `bas'; E 5 Bid zi°il `descendre'. Deriv. : C 4 Gude n-ʒələkə (nʒ- < *nz-) `alight, land (bird, insect)'. 459. *zVl- `to boil': C 10 Masa zal `faire cuir, make boil' [CC]; E 5 Mig olo (o- < zo-) `bouillie legere, boil slightely', Noun deriv.: E 5 Bid zilanya `chaleur, heat'. Note possible deriv.: W 1 Hs zulluu (< *zullum?) `decoction of baobab fruit'. 460. *zV(wV)l- `to pull': W 7 Bok zul `pull, ziehen'; C 5 Pod zala `to drag'; 7 Mofu zawal zawal (zewel) `trai^ner (corde, placenta), drag, pull' 461. *zVwVl-/*zVlVl- `to look at': W 3 Bol zulla `glare at' [GAB]; C 2 Bura ol `stare with oval eye', oli `to glance at'; 7 Mafa zawal- faire une ronde de surveillance, to patrol'. 462. *zV(ʔV)l- `man, husband': W 2 cf. Grk al `slave' [Fp]; C 3 Bana zal `homme, mari', FK zəl, pl. ilyi `man' [BN], HK zal; 5 Dghw zala [CLR], Glv iila [Rp] `man', VemgoM, Gvoko zʔal, Dghw zaləɣaya [HmG] `husband', Mnd ile, pl. zala-ha `man' [Luk], Mlg iile `Mann, Ehemann, mnnlich' , Chkd ila, Chnn zila, Gava il-məɣa `man' [HmG]; Gdf zilʌ 124 `man' [CLR]; 5a Lmn zaal [Meek], Hdi zʔal `husband'; 6 Daba zelen, zoloh `son, ton mari' [Lnhr]; 7 Muy zal `man, husband, male', Mofu zel `mari, male', Mada zal `homme, mari', Zlg zal `husband', Gis el, il `Mann', zil `Ehegatte, bridegroom'; 9a Gdr zil [Mo]. In [CLR I 114] the reconstruction is *zr (without any commentary), probably - in the view of the word for `person' in WCh 5 Zaar. Deriv.: C 7 Cuv mɛ-ɛlɛy `nom'. Deriv. *zVla- `young man': W 2 Mgh zəla `young man' [JgS], Mpn zla [FrM]. Cf. C 6 Kola zelЏŋ `man' [CLR]. a. Cf. *sVwVl- `(young) man': W 2 Ang wal `son', Goem la-swal `young unmarried man' [TAS 325]; C 2 Chb sal, Mrg əsal `man' [Meek], Bura sal `a male', pl., MrC sal `man, husband'; 9 Mnj suwul `gendre, daughter's husband'. Unexplainable initial s- in CCh (influenced by -l- ? Cf. `guinea fowl'). For sura-angas s- < *z- is regular, but sw- < *zw- is strange. May it be a plural form (cf. Bura) ? Marking plurality by devoicing of initial consonants in Chadic verbs was already under discussion. b. C *zVl- ` to name, to call': 5 Pod zəla `chat', VemgoM zalu `say' [HmG]; 7 Gis zəl, zal `rufen, nennen'; Ould -zalay `appeler'; Zlg zal(-ar) `appeler, inviter a° venir', Mofu -zǝl `(s') appeler', Mada azala `appeler, nommer', Mere zal `appeler'. According to D.Barreteau, derived < `man'. 463. *zVl- `lion': C 3 Bana ¼il ; 7 Zulgo azil, Mbuko ziyel, Mafa mariy-ele `lion'. Any relation to `man'? 464. *zVl- `rectum': W 2 Ang n-zɔl `Mastdarm, rectum' [JgA]; C 2 Bura zulum `the rectum'; 7 Mafa n-zazal `rectum des animaux'. a.*zVl- `hole': W 4 Diri zəlaagwa [SkNB]; C 10 Masa zul [Mo], sulla [Jg], zul `le trou' [CC]; E 5 WDng olo (o- < *zo-) `ouverture sur une palissade de paille defaite'. Deriv. `ravin, be deep': W 3 Pero oli `deep'; C *zVl-ŋ : 2 Bura zulang `deep'; 7 Muy ile `deep, hollow', Mofu zele precipice, ravin'. Cf. C 7 ¾Vl- `a deep ditch, abyss': Mada i¾el `fosse profond, ravin, precipice, ravin' > ¾VlVŋ `ditch, deep': Mofu alala `profond, deep', Ould 125 ʒalo `fosse, ditch'. A semantic and phonetic variant of *zul- `hole'. Note that both roots are attested in Mofu. 465. *zVl- `leather' C 7a Skn zal `fringe, leather' . The same root as *zVn- `to skin'? Verbal deriv. in n-: `to skin': W 4 Wrj, Mbu, Kar n-zəl- [SkNB]. 466. *zVl- `light(ning), brilliant': W 4 Paa n-elo `lightning'; Ould zlay `flamme, lumiere'; E 6 Mok ziile `name of a brilliant stone falling down from the sky'. Verbal deriv in n-: W 7 DB n-zilyu `blitzen; twinkle; to lighten' 467. *n-zVl- `kind of ant': W 2 Msh n-zele `kind of ant', Kfy mǝ°-zǝleŋ [TAS 424]; 5 Guus ʒilee ((ӡ- < *nz-) `black ant' [CrG]; C 5 Pod zəli zəli `flying termite'; 7 Mada zlav `sorte de fourmi', cf. Ould zàlàŋ `termitie°re'. 468. *zVl- `row, line, road': W 2 Ang zal `ridge of a field' [Fl]; C 8 Log zalan `Weg, Seite, road' [LkL], Mak zale `row, line, rang', 5 Pod zalawa `ligne', zəzala `to rang'. Note C 7 Muy ilib `in a line'. 469. *zV(wV)l- `belt, rope': W 2 Ang wal (< *zwal) `string bag' [Fp], Msh zaal, zaal `traditional woven belt' [TAS 421], Mgh zaal `traditional belt' [BlM], Goem zaal `ribbon' [Hlw]; 4 Wrj zalau `thread' [BlS]; 6 Bade zəl-zəla `long tethering rope'; C 5 Pod zawalaya `rope on the neck'; 7 Zlg zele `collier'. Note E 7 Brg zali `suspendre, to hang'. a. *zVl- `kind of cloth': W 2 Mgh ziyal, zal `woven cloth' [BlM], Mpn zaal `burial cloth' [FrM]; E 7 Mab zilma `clothes'. 470. zV(w)Vl-k- `eagle': C 3 Bana zəlikə `eagle', FK zələkə `eagle' [BN]; 5 Mlg zəla `eagle'; 6 Daba zələk  `faucon, falcon' [Lnhr]; 7 Ould zəlo `aigle', Mada ezlem `aigle ravisseur, eagle', Mafa ʒola (ʒo- < *zo-) `Aigle ravisseur'; E 5 Bid zawaale `faucon' (according to [JgB: 125], related to: zawa°l `chaser, to hunt'. Cf. 5 Pod zəla `kind of bird'. 471. *zVl-k- `pole, stick': W 3 Krkr ziilaa stick' [LkB], Bol zaala `forked pole on which roof of shelter rests' [GAB], Tng walla `walking stick'; 7 Bok zul 126 `Fechtstock, stick'; 6 Bade zəla^k `pole'; C 2 Bura zwal `cane, stick; stalk' (if not < *zbl); 4 Gude zala `club, heavy stick'; 7 C Mbuko zəlov `plantoir, planting stick', Mofu zala `manche de harpe'. 472. *zVl- `pointed': W 1 Hs zuluulu `a straight-headed spear'; 2 Goem zu°ul `become pointed or protruding' [Hlw]; C 7 Mafa zulhwa'a `pointu, allonge, pointed', zulumaʔa `long and pointed', Mada zle `pointu (nez)', Muy ile `pointed'. Cf. *Vll- `arrow'. Cf. noun deriv. *zVlb- `sharp point': C 2 Bura alba `kind of arrow', elba `narrow arrow head with 2 or 3 barbs'; 7 Mada zlev `piquant, pointu, aigu'. Deriv. in -n- ( from a deriv. in -m/n-) `sharp hook': W 3 Bol n-zilim, n-ilim `fish hook'; C 10 ZB n-ʒəla (*nz- > ZB nӡ-) `eperon'. 473. *zVm- `to eat, to feed, food': W 4 Wrj imw- `eat ( hard th.)' [CLR], C 1 Tera zəmi, VN zəm-nda [NmT]; 3 FK zəm `feed' [BN], HNk zimɛ [Meek], Bana zəmə `manger', 4 Bch zumo [Sk], Gude zəmə `eat', zəma `food', Bata zəmo [Mo], sum, Gudu zu^m [CLR]; 6 Daba zəm [CLR] `eat soft things'; 7 Mada azam `manger, Moloko zom `eat', Zlg zəm `manger', Gis zom, zum, zm `eat', Mofu -zəm- manger', Mafa zam- `spit out; chew'; 8 Log zem, zəm `essen' [LkL], zimi [Mo], səm [By-CLR] `eat soft food', zəmi `Speise' [LkL], Bud ham; 9a Gdr zəm [Mo]. // Arab ʔzm `mordre de moute la bouche, de toutes les dents` [BK I 30], zʔm `avaler avec avidite, to swallow greedily' [BK 967]. Cf. [CLR I 56 *zm]. Deriv. : C 3 Bana zəman‰i `alimenter, to feed'. a. C *zVm- `fourrage, grass': W 6 Bade zəm `grass'; 6 Daba zəm `l'herbe a fourrage' [Lnhr]; 7 Mofu ( )zəmay 'gras for animals in rainy season'; 9 Msg iim `Kraut , Grass' [LkM]. Cf. E 6 Mok zaami, pl. za^mbi `sauce'. b. C *zVm- `right' (= `right (hand)' ?): 1 Tera zəma right', 7 Cuv zam `droit', Mofu zəmay; 8 Log zəmi `rechts' [LkL]; 9 Mba muzam `right'. 474. *zVm- `to sow': W 4 Diri zimu, Paa ziima `sow' [CLR]; C 10 ZB zum `dig' [CLR], Masa zum `cultiver, labourer, semer' [CC]. Cf. W 2 Goem zam `farm, feld' [Fp]. 127 475. *zVm- `to ask': W 4 (deriv.) Wrj za-zumakai `to beg'; C 1 Tera zəmi [Kr] `ask'; 8 Log zaama `fragen, to ask' [LkL].// Arab zЃm `parler' [BK 992]. Note C 7 Ould zəmma idf. `low voice'. 476. *zVm- `to rob, to cheat a person': W 1 Hs zaamaa `defraud person of his proper share'; C 4 Gude zəmə `cheat, neglect to pay debts'; 8 Log zum `to rob' [LLog], Bud ham [LBud] `to rob' // Akk zummu^ `lack, miss, be deprived of'. For Akk - Logone see [OS 2632]. a. Cf. *zVmb- `to cheat': W 1 Hs zambaa `harm, tricking, deceiving'; C 5 Pod zamba `to cheat'. Note C 2 Bura si-zima `to catch a person by a trick' [Ann]. Verb. deriv. in t- : W 6 Duw zəm-to `snatch, wrest away, swoop down', Ngz za°am-tu `jerk out, snatch up (as a hawk catching a chicken)', Bade zam-tu `swoop down, snatch up' (contam. With *zV(wV)m `(to sit, to push) down'. 477. *zVm- `to inherit, to earn, to possess': W 1 Hs zumaami `list of one's possessions'; C 3 Bana əmə `salary'; 4 Gude zəmə `extract payment from someone; inherit'; 7 Mofu -zəm- `heriter, inherit'//Arab wzm `payer'. 478. *zVm- `to keep on doing, sitting': W 1 Hs zamaa `be, become, happen, keep on doing, sitting, settling room'; C 4 Gude amu `sitting on smth to press down'; 10 Masa zam `attendre, wait' [CC]. Verbal deriv. in -d- `to finish': C 7 Mbuko zəmed, Muy eimidey. Deriv.: W 1 Hs zauna, zamna 'sit down, settle, be a long time'// Eg zmn (Pyr) `sich aufhalten, sich verweilen, to stop, stay, dwell' [EG 453]. For Hausa - Eg see [OS 2608]. 479. *zV(wV)m- `(to sit, to push) down': W 2 Mgh zum `stoop, bend down' [BlS]; 3 Bol zuum- [LkBl], uum- [BOLDU] `sich niederhocken, squat', uumu [GAB], Ngm oom- ( < *zoom-) [VbN] `to squat';C 7 Ould zam ɣar `se pencher, to incline' (ɣar `head'). Cf. C 5 Pod zambara `to push down'. 480. *zVm- `to shave, to scrape': W 3 Bol zumaa `shave' [GAB], zum- `to shave' [LkBl]; C 7 Ould -zǝ°m `demanger; to itch'. 128 481. *zVm- `enter': W 4 Wrj zama `enter' [SkNB]. Deriv.: *zVm- `to follow, continue going': W 6 Duw zəmawo `go, pass through'; C 7 Zulgo za-zam `suivre, follow'. Noun deriv.: C 8 Log zummun `Furt, ford' [LkL]. 482. W *zVm- `to pull (out, along)': 1 Hs zaame° `draw out'; 3 Bol n-zamma `drag' (pl.?) Verbal deriv. in -t-: 6 Ngz zəm-tu `strip off, away', Bade zəm-tu `draw water with bucket, pull rope tight'. Note *zVm- `to move, to slide': 1 Hs zaame `to slope the side of railway cutting'; 3 Bol n-zamaa `budge, move aside'. 483. W *zVm- `to wish': W 1 (deriv.) Hs zumuudii `excessively keen, eager'; 2 Goem zum `wish, love' [Fp], zǝm `love, desire or agree' [Hlw]. Note *zVn-d- (if < *zVmd-) `to want + DO': W 3 Dera indai `desire for, love for'; C 5 Pod —nda `desir de viande, avidite, hunger for meat'; Guduf, Gava zinda, Chkd ʒinda, Chnn zinda-ɫʷa `hunger (meat)' [HmG]. 484. *zVm- (possibly, *zV-m < *zV `body', with a suff. of body-parts) `skin': C 1 Tera kə-zəm `skin' [NmT]; 2 Bura zam-zamia `leather water bag'; E 4 Karbo zama `Fell', zamin `Haut' [Luk]; 5 WDng zaama; 7 Brg zama [JgBr] `skin', Mab zam [JHM] `skin'.// [CLR II 182 A *zm `skin, body']. 485. *zVm- `blood; vein': W 7 `blood', coll.: Sha zom, pl. zomo^m, Kul zom; C 6 Daba zəmi `vein', zemi pay `root' [Lnhr]; E 4 Saba sam `blood' [DMT]. // Geez zam `blood' [LGz 638], Aram Mand zma, Syr zum, Omot Dime z/ʒumu `blood taken from an ox', Hamer zumʔu . For Semitic-Omotic cf. [MK], for Ron-Semitic see [EDE I 183]. Deriv.: W 4 Paa ziimaa `red earth (rubbed on body)' and C 7 Mafa imel `umbical cord'. Note W 2 Mgh zem `oil from a plant' [BlM]. 486. *zVm- `to ferment; a kind of alcoholic drink': W 3 Krkr iimu `smell sour, smell fermented', n-јiimu, n-iimu `ferment, become sour', n-iimo `sourness, acidity' [GK]; 6 Ngz јo°m `sour', јo°omu `to ferment' (hardly < 129 Kanuri com `sour'); C 7 Mafa zom `biere de mil'; 9 Muy zum `vine'.

Cf. C 2 Bura zaman `poison'. 487. W *zVm- `chicken, bird': 4 Mbu, Jmb zama `chicken', Jmb zami, Miya emi [SkNB], wuɫi emi, Siri zən-tsi (< zVm-tsV) [CLR] `bird', Paa zimii pl. `birds' [MS]; 5 Grn zum `guinea fowl' [Jag]. Cf. [CLR I 33 *zama]. 488. W 2 *zVm- `sickle': Ang im `Sichel', Chip ɛm, Goem iem [TAS 431]. a. C *zVm- `sharp, to sharpen': 4 Gude nʒamənʒam (nʒ < *nz-) idf. `sharp'; 7 Mafa zum- `aiguiser, sharpen', Mofu -zəm- , Zlg zəm ` e^tre tranchant', Ould azəm `sharp', Cuv aumɛ `tranchant', 7a Skn zəm `sharp (as a knife)' . Cf. W 6 Bade ziyam `cuspid, canine tooth'. 489. *zVm- `kind of antelope, bush animal': W 2 Ang n-zum `Antelope' [JgA]; 4 Wrj zama-ruwana `big bush animal' [BlS], Diri azuma-gwara, Jmb ima-kwan, Kar zuma-kwar `hartebeest' [SkNB]; C 7 Ould zeme°lmel `oryx algazel'. Cf. C 2 Bura zima-zima `a boar', zuma zuma `wild boar'. C 7 *ʔVzVm- `ram': Mofu ezem, zem, zemzeme `belier', Balda ʔeem, ʔaem `belier, ram' [TrB]; Aff sm, Shoe zam `Schlafbock' [Sol 256]. 490. *zVm- `kind of clothing': C 10 ZD im `ve^tement ancien qu'utilisait les ance^tres, ancien clothes', ZB zim; E (deriv.) 5 Bid zim-la `ve^tement, tissu, clothes, cloth', WDng ziminna `pagne des femmes, women cloth'. 491. *zVm- `friend': W 1 Hs zumu `man's friend of the same age', cf. zuuniyaa (< zumniya?) `a woman's female friend of the same age'; 3 Bol zo°omu `friendship' [GAB]; C 7 Gis ʒam, ʒom A `friend', om M [LkG], ʒamado `my enemy'. // cf. Arab zamam- `proche, voisin' [BK 1008]. a. C *zVm- `brother, sister': 3 Bana zəməmə `brother, one mother, one father', aməmə `sister, coisin'; 5a Hdi cf. zumali `older child' [BrH]; 7 Gis (zum) `sister', zum vo `sister'. b. W *zVm- `likeness': 1 Hs zam `exactly like...'; 4 Wrj zama-kasi `like him/her,likeness' [BlS]. 130 492. *zVm- `fight, war': W 1 Hs zaamani `war; enmity', zan-zoomaa (< *zam- zooma) `night attack at war time'; E 7 Mab zama `fight, lutte' [JHM].// Arab zuwām- `violent' > `combat' [BK 967] 493. *zVm- `branch, rod': W 2 Goem zam `a rod, a slender stick' [Hlw]; C 5 Pod zəma `tiges pour couvrir le toit, branches for thatching'; 7 Mada nzama `arbuste qui sert pour la vannerie; bush used for plaiting baskets' // Chadic is related to: Eg zmȵ.w pl. `branches of a tree' [MK], East Cushitic *zm- `twig, branch'. For Eg-Cush cf. [Dolg 1983:140] 494. *zVm- `snake': W 2 Mnt zɛm `Schlange' [FrM], Goem zwam `viper' [Hlw], Ang zemen `worm' gen. [Fp], Mpn n-zəme mar `angleworm' [Fp]; C 2 Bura zama-kiya `hairy caterpillar'; 5a Hdi zəm `long poisonouss snake' [BrH]; 7 Zlg ʒam℥am (if ӡ- < *nz-) `kind of snake'. 495. *zVm- `guinea corn': W 3 Bol nzeemo `unripe guinea corn heads'; C 4 Bch zumwe `guinea corn, sorghum' [SkNB]; 7 Gis zəmay `yellow millet'. 496. *zVm- `darkness, black': W 2 Mpn zam idf. `black jet ' [FrM]; C 2 Bura im `darkness, gloom', imbaru `black storm clouds'; 7 Mada zma-k zma-k `sombre, dark'; 9 Msg zemai `Osten, east' [LkM];10 Masa zim `l'obscurite, l'ombre, darkness, shade'; E 5 Bid zemzem `faire de l'ombre', zimzimo `ombre causee de nuage, obscurite', Mig ziimo `ombre, shade'. Deriv. E *zVmVl- : 6 Mok zimolo `sombre, obscure, dark'.// Eg zmȵw (XVIII) `darkness' [OS 2624]. Note that Eg ȵ may originate from l, r, y, ʔ. E 5 WDng zilim `black', Mig zilmo `became dark, gloomy', Bid zalam `couleur tirant sur le brun, colour close to brown' (if metath. < *zVmVl-). 497. *zVm- `bee, honey': W 1 Hs zuma° `bee, honey'; 5 Dott zom `bee' [CrD], Grn zuwun (< *zumun) `bee, honey' [Jag], Jimi zumnu [Cs]; C 7 Gis zaamam `bee'. If not < *zu-mam- , cf. *zV `a fly', mam/am `honey'. 498. W *zVm- `beans': 4 Wrj ʒamana Siri ʒami, Paa ɛma [CLR], Wrj zamana, Siri zami, Kar, Mbu ʒa^m, Jmb amay [SkNB]; 5 Bogh aam [Sm], Wang sam, Zaar zam [CLR], Guus zaam [CrG].

131 499. *zVm- `lion': C 9 Msg zenim (metath. < *zVm-n) [Luk]; 10 Masa zimi [Mo]; E 1 Kwang (Mogdel) zem-ki [Luk], semki, semgi [CLR dial. Mobu]. Cf. C 7 Muktele јі°m-dǝ°lі`leopard' [CLR]. Cf. [CLR I 112]. 500. W 3 *n-zVm- `griffon': Bol n-zimoki `griffon' [GAB], Krkr n-zimo `Ruppell's griffon'[GK], Ngm (G ) nzimo, (Y) n-ziimo [NEH]. 501. *zVmVr- `urine/tears' (pl. in -r- ?) C 10 Masa zumur `urine' E 6 Mok zumi/ur-so (note -s- as a suf. of singularity) `larme, a tear', pl. zumari. 502. *zVm- `be good, beautiful, in good health': W 1 Hs zaama `good luck'; 2 Ang zum `prosperity, good health' [Fl], Mpn zu-zum `recover from pain'; 5 Guus zəm `good, appropriate' [CrG]; C 5 Pod zamə zama `divertissant, amusant'; 10 Msg ziiem `schn, beautiful' [LkM]. 503. *zVm- `greedy, evil': W 3 Krkr n-ziimaa `miserliness, stinginess' [GK], Ngm (G) n-ziima `gluttony' [NEH]; C 9 Mulwi zum-di `e^tre malin, ruse, evil', Mnj zim-di `e^tre malin'. 504. *zVm- `be warm': W 6 Bade zəmma `warm', Duw zəm `warmth'; C 7 Mlg zəm-zəme `warm', E 5 WDng zɔm `tiede, warm'; 7 Ubi zumzum `tiede, lukewarm' [Alio]. 505. *zVm- `big (number)': W 1 Hs zimma `size, quantity, number'; 2 Mgh zam `sehr, viel, very, many' [JgS], Mpn zam [FrM] `very much'; C 7 Mofu za-zam `grand, long'. W *zVm- `milliped' (`big number of legs'): 2 Mgh zimen `milliped' [BlS]; 3 Krkr n-zumaayaa [GK], Ngm (G) n-zaanzamaya `centipede' [NEH]. 506. *zVn- `to gather, to crowd': W 5 Zaar zuun `to crowd round smb.' [CrZ]; E 6 Mok zo^zo (-ŋ# < *-n-) `numerous, abandant'. Deriv.: C 9 Mulwi zinngi `ressembler'. Note W 1 Hs iniinaa `in large quantity' (*zi- > ¾i-). 507. *zVn- `to do, to serve': C 3 Bana ən `refaire'; 9 Mnj zini `(rendre) service'. Noun deriv.: W 4 *ba-zini `maiden': Wrj ba-ziniy-ai, Mar, Miya ba-zəni

132 [SkNB]. Note b- pref., denoting people/animals. 508. *zVn- `to sit, stay (for some time)': C 8 Log zen `sitzen, bleiben'; E 6 Mok ʔozzine `passer, rester une annee, quelque part'.// Arab znʔ `rester a°° une endroit' [BK 1015]. Note W 5 Grn a^n `year' [Jag]. 509. *zVn- to bend': E 3 cf. Tum in `incliner'; 5 Mig zono `baisser la te^te, to bow head'; 6 Mok zonyinye `bend, descend'.// Ara zЃn `pencher vers qqn' [BK 993]. Deriv.: *zVn-g- `to bend (with effor)': C 7 Cuv mɛ-ɛgɛy `courber', Mafa zang- `renverser, pencher un recipient'. Cf. C 7 Mafa ingid- `pencher, incliner (objet lourd)'. Note W 3 Krkr zawanu `rainbow' [GK] and 2 Goem zwa°an `fishing hook' [Hlw]. 510. *zVn- `to look attentively': W 1 Hs zoonai (< *zwn, or < *zCn) a `stedfast look'; C 7 Mbuko aza `regarder attentivement pour pieger qqn, look attentively'. Verb. deriv. *zVn-k- `to spy':W 3 Krkr zi-k- `ersphen, to spy' [LkK], Bol zig- `gucken, sphen'[LkB], z/ѕі̀ngā `espy, see, catch sight of,peer'[GAB]. 511. *zVn- `row; arrange in a row': W 1 Hs eenee (¾e- < *ze-) `raw of reaped corn'; in file'; 2 Goem za°an `put smth in a line' [Hlw]; 3 Ngm zan-da (G) `row of harvested cornstalks' [NEH]; C Mulwi zizini `ranger, arranger, reparer', Mnj zizini `arranger, ranger, mettre en ordre'. a. *zVn- `to stretch, to straighten' (< Arab?): W1 Hs zaana° `stretch'; 2 Mgh zan `stretch (legs, arms)' [JgS], zan `to straighten' [BlM], C 10 Log zun ala `stretch' [AlL]. Deriv. W 1 Hs za°nda°n `great length', zandamii `very tall or long'. Deriv. C 5 Pod zəzaa `trai^ner', zəzaaha zəzaa `e^tre long'. Note C 2 Bura ang `vertebra'. 512. *zV(wV)n- `pour' > *n-ʒVn- `soak, be wet': W 2 Goem uan (ʒ- < zw-) `pour' [Fp]; 3 Bol n-zono `Untertauschen, im Wasser versinken, to soak' 133 [LkBl], n-zonu `dive, submerge', n-zuna `dampness of wall', nzunaa `be wet', n-zaanu `dump a liquid, pour down' [GB], Tng yee `to soak'; 4 Diri zan- `pour away' [SkNB], E 5 Bid zenyzeny `ruisseler, suinter, to ooze'. // Cf. Akk zanānu `rain' [OS 2609]. 513. W *zVn- `to go': W 2 Mgh zonzon `to walk aimlessly' [BlS]; 4 Wrj zanei `go away!' pl.; 5 Mng (m) za, (k) nzaəy `go',Tala (z) za `go' [Cs]. Deriv.: *zVn-g- `to run': 1 Hs zan-gayaa `run hard'. 514. W *zVn- `to tell': W 2 Kfy zene `story'[TAS 424]; 6 Bade zənu `say,tell'.Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs zan‰ee, pl. zantuka `conversation' 515. W *zVn- `to skin': 1 Hs zaanaa `sloughing of a snake' > `snake's skin'; 2 Bol zino `skin'; 4 Siri z—nu `to skin' [SkNB].// [OS 2625]. Note 2 Goem zwaan `take off' [TAS 429]. 516. *zVn- `granary': W 7 Sha ʔazen `Getreidespeicher im oberen Teil einer Hutte, granary'; C 9 Mnj zo `grenier en vannerie'; 10 ZB zəna `granary'. Note W 1 Hs zun-tu `house'. 517. *zVn- `(woman's) body-cloth': W 1 Hs zane `woman's body-cloth'; 3 Krkr zanai `clothes' [GK]; 5 Guus zani `loin-cloth, woman's body-cloth' [CrG]; 6 Bade zanai `gown, wrapper', Duw zənay; C 5 Mlg zane `man's clothes'; 7 Mbuko zana `clothes', Muy azana `cloth'; 8 Log zanne `shawl, Umschlagtuch' [LkL], zane `cloth worn by women' [AlL]. 518. *zVn- `adultery': W 1 Hs zinaa‰e-zinaa‰ee `repeated acts of adultery'; C 2 Bura zani `a prostitute'; 8 Mak nzino `adultery' [AlM]. //Arab zny `commmetre l'adulte°r' [BK 1018]. Note C 3 FK yan-kəla `veneral disease' [BN] 519. *zVn- `(gourd) laddle': W 3 Krkr eeni (irregular reflex, a loan?) `laddle' [GK]; 6 Bade zeeni `gourd laddle', Duw zaanai; C 2 Bura eni `kind of gourd', an-tu `kind of gourd'; 5 Wnd ani `Lffel, spoon' [Luk], Pod ene `louche, big spoon'; 7 Ould zene `calebasse a° manche long'. 520. *zVn- `to surpass, chief': W 2 Goem zwan `to surpass s.o. a bit' [Hlw]; C 2 134 Bura zanuwa `address of respect to a superior'; 5 Pod zanə-wa `patron'. Cf. W 1 Hs zan-ḳe `protrude, be out of line; exceed, be superior'. 521. *zVn- `sprouts': W 7 Bok n-zaan `frischer weicher Sprssling, sprout'; 7a Skn zən `sprouted millet' a. *zVn- `to grow': C 4 Gude zəa `begin growing'; 7 Mbuko zənak `elargir'. Note W 3 Krkr zangilan `growing up, maturity' (compound). 522. *zVn- `kind of worm': W 3 `guinea worm': Bol zaana [GAB], Ngm zaana (G), zaana (Y), Krkr nzaana [GK]; C 3 FK aan `earthworm' [BN]; 4 Gude zazəna `worm'; E 3 Tum wə-hanyəm `chenille'. a.*zVn- `python': W 7 Sha ne `Python'; C 6 Daba zəzən `python' [Lnhr]. b. C 10 *zVn- `kind of lizard': ZD in `lezard aquatique et comestible', ZB ʔizin `lezard sp', Masa zin `varan' [CC]. 523. a. *zVn- `bee': W 3 Krkr zinzin `mud-dauber wasp' [GK]; E 5 Mig zeenzenga `gue^pe maҫonne', Bid ʔezeeze `gue^pe, wasp'; 6 Mok za^zaa `gue^pe maҫonne'. Cf. C 4 Gude moo-inyinə `kind of biting insect', mo zia, Nzn mwa zia [Meek] `bee'. 524. W *zVn- `smallpox': W 1 Hs zaanee `a stripe, marking, pattern; drawing; small-pox (marks)' (? zana `draw, ornament' < Arab); `smallpox': 2 Mpn (u)wa (< *zwan < *zuzan-) [FrM]; 3 Bol zanzana [GAB], Ngm (G) zan- zana, (Y) zazana [NEH]; 4 Wrj zanzanai [BlS]. All < Hs ? Cf. W 2 Ang zang `ornament' [Fl]. 525. W 3 *n-zVn- `west, yesterday, afternoon': Pero ‰ono `yesterday' [FrP], Krkr nzano [GK], nzanau, Bol zono, Ngm nzono, Gera noni, Dera wono [SchV], Bol zoni `west; afternoon' [GAB], Ngm (G) zoni `late afternoon, west'; (G) nzono, (Y) nzono `yesterday' [NEH]. C *zVn-zVn-/mV-zVn- `dark, shadow': 7 Mbuko zənzen adj. `noir', Ould zizizi adj. `tres sombre, sale, tenebreux, very dark, dirty', Muy i i `dark', Mada zeze `obscur, sombre, dark', Zlg zizi `obscur, sombre', Cuv 135 mɛ-ɛ `ombre, shadow'. W and Chadic most probably originate from one and the same Chadic root. 526. *zVn- `bad smell, to smell': W 3 Tng yine `to smell'(or <*sVn id.); 4 Wrj zong `bad smell' [BlS]; 5 Saya o `smell' [Cs], Guus zo-tə `to smell', zo-tə `smell' [CrG]; C 3 Bana zən `sentire, puer, odeur' n.; 4 Gude zənə `smell smth; have an odour'. Note W 4 Paa euna-ka `musk-shrew' [MS]. 527. *zVn- `true, certain': W 2 Ang zin `true' [Fl], Mpn zeen `truth' [FrM], Goem sen, Kfy sen sen (regular devoicing) `truth' [TAS 424], Mgh zeen-zeen `truth' [BlM]; C 9 Mnj zəna `nom d'honneur'; 10 ZB nʒe (*nz- > ZB nӡ-) `honne^te, certain, confiance, honest, sertain'. A loan? 528. *zVng- `to push': W 2 Goem zwa° `stuff or pack smth (into a tight-fitting opening or container)' [Hlw].// Arab znЃ `pousser, repousser' [BK 1016]. Deriv.: W 6 Duway zungudo `push'; C 7 Mafa zǝngǝd (caus.) `to push'. 529. W *zVn(g)- `hyena': W 3 Krkr zan-ai `hyena' [GK], Ngm (Y) zenge, (G) zonge `hyena' [NEH], Bol zonge `hyena' [GAB]. C *zV- `kind of feline': 5a Hdi zia`leopard'; 10 Masa ziii `panthe°re' [CC]. 530. C *zVngʷ- `donkey': C 5a Htk zua [LkH]; 5 Pod əwa `ass'; 7 Mbuko zungo, Ould aziwa, Muy azogʷo , Mada ozogwo, Gis zugo, Mofu zəwaw, Cuv zɔgʷɔ; 7 Skn zungwa (Wolff zugwa) `donkey' . 531. *zVn-k- `tuft of hair': 1 Hs zan-koo `tuft of hair'; 2 Ang zung `tuft of hair' [Fl], Kfy, Goem zu `tuft of hair' [TAS 427]; 3 Krkr zan-koo `crest' [GK]. Cf. 4 Wrj zaniyei `eyebrows' [BlS]. 532. *zVr- > *n-zVr- `to drip': W 3 Ngm (G) zara^ `leak' [NEH], Krkr n-zaraa `drip, leak out (air, water)' [GK]; 5 Zaar zor `drain off by filtering through a basket' [CrZ]; 6 Bade zarzara idf. `in trickles'. Deriv. in -t-: W 3 Krkr n-zaraatu `pour in drops' [GK]; 6 Bade zarzar-tu `leak, drizzle out'; C 7 Mafa zər-t- `lasser couler la sauce en filet'. Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs ma-zuraarii `natural channel'; 3 Glm zarku [SchB] 136 `watercourse'; 4 Cagu zardən`river, watering place' [SkNB]; 6 Bade zərkə^k `small to medium watercourse'; E 5 Bid zuro `courant'; 7 Ubi zurre `courant d'eau, current; fluent; stream' [Alio]. a. *zVrVk- `valley, ditch': W 3 Bol zirki `through-shaped valley, shallow relief depression' [GB], zirki, irki `valley; borrow pit' [IbBl], Krkr zərgə (voicing in contact) `valley' [LkK]; C 2 Bura zirku `small stream; ditch'; E 5 WDng zurkika `rigole, fosse'. Cf. *zVl- `to pour in, out', *Vr- `stream'. 533. *zVr- `to slice, to make tribal marks': W 3 Bol zura `slice' [GB]; 5 Zaar zЌ°ri vi° `tribal marks on cheeks' [CrZ]. a, *zVr- `to cut branches': E 5 Bid zaar `couper des branches, emonder'. Noun deriv.: W 5 Guus zar-to `a saw' [CrG]. b. W *zVr- `spurs': 2 Mgh zire, n-zire `iron horse-anklet (to increase speed)' [BlM], n-zərɛ `Sporn' [JgS]; 3 Krkr zirinka `spurs' [GK], 6 Bok zara^ `spores'.//Arab zirr- `pointe de l'epee' [BK 983]. Cf. *¾Vr- `to cut in stripes'. 534. *zVr- `to wander, to walk (to and fro)': W 1 Hs zaryaa `going to and fro quickly'; E 5 WDng oore (¾o- < *zo-) `aller a l'aventure (eg. periode de famine)'; 6 Mok zo^rwe `vagabonder'// Arab zrḥ `changer la place, quitter un lieu et venir dans un autre' [BK 984]. Deriv. in -n-/-l-: W 5 Bade zərnu `set out on a journey'; C 9 Mnj zurli `aller et venir sans cesse', Mulwi zurli changer d'avis souvent, ne pas tenir en place, to change place of living permanently'. Note C 7 Ould nzaro `arrive'; 7a Skn zar `follow, find' . Deriv. in -k-: E 5 */zVr-k-: Mig orkiyo (¾o- < *zo-) `suivre, follow', WDng orke `run after smb, try to catch, join'. 535. *zVr- `to stretch, to pull': W 1 Hs zaaraa `draw out, pull'; 6 Ngz za°ru´ `pull'; C 6 Daba zər `pull up, stretch'; 7 Mofu -zazar- `(s') allonger, etirer, to stretch'. Deriv. in n- : W 3 Krkr n-zaru `drag, pull with a rope (e.g., a goat)'[GK]. Deriv. in -ḍ-: C 7 Mofu -zər-d- `s'etirer, s'allonger, to stretch'. a.*zVr- `to tear': W 3 Pero aaro `tear (calabash, cloth)'; C 10 ZB n-ʒor (*nz- 137 > nʒ-) `dechirer, to tear in pieces'.// Arab zrr `arracher le poil en tirant poil par poil' [BK 982]. Deriv.: C 7 Mofu -zər-t- `casser en tirant (cord, habit), dechirer, to tear, tear by pulling (rope, cloth)'. Deriv.: E 5 Mig zir-po `arracher une branche (a la main), tear off a branch (by hand)' 536. *zV(wV)r- `to look, to examine': C 5 Mlg ara `sehen,beobachten, see, watch', Glv ɛr `to look'; 7 Mbuko zərzor `examiner', Mol zəroy `notice, inspect', Gis zəzar `anstarren, ansehen, look at'. Deriv. *zVr-d- `scrutinize': C 7 Mbuko zəred `scruter; scrutinize', Mol zərday `watch intently', Mafa zərd- `regarder'. Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs mu-zuurai (if < *zVwVr) `staring about'. Note *ir- (? < *zir-) `to watch': C 5 Pod —ra `look at, watch, visit'; 7 Cuv mɛ-nɛrɛy `regarder'. 537. *zV(wV)r- `to hang (down)': W 5 Zaar za°ra°џ idf. `dangling', zЌ°ri° zЌ°ri° `hanging down idf. [CrZ];. E 5 Bid zer `pendre, retrograder, abaisser, regresser'; 6 Mok zoore `pendre; hang'. Deriv. E 5 Bid zirad `pendre, etrangler'. 538. *zVr- `to burn, to boil': C 10 ZB zar `bouillir (liquide)'; E 2 Lele si°r `mettre la feu' ; 5 WDng zɛɛrɛ `incendier, mettre le feu', EDng zewire `flammen, to flame'; 7 Zir ar-zera `burn' [HJ]. Cf. C 7 Zlg n-ʒart idf. `smth. completely burnt up'. Noun deriv.: W 3 Krkr ziiwuri `steamed meat or vegetables' [GK]. Note E 6 Mok ʔozoro `branchet (pour griller), branches for roasting'. 539. *zVr- `to call': W 4 Miya, Mbu zar-, Jmb za^r- `to call' [Sk-CLR]; E 5 Mig ooro (o- < zo-) `to call; appeler' [JgM] . Cf. W 4 Wrj zərgwai `crying' [BlS]. 540. *zVr- `to tremble': C 9 Mulwi ziriyi `trembler', Mnj ziriyi `trembler'. Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs ma-zarii `trembling of the body'. Deriv.: C 4 Gude zərəkə `throb with pain' 138 541. *zVr- `to break' (attested in deriv.): W 4 Wrj n-zar- `break' [Sk-CLR]. //Arab zrḥ `fracasser la te^te ou un membre' [BK 984]. Deriv.:W 6 Bade zər-tu `pound corn for the second time'; C 9 Mulwi zur-vi `repiler du mil (for the second time), pound grain (for the second time', Mnj zirvi `piler (le mil) pour o^ter le son, to peel by pounding'. 542. *zVr- ` to sprout': C 7 Mbuko zaray `pousser par terre (haricots)', Zlg zara `faire de pousses, long sprouts'. Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs zarbaa `sprig of dates'. 543. *zVr- `to throw, to lance': C 6 Daba zer 'verser, jeter a co^te', E 5 WDng zɛɛrɛ `lancer, jeter (stick, stone)', CDng zɛrɛʔ, WDng zeere `lancer' [CJ]. 544. W *zVr- `to laugh': W 2 Ang ur, war [Or, Fl], Mgh war [JgS], Chip war [JgC], Mnt owe (< *sVrw), Goem swarr [Fp], shwar [Hlw]; 3 Bol zuru `laugh at', zur- [LkB], Krf ʔi nura `to laugh' [Stl], nura `laughing' [SchB], Glm zəra `laugh' n. [SchB], Tng wure, Krkr ziraw v. [CLR], ziro n. [GK], Ngm zur- [VbN] `to laugh', (G) zuro, (Y) zuro `laughter' [NEH], Pero ‰uro `laughter', ‰uuro `laugh'. Cf. [CLR I 108 D *ziraw]. 545. *zVr- `person' > `name': W 4 Siri zəri `body' (if not < Ch *zV `body') [SkNB]; 5 Zaar zaar `human beeing [Crz], Guus zaar ` human being' [Cr]; C 5a Lmn z—ra, Htk zəra, zəri `name' [LkH]; 5 VemgoM zər, zəru `name' [HmG], Mlg iire `Name, name', Mnd јіra [Mo]; 7a Skn zər, iri `woman, wife' . Cf. *zVʔVl- `man', note that both roots are attested in C 5a. Noun deriv.: C 8 Log zar-ma `Stalknecht, Pferdjunge, a servant' [LkL]. a. *zVr- `brother, sister': W 4 Diri zər `younger brother', zərən `elder' [Sk-CLR]; C 3 Bana z(ə)ra `nom du deuxie°me ne'; 5 Glv zəraa-ba `brother'; 10 ZB nʒur (*nz- > ZB nӡ-) `frere, brother', nʒar `sister', ZD nzar `soeur, cousine', nzur `frere, cousin' [Cpr]. b. *zur- `descendant': W 6 Bade zuuriya `descendants'; C 8 Mak zur `descendant' [AlL]. 546. *zVr- `thread', *zVwVr- `rope': W 1 Hs zaree `thread', zaari°yaa `a trauser -string'; 3 Grm uura [SchB], Krkr zoori, Ngm zoori, Gera zura, Dera woori 139 [SchV], Bol zoori `rope' [BOLDU]; Ngm (Y) zare `thread' [NEH]; 5 Guus zare `a thread' [CrG]; 7 Kul zar `rope, string'; C 8 Mafa zar-zarraʔa `like a thread, filiform'. // Eg zȵ [*zr] `cattle-hobble', zȵr.w `Feseln, Bande' and Hbr ʔzr `umgμrten, to girdle'. External parallels were suggested in [EDE I 178-9], Deriv. or an Arab loan: W 3 Ngm (G) zaarara `tethering an animal with a long rope to allow it to graze' [NEH]// Arab zwr, zhr `attacher une be^te avec la corde, to tie an animal with a rope' [BK 1025]. Deriv. in -d-: E 5 WDng zer-de `attacher fortement, ligoter, to tie tightly'. Cf. E 1 Kera zo°o°re°, Kwang seere´ [Jg] `to sow'. Noun deriv. *(n)ʒVr- `a net, fish trap': W 6 Bade zirya `large fish trap'; C 5 Mada n-zarawa `filet a grandes mailles'; 7 Zlg nʒarawa (nӡV-<*nzV-) `filet; sac'; 8 Makari zari `a net' [AlM]; 10 ZB zəra `piege trappe'. 547. *zVr- `a horse (of specific colour)': W 1 Hs ziiru `a strawberry-roan horse'; 5 Zaar uur, Zakshi gu-zirr `horse' [CLR], Guus ʒuur (ӡiwur < јiwur; or < ӡiru < јiru < Hs) `horse'; E 5 WDng zɛɛrɛ `white horse'. 548. *zVr- `hole (in a human's body)': W 4 Paa n-ir `anus'; C 2 10 Lame zira, Masa zula `hole' [Kr], ZD zəra `trou', ZB zəra `narine, orbite, trou, vagin, hole, anus'.// Arab zirr- `cavite de l'os, creux dans le bois' [BK 983]. 549. *zVr- `big tree': W 2 Ang zar `name of a large tree' [Fl]; 3 Krkr zari-zari kind of tree' [GK]; C 10 Log zaara `Sykomore'. 550. *zVr-(b)- `(fodder) grass': W 3 `fodder grass Gigitaria debilis': Bol nzaura (< n-zabra, metath ?) [GAB]; Krkr zariya [GK], Ngm (G) eeriya [NEH]; 7 Bok mu-zaar `saftiges Grass nahe am Wasser'; C 5 Mlg zar-va `Sesam'; 7 Ould zara-va `gras'. a. C *zVr- `pile of stalks': 7 Mofu zalak `gerbe de mil', Cuv ma-zalak `tas de tiges'; 9 Mnj zaraw `botte de cereales avec des epis; fascicle of cereals with ear'. 551. *zwVr- `thigh': W 2 Ang waar, dwaar `thigh' [Fl], waar `Schenkel' [JgS]; C 7 Mbuko zar `taille, hanche', Muy ʒarakay (irreg. ʒ < *z-) `hip'.

140 552. *zVr- `a hoe': W 6 Bade zəl-ka^ (-lk- < *-rk-) `hoe (short handle, curved blade)', Duw zər-ka `hoe'; C 2 Bura zora `kind of hoe; second hoeing'. 553. *zVr- `respect, honour': 5 Pod —rəwa `honte, respect', Glv iruw(a) `glory', 7 Muy irwi `shame, respect, benefit', Mada zerwe `reputation, honneur, honte, timidite, reputation, honour, shame'. Note W 4 Wrj zəɣər `to praise' [BlS]. Deriv.: *zVr-k- `to care, to help' : W 6 Duw zər-ko `care for sick person'; E 5 Bid or-koy ( o- < zo-) `secourir, help, pre^ter main forte'. Note C 3 Bana əxwur `compassion, pity, mercy' (metath.?). 554. *zVr- `slope': C 4 Gude ir `inclined, slope'; E 6 Mok zire `pic, pente abrupte'. Verbal deriv.: E 5 Bid zoror `descendre une pente, go down along a slope'. Note E 6 Mok zor-ke `staircase'. 555. *zVr- `bad smell, taste': W 1 Hs zaarii `odour of urine' (cf. zaryaa `a k. of skink'); C 8 Mafa zurkwaʔa `bad smell of a fresh fish', Mada zrek zrek `fade, mauvais (au gout)'; E 5 WDng zirit zirit `salty, disgusting'. 556. *n-zVr- `star': W 2 Grk dar-kir (d- < *z- is regular) [Fp], Mpn zar, [FrM],Sura zar [JgS], Ang zaar [Or], Chip zər [Kr], Mnt zai (-r - > -y- regul.) [Fp], Ank sum-ar (devoicing in contact) [Fp] sem-shaar [Hlw] (sem `sky); 7 DB n-oret (nzo- > nѕo-); C 2 Bura ʒarʒar (ӡ- < *nz-?) 'the morning star'//For a cognate cf. Arab zhr `to shine (moon)'. Berb *ziri 'moon' [Sem-Ham 3264] 557. *(n)zVr- `worm': C 7 Mafa n-zərnavay `ver de terre sp.', Mada on-zor `vers intestinaux'; 7a Skn mu-nzər-dedum `earthworm'; E 5 Bid zar-da `tenia'. Cf. C 10 ZB zur `kind of snake'. 558. W *zVwVr- `hut': Bol zuura `living quaters within a compound (for son, brother)'; 5 Guus zawre `entrance hut'; C *zVr- `roof': 3 FK zər `make a thatch roof'; 4 Gude zərazəra `mat awning or shed'. 559. W *(n)zVr- `bee, wasp': 1 Hs zanzaroo (<*zar-zaro) `maison-wasp'; 2 Mpn 141 zar `bee-fly' [FrM]; 3 Ngm (G) n-zarei `hornet'. 560. *zVr-k- `crow': W 3 Krkr nzaraku [LkK] (also naraku [GK]); 4 Miya arakə, Kar zarazar, Cagu aaren [SkNB]; 2 Bura zilaku (-l-<*-r-) `crow'; 5 Mlg zalaake `crow'; 9 Mnj zeleke `corbeau-peu', Mba naalaka `pied crow', Msg elleke `Rabe' [LkM]. 561. *zVr-(b)- `heron': W 1 Hs zar-be; E 5 Bid orooya `heron', WDng ¾oribaya `esp. de heron'; 7 Tor oore `heron garde-boeuf' (o- < zo). 562. C *zVrVw- `ostrich': 5 Mlg irwe , Glv iruwa; 7 Muy irwe, Mada zer-ve, Zlg zirwe. 563. *zVr- `to be narrow': W 1 Hs 1 ziiriirii `narrowness', 3 Krkr zeereeree `tall and thin' (< Hs?) [GK]; C 4 Gude zar `long an thin' adj. idf.; 7 Mafa cf. n-ʒaraʒa, n-ere ʒe `elance, mince, thin'; E 7 Brg zir-kanta `mince, thin' (compound). a. *zVr- `to lose weight, to reduce': W 6 Duw zərawo `reduce; Bade zəlu `reduce, decrease'; E 5 Mig ziraw `maigrir, lose flesh', EDng zɛ°r-zi°r `verkleinern, to reduce'. Deriv.: in -k-/-g- : C 5 Pod zərəka `lose weight, maigrir', 7 Mada azlak `maigrir'; E 5 Bid zereg `maigrir, lose flesh', EDng zi°rgЊ `be thin'. Deriv in -b-: C 7 Mofu -nər-b-`maigrir'; 8 Log zer-ba `lose flesh'[AlL].Note that W 2 Msh zerere `very narrow, tiny' is not a Compound (as suggested in [TAS 424]), but rather a loan. 564. *zVr- `many': W 5 Zaar zu°rzu°r `numerous' [CrZ]; C 2 Bura zurzur `very many (of people)' idf.; 4 Gude zərəʔi `many' idf. Deriv.: C 8 Mak z—r-ka `addition, supplement'. 565. *zVr- `good, beautiful': W 2 Angas zar `good, appreciated' [Fl]; 6 Bade zariyau `beautiful, nice'; C 5 Pod eriya `beauty', Mlg zariya `beautiful'. Note C 8 Mak zarzar `good smell' and E 1 Kera ѕo°ro¹y `youth, beauty'.

142 *C

566. *cV `to catch (and hold in hand), to take (one thing)': W 2 cf. Mgh a `to pick, carry heavy load' (contam. with *sVʔ- `to carry, bring') [BlM]; C FK sə `to catch smth (as grasshopper), to hold in hand' [BlN]; 5 cf. Mlg a `erhalten, become, get'; 8 Mak si° , Afd ci^ `take (one thing)' [Tr], Log si `catch' [LkL] , Gul si `take' [Luk: 150]. Cf. *Vw- `to catch, to pick'. Note that both roots are attested in Karekare. Cf. C 8 Log sxɔ `nehmen', cf. s—xa-wun, i-wun `snatch', s—xel kil, el kil `to fish' [AlL]. 560. *cV `to pull': W 4 Paa ca `close door; pull' [MS]; C 8 Kus «і, Afd ci [tsi] `tirer' [Tr], Mak si `pull, tirer'. Cf. Afd coʔo° `tirer,arracher, to tear' [Tr]. 561. *cVV `cut (wood)': W 2 Goem sɛ `to split' [TAS 314]; 3 Tng sɛɛ `cut wood with hoe or big knife, chop, slay with sword, hew, fell'; 4 Siri cii `cut, chop' [SkNB]; C 7 Muy asay `cut', Zlg sas (redupl.) `to cut, divide with a sharp instrument', Balda sii `couper, cut' [TrB]; 9 Mnj siwi `couper en petits morceaux, cut in small pieces'; 10 Masa sii `couper' [CC]. Cf. *Vʔ `to chop'. 562. *cV(y)- `to give': W 4 Wrj ‰a-, Kar ‰iy-, Miya ca-, Mbu ci-, cey-, Jmb i-, a- `give' [CLR-Sk]; C 9 Mnj si `donner', Msg sa(a), za [LkM], Mulwi si

`donner'.// cf. Sem *wsʕ: Sab ws3ʕ `decree, ordain//to grant, give', Arab wsʕ `permettre qqch a qqn, to allow smth to smb', Yem `to allow' [Oh 404]. Cf. W 2 Ang ii `wages, hire' [Fl], 7 Kul siyaw `Lohn, salary' ( < *s/*c/*ˆ). 563. *cV(w)- `to cook, to boil': W 5 Guus sii `prepare tuwo'; C 8 Afd ce^ `cuire (a° l'eau), boil (in water)' [Tr], Mak se `cook' [AlM], Bud haw, ho `sieden, kochen'. a. *cVw- `to warm, warm': W 4 Miya cuwcuw `warm' [Sch]; C 9 Mulwi siwi `chauffer, e^tre en colere', Mnj siwi° `chauffer, to warm'. 564. *cVw/ʔ- `to weep, to cry': C 2 Bura suwa `to yell'; 8 Mlt səway, Afd cəway, Mak, Glf səway, Kus, Log səway, Mazera, Zina ‰əway `pleurer; cry, weep' [Tr 5], Afd utsue, Sao sue [Sol N 661], Bud iičoei, ‰oy (note special reflex of medial *-c- before -o-:*-co- > -čo-) `weinen, heulen'; 10 ZB siʔi `se lamenter, 143 pleurer, sanglotter, to complain, to weep'; E 3 Smr soʔə, Tum həw [CLR] `weep'; 5 WDng sɔɔyɛ `se mettre a pleurer et crier, to burst out crying, weeping'.// Sem *sʔsʔ: Akk sa^ʔu `cry (of pain)' and Hbr sʔsʔ `shout to stir sheep/goats; cry `sa-sa'. 565. *cV `blood': C 8 Mlt si, Afd ci [Tr 5], Kus s-ki° [Tr], Log x-sii [Luk], Mak s-ki [Tr], Bud či (note specific reflex in roots with second velar spirant: (*x-ci > x-či > či, but not x-hi); Ngala ‰esi [Sol N 328]; E 4 Mawa se-t (cf. sit `body' < si-t) [Rob], Ubi se-de [Alio]. a. W 4 *cV(cV) `red': Siri cucu, Diri cawa, Jmb iyu [SkNB]. 566. *cVwVʔ- `morning': W Miya cuwai, Mbu cuwi, Kar cəwai, Wrj ceyəwi `morning' [SkNB], W 4 Paa caa, cii `to get light, to dawn' [MS]; C 8 Mak sisu `dawn' [AlM]; E 6 Mok sooʔe `matin, morning'. a. *sVw- `tomorrow': W 4 Paa suu `tomorrow' [MS]; 5 Grn soo `tomorrow'; C 7a Skn aə `next year' [DS]; 10 ZD iw `demain', ZB siu `tomorrow'. 567. *cVb- `to talk, to speak': W 2 Mpn ap `talk, discussion, noise, voice', ap `to talk' [FrM]; 3 Tng saba `word, speech'//Eg sbh (Pyr) `to cry, schrien' [EG IV 90]. Deriv. C 7 Mafa caval `parole, mensonge, discussion, word, speech'. 568. *cVb- `to make clean': W 1 Hs ˆab/f cab/f `spotless cleanness' (devoicing at the very and and in contact with -t-); C 4 Bch subwa [SkNB] `to wash'. Deriv.: W 1 Hs ˆabta, ˆafta° `cleanness', ˆabta‰ee `to clean'. 569. *cVbVʔ- `to drink, to suck': W 3 Tng saabɛ (< *saʔabe) `scoop water with hands to drink'; C 8 Zina čǝ°yḅǝ° (‰- does not reflct Ch *s-) `to suck' [Tr].// Hbr, Aram (Jud) sbʔ `drink largely' [KB 646]. In AA N 354 and in [OS 403] Semitic *sbʔ is mistakenly compared to Chadic *sVḅ- `to suck', cf. Deriv.: C 5 Pod —b—tə idf. `to drink all'; E 5 Mig sibiro `preparer la boisson'. 570. *cVbVr- `stick, pole': W 1 Hs ˆabaraa `wooden stakes (for a mat-screen)'; 3 Bol sebli (-bl- < -*br-) `forked pole' [GAB], Krkr sibili [GB], Ngm sepli (G) `forked pole supporting roof' [NEH] (devoicing in contact with -l-, cf. Dangla zopulo < ECh *zVbVl- `guinea fowl)// Akk sibir- `shepherd's staff, scepter'

144 [CAD 231], Eg sbr (Med) `twig, branch'. For Eg-Hausa see [OS 371]. 571. *cVbVr- `be tall': W 1 Hs ˆabree `tall (grass)'; C 2 Bura sabil `long'; 7 Gis subor (A), səbor (M) `long', Balda saabur `tall' [TrB]. Note E 5 Mig sibir; 7 Brg sibi^r `girafe'. 572. *cVf- `to wipe, to sweep, to brush off': W 4 Siri cəfu, Diri səfa, Kar ‰əfə `sweep' [SkNB]; 6 Bade əsfu `sweep, rake (farm), səsfu `to wipe (dust off thing), Ngz sa-spu `brush off (dusty table, dirt on clothes)' (most probably, -sp- < *-sf-, alternatively, may originate from *sVp- `remove foam, sweep', cf.); E Mok sippe `essuyer, balayer, to wipe, to sweep' // Sem *sff/*sfy: Hbr spy `wegnehmen; sweep away', Gz sff `purify, refine' [KB 664]. Cf. AA *cap. Noun deriv.: W 3 Bol [GAB] asapi `head of sorghum without grain, used as a scraper for washing pots', Tng sasap `broom, brush'. Deriv. in -t-/-ḍ-: W 1 Hs caґafa-‰ee (< caafa-ta) `take off the top layers of washed corn'; E 5 Mig sapido `nettoyer (une surface dur)'. 573. *[c]Vf- `to drip, to drizzle, to flow': C 6 Daba sif `degoutter, trickle, drip'; 7 Muy ifā idf. `flowing (down)', sufa `flowing continually' mod., Mofu -sə-sf-, -sa-səf- `bruiner, tomber en fines gouttelettes, to drizzle'//Hbr sapih `outpouring' [KB 664]. In the present case internal Ch data do not distinguish between Ch *s- and *c-, but Hebrew s- points to Sem *s- (corresponding to Ch *c-). In this and similar cases Ch *c- will be reconstructed. Noun deriv. (redupl.): W 3 Tng sip-zip `light rain'; C 2 Bura ipa-ipa idf. `describes a light sprinkling of rain' (irregular -p- in Bura); 4 Gude afəafa adj. n. `drizzle', maaafa `light rain, drizzle' [Hs];. Mbuko səfsəf `peu de plui', Cf. W 3 Tng sipɛ `to urinate', Pero ‰appo irem `urinate'. 574. W *s/cVP- `axe, hatchet, adze': 2 Ang sa/ep `axe (head) ' [Fl], sap `adze' [JgA], səp `axe' [Hff], Mnt sep `axe, hatchet', Goem sap `hatchet', ʔs/hap [Fp], shap `axe' [Hlw]; 3 Tng sabak (saba-k) 'axe'; 5 Guus ab-də `adze' (voicing in medial position) [CrG]. // Cf. Berb Air, Ullemetden zafa-t `to plane, to whittle', Eg sfsf `to split with a knife', Arab sayf- `sword' in [AA 357] *caf- `cutting or splitting tool'. Berber z- points to Sem-Ham africate. 145 575. W 4 *ti-caf-ha `middle': Wrj cawi, Kar ca-cawha (< *ta-cawha), Miya acafu, Diri acava, Paa ci-cuhu, Siri cu-cuhu, Cagu de-‰uufa, Mbu ti-vihi [SkNB]. 576. C *[c]Vf- `wind': 3 FK safə `wind, air' [BN], Hya səvi, Pskye səfi [BHya]; HB sefi `wind' [Luk:114], Bana saf(ə) `wind'; 5 Gvo safa `wind' [HGG]; 5a Lmn səfaka, VemgoM safak `wind' [HmG], Lmn safaka `cold (wind)' [Lk-CLR], Htkl safaka `wind' [LkH].//Sem *swf/*sfy: Hbr so/ufa `storm-wind' [KB 652], Arab sƒfiyƒʔ- `wind with dust' [BK 1194]. Cf. comments to N 573. Noun deriv.: C 8 `a fan': Log sfaki [AlL], Kus sǝ°va°kǝ° [Tr]. Verbal deriv.: W 6 Bade səf-tu `blow with mouth, blow by wind'. 577. C *cVf- `many, to be full of': 5 Pod safə idf. `nombreux (e^tres vivants)'; 7 Muy, efr-efr mod. `many, much', Mafa ‰ef- `plein de (pour des objets

comptables), be full of (countable objects)' < *cef-//Sem *wsf: Sab ws3f

`increase, enlarge, add members' [Oh 421], Kat ws3f `increase, enlarge' Hbr yasap `to add, continue to do', Aram ysp, Phoen ysp `to add', Hbr mi-spar

`number' [KB 418, 543]. Note that Sabaic s3 points to Sem *s (not to *). a.*[c]Vf- `abondance, harvest time': 7 Mada soffo `abondant, accesible a tous (recolte)', Gis ife 'Reifzeit', sifi (Mj) 'Erntezeit, harvest time', Cuv masfa `periode d'abondance, premices'; E 3 Tum sub (b < *P) `to harvest'.// Sem *ʔsp 'to harvesr, to gather' Akk espu, Ug ʔasp 'gather, collect' , (Palest) ʔasap 'harvest' (v.) [Sem 1555]. 578. W *sVyVp-/*sVpp- < Ch *[c]Vp- `to distribute, to divide': 2 Mpn səp `share, distribute, divide' [FrM], Kfy ap `divide, share', Msh «iyap `to share' [TAS 342]; 3 Bol sipp- `verteilen, distribute' [LkL], Krkr sipu `divide,

distribute' [GB] //Sem *nsf: Sab n-s3f `destroy, scatter like dust// overthrow' [Oh 391], Arab n-sf `briser en petits morceaux et disperser' [BK 1250]. Note that Sem may present an intensive stem: *cVp- `distribute' > *n-cVp- `scatter'. Altenatively, Ch `to distribute' is related to `to destroy' (see below)

146 579. W 2 *sVp- < Ch *cVp/f-10 `to destroy, to collapse': Kofyar ip `destroy, break down', Mush ip `collapse, push down' [TAS 348], Ang ip `demolish, collapse; crumble' [Fl] // Sem *swf: Hbr swf `destroy, go to an end' [KB 652]. 580. W 2 *swVp- < Ch *[c]VHʷVp- `to be ashamed, shame': Mgh wɔɔp `Scham, shame' [JgS], Kfy swop `to be ashamed' [TAS 328]//cf. Sem *sʕf: Hbr sʕp, Arab sʕf `vulgar' [KB 662]. Note long rounded vowel in Mgh, corresponding to medial (labialized?) pharyngeal in Semitic. 581. W 2 *suHup `to bathe'< Ch *[c]VHVp- (probably, an old pl. in -p from *sVK-, cf. *cVwVk- `to wash'): Ang suup [Fl], Sura suγup [JgS], Mpn swup [FrM], Kfy sugup, Msh «ukup [TAS 338], Goem sup, pl. swap `to bathe' [Hlw]//Cf. Hbr shp (qal) `wash away (rain)' [KB 654]. 582. *cVd- `to tear off': W 3 Tng sɛdɛ `tear off, pluck'; C 7 Cuv mɛ-ɛdɛy `decoudre, to unpick (tear off two pieces of cloth)', Mafa cuyad- `arracher (bras, branche), dechirer (habit), tear off (branch), tear (clothes)'; E 6 Mok side `dechirer, fendre, tear off'. a. W *cVd- `to stretch': 2 Goem sa°at `stretch out smth'; 4 Miya cadə `extend, stretch' [Sch]. 583. *cVwVḍ- (possibly < *cVHʷVd-) `to turn, to wag': C 3 FK yudə `to turn instantly' [BN]; 4 Gude awudə `wag tail; swing a sling'; 7 Mafa cod- `retourner, to turn'; E 3 cf. Smr sidə `bouger, to stir, to move' [JgSib]. 584. *cVd- `be full, swollen': W 3 Tng sududu `full up' idf.; E 2 Kaba, Nch -sadə `enfler, to swell' [HKb], Lele sadi 'gonfler, se facher' (contamination with `evil', cf.); 3 Smr sodə `be full' [CLR]. Noun deriv.: C 7 Mafa cədaka'a `gros ventre, big belly'. 585. *[c]Vd- `evil': C 5a Hdi sidi `mean' [BrH]; 7 Mbuko sədk `mechancete'; E 2 Lele sadi `gonfler, se facher'; 6 Mok suddiwe `devenir acide, mechant'. 586. *[c]Vd- `to close, to dam': C 5 Mnd sada `barrier'; 9 (noun deriv.) Msg sedak

10 Note that in auslaut sura-angas languages reflect all the Ch labials as –p. 147 `Schloss, door-lock' [LkM]. // Sem *sdd: Sab s3dd `dam' [Oh 369], Arab sdd `fermer, boucher', Jib ed `stop, block, close', Hbr sad `block, stake' [KB 743]. See commens to N 573. 587. *[c]Vt- ` to pour': W 2 Goem saat `to spill' [TAS 317]; 3 Tng sitɛ `pour water into smbd's hands', Bol ato `drops of rain blown by wind' (< Arab?) [GAB]; 5 Zul oti `pour, spill' [Cs 805]; C 4 Gude it `pouring out completely' idf.// Sem *stw/ʔ: Hbr stw, Akk atu `be watered', Arab tʔ `rainy season' [KB 668]. See commens to N 573 588. C *cVHʷ- `field, land': 1 Hwn ‰əxwɛ-ra `ground' [Kr]; 8 Log sxe `a farm, fields' [LkL], sxee [AlL], sge [Mouchet] (Log sx- < *sH, but *sk- > Logone sk-), Mak sko `fields' [AlM], Bud ‰ui (< *cVH-, cf. N 566) [CLR], Afd cǝwo `field' [Tr], tsūwo, Ngala ugu `field' [Sol N 114] // Eg sḫ.t `field' (Pyr), Akk saḫḫu `meadow' Arab saḫḫ- `good land' [BK 1757], [Sem 1138], [OS N 385]. a. W 4 *cVɣ- `to herd': Wrj čiɣЌ, Siri cagu [SkNB]. 589. *cV(wV)g- `to pour': W 1 Hs ˆuuga `pour out'; 5 Buli yusugu `pour' [Cs 805]; C 8 Mak sage `irrigation' [AlM]; E 2 Lele sogu `douche (endroit), shower'. Cf. Lele sogle verser', sogli `verser un masse, renverser duche' < Arab sgl `verser , rependre (eau)', IV `remplir d'eau' [BK 1055]. 590. *cVg- `to pull, to pluck': W 1 Hs ˆi°igaa `pluck, pull out or off'; 5 Tala su°ugi `pull' [Cs]; E 2 Tob soge `pull'// Sem *n-s’ : Hbr nsʕ `pull out' [KB620], Jibbali ns’ `pull out (hair)' [John]. 591. *cVg- `peg, sharp point': W 1 Hs cuga `peg or nail'; C 7 Mafa caga `petite fourche utilisee pour manier des epines, a small fork used to take out thorns'; 8 Mak sagi `arrowhead used to puncture abscesses' [AlM]; E 2 Lele siigi `morceau de bois pointu, a sharp piece of wood'; 5 WDng sigo `poincon, aiguille pour defaire les nattes des cheveaux, graver calebasses, awl, needle'. 592. *cVgVr- `ostrich' C 8 Afd cǝ^gǝli, Kus skole [Tr], Mak sǝgǝlǝ° [AlM], Log skelee [LkL]; E 6 Mok si°gi°r-te. 593. *cVg- `small': W 1 Hs ˆiigiigii `anything very small'; C 8 Mak sugu `very 148 (small)'. Note C 7 Mbuko sugob `desenfler, to reduce (a swelling)'. 594. *cVgVr- `long, tall': C 8 Afd cǝ´gǝ^l `long, tall' [Tr], sigil `hoch', Ngala segele `long' [Sol N 625]; E 5 WDng sogile `e^tre trop grand'; 7 Kaj sigar `long high (person)', Msm seegiri `long', Zer sageda , Mubi sagar `haute taille, high (person)' [HJ], Mubi sagge_r `hoch' [LkM], Zir sageda `haute taille' [CJ]. 595. *cV(wV)k- `to plug, to close an opening': W 1 Hs cuuke `purse lips, draw together'; C 6 Daba suk `damer, boucher, to ram, plug'; 7 Mofu -sa-səkw-

`boucher un trou'// Sem *skk: Sab s3wk `encompass, encircle (with a wall)' [Oh 397], Akk sakaku `to be clogged, stopped up', Hbr skk (pi) `cover, roof over', (qal)`block, stop the approach' [KB 657]. For Sem-Mofu see [OS 407]. 596. *cVk- `to gnaw (and crunch)': W 1 Hs ˆiika, ˆuuka `crunch (while eating)', caakii `noise made with the mouth'; C 9 Mulwi su-suki `ronger, grignoter, picorer, to gnaw, to browse, to peck'; E 5 (deriv.) WDng sokume `mordiller, bite slightly, nibble'// Arab hsk `manger de l'orge (bestiaux)' [BK 426]. 597. *cVwVk- `to wash' (tr., intr.): W 2 Goem suk, pl. swap (< *suHVp < *sukVp) `to bathe' [Hlw], Ang sook `wash o.-s.' [Or]; 3 Tng suke `wash clothes'; C 7 Mafa cuwak `rincer un recipient'; 5 E Dng so°°o°ki°ye° `einen Behӓlter im Wasser spμllen, to rinse a vessel'// Arab n-sk `laver' [BK 1251]. Verbal deriv.: C 7 Mafa cokwaḍ- `rincer (les habits), to rinse (clothes)'. 598. W *cVkʷ- `to descend, to kneel': W 4 Wrj cakwa `kneel, squat' [BlS]; 3 Tng sakɛ `descend, go down'; 5 Dott wak `to kneel down, squat' [CrD], Guus su (assim. < *suk#) `get, kneel down' [CrD]; C 7 Mafa cukw- (+ ged 'head') `descendre'//Arab sksk II stem `s'abaisser, to sink, go down' [BK 1114]. 599. *cVk- `small portion, unit': C 8 Mak saka `unit of measure' [AlM]// cf. Sab

n-s3k `food rations// expenditure' [SD BL Oh 357]. Verbal deriv.: W 1 Hs ˆaakaraa `take & give person a small portion; contribution', C 7 Mafa cakaɫ- `take a small amount of different products'. 600. *cVk- `twin, equal': W 5 Dott sukii `like this' [CrD]; C 7 Mafa cakalay `jumeaux; twins'; 10 ZB sak `to bear twins' // Arab w-sq III `e^tre egal, be 149 equal' [BK 1536]. 601. *cVkʷ- `company (of people)': W 1 Hs cuukii `a set, company'; 3 Bol oki `all' [Kr], Tng saga `a casual get-together'; C 2 Bura sakwakwa `many man with loads' idf. 602. *cV(yV)kʷ-n/r- `chicken': W 1 Hs caakoo (< cVkVn-?) `chicken'; 7 Bok ikoor `chicken' (pl.); C 2 Bura aka `baby chicken'; 7 Mbuko siyk `poussin, chicken', Cuv səyɔkʷ `poule, hen' (if not < *siy-k-), Mafa wa°-ca^k `chicken'; 7a Skn akw `chiks' [DS]; 10 ZB sekne `francolin', ZD ekne `poulet'. Cf. *čVkw- `fowl', note that both roots are attested in C 10 ZD. 603. W *cVkʷ- `cooked grain': 4 Wrj cikwii-na `cooked corn' [BlS]; 3 Krf aɣai `coocked grain' [Stl]. Note C 7 Mafa cokwafay `mil qui n'a pas bien mu^ri, not quite ripe millet'. 604. W *cVk- `male' (in compounds): W 4 Siri də^n-cəki `man', z^aa-cəki `bull', to-cək `fly', maraa-cəki `sorcerer', Miya vakə-caku, Paa vaka-‰aka `oribi'; 6 Ngz mə-sək `husband', gəm-sək `male, hero', Bade gə°m-sə°k `man, male'. 605. W 4 *ciyakʷ- (possibly < *ciy-kʷ-) `ridge' (any relation to C *cVHʷ- `field' ?) : Wrj ciyakwai [BlS], Miya ciyaku [Sch]. 606. *cVḳ(Vr)- `to cut, slaughter': W 4 Paa cikər [MS], Siri cəḳəru [SkNB] `cut, slaughter'; E 7 Brg sikki `couper'//cf. Eg hsḳ (Pyr) `cut off'. 607. *[c]VwVl- `to dig': W 2 Msh (u)wul `dig, excavate' [TAS 323], Mgh sul,

pl. sulwa `graben, to dig' [JgS] // Sab s3lʕ `quarry (stone), dig//lay fouindation (of a building)' [SD Bl Oh 378]. See commentary to N 577. Noun deriv.: W 6 Bade səla `well'. 608. *cVl- `money': W 4 Paa calliya `money' [MS]; C 5 Pod səla `argent'; 7 Mbuko suloy `piece de monnaie', Ould səlay, Cuv səlay `money'; E 1 Kera soloy `Geld'. A loan? Cf. Sem *sll: Hbr slh, Arab slʔ `to pay' [KB 658], Sab

s3lʔ `make over, hand over (smth)//pay > dedicate', Min `offrir, dedicate', Kat `to offer as a gift' [Oh 377].

150 609. *cVl- `female genitals': W 1 Hs ceele `female pudenda (only in abuse)'; 5 Pol sol [Cs N 98] `vulva'; C 7 Muy salam (-m is a body-part suff.) `female genitals'. [OS 393]. 610. *[c]Vl- `grain': W 3 Ngm ala (G,Y) `kind of g corn' [NEH]; C 10 ZB səla, ZD ile `graine'//Sem *sVl-t-: Hbr solt , Akk siltu `flour', salatu `zermalmen', Arab sult- `barley without husks' [BK 660]. 611. *cVm- `to take, to snatch': W 1 Hs aamaa `take, pick out'; 4 Wrj cəm-, Kar cəm, Diri suma `to snatch' [SkNB]; 7 Kul sum `fangen, halten; to catch', Sha um `to catch; fangen', umay `halten, to hold'; C 2 cf. Bura si-zima (partial redupl., voicing in medial position) `to catch a person by a trick'. Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs cumunya `trap (for buffalo, etc.), snare for guinea-fowls'. a. *cVm-cVm- `to palper, to touch': W 6 Duw sam-sam-‰uwo `grope', Bade sam-sam-tu `to grope around with hands (in fish-trap)'; C 8 Log s—m-ti-wun `palper, ta^ter', s—mun ale `touch' [AlL]. Cf. E 2 Lele sam sam `doucement, sans se presser' 612. *cVm- `to soak, to be wet': W 1 Hs camoocamo `become wet through', cima, cuma `make ink, soak in water, steep herbs'; 3 Krkr iimaa `moisture, dampfness' [GK]; C 3 FK am `to soak' [BlN]. 613. *cVmw-/*cVwVm- `to like, to love, to symphasize, to pity with': W 4 Jmb sam-, Miya, Kar cam-, Mbu camw-, Cagu coom `like, desire, love' [SkNB]; 5 Zaar iim `desire' [CrZ]; C 2 Bura sama `I am sorry'; 4 Gude saməma `sorry to hear that'; 8 Mak sam `to love' [AlM]; E 6 (pl.) Mok so^mmagi coll. `pitie, compassion, pity, mercy'.//Eg sm (MR) `to care, make smth good' [EG 120], Arab ʕsm (i) `desirer, convoiter' [BK 256]. Cf. *ЉVm- `to love, to wish'. Note E 5 Bid semmedy `tenir a° qqch, exiger, to value smth, demand'. 614. *[c]Vm- `to help, to protect': W 5 Saya som [Cs], Guus som `help' [CrG], Pol səm-tire `help' [Cs N 898], Zaar som `help s.o. with a work' [CrZ]; C 7 Mada assama `proteger, garder (action propre a Dieu)'. // cf. Hbr smk `support, sustain, help' [KB 662]. Any relation to the previous root? Deriv. in -ḍ-, -t-: W 5 Dott sam-ti `offer' [Cs N 703]; C 7 Ould -simedeŸ, var. 151 simete `encourager, to encourage'. 615. *[c]Vm- `to coat with cement, to wipe': C 3 Ngm sama^ 'wipe (off)' [NEH], Bol samaa 'coat with cement, mud, coax' [GAB]; 6 Duw səmawo `wipe'; E 3 Tum haam 'caresser'; 5 Mig simmo 'essuyer'. //Sem *smm: Hbr smm hif `cover with paste, perfume one's face, colour' [KB 661]. Note *sVm- `mud for plastering': W 3 Bol seme 'cement, mud used for plastering' [GAB]; C 7 Mbu siman, Ould sima `cement, beton, mortier'; 8 Mak s—man 'cement' [AlM]; E 5 WDng siimo ciment, beton'. A mere coincidence or a loan?. 616. W *cVm- `to swear': 4 Wrj, Kar cəm-, Miya cum-, Jmb əm- [SkNB], Miya cəma `swear' [Sch], Paa ‰uma `swear' [MS]; E 4 Sok samesame `swear [Luk]// Akk samnu `oath' [CAD 120]. Noun deriv.: 3 Krkr ‰amtu `oath, swearing' [LkK]. Note unexpected ‰- in Paa and in Karekare. A variant? 617. *cV(yV)m- `leg, 'foot': W 4 Wrj sma-kai (sma- < *cma- ?) [Gowers] `foot', Miya cəmay `foot' [Sch], Paa ‰—mun `foot, leg' [MS], Siri cuma, Diri aəma, Kar cumakə, Mbu cəma `leg' [SkNB]; 5 Jimi asəm, Zul asme `footprint, track' [Cs 282], Jimi asəm `foot' [Cs]; C 10 Lame syam `foot' [Luk], ZB sem `pied', ZD em, Masa sem [CC], Bnn siyema [Kr], LPeve em [Kr], cf. also [Sry: 51]. // Eg smʕ (pyr) `leg (of falcon)'. Cf. E 6 Mok simile, pl. simbali `perone, perone'. 618. *cVm- `arrow, sharp point': W 1 Hs cema, caima (< *cVyVm- < *cVHVm-?) `small long-pointed arrow'; 3 Bol omom 'pointed' [GAB]; C 7 Ould səma `poincon, trocart, awl', Muy səmə `needle', Mada sma `poincon (pour vannerie), needle for basket-plaiting', Zlg simir `arrow; pousse (d'une plante), jet'. // Arab sahm- `fleche, arrow' [BK 1158]. a. W *cVm-(t)- `to sharpen': 2 Ang sam [Fl], Msh saam [TAS 315], Goem sa°m [Hlw]; 3 (deriv.) Bol som-tu [GAB]//Arab h-sm `couper, retrancher' > `sabre, tranchant' [BK 427]. 619. *cVmV(r)- `tamarind tree': W 1 Hs caamiyaa `the tamarind tree'; C 7 Ould 152 sǝmar `tamarinier'. 620. *cVn- `to send': W 4 Paa ‰—na `send' [MS], Wrj ‰ən-, Mbu ‰in-, Cagu ‰—n-, Jmb ən-, Siri cənu (palatalization of *c- before -i-. Less probably, W 4 is related to *čVn- `to drive away', cf.) [SkNB]; 5 Dott in `send' [CrD], Geji in-ti [Cs N819]; C 9 Kus sǝn `envoyer (qqn)' [Tr]; 10 Peve sin [Sn], ZB sin `drive away', ZD in `envoyer', Masa sun `envoyer un message, send a message' [CC]. Note secondary lateral in CChadic (but masa gr.) languages: *ɫVn- `to send': 2 Bura ɫanta, (preferably hyenta) `to send, to cause to go'; 6 Daba ən [Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko ɫan, Ould -ɫər, Muyang ɫər, Mada aɫal, Zulgo ɫər, Gis ɫan `send a person', Merey ɫer `to send', ma-ɫe `messenger', Mofu ɫər- `envoyer qqn, charger d'une comission', Cuv mɛ-ərɛy `envoyer', 8 Log ɫən, ɫen 'senden, to send' [LkL]; 9 Mlw ɫini 'envoyer', Mnj ɫini `envoyer'.//Cf. Eg sḥnw (Sp) `drive away (enemies)' [EG 219]. Note that medial laryngeal in Proto-Ch (*cVHVn) my account for secondary latral in Biu-Mandara. 621. *[c]Vn- `to forbid, to deny': W 2 Goem shǝn `be prohibited or forbidden to smb (because it is taboo or holy)' [Hlw]; 3 Tng siine `to denay, to dispute'; C 6

Daba sen `pas avoir, manquer' [Lnhr]//Sem *snn: Hbr səni `refuse', Sab s3nn `be not permitted, be illegal' (with neg.) [Oh 389]. See commentary to N 573. Cf. a noun deriv. `taboo': C 10 ZB sa `tabou', ZD sa `avoir ses regles'. a. *[c]Vn- `to stop': W 2 Goem sen nu^oe `stop breathing (a sick person)' [TAS 38]; E 1 Kera sene `aufhren, schweigen, to stop, be silent'. 622. *[c]VnVh- `to scratch': C 7 Mada asnah `gratter, ronger, peler, to scratch, to peel'; 5 EDng sɔɔnyɛ `ritzen, scratch, notch', Bid sooson `demanger; to itch'. //Sem *snḥ: Hbr snh (nif) `be scraped away', (pi.) `scrape clean', Arab snh `scrape away' [KB 654]. See commentary to N 573. 623. *cVn- `pointed weapon': W 1 Hs ciinaanaa `pointed weapons'; 5 Bogh inuɣa, ia `sharp' [Cs]; C 9 Mba siinay `sagaie', siina `iron'; 10 Bana sina `Eisen, iron' [Luk]. Any relation to *[c]VnVh- `to scratch'? Deriv.: *cVn-k/h/t- `sharp stick, iron': W 1 Hs cin-kee `wooden pin, skewer, goad'; 3 Bol in-i (<*sin-ki) `stirring stick' [GAB]; W 4 Wrj cingg-s^ing `a 153 pointed thing (arrow, nail)' [BlS]; C 5 Pod en—ta `piquet de bois, peg'; 7 Ould sinehe `pointe, clou, point, peg'. Cf. W 6 Bade samu `stab with knife or spear' and E 7 Kaj saaa, Msm saaa (if not < *saa-ŋ) `pointu, sharp'. 624. W 4 *cVn- `sweat': Paa cina [MS], Siri cuni [SkNB]. Cf. W *SVn- `warm': 2 Goem sh s'hen `warm' [TAS 332]; 3 Pero ‰eno `to warm' intr., 7 Sha sa^n `warm (oneself);. C 8 cf. Bud hin `to scorch' 625. *cVr- `to see, to know': 5 Glv sər `to see' (note contamin. with sər < *sVn- `to know') [Rp]; 7 Mada asal (< asar) `know smbd/smth'; 10 cf. Msm sar [Kr] `remember', Masa sar [CC] `regarder, chercher'; E 7 Jegu ser- `sehen'.//cf. Eg sȵȵ (a) `know', Akk asru 'remind', Hbr ysr, Ug wsr 'teach, instruct' [OS 387]. Deriv.: E 5 Bid sorol `regarder furtivement, to cast a glance', suram `regarder vaguement'. Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs cir-faa `plan, method, any means to getting a living'. 626. *cVr- `to pierce (meat for roasting); roasting spit': W 1 Hs ciire `spit meat on skewers, pierce'; E 5 Bidiya siiri 'roasting spit', Mig ʔisira `small roasting spit', WDng siiro `broche', siire `enfiler a la broche, to spit, skewer'. Cf. W 1 Hs ciiree `skewered meat'. b. *cVwVr- `kind of spear': C 7 Mbuko suwer `lance'; E 5 WDng soora `lance sp.' // Arab sarw-at- `arrow' [BK 1085]. 627. *cVr- `to undress, to strip': W 1 Hs ˆiraara `naked', ˆirai-taa `to strip, to bare'; C 4 Bana s(ə)rə `deshabiller, to undress'; 6 Daba sər `take off clothes' [Lnhr]; E 5 Mig sooro `deshabiller', sor-nyo `s'ecorcher, to bark', Bid soor `deshabiller, ecorcher, se faner, to undress, to peel', WDng sore `deve^tir, take off clothes'.// Cf. Arab n-sr `o^ter, ecorcher; dechirer et ouvrir' [BK

1248], or Sab ms3r `to remove (inscription, monument)//removal' [Oh 354],

Min ms3r, ms1r `enlever une inscription, un monument'. Deriv. in - b-: `to skin, to tear meat': C 6 Daba sərəb `se depouiller, to skin' [Lnhr]; 7 Mofu -sərb- `desosser, detacher de chair, take out bones, tear off fat'. 628. *cVr- `to pull, to stretch': C 10 ZD sar `tendre, stretch'; E 3 Tum hur `tirer'; 154 5 EDng sore `ausziehen, pull out'.// Sem *m-sr: Arab msr `tirer', Hbr msr (Nip) `to be picked out' [KB 608]. Deriv.: W 4 Miya cər-tə `pick (peanuts from vines), pull off' [Sch]. Note W 6 Ngz sərmu `sit with legs stretched out in front of one'. 629. *cVr- `to tie': C 7 Mafa cacar- `lier des pailles avec une corde, to tie straw with cord (in plaiting basket, sekko)', Mofu sar sar `tied tightly'; E 2 Kbl, Nch -sar `lier, attacher, to tie to, to attach' [HKb], Lele sāar `to tie' [Grg]; 3 Tum hir

`nouer, tie together'//Sem *ʔsr : Sab ʔs3r `take captive, be bound by obligation //bind, take prisoner', Akk eseru `shut in, enclose', Hbr ʔsr `to bind', Bibl ʔsur `Fessel, Gefngnis', Arab ʔsr `lier', Gz ʔasara `tie, faire qqn prisonner' [Oh 327]. Cf. W 2 Msh saar `bundle (of millet)' [TAS 319]. a. *cVr-[k]- `rope': W Bol asir-ka (note -k- as a suff. of deverbial nouns) `rope through the nose of a cow' [GAB]; 4 Siri ciira, Mbu cara-ku `rope' [SkNB]; 5 Mangas sirigiy `rope' [Cs 694] (-g- < *-k-); E 3 Smr ire `thread' [Jg]; 7 Kaj saaro `corde', Mubi seeri [CJ], seerii `Strick, strick' [Luk]. Note W 6 Duw sar-uwo (VN sarda) `attach a loop or noose'. 630. *cVr- `to clean nose': W 3 Bol siru `inhale through the nose' [GAB]; C 6 Daba seri  `rhume, morve, crachat, sniffles, spittle' [Lnhr]; E 2 Lele sir `se moucher' (Lele rather belongs to this root, than to Ch *ɫVr-, CLD II N 257); 5 Mig seero, Bid siir, W Dng siire `se moucher, to blow one's nose', EDng siire `sich die Nase putzen, clean one's nose'. a.*(cV)-cVw/yVr `slime': W 2 Mgh iwɔɔr `dicher Schleim, slime' [JgS], Msh iiyor `running nose' [TAS 328]; 631. *cVwVr- `to filter': W 4 Wrj cor `to filter' [BlS]; C 10 ZB sor `filtrer', ZD sor `filtrer'; E 5 Bid soor `humecter la bouche'. Deriv.: C 7 Mafa cəraɫ- `verser en libation en peu de bie°re de mil ou de l'eau farineuse par terre', curf- `suinter (plaie, pus), to bleed'. 632. *cVr- `two': W 3 Ngm ili-n [Migeod]; 4 Paa ‰iru `two', ‰ir-ḳwun (alt. cir-ḳwun) 'seven' [MS], Miya ci^r, Siri bə-‰a^r, Mbu cər, Jmb ir `two', Siri bə-cur-kunu, Wrj ma-sər, Jmb man-sir, Miya maa-s—r, Mbu man-cər, Kar

155 maa-cir `seven' [SkNB]; 6 Ngz irin, Bade sərən, Duw iri `two'; C 4 Sharwa sooruʔ `two' [BrJ]; 5 Pod səra `two'; 6 Daba ‰esere-d `seven', səray `two' [Lnhr]; 7 Ouls səsəla `seven', Mada sla `two', Zlg sula `two', Mofu maa-sala `nine', Mafa cara-d- `two'; 9 Mnj sulu `two', Msg solu, ‰ilo, ‰lo, coloo, xillu [LkM]; E 3 Smr sir `two' [Luk], Tum hɛɛ `two'; 5 EDng sɛro, CWDng sɛr `two' [CJ], MigB seera `two' [HJ]; 6 Mok sire `two'; 7 Mogum (Jegu) sɛ [HJ], Zir seri, Mubi sir `two', Zir bɛ-siri, Mubi be-sir, EDng pɛɛ-sira `seven' [CJ]. ;'sda [LkL] `two-ן Cf. C 2 Mrg səda, Chb sdɛ, Bura suda `two' [Kr]; 8 Log 10 ZD edaʔ, sedaʔa `seven', E 4 Barein siidi `two' [Luk-CLR]. All < *cVr-d- (cf. Daba and Mafa). On -ḍ- as a marker of numerals see [Stolbova 1996: 137]. 633. *cVr- `chief': W 1 Hausa caaraa `chief'; 4 Wrj caara `king, chief, ruler' [SkNB, BlS], C 4 Gude ənara `chief's son'// Eg sr (Pyr) `high official, elder', [OS.386]. Deriv. in m-: C 4 Gude masara `old man'; 6 Daba musur `old' [Lmhr]. a. *cVr- `adult': W 3 Bol siiri `important, adult' [GAB]; E 3 Tumak səri `adult'. W 7 DB saram, pl. sarama `chief', saramat `rule; lordship'; ma-saram `prinz'. Cf. Bura wa«ir `the chief's 'rake off'. 634. *(cV)cVr- `star': W 7 Kul sisri `star', pl. sisiyar [JgR]; C 3 HB sesira [Luk]; E 3 Tum hēru´. According to [Tr ], Zina ‰- (cf. *cVrVk- ) points to Ch *c-. a. *cVrVk- `star': 2 Bura sasilka [Ann]; MrC ailga; 3 Bana sasərkwə; 8 Mak s—lg— [AlM], Kus salake [Luk], sǝ°lkǝ° [Tr], Bud hilogo, silogo, Log səlkə [Luk], Ngala silge, Glf yalge, Shoe tselge, Zina tsharagi [Sol 187] `etoils', ‰a°ra°kwǝ°y `star' [Tr]. Kanuri silogo `star' is a Ch loan. b. *c/cVr-`white': W 3 Ngm sorol, sol idf. `whiteness' [NEH]; 5 Pol ar leyim `cloud-white fleecy' (leyim `cloud') [Cs N 362], Buli erə `lightness' [Cs N482].

635. *car- `fence' > *cVcVr- `to fence': W 1 Hs cari `any walled/fenced place'; 7 Sha saar, sar `to fence, einzunen'; C 7 Mafa ca-car- `to fence with 156 thorns'. // Hbr sahar `round enclosure', Akk saʔru `ring' [KB 650]. Cf. W 4 Miya cərdiy `space between two huts filled by a wall' [Sch]. 636. E 5 *sVr- (< Ch *cVr-) `(be) poor': Bid saar `become poor', WDng saaro

`souffrance, pauverte'//Sab ʔ-hs3r `?poorer class/ social class of indigents(?)' [Oh 341].

157 *C̣

637. *cVʔ(Vw/y)- `to burn, to make fire': W 2 Kofyar sa `to burn' [TAS:314]; 4 Kar sii-, Miya siy- `burn' [Sk-CLR], Miya ciy [Sch]; C 3 FK cwa `to roast' [BlN], Bana cə°ʔwə `allumer, apporter le feu (avec tiges)'; 10 ZD cu, ZB cu [tsu] `griller sur les braises', Masa cay `faire frire' [CC]; E 1 Kera saawe `rsten, verbrennen (Erde); to roast, to burn'. Noun deriv.: C 7 Ould me-čečew [me-tsetsew] `etincelle, spark'. 638. *cVw/ʔ- `to weave, to plait': W 2 Ang wee `weave' [Fl]; 3 Bol saʔʔ- `weave' [LkB], Ngm saʔ- [SchV]; C 2 Bura ca `weave'; 3 Bana ca `tisser, tresser'; 5 Glv c (red. ca-cə) `to plait, to measure'; 7 Mofu -č- `to plait (mat, net), to weave', Cuv ma-cay `coudre un panier'; tisser'; 8 Log [AlL] s—-wun he `twist, tordre', Mak ṣwa go `twist, tordre' [AlM]; 10 ZB čeo [tseo] `tressage'. Noun deriv. in n-/m-: C 3 FK n-cua `a sieve' [BN] ; 4 Gude mə-cəʔwa `woven strainer (only for beer)'. Cf. W 2 Ang wa `cotton' [Fl], Mgh uu `cotton' [JgS], Mpn siwu [u] `cotton, thread' [FrM]. 639. *cVʔ- `to chop (into pieces)': W 2 Mgh saa `ab-, be-, schneiden, fllen, cut (off), fall (trees)' (pl.of chan) [JgS], Mpn saa `chop' [FrM]; C 4 Gude cwaʔ idf. `chopping'; 8 Mak ṣa he `cut', ṣa ho `cut open' [AlM], Log sa-wun `chop into pieces, fendre, couper en morceaux' [AlL], Kus ṣǝ°ya° `fendre', Afd a° `fendre' [Tr]. Cf. *cV `to cut (wood) . Deriv in n- (intensive): C 8 Mak n-ṣa `chop into pieces, fendre' [AlM]. Noun deriv.: C 3 *ˆVʔ/y- `axe': Bana cəʔi `hache', FK cay `axe' [BN]. a. C *cVx- `to chop, to cut in pieces': 3 Bana cəxə `se fendre'; 4 Gude cahu `fashion from wood by carving or chopping; 7 Mafa cuwah- `depecer, mettre en pieces (viande)'// Arab swh `fendre' [BK 1383]. b. *cVw/y- `be sharp (of weapon)': W 2 Mgh sɛ `scharf (Messer), sharp (knife)' [JgS]; C 7 Muy cucu 'sharpening iron, file'; 8 Mak ṣiw `(be) sharp' [AlM]; E 5 WDng, Mig saaya `special kind of spear; 6 Mok saaye 'pointed 158 spear'// SCush Alagwa cahi , Bur cahiya `arrow-head' [Ehret] c. C 7 *cVw/y- `to trim, cut (cereals)': C 3 FK cəcəw (redupl.) `to trim'; 7 Cuv ma-cay `couper (mil)'. 640. *cVʔVw- `to demand, to beg': C 3 Bana ‰əʔwə [the only case of ‰- before -ə- in Bana. A mistake?] `prier, demander qqch'; 7 Mbuko cəče [cǝce] `demand', Ould caway [tsaway] `mendier, demander un suppliant'; 9 Mnj siywi `quemander, supplier, beg'; E 7 Brg siyi `quemander, beg'. 641. *cVw- `to dance, to jump': W 2 Goem s`he^ `fetish dance' [TAS 331]; 5 Zaar cǎw `jumping up and down (e.g. monkey)' [CrZ]; C 3 FK cwə `dance', cawcaw `describes s.o. who is active (in dancing, running)'[BN], Bana cə `to dance'. 642. *cVw/y- `to melt': W 3 Ngm suwa^ (G) `melt (of ice); pass away' (euph. for 'to die') [NEH], Krkr suwaa `dissolve, melt' [GK]; 6 Ngz i-iyu `melt'; C 7 Ould caЇ-ca΄y [tsatsay] `fondre'. 643. *cVw- `to repair': C 5 Mlg caca `Kalebassen reparieren', Pod caca [tsatsa] `to repair'; E 5 Bid suway `to repair', WDng siye `reparer, arranger', EDng siye `reparieren, repair'. Note C 7 Cuv ma-cay `coudre une panier, to sew a basket' (? = `to repair'). 644. C *cV `to tear': 4 Gude ca `tear', cf. cəərə `tear, strip off'; 8 Log s—ye ya `(be) torn' [AlL], Mak ṣa yo `tear, dechirer', ṣe `(be) torn' [AlM]. Deriv. in n-: C 8 Mak n-ṣ—-n-ṣe `(be) torn' (PLUR) [AlM]. 645. C *cVʔ- `to feel': 4 Bana cəʔwə `ressenntir, feel'; 7 Muy e‰i 'hear, feel, understand'. 646. *ˆV `hand': W cf. 2 Grk ta [JgC], Goem sa `hand or lower arm; handle' [Hlw]. (Note that complete loss of -r is not typical of Gerka and Gomai. Thus, WCh *sara (< Ch *s/c/ˆara) `hand(s)' may reflect old pl. in -rV, cf.); C 2 Bura ci `hand, arm', Mrg ciʔ, Klb ‰i, Kpel ci [CLR] `hand' (less probably, derived from *ti `to eat', because there are no traces of this verb in C 2); E 1 *sV (< *s/c/cV) `hand': Modgel (Kwang) ko-zu-m `hand ("my hand.") [Luk], Kwang 159 ko-si [CLR], Kera ka-si (coll.) `hand, arm'. Note C 8 Mak m-ṣi `liane' [AlM]. Verbal deriv. *cVʔ- `to touch slightely with hand, to take (in hands), to hand': W 3 Bol sosuwa, sowo `to touch slightely with hand'; C 5 Pod ca [tsa] `to take, to give a portion', 10 ZB coʔ`prendre qqch de pa^teux, to take smth sticky'; E 2 Tob sawe `froler, to touch'; 5 Mig susiyo `lisser avec la main, to smear with hand'.Cf. C 5 Pod cəha [tsǝha] `take a piece'. 647. *cVw- `kind of bush': W 1 Hs ˆaa, ˆwa `the name of a shrub ; C 2 Bura cuca `a shrub'. 648. *cVy/w- `bitter': W 4 Diri saya `bitter'; C 8 Mak ṣa ṣa `(be) bitter' [AlM], Afd a-a `amer' [Tr]; 7 cf. Muy ‰e‰wek `acid ' (if < *‰e‰w-k < *cecw-k). 649. *cVcV `pig': W 2 Grk usso [Fp]; 8 Log ts'es'e [LkL], sese [AlL] `pig', Bud ai (< *VsVsV, in the view of Logone word for `pig', Kanuri ai is a Chadic loan) `Erdschwein, kind of pig'; 9 Msg ae (if < ae- ) `Schwein, pig' [LkM]. ;a [Luk] if not < *kikuxaןa. *cVhʷ- `porcupine': C 5 Mlg ‰i‰iha, Wnd ‰i‰u 7 Zlg ‰ehe [tsehe] ; E 2 Lele suwo. 650. C *cV `a fence, to fence': 3 Bana ca `clo^ture, jardin', FK n-ca `fence' [BN]; 4 Gude ca `fence off/in', canə `fence (of thorns, sticks)'; 5 Glv c (red. ca-cə, cə-cə) `to enclose, to inclose, to surround, to encircle; to vorbid, to hinder'. 651. C 8 *cV `wind': Mlt si Afd i `tornade' [Tr 5], Mak m-ṣi [AlM], Kus si [Luk]. Cf. Mak m-si `craziness'. 652. C *cV `alone, only': 7 Mbuko ca [ca] `seulement, only'; 8 Mak sa `(be) alone, seul, solitaire' [AlM]. b. C *cVh/Ђ- `small piece, a little': 2 Bura n-caha `a little, small'; 7 Mafa caЂ, ‰eЂ `un petit morceau'; 8 Kus ṣa°y `petit' [Tr] sai [Luk]; 10 ZD caʔ `un peu' (cf. ca `pauvrete, poverty'), ZB caʔa [tsaʔa] `peu plus'; E 7 Kaj sayya `mince' [Alio]; cf. 5 WDng siisi `petite piece de monnaie, a small amount of money'. 653. *cV(w/y)- `early': W 3 Bol saayu `get an early start'; C 8 Log sa `early' [AlL]. 160 654. *cVb- `to split (wood)': W 5 Jimi subee `split, divide' [Cs]; C 4 Jimjimen cabi `split (wood)' [BrJ]. Cf. *čVb- `to cut (off), to slash'. Deriv.: C 2 Bura cabila `cut up, butcher an animal'. a. W 5 *sVbVr- < *cVbVr- `knife': Buli səbər, Pol sərəp, Saya səbər, Zul suburi [Cs N 150], Saya səbər [Cs], Guus subuur, Dott sərəp `knife' [CrG, CrD]; Zaar sЌḅЌr [CrZ]; E 1 cf. Modgel (Kwang) suar (< *subar) [Luk] //Akk sibru `pointed garden tool'. 655. *cVb- `to pile' > *ˆVbVk/t /r `a pile': W 1 Hs ciba° `pile', ‰ibe (Kats) `in large quantity' < *ˆibe; 5 Zaar cəbər `rubbish heap' [CrZ]; 7 DB ma-sabut `Haufe, pile'; C 4 Gude cəbuk `collected into a pile'; 7 Ould cəḅakw [tsǝḅakw] `colline; tas', Zlg caba [tsaḅa] `to pile'. 656. *cVb- `to ram, to thresh, to castrate (by pounding)': C 2 Bura cabwa `to tread out'; 5 Mlg cəba `dreschen, stampfen, to thresh, to ram '; 7 Mafa cub- `cha^rtrer un animal domestique, castrate a domestic animal'. Cf. *čVb- `to break (bones)'. Note that both roots are attested in C 7 Mafa. Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs caaba `threshed grain', caaba‰ee (rare) `to thresh grain'. 657. *cVb(VH)- `cover (a roof), close': W Siri səbu `cover, close' [SkNB]; 5 Buli səbi `close' [Cs 786]; C 7 Muy acab `place roofing sticks on a house', Ould cəb [tsǝḅ] `poser les bois de la charpente, cover a roof'. 658. *c/‰Vb- `to sew, to tie': C 3 Bana cəbə `rattacher une corde (ou autre chose), to tie once more', FK n-cəbə `to patch' [BN]. Cf. *sVb- `to sew' (both roots are attested in Hs). Deriv.: W 1 Hs caaba‰ee `sew together'. 659. C *cVb- `to eat': 4 Gude cəbə `eat (hard food)'; 5 Pod caba [tsaḅa] `eat (soup or porridge)'; 7 Mafa co-cub- `prendre dans la main les restes de boule de mil colle de la marmite, take by hand the rest of food, that has stuck to the vessel'. 660. C *cVb- `to build (with mud)': 2 Bura cambwa `build a mud-house' (if not < *ca 'weave'); 5a Hdi cubay [tsuḅay] `to add a layer to the wall'; 7 Zlg caba

161 [tsaḅa] `elever, construir, eriger, to build'. C 4 *saḅw- (< *ˆVbw-) `mud': Bch soḅwɛy, Mwl soḅo [Kr]. 661. *cVb- `kind of insect': W 3 Krf obbine `small insects' (pl.<*sVb- <*cVb-); C 10 ZB caba [tsaba] `kind of insect'; E 6 Mok soobaaya `kind of ant (on trees)'. a. Cf. C 7 *mV-‰eb- < *me-ceb- `louse': Mofu mee‰eb, me‰ee‰eb `puce'; Gis me‰e‰eb `(Krper-)Laus, body-louse'//Arab sʔb `fourmiller de lentes (te^te); be full of nits (head)' [BK 1301]. b. W 4 *cVb- `caterpillar': Diri sara, Cagu saburan [SkNB]. 662. *cab(Vr)- `kind of grass': W 1 Hs ˆauree, ˆabree `tall grass'; C 2 Bura cabwa `kind of grass'; 4 Gude caba `type of grass'; 7 Mbuko cəcabay [cəcabay] `brindille, stalk'. 663. *cVbV-n- `rat': W 2 Mgh nsəbɛ°n `kind of stinking rat' [JgS], Mpn nsǝ°bǝ°n `shrew' [FrM], Goem «o°o°n `stinking shrew mouse, a type of rat' [Hlw]; C 7 Ould čiblo [tsiḅlo] (-bl- < *-bn-) `kind of rat'. 664. W 4 *Vmb- `to pull': Kar amb- `pull' [SkNB], Wrj camb- `to pull out' [BlS]// Akk ṣumbu `wagon, dray' [CAD 245]. 665. *cVf- `to suck': W 3 Krf upp- Gera ‰ufu-mi [SchB], Glm sub- [SchB]; C 8 Mak safu [AlM], Mlt səfə, Afd əfə `sucer' [Tr5], Log s—fu-wun [AlL]. 666. *cVf- `to pierce, to deflorate': W 3 cf. Krkr sampu `stab, pierce, lance (boil, etc.)' [GK]; 5 Mng sap `stab, pierce' [Cs]; C 2 Mrf ca°vu° `to pierce, to-inject' [HfM:141]; 7 Muy caf idf. `piercing', Ould čef [tsef] `deflorer une fille', čef [tsef] `percer rapidement une boi^te' idf. // Arab sff `mettre a la broche les morceaux de viande pour les ro^tir ' [BK 1343]. Verbal deriv. in n-: C 2 Bura n-civi `to bore, pierce, insert, inject'. Noun deriv. `sharp': W 1 Hs ˆiifa `a finely pointed pen'. 667. *cVf/p- `to bathe, to wash, to be pure': W 3 Ngm sap `to wash (parts of the body)' [VbN]; 5 Guus cap `cleanness' [CrG], Zaar cap `wash o.s.' [CrZ]; 7 DB sapa `heilig sein, holy; rein sein'; C 5 Glv cuf- 'to wash, to bathe, to baptize', 162 cuufəg(a) `bath, the washing, baptism' [Rp] // Akk sapu^ `smooth, white (of body)', Arab sfw/y `be clean (water), clear (sky)'. For DB and Arab cf. AA N 359 *Vp- `to be clean' (the rest of Ch data in AA N 359 is not related). Deriv. in -k-: W 3 Ngm ap-ko `wash lower legs, forearms, face' [NEH]. Cf. C 5 Pod cǝfakə [tsǝfakǝ] idf. `emporte par l'eau, carried away by water'. 668. *cV(wV)f- `to take care, to be loyal': C 5 Mlg cuufa `hten, bewachen; to guard'; Glv cuf- `to follow (laws), to keep (laws)', Pod cufa [tsufa] `pay hommage to; respecter, garder avec soin, to respect'; 7a Skn cuf `take care of' [DSk]; 9 cf. Mnj sifi `courtiser (une fille)', Mulwi sifi `aller courtiser (une fille)'; E 6 Mok soope `sympathiser, avoir pitie de qqn.'. Deriv.: C 7 Ould čiwfe [tsiwfen] `proteger, executer les rites, respecter'. 669. *cVf- `to be ahead': C 10 ZD cof `avant, premier'; E 5 Mig saapo `pousser; avancer'. 670. W 4 *cVf- 'to dry up': W 4 Paa c—faa `dry up'; Wrj cəfə, Siri ‰əfu, Mbu, Kar cəfa-, Miya suf-, Cagu sufu, Diri ‰əfu [SkNB], Wrj cəfə `dry up' [BlS]. 671. C *cVf- `to fight, to kill': 2 Bura cafa `to do smth which is likely to get you into trouble'; 3 FK ncəʔvə `to persevere, to struggle, to strive for' [BN]; 4 Gude cəvu `start fight between two other people'; 5 Glv cəf `to put to death', Wnd iifa `kill' [CLR]; 10 Bana ‰ifana `kill' [Luk] 672. *cVf- `rope, to plait a rope': C 5 Pod cafa [tsafa] `plait, tresser (rope, hair)'; 7 Mafa caf- `plait a rope'; E 4 Ubi sepa `cord' [Alio], Saba sipi `rope' [SR]; 5 WDng siipi `liane, attache vegetale (corde en cotton, liane d'ecorces), kind of (vegetal) rope', EDng sipi, Mig (Baro) sippu `rope' [HJ], Mig sippu `corde', sipiyo `tordre'; 7 Zir sapiyo `rope' [CJ]./ Deriv. in -d-: C 4 Gude cavədə `(en)tangle, twist two ropes together; wind up rope'; 5 Pod ‰—v—de [c—v—ḍe] `enrouler, tordre'; 7 Ould -ca°fa°ḍa°y [cafaḍay] `enrouler autour de, to twist around smth'. //cf. Arab sfd `lier' [BK 1345]. 673. *cVf- `hot, to heat': C 4 Gude cəfə maʔinə `to heat water'; 9 Msg safoo `heiss' [LkM]. //Arab syf `passer la saison d'ete'> `chaud' [BK 1391].

163 Noun deriv.: C 2 Chb ‰ifa `sweat' [HfC]; 3 FB mə-cuf-xən, FM xa-‰ifa 'sweat' [Kr]; 4 Gude ma-cəfəkii `be hot (water)', ma-cəfəha `perspiration, humid heat'. 674. C *cVf- `light (weight)': C 5 Mlg cafcafe `leicht', Pod cəcafa [tsǝtafa] `s`alleger', cafə cafə `leger, peu solide; light; 7 Mbuko cəf [cǝf] idf. `a demarche legere, to have light step', Ould čefčef [tseftsef] `leger'. 675. *cVp- `to pile, to join': C 3 Bana capə `se reunir, to gather (intr.)', FK cəpə describes putting different objects in one place [BN]; 7 Muy acəpay `join, gather to join', Mbuko cə-cop [cəcop] `s'attacher, to attach', Ould cəp-cəp [tsǝptsǝp] idf. `double', Mofu -‰əp- `entasser, empiler, bourrer', ‰əpa 'tout', -‰a-‰əp- 'empiler, mettre les uns sur les autres', Mafa cop-copopa'a `put on the top of'; 10 ZB cap [tsap] `beaucoup, many'. Cf. *čVp- `to collect taxes'. Deriv. in -t-: *cVp-t- `a pile; to gather': W 5 Dott sup-ti `rubbish heap' [CrD]; 7 Ngz sap-to `pile of grass, cornstalks, etc.', Bade əsp-ət `pile of millet-heads ready for threshing'; C 2 Bura cap-ta `gather together inanimate things'. 676. *cV(wV)p- `to cover (oneself)': W Mpn sup, pl. wap `to cover oneself' [FrM], Msh up `act of covering o.s.'s body with blanket, wrapper' [TAS 324]; C 4 Gude cəp `closed, covered completely' idf.; 7 Muy cap-capap mod. `covered', Moloko capay `to drape'; E 5 WDng soo°pe `couvrir, entourer'. //Akk ṣuppu `μber-, abdecken; to wrap', Ug ṣpy `μberziehen' [AHw 1112]. Redupl. C 2 Bura cip-cipu `piled in good order; well covered'.Cf. `to pile'. 677. *cVp- `to touch, to slap': W 3 Ngm sap- `touch' [VbNg]; C 7 Ould capapa [tsapapa] idf . `toucher, to touch'; E 5 EDng sɛɛpɛ `ein Kind schlagen, to slap a child'//Arab sfʕ `taper legerement, to slap' [BK 1347] Deriv.: C 5 Pod capara [tsapara] `to slap; gifler'. 678. C *m-cVp- `kind of (poisonous) snake': 2 Bura n-capa `a snake'; 3 Bana capə `vipere', FK məcapə `viper' [BN]; 4 Gude mə-capa `kind of snake (blue and yellow, poisonous)'; 5 Pod ma-capa [ma-tsapa] `kind of snake'// Hbr sepaʕ `snake'.

164 679. *CVp- 'to jump': C 5 Glv cəv `to jump'; 7 Muy acapay 'jump from one place to another', Mofu -‰əv- `sauter'; 8 Log safə (<*s/cVf-)`to jump' [CLR]. Deriv.: W 6 Duw səp-ko `joggle, dangle, bounce a child'. 680. C *cVp- `to demand': 7 Mafa cəpa `reclamer avec insistance un du^, to insist on paying the debt'; 10 ZB cap [tsap] `demander'. Deriv. in -d- : C 7 Gis cfod (cf- < *cp- in contact position) `bitten, fragen', cfəd, ‰fod, Mofu ‰əfd- `demand', -‰a‰əfd- `demander en insistant'. 681. *cV(wV)d- `to hunt': C 4 Gude cədə `lie in wait for pray, wait in hiding'; E 3 Smr ‰ʷada `poursuivre' (čw- < *ˆw-, probably < Arab) [JgSib] // Sem *swd /*ṣyd- `hunt (v.), take, catch', Arab syd `chasser' [BK 1389]. [StH N VIII.1). a. *cVd- `to pick, catch': C 4 Gude cadə `bunch together and pick up, pick up a handful of'; E 6 Mok seeda `saisir, tenir, marry'. Deriv.: C 7 Zlg cədak [tsǝḍak] `catch (by hand)'. 682. *cVd- ` to castrate': C 7 Muy acad, Moloko caday `to castrate'. Deriv. in -kº- `to pound, to press': C 4 Gude cədə-ku `pound (food, grain) in mortar or on grinding stone'; 7 Mofu -čačəd-kw `e^tre serre, to be pressed' (also `se replier, s'accroupir, s'assesoir sur ses talons'). Deriv.: W 3 Bol muidu `cause to be wrinkled by pressing' [GAB]. 683. *Vd- > cVd- `to squat, to sit down': E 1 Mobu sade `s'asseoir', Ngam sadi `s'asseoir; habiter' [Lns]. Deriv. in -kº-: C 7 Muy e‰idkwey `to crouch', Moloko cədokay `crouch, squat', Cuv mɛ‰ɛ‰dɛkʷy `s'accroupir', Mofu -‰a‰ədkw, (metath.) -‰ə‰kud- `se replier, s'accroupir, s'assesoir sur ses talons, se tenir sans bouger, to squat, to stay in one position' (contam. with *cVḍ- `to press, squeeze, to castrate'); 9 Mlw suduki `s'accroupir'. Cf. also C 7 Mbuko cəcodof [cəcodof], Prdgm. čečfok [cecfok] `s'accroupir, to squat', Mada œčœ°čœ°ḍœ°hœa , œ‰hœḍwa (metath.) `s'accroupir'. 684. *cVd- `to clean, to sweep': W 2 Ang wat `a cleansing ceremony' [Fl], Mpn seet `to clean' [FrM]; 7 Muy e‰edey `to look after, clean up (person)', Moloko 165 caday `to smooth'; 7a Skn cad `to sweep'. 685. *cVd- ` to swallow': C 5 Pod cəḍəhə [tsǝḍǝhǝ] idf. `avaler, to swallow'; 7 Mafa cad- `boire dans le creux de la main'; E 5 Mig saddo `gouter, taste'// Arab msd `teter, sucer, manger en su‡ant' [BK 1115]. Cf. *sVd(Vh)- `to swallow'. Note that ECh *sVḍ- may alternatively originate from *Vd- . 686. *cVwVd- 'take out, extract': W 2 Ang wat `extract, pluck up' [Fl], Mgh wat (pl. of a) `herausziehen, to pull out' [JgS], Mpn wat [siwat] `bring out; take out honey combs from the beehive' [FrM], Msh wat `to transplant', (pl.) `remove' [TAS 326], Goem shwat `clean smth by pulling out loose strands from a bungle' [Hlw]; C 7 Muy cod `taking out' idf. 687. C *cVd- `to shine, be light, clear': 7 Muy acaday `to shine', Moloko caday `to clear', wacaday `to shine'. Noun deriv.: 4 Gude cədəkə `early morning'; 5a Htkl sdoko `morgen; tomorrow' [LkH]. 688. *cVd- `land': C 2 Bura cidi `country, province, area'; E 6 Mok siido `terre, village, sol'// Arab saʕid- `terre, sol, route' [BK 1337-8]. Deriv.: W 1 Hs ˆadarii 'piece of farm land which is very hard to work'. 689. *cVd- `small amount': W 1 Hs ˆaadaa `paucity'; C 7 Mbuko cədew [cədew] petit', cf. ‰ecədew [cecǝḍew] `very small'; E 5 Dng sood `peu, un peu', Bid soot `un peu, peu' (if not < *SVw-d). 690. *cV(wV)d- `quickly, at once': C 7 Zlg ‰edide [tseḍiḍe] `very quickly', Mafa cadadawa'a `raise at once, easily'; E 6 Mok soodo `rapide; leger'. Note 7 Muy ‰eḍeḍ idf. `running'. 691. W *cVd- `flea': 1 Hs caada `fleas'; 4 Jmb sando `flea' [SkNB]. 692. *ˆwVt- `to squeeze': W 5 Grnt waatii, Jimi eti [Cs], Zaar cat `squeeze, wring out' [CrZ]; C 9 Mlw suti [sʷ t ] `presser (du tabac)'// Arab mst `squeeze out pus' [BK 1114]. Cf. *‰Vw/yVt- id. Note root variants in Arab and in Ch.

166 693. Cf. C 10 *cVt- `to pierce through': ZD cut `(trans)percer, trouer, perforer', ZB cut [tsut] `(tranc)percer, debousquer, deboucher sur'// note Arab m-st `cohabiter' [BK 1114]. 694. *cVt- `kind of (thatching) grass': W 2 Ang it 'forest; grass' [Or]; it `grass for thatching' [Hff], Mgh it `gras' [JgS], Mpn si°t `grass' [FrM], Kfy it `roofing grass, thatching grass', Goem sǝt `generic term for bush or grass' [Hlw] set `grass for thatching' [Hff], set `grass' [Jg]; Msh it `grass' [TAS 336]; C 10 ZB čit [tsit] `kind of grass'. 695. *cV[ɣʷ]- `to hoe, to cultivate': W 1 Hs ˆaagee `first light hoeing'; 2 Bura cuwha `to farm, hoe, cultivate'; 3 cf. Bana cxwə `debroussailler un champ, to clean a field from bush'; 4 Gude cahə `hoe or cultivate between sprouted plants; shave part of head leaving beard'. Deriv.: C 5 Pod cəhwada [tsǝhwaḍa] `to make furrows'. 696. *c/čVɣ- `to learn': W 2 Goem ʃe° [Hlw], Kofyar e `teach, learn' [TAS 351]; 3 cf. Tng sowe (< *cVHʷ-) `to initiate, copy, learn'; C 1 Tera P ziya, Gaa ‰əʔi, Gbn i‰əʔi , Bok eki, Hwo cəha `learn' [Kr]; 5a Htkl caɣ- `lehren, to teach' [LkH]; 7 Muy acahay `to learn', Zlg cah [tsah] `e^tre sage, attentif', (deriv.) me-če°he [metsehe] `intelligence'// SCush Iraqw in-cah- < *cah- `learn, know'. Note C 7: Mada acacah [acacah] `apprendre, etudier'. 697. *cVɣ- > *cVy-/*cVɣ- `to ask': W 4 Wrj, Kar, Miya siy-, Siri sa, Cagu suw- `ask' [SkNB], Miya caciya `ask repetatedly' [Sch], Wrj cəɣai `asking, questioning' [BlS]; C 7 Moloko cahay `ask'.// Sem *ṣw/yḥ `shout, call' [OS 427 for Sem-WCh]. Derived from *cVʔVw/y- `to demand, to beg'? 698. *cVH- `to shine, to be clear': C 3 FK cəhu `clear' [BN]; 7 Mafa caya'a, ‰eye'e `brilliant, shining'// Arab shw `e^tre clair, sobre' [BK 1315], Hbr ṣḥḥ `be white', Geez ṣḥw `be clear' [OS 418]. Note C 5a Hdi cuɣ-bura [tsuɣbura] `dawn' (a compound) [BrH]. 699. C *cVɣʷ- `to dry up, be dry': 3 FK caɣʷa idf. `discribes dryness of leaves

167 and other vegetation' [BN]; 10 ZD coʔ `e^tre sec', ZB coʔo [tsoʔo] `e^tre sec', ca~ʔa~ [tsaʔa] `s'evaporer', Masa cѓy-ta° `dry season' [CC], Bnn soʔa-mo, Mesme ‰oʔo `dry up' [Kr]// Arab swʕ `secher' [BK 1385], swh II stem `dessecher (vent)', ṣūḥ-ān- `dried' [BK 1383], Hbr ṣḥy `to dry' [OS 451]. 700. C *cV[ɣʷ]- `kind of pot': 2 Mrg cexa `pot' [Meek]; 3 FK canɣʷa `jar' [BN], Bana caɣwa-yam `canari pour transporter l'eau'. 701. *(N)cVx- `to gather': 2 Bura n-ciha `draw together'; 3 Bana mə-cəxə `add many'; 5 Glv cax `to assemble, to gather', Pod č—hwa [c—hwa] `gather several small quantities'; E 3 Tum su `ramasser (a° pleines mains)'. 702. C *cVx- `to arrive, to reach': 3 Bana cxə 'arriver'; 7 Gis c, ‰e `eintreten, hineintun'; 5 Pod cawa [tsawa] 'reach, arrive at'. 703. *cVh- `to dig, to sow into holes': W 4 Miya siy- `to dig' [SkNB], ciya [Sch]; C 5 Pod cəha [tsǝha] `creuser (eau ou argile); dig'; 10 ZD co°ʔ `creuser un puits; semer en poquets, dig out a well, sow into holes'. Contamination with *‰Vʔ/y- `to (trans)plant', cf. 704. *(n)cVh- `to pull (out)': W 4 Paa ca `pull (out)' [SkNB] (if no the same as ca `close door, pull' [MS]); C 2 Bura n-cu, ncua (< *ncuHa) `to pull out by the roots, to draw out (knife, sword)'; 5a Hdi cəhay [tsǝhay] ` pull'; 7 Muy acah `draw out (water, powder, etc.)'. 705. C *cVh- `to receive, to get': C 7 Muy acuhway `accept', Moloko cahay `get water'; 5a Hdi cuʔay [tsuʔay] `accept, receive' [BrH]. 706. *cVh- `sorcery, miracle': W 3 Bol sowwo [GAB], Ngm sowo, sowo `sorcery' [NEH]; C 7 Cuvok cahay `miracle'; 10 ZB caʔa [tsaʔa] `sorcellerie', ZD ca_ʔ `sorcellerie, sorcier'. Cf. W 4 Wrj cahiyei `refusing to call s.o.'s name' [BlS]. 707. *cVg- `to sit down': W 4 Wrj caga [BlS], Miya, Mbu cəgə, Wrg cəgə, Cagu ‰əgu `sit down' [SkNB], Miya cəga `sit down', ‰ig `sit' ["a palatalized version?" Sch]; C 5 Glv cugw `go down, descend'.// cf. Arab swʁ `descendre' [BK 1385]. 168 Deriv.: *cVgVn- `to squat, to descend': W 1 Hs ˆugunaa `to squat' (ani relation to ˆugurguma (<*ˆugun-guma) 'elbow'?); 3 Tng sugne `to squat' (< Hs?); 5 Buli sagən `place, put on, lay down' [Cs N804]; E 4 Ubi sigin `descendre'. 708. *cVg- `to be, to become dry': W 1 Hs ˆaage `become dry'; C 3 FK cagwa idf. descr. dryness of leaves and other vegetation’ [BN]// Arab swg `dry (body)'; raide , hart' [BK1383].Any relation to C *cVɣʷ-`to dry up, be dry'? Cf. W 4 Paa cangw—n `dried meat' (-pl.) [MS]. 709. *cVg- `to leave, to drive away': C 8 Mak saga `leave (place); quitter, partir' [AlM]; E 4 Mawa suugu `s'eloignee, to leave; 5 EDng sugiye `wegjagen; drive away'. 710. *cVgє- `to take, to carry': W 3 Krkr na segou `I take [Kl], Tng suugЏ `take some (groundnuts, etc)'; C 5 Glv cugw- `to take, to carry' [Rp]; E 3 Smr sagə `carry (on shoulder)' [JgSib]; 7 Mubi sag `to bring' [Luk]. 711. *cVg- `hair (in the horse's tail)': W 1 Hs cagiyaa `hair (in the horse tail)'; 4 Cagu gəsiya (metath.) `hair' [SkNb]; C 8 Glf m-sige, msege [Luk], Mak msugurio `tuft, lock of hair' [AlM], Bud nige, pl. nigeli `Haar, Feder, hair, feather' // For Hausa - SCush Iraqw caga `hair' see [OS 415]. Cf. C 4 Bana igə `queue'; 6 Daba segwer `petit bout de cheveaux' [Lnhr]; 8 Log ʔəmsəgə `hair' [CLR]. Irregular s- instead of c-, probably, s- < *nc-.

712. *cVgVr- `criquet' (attested only in compounds): C 8 Mak msegorkor `criquet' [AlM]; E 5 Bid sigirgidyo `criquet sp.'. 713. *cVgVl- ` fish': W 3 Tng sɔglɔ `fish', sugle `to swim'; C 8 Mak msagwale `kind of fish' [AlM]. 714. C 8 *ˆVk- `belch' : Kus ṣǝ°ki° `bile' [Tr], Log ṣekii `Galle' [LkL]. 715. C 8 *cVgVn- `liver': Kus ṣЌ°ga°n-tǝ́ [Tr], Bud hoɣinde (< *cogin-d-) [LkB]. 716. *ˆVk- `to rise, to go straight up': W 3 Pero ‰okko `elevate'; 6 Duw ə‰kyuwo = ə‰ko `extract, lift from a fixed position'; 5 Zaar ‰oɣ (from *cokn) `God, what is up above, the top of a tree' [CrZ]; C 4 Gude cəkaʔ 169 `standing straight' idf.; 5 Mlg cəkke `in Richtung auf; in direction on, above'; 7 Ould -ca-cakw [tsatsakw] `se lever, s'arre^ter', tenir debout'. Deriv. in -f-: 7 Mbuko cakaf [cakaf] `soulever', Ould -cəkuf [tsǝkuf] `elever, monter', Moloko cəkafay `get up'. Deriv. in -d-: 7 Muy cəkwad idf. `getting up', Mada ‰ekwede [cekweḍe] `sommet (d'un arbre, s'une case), the top (of a tree, house)'. Deriv. in -n-: C 7 Ould -čečeke [tsetsekeŋ] `soulever, raise a little'. Deriv. in -t-: W 3 Pero ‰okoto 'lift'; C 4 Gude cəkutə `to protrude up from the ground (tree stump, termite hill)'. 717. *cVkʷ- `to collect (tax), to gather': C 4 Gude cəkə `gather together, collect (tax)'; 7 Mafa co-cukw- `garder, conserver, mettre de cote`; 9 Mnj suki° (se) regrouper', Mulwi suki `faire un tas'; 10 ZB coko [tsoko] `rassembler, mettre de co^te, manger ensemble'; E 5 Bid sok `ramasser', WDng suke `to gather', EDng o´ske´ `aufstappeln, to pile'; E 6 Mok siki `ramasser'. Deriv. in -l-: C Vame cЌkЌl `gather' [KV]; 7 Mbuko cakal [cakal] `collecter (impo^ts)', Ould -čekele [tsekeleŋ] `collecter, prendre un peu de partout, ramasser pour soi', Muy acakalay `gather, pick up one by one', Moloko cəkalay `assemble, unite', Mada ockol [ockol] `empiler, dresser (mil, haricots) dans un recipient', Mofu -‰akwal- `ramasser le meilleur (mil, arrachides) en laissant les saletes', -‰akal- `collecter, ramasser, rassembler, gather (tr, intr), collect', Mafa cakal- `gather luggage ready to leave'. Deriv. in -t-: C 2 Chb cak-ti `vermehren, to multiply' [HfC 135]. 718. *cVk- `to taste': C 7 Muy acakay `taste, try', Ould -cukuday [cukuḍay] `gou^ter', Mofu -‰a‰ək- `gou^ter', Cuv mɛ-‰ɛkɛy `essayer, gouter', Mada accaka [accaka] `gou^ter'. Deriv.: E 5 WDng sokat `gourmandise de viande, taste of meat', sokido `un gourmand'. 719. *cVkє- `to push, to pack (full)': C 2 Bura n-cika `push (down, in)'; 3 Bana c(ə)kwə `push smb'; 4 Gude cəkwa `pack full by pounding; butt heads together; bump foot accidentally, stub toe', Cuvan cukun, Sharva cukan `push' [BrJ]; 7 Ould cakway [cakway] `pousser'; Muy cuk mod. `packed together', 170 Cuv mɛ-‰ɛ‰kɛy `tasser'; ZD ‰ek `tasser la terre sur qqch' (‰e- < *ce-); E 5 WDng sesike `tasser, to tread down'.//Arab swq `pousser devant soi' [BK 1167]. a. C *cVk- `to put inside': 10 ZD cok `mettre dans, entrer (grand nombre)'. Noun deriv.: C 7 Zlg cakafa [tsakafa] `tampon (de la moule de'une tige de mil)'. b. C *cVkVr- `to hit slightely, to touch': 2 Bura cukwar `to touch'; 7 Ould -cəkar [tsǝkar] `taper sur qqch'/ Arab sqr `strike with a stick' [BK 1351]. Note ECh *sVgVl- (? < *sVkVl-) `to push': 1 Mobu sogole, Ngam sole 'pousser' [Lns]; 2 Kbl, Nch -səgəl 'pousser' [HKb]. 720. *cVkє- `to quarrel, to fight': C 2 Bura cukwa `to quarrel, to fight'; 4 Gude cəəku `encourage someone to fight against a third party'; 8 Log m—sakwa `a quarrel', msakwa ya `(to be) angry' [AlL]; 10 ZB coko [tsoko] `se fa^cher'; E 5 Bid idf. ʔi°sak `la^cher apres, sur', ʔi°saakook `instigateur, insinuation'. Noun deriv.: C 5 Gis ckavo `war'; 10 ZB cukur [tsukur] `ennemy, rancune'. Note possible derive. `to provoke'W 1 Hs ˆookana; C 5 Vame cagwaḍ- [KV] ; 7 Mbuko cəkəlam [cəkəlam] `provoquer'. 721. *cVkʷ- `to undress': C 5 Pod cəkwa [tsǝkwa] `habiller, deshabiller; to dress, to undress', Mlg cukwa `undress'; 7 Mofu -‰əkw- `enlever (ve^tement), se defaire, undress', Muy acakway `undress', Mol cokoy `undress', Gis cok `ausziehen, (Klidung), to undress', Cuv mɛ-‰kʷy `desabilier', ma-cuk (mbal) `depecer (peau)'; E 5 Bid sook `relever un ve^tement, to raise slightly one's clothes'. 722. W 4 *cV[k]- `to exchange': Wrj cək-, Kar səkə, Mbu səḳi, Miya saaw- [SkNB], Wrj cək- [BlS]. Cf. Jmb əg- `exchange', Cagu iḳa-n (n.) [Sk] . 723. C *cVk- `to throw, to fall': 5 Pod cəkwa [tsǝkwa] `s'abbatre', Mlg cəkwa `heruntersteigen; go down'; 7 Gis cak `werfen; throw'// Arab sqʕ `jeter qqn, throw, renverser par terre, tomber' [BK 1352]. Deriv.: C 4 Gude cəkurək, ‰ikurǝh, ‰ikərək `going or coming down'.

171 724. C *ˆVk- `to run away, to escape': 4 Gude cakəcak 'running quickly' v.idf; 7 Mada ackwa [ackwa] `fuir, s'enfuir, courir'. a. *ˆVk-ˆVk- `quickly': C 7 Ould cakcak [tsaktsak] `vite', Mofu ‰ak ‰ak, ‰ek ‰ek `run quickly, on tiptoes' 725. C *cVk- `to divide, to share': 7 Muy e‰ek `divide, share out'; Mafa cak- `divide, take or give a part of'; 10 ZD cak-tu `diviser'. Cf. C 7a Skn cakalaw `bull sacrifice (slaughter of bull in center courtyard)' [DS]; 726. C *cVk- `(chicken, fish) basket': 2 Bura cakwa-cakwa `fish trap made of strong twigs', 7a Skn cəkaka `chicken coop, of basketry' [DS]. Compound. *cVk-rVk- `basket': C 2 Bura cakurakwa `a large Hwona basket'; 7 Mbuko cəkarak [cəkarak] `panier pour transporter les te^tes du mil'. Cf. W 1 Hs caakai `armlet tafa plaited of grass'. (Given that Hausa c- may originate from HS c- as well, the following semitic parallel (to Hausa only) is worth being mentioned: Hebrew skk, mhb hif `flechten, weben, to plait, to weave', maskt`warp-threads [KB 657, 542]). 727. *cVk- `kind of stone': W 1 Hs cakuwa° `gravel'; C 2 Mrg ncka `stone' [SkNB]; 3 FK caka `igneous rock' [BN]; 7a Skn cakka `quarzt' [DS]. Deriv.: C 4 Gude cəkwaɫa `small hill of rocks'. 728. *cVk- `middle': W 1 Hs ˆaka° ; 4 Paa ciciku `middle' [MS]; C 7 Mofu ‰aka‰ak 'right in the middle', Muy ‰ek mod. `mid night'. 729. *cVk- `oval': C 4 Gude cəkwaʔ `shaped like a block of salt (round and elongated)'; E 5 Bid sokop `oval, oblong' 730. C *c/‰Vk- `rib, side of body': 7 Mbuko cakay [cakay] `bord, co^te', , caka [tsaka] `co^te (du corps)', ‰eke [tseke] `co^te, partie, endroit' (note ca-/če-), Gis cakay `rib, side of body', Mofu ‰akay, ‰akam `co^te, co^te', Cuvok acakay `a co^te', Mafa cagay `co^te'. An Arab loan ? Cf. suql- `flancs, co^te' [BK 1354]. 731. C *cVkVf- `to foam': C 4 Gude cəkufinə, ‰ikufinə `foam, froth'; 5 Pod cəkufa [tsǝkufa] `ecumer, mousser'; 7 Muy acukup `to foam', Mafa cukuf- 172 `mousser, ecumer'. 732. C *VkVn- `miracle': C 7 Ould cakana [tsakana] `mystere'; Mofu ‰ekene 'miracle', Muy ‰ekena 'sorcerer, sorcery', Mafa cakana, ‰ekene, n‰ekene `miracle'; 9 Mba suksuki `riddle'. A loan? 733. *cVḳ- `to dig': W 4 Wrj cəḳə, Kar səkə [SkNb], Wrj cəḳə [BlS]. Note an extremely rare case of a word with two emphatics. Verbal deriv.: C 5 Pod cakwaɫa [ tsakwała] `to hoe hurriedly'. Verbal deriv.: W 3 Tng sugde `to make a hole (in wall, ground)'. Noun deriv.: C 4 Gude cəkwara metal tipped digging stick'. 734. *cVl- `to sharpen, sharp point': C 2 Bura cila 'to sharpen'; 4 Bana cəli `ale^ne, awl'; 8 Glf si^l `arrow' [Lk 150]// Arab ʕasil- `arrow made from hard wood', masl-at- `pointe en fer pointu de tout arme, instrument' [BK 273, 1275], Hbr silsal `harpoon'. Deriv.:W 2 Goem swa°la°k `become pointed and sharp' [Hlw]. 735. *cVl- `to drip': W 1 Hs ˆalaalaa `to pour out a large quantity of fluid'; C 4 Gude cəlaʔ dripping' v. idf. ; 8 Log s—li-wun `to drip' // Arab nsl `couler'. a. *cV(wV)l- `to rince, to soak': C 7 Ould -calay [tsalay] `rincer', Mafa cawal- `rincer (recipient)'; 10 ZD col `tremper le bout de qqch dans un liquide, to soak'//Arab msl `e^tre trempe d'eau au point de degoutter' [BK 117]. Deriv.: C 7 Mafa culb- `tremper, plonger dans de l'eau'. Deriv.: *ˆVlVw/l/m- `to be liquid (sauce)': W 3 Tng salala `watery'; C 7 Ould calacalam [tsalatsalam] `mal liee (sauce), trop liquide'. 736. *cVl- `to break off, in pieces': W 3 Tng silɛ `to break a piece off' [JgT]; 4 Wrj cal- `break' [BlS]; 5 Zaar cal `break (srick)' [CrZ], Dott cal `break stick', Guus cal `break (stick)' [CrD, CrG]; 6 cf. Bade səlu `get a splinter'; C 7 Ould -cal [tsal] `fendre une fois, taper pour couper avec lame', Zlg cala [tsala] `to make into pieces', Mofu ‰al, ‰el `casser en deux', Mafa cal- `break off a small piece from a stone, a piece of egg-shell', cəlawa'a `se casser avec un craquement (pour une branche)'. Verbal pl.: C 7 Ould -čele [celeŋ] `fendre' (pl. fois). 173 Deriv. in -d-: C 7 Mafa cəlad- 'couper en eclat, enlever en eclat'. Noun deriv.: W 3 Tng silaki `a piece of smth'. Cf. W 3 Tng seele `to hatch', Pero ‰elo `to hatch'. 737. *cV(wV)l- `to stretch, to pull': W 2 Ang wal `to stretch (out)' [Fl]; 3 Tng soli `pull, drag, stretch out', Pero ‰ulu `drag, stretch, pull up', Krf oll- 'pull'; C 3 FK n-cil `pull' [BN]// Arab n-sl IV-stem `tirer' [BK 1275]. Deriv.: C 7 Muy acəlakway `remove'. 738. *cVl- `to climb': 7 Ould -cəl `montrer, grimper', Muy cəl 'climb, go up', Zlg cəl 'monter'. Cf. W 5 Zaar ca´lla^ `high' [CrZ]. a. *ˆVl- `top, summit': W 1 Hs culuuluu `summit'// Arab masl-at- `sommet de la te^te' [BK 1275]. Cf. C 7 Ould čelew [celew] `bout d'une tige de mil', Muy ‰i‰el `top of millet stalk' (< *CVl-). 739. *cVl- `to be naked': W 3 Bol sul, sulwai `naked-(ness)' [GAB]; C 7 Muy colul mod. `empty'. a. C *cVl- `to skin, to peel' (attested in deriv. only): Muy aculaday `to peel', Moloko cəlokoy `to peel', Mofu -‰əlkw- `decortiguer, ecailler, ecaler', Mafa cəlang- `ecorcher, to bark'. Deriv. `to undress' (`to become naked'): W 6 Ngz səltu `undress'; C 7 Mbu cəlok [cǝlok] `enlever le ve^tement'//Arab nsl II-stem `o^ter , extraire' [BK1275]. 740. *cVl- `kind of fish': W 1 Hs ˆala `k of fish'; C 8 Mak ṣala `fish sp.' [AlM]. Noun deriv.: C 8 Mak msolon `dry fish sauce (withou vegetables)'. 741. *cVl- `snake, worm': W 1 Hs ciilaa `tapeworm'; 3 Tng sul-di `worm'; C 9 Mba sile [TrMba] `snake'; 8 Bud halɛ `snake'; E 5 Bid sallaaliyo `serpent sp.'// Arab sill- `small snake' [BK 1355]. For Arab-Hausa see [OS 438]. 742. *cVl- `hair': W 2 Goem ul-ka (ka 'head') `hair' [Fp]; C 8 Log mcal, msal `Haar' [LkL]. Note E 5 Bid solongoto `woman with not thick hair'.

174 743. *cVl- `hoe, to hoe': C 5 Pod ‰—‰ela [c—cela] `pioche'; 7 Ould čele [tsele] `pioche'; E 1 Kera seele `mit einer Hacke reinigen, to clean with a hoe'; 5 Bid salaw `hoe'.// Arab wasil- `culture de champs, champs cultives' [BK 1549]. a. C 7 *cVl-v- `planting stick': Zlg culuv [tsuluv] `plantoir', Mada oclov `fer de plantoir, plantoir avec fer', cf. Ould ma/e-čile°kwe° `plantoir, petit fer de houe'. 744. *cVl- `a pile': C 7 Mbuko culok [culok] `small hill'; 10 ZD cul `en grand tas'; E cf. 5 Mig sillo `augmenter, to add'. // Arab wsl `joindre unir (une chose a une autre)' [BK 1549] 745. *cV(wV)l- `disorder': C 10 ZB col [tsol] `en desordre'; E 2 Lele sol `deranger, to disorder', sole `derangement'. 746. *cVl- `(dirty) spot': C 8 Log sali `spot, speckle' [AlL]. Deriv.: C 7 Mafa cal-calla'a, ‰ellle'e `couvert de gouttes d'huille'; E 5 Bid silad `essuyer une tache avec un chiffon'. 747. W *cVl- `string': W 2 Ang sal `tree sp., strings are made of fibre of its bark' [JgA]; 3 Bol coli [Kl] `rope'; C 4 Mwl saalu `rope' [Kr] // Hbr ʔsl `to attach', Arab wṣl, yṣl [OS 422]. 748. *cVm- `to grind, to pound': W 2 Goem sa°m [s`] `grind smth that is moist' [Hlw]; C 4 Gude cəma `pound on a hard object placed on a hard surface'. Nounn deriv. `grinding stone': C 4 Gude mə-cəma `rock used to beat grinding stone to make it rough'; 10 Masa hidi sum-da `grinding stone', hidida `stone' [CLR]// Arab wsm `casser, feler; serrer qqch' [BK 1551]. 749. *cVm- `to know': W 3 Krkr asim `plan, knowledge' [GK]; 5 Geji simi `know' [Cs 743]; 7 Fyer, DB sum `know' [CLR]; C 4 FM ‰am, Nzn cəman Nak cama- `to know' [Kr]; 5 Pad cam [Mo], Dghw ‰ama, ‰amine [CLR], Cin cama- [Kr] `to know'. Deriv. W 1 Hs cammaani `expect', cammaata `the expect'. In the view of new data (as compared to that in [OS 504], comparison with Arab wẓm `to think' should be rejected.

175 Note C 2 Bura cumpwi, cimpwi `to make a venture or guess'. 750. *cVm- `to choose, to lift and carry': W 3 Tng sami `lift with two hands'; C 5a Hdi cəmay [tsǝmay] `to choose' [BrH]; 7 Muy cam `taking up many long things' idf., Ould -camay [tsamay] `trier, ramasser en cherchant'; E 4 Mawa səmə `prendre, porter, choisir, soulever'. 751. *cVm- `to wait, look (at, out for)': W 1 Hs cumaaya^ `await, look out for'; C 4 Gude caamə `look at, watch'. 752. *cVm- `to be silent': 1 Hs cumu `be silent because of fear, be afraid'; 2 Mpn si°im `silent' [FrM]; 6 Bade samma^ `quiet, silent', Duw sam idf. indicates silence, quiet; E 5 WDng siime `rester immobile et silencieux; to stay in place and be silent'.// Arab swm `se taire, s'abstenir de parler' [BK 1187]. 753. W *cVm- `to swell': 4 Siri səmu, Mbu, Kar səm- `swell' [SkNB]. 754. C *cVm- `to agree, to admit': 2 Bura cumwi `of course'; 8 Mak ṣam `agree; accept, receive, admit (to a wrong)' [AlM]. 755. *cVm- `sour(ness)': W 1 Hs caamii `sourness, acidity'; 4 Paa c—mumu, cəmumu `sourness' [MS]; cəmumu, Diri san-sam, Kar sam-sam-na, Siri caawaani, Mbu caamin, Cagu coomama `sour' [SkNB], Miya cəncəm [Sch]; C 8 Log semsem `sour' [AlL], Mak ṣem ṣem `acid taste' [AlM], Afd em-em `acide' [Tr]; 10 ZB cumok [tsumok] `acide', ZD cəmok `acide'. Note W 2 Ang kwa-sam (if < *kwa-sam) `sour milk' [TAS]. 756. *cVm- `clothes': W 1 cf. Hs ˆummaa `rags'; 5 Zaar cəma `clothes' [accord. to CrZ, a Hs loan], Dott suumma `(woman's body) cloth' [Cs 122]. // Arab shm VII `se dresser'. Verbal deriv.: `to wrap, to cover (with clothes)': C 2 Bura cim-ta `to wind, wrap'; E 4 Mawa asama `couvrir, fermer'. 757. *cVm- `(fire)wood': W 2 cf. Goem ama (note unusual root-structure) `heap of green wood piled for drying' [TAS 341]; 3 Tng sim `log, piece of wood'; C 3 Bana cəm `wood, big piece of wood', FK cum `firewood' [BN], otsum `tree' [Meek]; 5 Pod ‰—‰—ma [c—c—ma] `brindilles, bois a bru^ler; fire-wood'. 176 Cf. W 1 Hs cumagiyaa `thin, flexible stick, can be used as a switch'. Note. C 7 Mofu sasam, Cuv sasam `fire wood'. Irregular initial consonant. 758. *cVm- `kind of antelope': W 3 Dera aame `oribi'; 4 Cagu cəmnarayi `hartebeest' [SkNB]; 7 Sha maom, pl. maomo^m `kind of antelope'; E 4 Mawa somok `antelope cheval'. 759. *cVm- `immediately': C 7 Zlg cam [tsam] `immediately'; E 1 Kera semee-ga `Augenblick, a moment'; 2 Lele sam `un moment'. 760. *cVm- `shivering': W 1 Hs ˆumaa `shivering'; C 7 Muy cam-cam idf. `shaking, trembling'. 761. *Vm- `enmity, anger': W 1 Hs cimammiyaa `enmity'; 3 Tng sime `be against, hate', Dera na-uma `enemy' [NmK]; C 10 ZD cumvun `bouder, faire la moue, be angry'. 762. E *sVm- < *cVm- `snake': 3 Tum səəm `kind of snake'; 4 Mawa sumu `snake'// Arab simm-at- `serpent ma^le' [BK 1366]. Arabic parallel points to -. 763. *cVn- `to dry up': W 1 Hs ˆane, ˆanyee `to become partially dry'; 2 Ang sn 'dry up (pools, streams)' [Fl], Mgh sun `dry up , evaporate' [BlM]; C 5 Pod caə idf. `desseche; dried'// Arab snn IV stem `se secher' [BK 1373]. 764. *cVn- `to take, to collect (things)': W 1 Hs ciinaa `pick up one by one', ciine `pick up one by one all the things in question'; 5 Buli inə `find' [Cs N 895]; C 2 Bana cəni `rassembler en tas'; 7 Zlg cənəh [tsǝnǝh] `join several things, gather that was scattered'; E 4 Sok sine `take' [Luk]. Note C 2 Bura cunggwa `put together, take up collection of food, any things'. 765. * cVn- `to look': C 7 Mbuko can [can], (in paradigm) činen [cinen] `regarder'. Verbal deriv.: C 2 Chb can-ti `zeigen, to show'. a.*cVnVk- `to watch, to spy': W 1 Hs cinkaayaa `look for from a distance', cinkaayaa `espy from a distance'; 2 Goem ang, a `spy, peep,look' [TAS 352].

177 766. *cVn- `sharp point': W 1 Hs ciinii `sharp point'; 4 Siri cinna [SkNb] `tooth'//Hbr sen `thorn'. [OS 440]. Note *cVn- `pointed weapon'. Cf. C 4 Bana cəwə `semer, picorer, to sow, to prick'. a. C 8 *cVn-cVn- `fin': Log sansan `fin; nageoire', Mak ṣar ṣar `fin, nageoire' (regular *-n- > -r-, cf. [Tr]) [AlM]. 767. *cVn- `bow-string, to tie': C 3 Bana mə-‰ini, mə-cəni `bow string from antelope skin'; 4 Gude cənə `bow string'; 10 ZB čin [tsin] `noeud'; E 2 Lele asini `to tie (rope)'//Arab ʔusun- `ropes used to attach a tent to sticks' [BK 37]. Note W 6 Bade sanada `woman's head girdle'. 768. C *cVn- `calicedrat tree or Khaya senegalensis': 3 Bana cəna 'calicedrat'; 5 Pod cəri cəra [tsǝri] `kind of tree, calicedrat' ; 5a Hdi ‰inik [tsinik] (‰i- < *ci) `caicedrat tree' [BrH]; 7 Cuv cəray `cailcedrat', Ould cəray [tsǝray] `Khaya senegalensis', Muy curay `calcedra, kind of tree', Mada acra [acra] `Khaya senegalensis', Mafa cəndad `Khaya senegalensis; 8 Afd cǝlḍі° (-ld- < *-nd-, c- < ˆ- because of uncompatibility of ˆ and ḍ in one word), Kus sǝ°nḍі `Khaya senegalensis' [Tr]. Note *-n- > -r- in C 5 (but not in 5a). 769. C *cVn- `stone with grinding hollow': 3 FK n-cunə `millstone for grinding soup ingredients' [BN]; 7a Skn con `grinding hollow' [DS]// Arab sawwan-at- `pierre; cul' [1387]. Cf. W *s/c/ˆVn- `to grind': 2 Ang ɣik šin `grinding stone' (ɣik `stone') [Brq]; 7 DB «o°n `mahlen, to grind'. Cf. possible deriv.: sura *sVng `mortar': Ang ing `a mortar made of a hollowed out section of tree', Mpn si, Kofyar, Goem ing `mortar' [TAS 347]. 770. *cVr- `to cut': W 1 Hs cara `lance, cut'; C 7 Mbuko car [ car] `cut (corn)'; E 2 Lele sir [CLR] `cut'; 5 WDng sere, Mig serro [JgM] `cut in strips'.// Arab sry `couper, retrancher en coupant' [BK 1336]. Cf. *sVr- `to chop, to cut'. Note that both roots are attested in Hausa. Noun deriv.: W 3 Krkr siraa, Bol surra `shredded meat' [GK], E 5 Mig seerane, pl. seerigee `laniere (de cuir), long piece of hide'. Verbal deriv. in -ḍ-: C 7 Mafa cərd- `split (with hoe, scie)'. 178 Deriv. *cVrVp- `sharp': W 5 Tala sirbi-i (voicing) `sharp' [Cs]; C 8 Log s—rpu `sharp' [AlL]; E 5 Bid sarpook `a^cre, sharp', sarapa `a^cretee'. Deriv. in - g- `to cut in pieces': W1 Hs carge `slit (leather, pages of book)'; 771. *cVr- `squeeze (with hands, feet), press': W 2 Goem ser `to crash with hands or feet and kill' [TAS:327]; 4 Miya cəryə `step on' [Sch]; C 10 ZB car [tsar] `ecraser qqn, to squeeze smb.'; E 2 Kbl -sər, Nch -sir `presser' [HKb]; 5 Bid surray `emballer; pack'.// Arab srr `serrer et nouer, serrer la pis' [BK I1325]. Cf. *sVr- `to grind' and *čVr- `to knead'. For Arab-ECh see [OS 455]. Deriv. in -k-: `to pound and shell': C 3 FK n-cərku `pound, unschelling' [BN]; 4 Gude cərəku `pound in mortar; remove husk from grain'; E 5 Bid sira‰ `eґcraser' (-‰# < *-k#). Deriv. in n-: C 2 Bura n-cara/i 'squeeze, press', n-cor `tweezers'. 772. *cVr- `to stand': W 1 Hs caya 'stand'; 4 Paa ciraa `stand', cirei `stand up' [MS], Wrj cərw-, Miya, Kar, Mbu, Cagu sər-, Paa cura, Siri curu `stand, stop, wait', Miya cər [Sch], Wrj cərw- [BlS] `to stand'; 3 Tng sЏri `stand (up), stop', Grm sora [CLR] `stand'; 7 DB soor 'stand', su-zoor `stand up' [JgR] // cf. Arab syr II stem `arre^ter (p. ex., l'eau) dans son cours' [BK 1390]. Cf. W 4 Diri sala `stand, stop, wait' (unexpected -l-) [SkNB]. 773. *cVrVr- `to pour out': C 7 Zlg carərra [tsarǝrra] `sortir impetueusement, jaillir'.// Akk sararu `to flow, to drip' [CAD 105]. Cf. *sVr- `to pour (in, out); river'. Both roots are attested in NBauchi languages. Deriv. in -ḅ-: W 4 Wrj, Kar carb- `pour away' [SkNB], Wrj carabyi `pour away!' [BlS], Miya carabiy `pour away!' [Sch]; C 7 cf. Muy acurbay `separate by floating'. Cf. *ЉVr- `to pour into'. W *cVwVr- `rain, tears':Wrj cuwaru, Diri cuwara `rain'; 5 Duw suurayi `tears', Bade suwar [Kr], suwalai `tears'. a. *cVr- `to spit': W 4 Wrj car- [Sk] `spit', Mbu gu-sər `cough'(n.) [CLR]. Deriv. in -t-: W1 Hs cartaa `spit out'; C 9 Msg serte teenek `spit spittle' [CLR]. The word for `dew' (see below) root seems to be relaated. All the languages involved reflect Ch *s-, *c-, *c as s-/i-. The only exception are Bolewa and Karekare words in notation of S.W.Klle - there is some proof that at that time 179 these languages distinguished between s and c. In this very case, Karekare shows c- as well. Thus, we may suggest that the noun `dew' had initial *c- in PCh. Lexical reflexes below are arranged according to the root-structure. b.*sVr- `dew': E 1 Kera kə-sər-didi; 4 Mawa ti-jir < *sir, Ubi ti-siro [Alio]. *sV-sVr- `dew': W 5 Dottt səsər, Guus iir [CrD, CrG], Buli iir, Geji səsəl [Cs 367]; E 5 Mig si-siro, Bid si-sro// Arab nsr (u) `arrosser' [BK 1271] *sVrsVr- > sVnsVr- `dew': W 3 Ngm inir [NEH], Krkr sənsər, sencer, zenʒer [Kl], Bele sinsori, Gera sinsiri [SchV], E 4 Saba sintir (< *sinsir); 5 EDng sinsiro, C simsiro, W sirsiro [CJ]; 7 Mogum (Jegu) sər-sər [HJ]. *sVHʷVr- `dew': W 2 Ang sr [Fl], Mgh səgər [JgS], Mpn səər [FrM], Msh ikir, Kfy səɣər, Goem su^r, sr, sr [TAS 336]; 2 Kaba su^:rru [Cp], surə, Nch sərə [HKb], Lele ka-suwaro; 3 Tum oor. 774. *cVr- `to fight; to kill': C 7 Mbuko car [car] `se battre'; 10 cf. Kln serang `kill' [Luk 138]; E 7 Brg serli `se battre; fight', Msm sirraara `to fight', suraara `a fight'// Arab suram `la guerre' [BK 1334]. 775. *cVr- `be in good health, prosper': W 1 Hs ciira `become well off'; C 5 Pod cara [tsara] `be good, kind'; 7 Ould -car [tsar] `e^tre bon (chose qui fait plaisir)'; 8 Log sir `good health' [AlL]; 10 ZB car [tsar] `s'enrichir, prosperer, reussir, bien produire, donner ne' (contaminstion with *‰Vr- `to germinate', cf.); E 1 Kera seere `gesund warden, recover'//Arab ysr `to have a succes' [BK 1627]. 776. *cVr- `to make fire': C 3 Bana cərə `allumer (feu)'; E 2 Lele sir `mettre la feu'// Arab shr `bru^ler, fondre' [BK 1379]. 777. *cV(wV)r- `to pluck leaves from a branch': C 7 Mbuko curay [curay] `enlever les feuilles d'une brindille'; E 5WDng sawre `enlever les feuilles', saruwe `defeuiller'. Deriv. in -P-: E 2 Lele sorbi 'raser; arracher (feuilles)' (note contamination with *sVr- `to shave'; 5 EDng sirpe 'abblatten'. 778. *cVr- `to help, to take care': W 3 Pero ‰owriyo `to help'; 5 Guus care `protect' [CrG]; 10 ZB car [tsar] `aider'; E 5 Mig siraw `(des guerisseurs) take care (native doctor)'// Arab nsr (u) `aider, assister' [BK 1271 180 779. *cVr- `to clean off, to rake': W 4 Miya cər `rake, sweep'; C 2 Bura car(a) `sweep; clean off farm rubbish'; E 5 (deriv.) EDng sor-kidye `grundlich reinigen'. Cf. *sVr- ` to sweep'. Deriv.: C 2 Bura caramta `to sweep out'. a. *cVr- `to wash, to purify': W 2 Ang sar `to wash' [TAS 316]; 3 Tng saarɛ `to rinse, to clean (pot, mortar)', Bol sir- `waschen' [LkB]; C 3 FK car `clear, purify, concentrate' [BN]. Deriv.: C 7 Ould -čirbe [tsirḅeŋ] `laver qqch avec precaution'. 780. *cVr- `to insult': W 1 Hs іrі° `ostracizing a person'; C 3 Bana cərə `insulter'; 9 (deriv.) Msg massor `bse, teuer, evil'. 781. *cVr- `to escape, to run away': W 1 Hs ciiraa `escape'; 5 Guus ciira `escape', Zaar ciiraґ `escape' (< Hs); C 5 (deriv.) Pod cərəva [tsǝrǝva] `run away'// Arab ʕsr `se refugier' [BK 270]. a. *cV(wV)r- `fear': W 1 Hs cooroo 'fear' (pl. car‰a-car‰e): 3 Dera oore (< Hs ?) `to fear'; 7 DB ieer `furchten; frighten'. 782. *cVr- `to put in line, to arrange': W 1 Hs ˆaara `arrange, put in order; tittivate hair'; 3 Bol sirmu `stack (up), arrange, line up' [GAB]; 6 Ngz səru `line up, string beads', sətru `string beads', Bade (deriv.) saar-tu `arrange, straighten up'; C 7 Muy cur idf . `lined up'. 783. *Vr- > *m-Vr- `strap, bow-string': W 2 Ang li-saar `(a bit of) horse bridle' [Fl]] (li `small' ?); 7 Bok si°r `tendon, sinew'; C 7 Cuvok mə-caar `cord d'arc, bow-string'; 8 Mak m-ṣuru `lash, strap' [AlM]. W *cVr-k- `bow-string': 1 Hs ˆirkiyaa, ˆarkiyaa `bow-string'; 2 Sura sarka `tendon' [Kl]. Cf. *cVr- `to tie' > *cVr-k- `rope'. Verbal deriv.: C 2 Mrg n-cǝ°ri° ` tighten (bow-string, skin of drum' [HfM:155]. 784. *cVHʷVr- `kind of rat, mouse': W 2 Mgh ugur, ʷəɛɣɛr `Hausmaus' [JgS], Mpn n-wer [FrM]; 5 Tala saari `rat' [Cs]; C 7 Ould čičiwir [tsitsiwir] `kind of rat'; C 6 Mok soʔire `palm rat'. // cf. Arab sar-at- `rat musque'. 785. *cVr- `seed': W 4 Wrj ciiri `seed' [BlS]; 5 Zaar cǝ:ri `seed' [CrZ]; C 7 Mafa cəra `semence; descendance'.

181

*Cў

786. *‰V `to rise, to get up': W 1 Hs ‰a n. `rising up or starting out'; C 5 Glv ‰ii `to rouse, to awake(n), to stir up, to resuscitate, to raise, to leave, to lift up, to (a)rise, to get up'; 6 Daba ‰aw `se lever vite'; 8 Bud ‰u/i `erheben'. Note E 1 Kera ‰ə `head'; 2 Tob ‰a 'head, dessus, up, above', Lele, Kbl ‰a `head' [CLR]. Related to the present root, if the original meaning was `up, above'. Alternatively, E Ch 1 *čV may originate from Ch *kaa `head'. Cf. C 2 Bura ‰a‰a `of lifting up a person or thing on the hands of many people'. 787. *‰V `to put': W 5 Guus ‰aa `put, wear, plant', Zaar ‰aa `put' [CrZ]; C 6 cf. Daba ‰a 'produire, placer'; E 2 Lele ‰ee `mettre, to put'. a. *‰V(‰V) `to throw': W 6 Duw ‰uu-‰uwo; E 4 Mawa ‰e^- `jeter (pour se debarrasser), throw (to become free)' . 788. *‰Vw/y- `to fish, fishing': W 4 Paa ‰u‰u, Kar ‰iwu 'fishing', Diri a‰u 'fisherman' [SkNB], Wrj ‰uu-na `catching fish with a net' [BlS]; C 8 Bud ‰i [VM:111] `pe^cher, saisir' (contam. with (if not the same as) ci, ‰i/e `ergreifen, fassen', cf. *Vw-`catch, pick');10 ZB cu [tsu] `to fish with a basket', Masa ‰iw `pe^cher' [CC]; E 1 Kera ‰e aska `to fish with a fishing-basket' (aska `fish')// Akk au `to catch (in a net)' [CAD 422]. Cf. *Vw-`catch, pick' and [StH II.1]. 789. *‰Vʔ/*ʔV‰- `to wash, to clean': W 6 Bade ‰uu-‰awu `be damp'; C 4 Gude ‰aʔ `submerge completely in water'; 5 Glv ‰ɛ-‰uwa `clean', ‰ɛ-‰uwana `absolutely pure, holy'; E 5 WDng a‰e `laver, to wash', EDng a‰e `putzen, to clean'; 7 Brg ʔa‰i `laver (corps)'. Deriv. in -d-: C 5 Glv ‰uwadad `the cleansing'; 7 Mafa cuwadada'a `propre apres lavage, lave, washed'. 790. *‰Vʔ- `to speak': W 1 Hs ‰ee 'say, tell'; C 2 Mrg ču̥ `to speak' [HfM:118]; 8 Bud ‰a `sagen, say'; 10 ZD ‰iʔ `resonner', E 5 WDng ‰aa‰e `repeter; redire'. Noun deriv.: W 3 Krkr ‰aa‰aa `Rede; speech' [LkK], ‰aa‰aa `news, 182 word, speech' [GK]; C 10 E 2 Lele ‰uu‰uu `cri sp.'. 791. *‰Vw- `to cut (smth not hard)': C 5 Wnd ‰a 'cut' [Mo], Mlg ‰a `schneiden, schlachten', čača `cut in pieces'; 5a Htkl c- `cut' [LkH]; 6 Daba ‰aw 'couper' [Lnhr]; 7 Mofu -‰- `couper, prendre un morceau (de boule de mil)'; E 1 Kera če `to shave'; 2 Lele ‰aw `cut (hair, poil)'.// For Mofu and Arab t_ʔy `pierce, wound' see [OS 478]. Cf. C 10 `knife': Lame n‰u [Luk], ZB Ђi‰iu [Ђitsiu] < *Ђ/n-‰iw-. a. *‰Vh- `to chop': 4 Gude ‰iihə `chop off (branches), chop in two'; 6 Daba ‰ah `fendre' [Lnhr]. 792. *‰Vy/ʔ- `to begin, to open': W 2 Msh ‰io, ‰iʔo `to start` [TAS 58]; 3 Krkr ‰(ayi) 'beginnen' [LkL], ‰aa `begin' [GK]; C 8 Bud ‰ayu'open'. 793. *‰Vw- `to pour (in, out, down)': W 5 Zaar ‰yu `splash' [CrZ]; C 2 Bura ‰iwa `to pour in'; 7 Muy ‰iy `flowing' mod.; 5 Pod ‰—wa [ciwa] `egoutter, ecouler, to flow down'; E 4 Mawa ‰e^- `pour in/out, verser (pour remplir/vider), renverser (de l'eau)'//Arab t_wʕ `couler (eau)' [BK 242]. Cf. C 10 ZD ‰iʔ `pleurer'. 794. C *‰V `to do, to make': 1 Tera ‰i do' [NmT]; 7 Mofu -‰- 'faire mal', Mada e‰we [ecwe] `savoire; faire qqch', e‰ye, e‰ya `savoir, faire qqch sans fault'. 795. *‰VyVw- `kind of bird': W 3 Krkr ‰eewi `a type of a bird'; C 4 Gudu ‰o(w) 'bird' [CLR]; E 5 WDng ‰yew‰yew 'oiseau', Bid ‰e‰u. Note W 1 Hs ‰iiwo `a kind of owl'. 796. *‰Vʷ/ʔ- `tambourine': W 2 Mgh ‰aa `musical instrument similar to tambourine' [BlM]; C 10 ZD ‰iw `tambour'. a. *‰V `rattle': W 2 Ang ‰e `gourd rattle', Mgh ‰aa [JgS], Mpn ‰aa [FrM], Goem ʃa° [Hlw]; C 7a Skn ‰ə‰awa `anklet rattle' [DS]. 797. *‰Vw/y- `thigh': W 2 Ang ‰ii 'thigh', Mgh ‰ii `Schenkel' [JgS], Mpn ‰ii `thigh' [FrM], Kfy ‰i, Msh ‰ih, Goem ii [TAS 59]; C 2 Bura n-‰i 'the hip'; 8 Bud ‰u(u), če, či, pl. ‰u(i)e `Bein, Fuss, leg, foot', cf. Log aasǝ id. [LkL]. 798. *‰Vw- `be light (weight), be quick': C 3 FK ‰a^w‰a^w `quickly, rapidly'; E 4 183 Mawa siwi (irreg. s-) `leger, vite' [Rob]; 5 Bid ‰ewey `s'alleger', ‰ewey 'legerete', EDng ‰aaye 'leicht werden, gesund werden', WDng ‰aaye `devenir leger etre en bonne sante'; 7 Kaj ‰uwaawi, Ubi ‰e‰‰ewi `leger', Mab ‰away `light (weight)' . 799. *‰Vb- `to put into water, to soak, to wash': W 5 Saya ‰op (-p# < *-b#) `wash' [Cs]; C 7 Ould cab [tsaḅ] idf. `action de toucher, tremper dans l'eau', Mada cob [coḅ] `plonger dans qqch, to plunge', ocbo `trier (mil, haricot) dans l'eau, to sort out grain in water', Mafa cəb- 'plonger, sauter a l'eau, to plunge in water'; 8 Afd usib(b)e `Ich wasche; I wash', Glf utha´be `to wash' [Sol N 679], Kus sa°bǝ° `laver qqch' [Tr]; E 7 Zer ‰oba, Mubi ‰ubi 'wash (smth)' [HJ], Kaj ‰ooba `to wash'. Deriv. `to soak': W 3 Ngm ob-ko^ (GY), VN oba 'moisten', [NEH], Krkr ‰aabatu `soak, moisten' [GK]; C 7 Cuv mɛ-‰bɔhʷɔy `tremper, to moisten'. E `to rinse, to wash': 7 Msm ‰upka (-pk- < -bk-) `laver, to wash'; 5 Mig ‰ebe^lbilo `rincer, to rince'. a. *(‰V)-‰Vḅ- `be watery, wet': W1 Hs ‰aabe `to be in moist, unpleasant condition'; 3 Ngm ob-no (Y) 'wet'; C 2 Bura ‰i-‰abu `watery; water-logged (of food)'; 7 Mada ‰e‰eb-‰eb [ceceḅ-ceḅ] `completement (mouille, trempe), completely (soaked, wet)'// Arab t_wb `se remplir d'eau, e^tre rempli' [BK 240]. b.*čVḅ- `to sprinkle' : W 6 Ngz ǯì-čḅù (dissim.) `to sprinkle’; C 7 Cuv mɛ-‰bɛy `cracher'// Arab t_ʕb (a) `faire couler, verser (des larmes, le sang)'. . Note E 7 Kaj ‰aaburbur `courant de l'eau' //Arab t_aʕb- `torrent, canal, eau qui coulle a travers une valee'. 800. *‰Vb- `to kill; war': C 5 Wnd ‰əb-a, ‰ib-a 'kill (many)' [Mirt], Mlg ‰əba `viele (Menschen) tten, to kill a lot of people', Glv ‰ib- `kill', Pod ‰—be [c—ḅe] 'tuer; kill' pl.; E 7 Mubi ‰obi, Zer abuki `guerre, war' [HJ] // Arab wt_b, II stem `assaillir qqn', wat_b-at- `aggression, attaque' [BK 1482-3]. 801. *‰Vb- `to cut (off), to slash': W 1 Hs ‰aba `make edged tool notchy from use; slash, cut deeply', ‰aabiyaa `striking the edge of one sword, knife against that of another'; C 2 Bura ‰iba 'cut (small shrubs)', ‰ibi 'cut off/break off small twigs for food'; E 3 Smr ‰waba `tailler; cut' [JgSib]. 184 a. *‰Vb- `axe': C 1 Tera ‰uvu `axe' [NmT]; 4 Gude ‰ibuka `woman's small axe'. 802. *‰Vb- `to break (long objects)': C 5 Glv ‰əb- 'break', ‰ab `to dash in pieces, to throw'; E 2 Kera ‰obe `zerhauen (Knochen), zerteilen, break bones'. Cf. C 7 Mafa ‰ebe-‰ebeʔe 'fre^le, breakable'. 803. *‰Vb- `to cling, to be pressed': W 3 Krkr ‰abu `become sore from rubbibg together (thighs)' [GK]; 6 Bade ‰əbu `apply to, stick to'; C 2 (deriv.) Bura ‰ibbir `tightely, closely (of clinging to, squeezing)'; 7 (noun deriv.) Mada ‰ibe [ciḅe] `eng passage, corridor'. 804. *‰Vb- `to fence, to block': C 2 Bura ‰iba 'fence, pen; outside enclosure for cattle', ‰ib-ta 'to block, enclose', mi-‰iba 'cattle coral', ‰ib‰ibari `closed'; E 1 Kera ‰ebe `zustopfen, plug, barricade, block'. 805. C *‰VbVh- `to prepare': 7 Zlg cəbaha [tsǝḅaha] 'prepare, appre^ter, to prepare'; 8 Bud ‰obonoo `Beratung, preparing, preparation' 806. *‰Vb- `sharp weapon, tool' (attested mostly in derivatives): C 7 Cuv ‰ɛb-‰ɛb `sharp', Moloko cabai `skewer'; 8 Kus čə´ḅοґ-k `sharp' [Tr]; E 2 Lele ‰ubadi `poinon, awl'; 7 Kaj ‰aabuk `lance', Mubi ‰obu `Lanze, spear' [Luk]. a. *‰Vb- `to pierce, to stick inside': C 6 Daba ‰əb `embrocher, accrocher', 7 Zlg cəb (adəm) [tsǝb] `enfoncer, faire entrer dedans', Cuv mə-‰bɛy `enfoncer'; E 2 Lele ‰ib `percer'. // Arab nt_b `ficher, plonger; faire rester qqn dans qq chose' [BK 1256]. Cf. C 2 Bura ‰abar 'accurately hit (of arrow)'. b. Cf. *‰Vb-: `to plant': W 3 Pero ‰ebo 'plant (yams)'; C 5 Pod ‰—be [c—ḅe] 'plant, set upright'//cf. Arab nt_b, VII stem `e^tre fiche, plante' [BK 1256]. 807. C *‰Vb- `to trouble, to make angry': 4 Gude ‰iba `trouble'; 7 Zlg cəb (-ar) [tsǝḅ] `fa^cher, to anger', macəbacəb `colere; anger', Mbuko cəbay [cǝḅay] `enerver'. 808. *‰Vb-r- `eyebrow': C 8 Bud ‰aabelo `Augenbraue'; 6 Mok simbir-so, pl. simbari 'eyelash, -brow' (simbir- is frozen pl. < *sVbVr-, note suff. of sing. 185 -so). 809. E *‰Vmb- `bat': 2 Lele ‰umba ; 6 Mok sa^mbu. 810. *‰Vb- `in good order (straight, firm, regular)': W 3 Krf ubbey 'straight' [Stl]; C 2 Bura ‰ip (-p# < *-b#) 'straight, erect; completely, well to the top', ‰ip ‰ip 'in good order, straight'; 5 Pod ‰ebe 'non change'; E 1 Kera ‰ebi `regelmsig, `regular'; 5 WDng ‰ap (-p# < *-b-) 'ferme; firm'. 811. *‰Vb- `small': W 1 Hs ‰a‰‰abaa (< *čab-čab, assim.) `infinitesimal profit'; 4 Paa ‰ibu-‰ibu 'small-small, little-little'; C 7 Muy ‰ib-‰ib `in small pieces, small and numerous'; Mada ‰eb ‰eb [ceḅ ceḅ] `petits'; E 1 Kera ‰obi `un peu'. 812. *‰Vḅ- `silently': W 4 Paa ‰ibu 'silently'; C 7 Mafa ‰ebek-‰ebekkeʔe `sans un mouvement, sans un bruit, silently, quietly'. 813. *‰Vf- `to fry, to make fire': W 4 Diri ‰əfa 'fry' [SkNB]; C 6 Daba ‰ef `make a fire' [Lnhr]; 10 Masa ‰uf-na `roast' [CLR], ‰uf `faire griller, griller' [CC].//Ef sfsf (Gr) `verbrennen, to burn' [EG 117]. 814. *‰Vf- `to pull, to tear': C 6 Daba ‰af `arracher' [Lnhr]; E 5 WDng ‰eepe `retirer qqch enfonce'. 815. *‰Vf- `to talk (too much)': W 3 Pero ‰oppo `anounce'; 7 Muy e‰efey `speak too much without reflection', Mada accaf [accaf] `rencontrer (des histoires' (pejorarif.), Mofu -‰a-‰əf- `delirer, divague, to delirate'. 816. *‰V(wV)f- `to moisten, to be watery': C 5 Pod ‰ifa [cifa] `dampen, humecter'; 7 Cuv mɛ-‰fɛy `dropsy'; E 5 EDng ‰oope `anfeuchten, to moisten', WDng ‰oope `tenir immerge dans l'eau'. Cf. *ЉVf- `sprinkle', *Vf- `wash'. Cf. C 7 Muy ‰iyuv-‰iyuv (< *‰iyuf-) mod. `greasy, watery'. 817. *‰Vf- `to be active': W 1 Hs ‰i‰‰ifii (<*‰if-‰ifi) `endeavour, effort'; C 3 FK ‰ifə `to be creative', ‰i‰ifə `describes an active, busy person' [BN]; E 5 Bid ‰eep `concourir; compete, rival'.

186 818. C *‰VfVn- `kind of guinea fowl': 1 Tera ‰ivan (def. ‰imnvdə) `Guinea fowl' [NmT], Gbn efene, Gaa sefena, Boka sefanda [Kr]; 2 Bura civira, Mrg cəvur [CLR], Klb cv—r [Kr]; 7 Mofu ‰avar, 7 Gis cuvu, ‰ivon, Balda ‰ufun [TrB]; 8 Log safa [CLR], Kus sa´va´n, Mak safà [Tr]; 9 Mba čeeve `helmet Guinea fowl'; 10 ZB cofno-k [tsofnok] `guinea fowl' [CLR]. Note ZB zamla-ka `guinea fowl' < Ch *zVbVn-. 819. C *‰V-‰Vf- `wax': 3 FK ‰o‰afiya `any organic remains, such as wax in a honeycomb, pith of an orange, etc.' [BN]; 7 Mofu ‰a‰afay `cire d'abeille'. 820. *‰Vp- `to catch (and to take out)': W 1 Hs ‰afe `catch a thing thrown, catch runnung animal'; 6 Bade ‰ippa idf. indicates gripping tightly; C 9 Msg sapa `fangen, catch' [LkM]; E 5 Bid ‰aap `to fish, to take', WDng ‰ape `pull out of the water', ‰aape `retirer qqch d'un recipient; draw smth out a vessel', EDng ‰aape `etw aus Kochtopf nehmen; take smth out of a pot'. Deriv. W 1 Hs ‰aafa‰ee `dishonestly take out a small amount of corn from bulk', ‰eefanaa `take out a small portion of substance (corn, flour) in the hand or in a vessel'. Noun deriv.: W 2 Mgh ‰ip `trap' [BlM]. Note possible verbal deriv.: W 6 Bade ‰iip-tu `squeeze' and C 5 Pod ‰—pa [c—pa] idf. `serre; squeezed'. 821. *‰Vp- `to cut': W 3 cf. Krkr ‰apu `cut off, intercept' [GK], Pero ‰ippo 'cut'; C 5 Mig ‰ep‰ipo `cut'. 822. *‰Vp- `collect (taxes), all, complete': W 6 Bade ‰ippa `complete, full', Duw ‰a-‰po, Ngz ‰a-‰pu `collect'; C 6 Daba ‰ap 'collecter l'impo^t, cotiser'; ‰əp 'placer une chose sur une autre, emboi^ter' [Lnhr]; 7 Mofu -čǝp- `to pile, entasser', čǝpa `tout'; 8 Mak ‰ip 'all, everyone' [AlM]; E 5 Bid ‰appe `se cotiser (pour la boisson)', Mig ‰eppo , EDng ‰ape `seinen Beitrag geben, to give one`s share'. Cf. *Vp- `to pile, to join'. Deriv. in -t- `collect, gather': W 3 Krkr ‰ap-tu [GK]; 6 Ngizim ‰ap-tu . Noun deriv.: W 6 Bade ‰apənau `meeting, gathering', Duw ‰apəno `gathering'. 823. *‰Vp/f- `to beat, to thresh': W 3 Krkr ‰aafu `thresh' [GK]; C Mak ‰ip 'sound 187 of being hit on the head'; E 5 EDng ʔa‰pe `jmd schlagen, to beat s.o.'.// Arab t_fʔ `briser, casser' [BK 226]. Deriv.: W 3 Dera ‰upl- `break pot' [CLR]. 824. *‰Vp- `to plaster, to smear': W 1 Hs ‰afe `to ornament exterior of a house by throwing small stones or gravel against the plaster before it has hardened', ‰afee `ornamenting house, any plastering of exterior of a wall'; C 3 Bana ‰apə 'crepir'; 7 Mbuko capay [capay] `crepir', Ould cap [tsap] `coller', Mafa cap- `crepir, jointoyer avec de l'argile'. // for a possible cognate cf. Arab t_fn `se coller' [BK]. Cf. Hs ‰affa `attaching o.s. to a person of influence for the advantage of his protection'.// Arab mat_afin- `ami, companion inseparable'. 825. *‰Vp- `to abuse': W 6 Bade ‰aa-‰fu (-‰f- < *-‰p-) `abuse, insult'. Deriv.: *‰VpVr- `to quarrel': C 7 Mofu -‰apar- `quarrel, accuse smbd', Mofu -‰apal- `raconter des sottises, chercher querelle'. 826. *‰Vp- `to be on the surface': C 7 Mofu ‰apap, ‰epep `flotter, rester a° la surface'; 8 Mak ‰ipu 'foam' [AlM]. Note W 1 Hs ‰afe `sweep a millstone after grinding' (to delete the upper layer)'. 827. *‰Vp(Vt)- `to be, make true, correct': W Hs ‰aftuu `correction'; 2 Goem ʃǝ°p `to judge' [Hlw]; 3 Tng subɛt [JgT] `straight(ness), frank(ness)'; C 2 Bura ‰ap(u) `truly'.//Sem *t_VpVṭ- `judge; rule; decide (between)' in AA N 375. Note W 5 Zaar čip adv. Expresses obligation. 828. *‰Vp- `small amount': W 1 Hs ‰ifit-‰ifit `a small quantity'; C 2 Bura ‰ap'pwa `a tiny bit (of seeds, etc.)', ‰apwa `to give or put a small amount in several places', ‰ipwa `fewness of hair or houses'; 8 Mak ‰ap `small amout' [AlM]; 10 ZB cop [tsop] `petite quantite (solide)', ZD ‰ep `un peu (solide)'; E 7 Mogum (Jegu) ‰op `peu' [HJ]. 829. *‰Vd- `to vomit, to spit': W 1 Hs ‰eeda `vomiting'; C `to spit': 4 Bch edɔ [Sk], Dghw m‰ida [CLR]; 6 Daba ‰ɛd [Lnhr]. Cf. *(m)‰Vd- `to suck'.

188 Deriv.: W 6 Duw ‰əd-ko `spit in a stream, squirt'. 830. *‰Vd- ` to insult': C 7 Mofu -‰əd- `insult, injure'; E 3 Smr ‰ada `insulter' [JgSib]. 831. *‰Vd- `to take, to, carry': W 3 Pero ‰adu  `take, carry', ‰addo `carry by many people'; C 7 Mofu ‰ədak, ‰ədak `take carefully (a child, a vessel with liquid)' (deriv.) . 832. *‰Vd- `to chop, to cut, to hoe': W 4 Paa ‰adaa `chop off (esp. - wood)'; C C 7 Mbuko cǝ̄čēḍ [cǝceḍ] `eplucher (manche d'une houe)', Cuv mɛ-‰ɛ-‰ədɛy `tailler; cut', Mofu -‰a-‰ad- `tailler, sculpter, evider, grignoter', Mofu -‰ədw- 'houer, couper (avec une houe), tranchant'; 10 ZD ‰ed `tailler, ecorcher avec une couteau, une hache, cut with knife, hoe' [Cpr], ZB čed [tseḍ] `equarrir, tailler, ecorcher avec un outil, cut, to bark with an implement', Masa ‰ed `tailler, sculpter' [CC]; E 1 Kera ‰ede `schnitzen, carve'; 3 Smr ‰ədə `couper, cut' [JgSib]. a. C 10 *‰Vd- `hoe': ZD ‰ed , ZB ‰ede [tseḍe] `hache'. b. C *‰Vd- `(to make) sharp': 5 Mlg  ‰idomme `spitz, sharp', Pod ‰—de [c—ḍe] 'make pointed', ‰—dekʷekʷa idf. 'pointu'; 7 Muy cəd cəd `well (sharpened)', Mada cad cad [caḍ caḍ] `pointu, aigu, sharp, pointed`, cdemma `pointu, aigu'. 833. *‰VwVd- (< *‰VHʷVd-/*‰Vḍḍ-) `to knead': W 1 Hs ‰uuda (if not < *‰Vb/mda) `knead, massage'; 3 Bol edd- `Lehm hart machen fr Bauzwecke, make coal hard for making bricks' [LkB], Gera eed-mi `squeeze' [SchB]. Deriv. in -k- `to pinch': C 4 Gude ‰idəkə `pinch between finger tips'; 5 Pod ‰—d—kǝ [c—ḍ—kǝ] idf. `serrer la cou', 9 Mnj sidek `une pincee, pinch'. 834. *(m)‰Vd- `to suck': C 5 Mlg m-‰ida `saugen; to suck', Pod m—-‰—de [m—c—ḍe] `to suck'; 7 Muy e‰d `to suck', Mada œ‰ḍœ [œcḍœ] `sucer', Mafa cəd- `sucer'; 9 Mbara ‰u-‰od `to suck'; E 5 WDng ‰ɔɔdɛ `suck' 835. *‰Vd- `liquid excretion': W 1 Hs ‰adii `teething diarrhoea'; 3 Krf indi, Dera

189 yendin `urine' (if pl. < *‰id-, alternatively, related to Low East Cush *‰ind- 'urine' ) ; C 5 Pod ‰—de [c—ḍe] `excreter du corps'; E 3 Kera ‰idi `to urine'. 836. *‰Vt- 'to shoot': W 3 Bol plurac. ottu, sottu `shoot an arrow' [GAB]; C 1 Gaa ‰iti-ʔəni, Gbn ‰itəʔ-ən‰i, Boka ett-indi [Kr] `to shoot'// Eg sty 'shoot' (OK) . 837. *‰Vt- `to strike': W 2 Mgh ‰ut `schlagen (Feuer), to strike fire' [JgS], Mpn ‰it, pl. ‰wat, `hit, beat, strike' [FrM], Chip it `schlagen' [JgC], Kfy ‰ut `to hit', ‰wat `to hit repeatedly, beat', Msh ‰ut, pl. ‰wat `to beat, hit' [ TAS 56]; W 3 Tng swaadɛ `to hit, to beat'; 7 Bok ‰ut 'beat (drum)' [JgR]//Arab t_ṭw `fouler aux pieds' [BK 223]. 838. *‰Vw/yVt- `to press, to squeeze': W 3 Krf «eet- `to squeeze' [Stl], Pero ‰otto `squeeze out, milk', Glm ‰uuz-aala (-z- < *-t-, cf. [Stolbova 1996:141]) `squeeze' [SchB]; E 1 Kera ‰eete `festhalten, drucken, to press'.// Arab mt_ṭ `presser qqch contre la terre avec la main' [BK 1060]. 839. C *‰Vɣʷ/kʷ- `jump' (n.): 2 Bura n-‰ikau `a broad jump' Verbal deriv. `to jump': 7 Cuv mɛ-‰kʷlɛy; 5a Hdi cuɣʷaday [tsuɣwaḍay]; 5 Pod cəhwaḍa [tsǝhwaḍa] `sauter, jump'; 6 Daba ‰akəda `le trot' [Lnhr]. 840. C *‰Vh- `to squat': 2 Bura ‰in-‰awhi `squat'; 7 Ould -čiyahway [tsiyahway] `s'accroupir'. Deriv.in -r-: C 5 Pod cəhura `to sit on heels', Glv ‰axwar, ‰xur `to sit, to dwell'. 841. C *‰Vhʷ- `to tighten, to press': 5 Pod ‰ehwe `tighten; serrer'; 7 Mada ‰eweh-‰eweh [ceweh-ceweh] `bourre a bloc', Ould -čehwe [tsehweŋ] `damer, tasser'; 8 Bus čei `drcken, quetschen; press, squeeze'. 842. *‰Vh(Vy)- `misfortune': W 1 Hs ‰iiwo `any ailment, sickness; disease, hurt, injury'; C 7 Mada ‰i-‰he [ciche] `souffrance, misere, suffering, mysery'; 8 Bud ‰ay `unangenehm, bitter, traurig, unpleasant, sad'. 843. *‰Vhʷ- `stick': W 7 Sha ‰o^h `Stab, stick'. Verbal deriv in -d- `to dig with a stick': C 4 Gude ‰ahwadə `dig with a stick'. 190 844. *‰Vg- `to ask for, to search': W 1 Hs ‰igiya `searching, inquiring for smth lost or wanted', ‰igita `search for'; 4 Wrj cəg- `to ask' [BlS]; C 8 Bud ‰egu `auswhlen, choose', ‰agan `chercher, search'. 845. *‰Vg- `spider': W 3 Kirfi aɣa [Stl]; C 9 Msg me-weg, pl. me-wakai [LkM] Deriv.: C 8 Bud ‰agaade `Weben, weaving' [LkL]. Can not be borrowed from Kanuri saga-te. 846. *č/ЉVngVl- `elbow': W 3 Bol ba-ungule [Bn], sungele, cungele (!) Kl], Krkr unguli [GK], Ngm ungle [NEH; C 7 Zulgo čegwile-k [ZlL]; E 5 WDng ko-‰ingilo [Fd]// For a cognate (or the source of borrowing) cf. Sem Amharic əḳəli, High East Cush *Љi™ile id. (Burji Љi™ile, Oromo Љigile, Hadiya ṭun™ula, etc.) [Ss:56]. Note C 8 Zina čakwǝya id. [Tr]. 847. *‰Vk- `to sift flour': W 6 Duw ‰ək-‰əko, Bade ‰ək-‰əku `sift coarse flour from fine with sifter'; C 8 Afd ska (-k- < *-k-, thus, Afd is not from Ch *sVḳ- `to winnow') `tamise, winnow' [Tr], Bud ‰egu (-g- < *-k-) `worfeln, vinnow'. Deriv. in -d-: W 6 Bade ə‰kudu `thresh grain from chaff in mortar'. 848. *‰Vk- `to squat (on heels)': W 6 Duw ‰ək-pəpuwo `to squat', Bade ‰ə^g-ək `heel', ‰ək-papu `squat on heels'; C 2 Bura n‰i-n‰akwi `in a squatting posture'; 9 Mba ‰uk-‰uki `to squat'; E 1 Kera ‰uk-‰uki `hockend, accroupi'. Deriv. : C 7 Mada ackada, ackana [ackada/na] `s'asseoir, demeurer, habiter, to sit down, to dwell'. a. *‰VkVd- `to limp': W 3 Tng sekde, Krf akkid- [Stl]; C 2 Bura ‰akidi `to limp', ‰ikdi `to tiptoe'; 4 Gude ‰ikədə `stand on tiptoe to see smth'; 8 Log skwada `boiter'; E 5 WDng ‰ɛkidɛ `boiteux; lame'; 6 Mok sedeke `boiteux, lame'. Alternatively, < *‰Vɣʷ/kʷ- `jump'. Cf. C 7 Mada ‰ekleɫ ‰ekleɫ [cekleł cekleł] `boiter'. b. *cVgVd- `to limp': W 4 Miya cagwadə; C 5 Mlg cagada. A variant? c. *‰VngVd/l- (<*‰VnkVd-?)`to limp': W 3 Bol angidu [GAB]; C 7 Muy ‰egel, Mada e‰ged [ecŋgeḍ]. 849. *‰Vk- `to weave': W 3 Krkr ‰aaku [SchV, GK]; 6 Bade ‰aakau `weave cloth', Duw ‰aakaa‰uwo; C 1 Tera ‰aka `to weave', nə-‰aka `weaver' [NmT]; 191 C 5 Mlg ha caka ([ts] < [č] before -a-) `weben, weave'; 7 Gis caka 'Weberei', ʔi i caka `ich webe; I weave', Mofu ‰aka `tissage, weaving'. Note C 5 Glv ‰aakwa `weaver-bird'. a.*‰Vk- `cotton, cloth': W 1 Hs ‰ukwii `a varaity of cotton'; C 5 Pod ‰ekulete [cekulete] 'tissu d'une coleur unique'. E 6 Mok ‰aaka `tissu, a cloth' is most probably, a loan. Cf. Hs ‰a°nkoo (if metath. < *‰akVn-) 'bird-snare, fish-trap' // Akk ikinnu `net' [OS 468]. b. *‰Vk- `loom': C 7 Muy caka 'loom', Mofu ‰aka `metier a tisser, loom'; E 3 Tum saga `navette pour filer, spinning shuttle'; 5 WDng ‰aaka `peigne du metier a tisser, a comb'; 4 Mawa ‰aka `metier a tisser, loom'. c. *‰Vk- `to wind (string)': C 4 Gude ‰ikə `wind (string around stick)'; 6. Daba čičiku `twist'. Cf. W 1 Hs ‰ukuu-‰ukuu `being in a tangle (of cotton// of situation)'. Alternatively originates from a.*‰Vk- `cotton'. 850. *‰Vk- `to drizzle': W 6 Ngizim ‰ə-‰ku; 7 Bok ‰i-‰ak 'sieben (Biere), seihen, Wasser sprengen'; C 7 Ould -cak [tsak] `asperger, eparpiller, to drizzle'; E Tob ‰ə-əge `arroser, irrigate; to water'. Deriv. W 3 Krkr ‰ikwankwayu `rinse mouth' [GK]. Noun deriv.: W 3 Bol ta-ak idf. `sound of splashing' [GAB]. a. *‰Vk- `to wash (clothes)': W 3 Tng sukɛ `to wash clothes'. Deriv. in -d- `to rince, to wash': C 6 Daba ‰eked `rincer (pot)' [Lnhr]; 7 Zlg cakad [tsakaḍ] `laver, nettoyer', Mbuko cakad [cakaḍ] `nettoyer avec liquide', Mofu -‰akad- `wash with water (kitchen tools)', Mafa cokwad- `rincer (habits, waisselle)'. Deriv. in -P-: C 6 Daba ‰akab `wash things' [Lnhr]; 7 Mofu -‰akwaf- `rince, wash quickly'. 851. *‰Vk- `to fill': W 1 Hs ‰ika 'to fill, complete, finish'; 2 Tng sЏЏgЏ `fill a container properly'; 5 Guus ‰ika `fill' (< Hs), Mngs. ikekke `full' [Cs]; E 5 WDng ‰ak idee de plentitude. Deriv.: C 7 Mada ckwodod [ckwoḍoḍ] `(remplir) plus haut que les bords (waisselle)'. 192 Cf. W 1 Hs ‰ikoo `swell up through expansion' and C 7 Mada e‰‰eke (intensive stem) [eccekeŋ] `gonfler, enfler'. a. *‰Vk- `completely':W 1 Hs ‰ak `completely'; 2 Ang ‰okr `completely' [Fl]; C 5 Pod ‰—ka [c—ka] `completer le nombre'; E 5 Bid ‰akat `completely'. 852. *‰Vk- `to pick (and collect), to select, to pile, to add': W Ang ‰ak `to pick and collect (articles fallen out of a load)' [Fl], Mpn ‰ak `gather, pick up', Chip ək, Kfy ‰ak `collect' [TAS 46] cf. *kyak id., Goem a°k `select smth' [Hlw]; 3 Pero ‰aku `choose', Tng sɛkɛ `select, pick out, choose', Krkr ‰ak idf. `in a group' [GK]; C 7 Cuv mɛ-‰ɛ-‰kʷy `conserver, economiser'; E 7 Msm ‰ukka `co^tiser, to add'. Cf. *cVkʷ- `to collect (tax), to gather'. Verbal deriv.: Mofu -‰akwam- `ramasser precipitamment'. 853. *‰Vk- `to shoot, to stab with a spear': W 1 Hs ‰akaa, ‰aka `stab (with spear, spurs)'; 2 Ang ‰ak `to shoot' [Fl], Grk suk-ne `throw' [Fr]; C 7 Mofu -‰ək- `shoot (animal, person, with a spear), kill with a spear, throw a spear'; 10 Masa ‰uk `jeter, lancer, semer' [CC]; E 1 Kera čok aska `to fish with a harpoon' (aska `fish'). Cf. a noun deriv.: C 2 Bura ‰aki `poisoned needle (to slay an enemy, an evil spirit)', 5 Glv ma-‰aga (-g- < *-k-) `arrow'. Verbal deriv. in -t- `to pierce': C 2 Bura n‰ok-ta `to place a piece of smth (as meat) on a stick'; E 2 Lele ‰og-de (voicing in medial position) `piquer, percer'. a. C *‰Vk- `to peck': 4 Gude ‰iku `peck (of bird)'; 7 Muy cək, cəkcək `pecking (hen)', Mada ‰ek [cek] `(avaler) d'un coup de bec' . 854. *‰Vk- `to pound, to crush': W 2 Ang ‰uk `beat, pound, thrash' [Fl] Goem iak `to beat, crush to make soft' [TAS 46]; E 1 Kera ‰eke `ein zweiten Mal die Hirse stampfen, to pound for the second time', ‰oke `herunterdrcken, press down'. .// Eg sk (Med) `mahlen, to pound', sky `Mehl, flour' [EG 314]. Deriv. in -d-: W 6 Bade ‰akwbu `pound slushy substance', Duw ‰akwbuwo `pound to make slushy' Deriv. in -d-: W 6 Bade ə‰kudu `thresh grain from chaff in mortar'. a. *‰VwVk- `to pinch': E 5 Bid ‰awak `pincer les oreilles, pinch ears'. Verbal deriv.: C 2 Bura ‰ik-ɫa `pinch, prick open, chip bones for eating'; 7 193 Mofu -mə‰kwad- (if mV- is a pref.) `pincer et tordre (la peau)'; E 2 Lele ‰igre `pincer, to pinch'. 855. *‰Vk- `to be tired': W 5 Zaar ‰ak `be tired, fed up of smth'; C 7 Mada e‰e‰ek [ececek] `se trai^ner peniblement, marcher en se trai^nant'; 10 ZD ‰ik `fatigue, se fatiguer, be tired'. 856. *‰Vk- `to peel, to skin': C 10 ZD ‰ik `(s') o^ter', Masa ‰ok `decortiquer' [CC]. Cf. noun deriv. in ʔa-: C 7 Ould a°če°k [atsek] `ecorce de mil, son'. Noun deriv.: *‰VkʷV[l]- `chaff, peel': W 4 Paa ‰ikwili `peel, shell'; C 7 Ould cakwaɫ [tsakwał] `ordures, salete', Mada cakʷaɫ [cakwał] `ordure, balayure, salete', Mofu -‰ekweɫ `balle de mil, enveloppe des grains de mil', Mafa cakaɫar 'pedoncule de mil'. Cf. E 6 Mok ‰akku^s `coquille d'escargot tailee par les enfants'. 857. *‰Vk- `to swing, to flick': W 1 Hs ‰akii `flicking of its tail by a horse'; E 5 EDng ‰aktiye `schwingen, to swing'. Deriv.`to mix': W 1 Hs ‰aakudaa,‰aakumaa `mix by stiring round with a spoon (solid & fluid)'; C 10 ZD ‰ikniʔ `melanger avec un ba^ton (l'eau et la farine)'. Noun deriv. *‰Vkʷ- `a rattle': W 1 Hs ‰akii `a rattle (of small gourd)'; C 7 Muy cakwaya `rattle used for funerals'. 858. *‰Vk- `to stop, to prevent from': W 5 Geji saakee 'cease' [Cs 890]; C 5 Pod caka 'to stop, to finish'; 9 Mba ‰ak `empe^cher, prevent from', Mulwi siki `empe^cher, interdire, to prevent, to block, to preclude', Mnj siki `interdire, obstruer, boucher; empe^cher, to prevent, to forbid'. Note possible noun deriv.: W 1 Hs ‰ikaare `stopper for gourd-mouth used in crossing streams' (`a thing used to stop/prevent from the infusion of liquid'). 859. *‰Vk- `to look at, to notice': C 7 Mada i‰kwe [ickwe] `regarder' Deriv. in -r-/-l-: C 7 Mofu -‰akər- `garder (troupeau), surveiller'; E 5 EDng ‰okire `anschauen, to look at', Mig ‰ukilo `regarder en l'air'. Deriv. in -d- `to watch for': 5 Pod cəkwada 'lie in wait for; catch'; 9 Mba ‰iked.

194 860. *‰Vk- `to fence' : C 6 Daba ‰ak `make a fence, to fence' [Lnhr ]; 7 Zlg càk [tsak] `clo^turer, fermer (par une clo^ture de branches epineuses)'. a.*‰Vk- `fence': W 4 Paa ‰akwa, pl. ‰akwi `temporary shelter in a bush' [MS]; C 7 Zlg me-čeke [metseke] `pricky fence'; E 5 WDng ‰aka `garde-fou pour be^tes'. 861. *‰VK- `to learn, to know, to think': C 1 Tera ‰oga 'learn' [NmT]; 5 Pod ‰—kwa [c—kwa] 'to think', Dghw ‰aka 'teach' [CLR], 5a Lmn caɣ- [CLR]; 7 Ould -cago [tsago] `apprendre'. Cf. W 3 Pero ‰ika 'cleverness' and ‰iga 'memory'. 862. C *‰VkVl- `to clean (ears, nails)': C 4 Gude ‰akulə 'clean (ears only); poke around with a stick'; 5 Pod ‰ekwee [cekwezle] 'clean (nails, teeth, ears)'. 863. W *‰Vk- `basket': 2 Mgh ka-‰ik [JgS]; 3 cf. Bol akki 'worn out basket' [GAB]; 7 Sha ‰ike-t 'Korb'//Cf. Eg sḳ.t (AR) `Fishreuse, fish-basket'. [EG 302]. Note C 7 *č/ˆVkV-r- `fishing basket': C 7 Zlg ‰ekwer [tsekwer] `nasse, fishing-basket', Mafa cokwar `nasse a poissons en paille tresee, qui l'on place au pied d'une chute d'eau', Mofu ‰ekwer `small fishing-basket (for women)'. 864. *‰Vkʷ- `leg, thigh': C 4 Gude ‰a-‰akwa `low leg of cow (as medicine to regain strength)'; E 1 Mobu čʌ°wgʌ `thigh' [CLR]. Deriv. in -r-: C 6 Daba ‰ekwire `patte d'animal comestible' [Lnhr]; 7 Mafa ‰oekurɫoekw `cheville d'animal; ankle of an animal'; 8 Bud ‰akel (not from Kanuri igal ) `Schienbein, tibia'; 10 ZD ‰ekreʔ `jambe (du genou au pied)'. Cf. W 5 *č/cVkVn- (if not < *tikVn) `thigh': Zaar ‰iɣ [CrZ], Pol c—iɣ—n [ts—ɣ—n], Geji čiki°џ, Buli čigin [Kr]. Note possible verbal deriv.: C 10 ZB cukol [tsukol] `enjamber, traverser, to step over'. 865. *‰Vkʷ- `a fowl': C 8 Log ku-sku `hen', ku-sku-ni `rooster' [CLR], Afd tʃchakweh [tʃa:kwe:] `Vogel, bird' [Sol 179], 10 ZD cukuway `francolin' (cu- < *ču-); E 7 Jegu ‰akuwo `Perlhuhnart Kleiner, mit roten Fssen, gunea fowl, small with red feet' [JgJ], Brg ‰akwo `perdrix, partridge', pl. ‰akwey. Note C *čVkVr- `poule': 7 Mada me-‰kwer [me-ckwer]; 8 Zina čakara [Tr]. 195 Pl. in -r or related to 7a Skn takur `chicken, poule' [CLR ]. 866. C *‰Vk- `hut': 3 Bana ‰iki 'house', pl. ‰eke°r, HK ‰iki [Meek] `hut', FK ‰ikə-gəna `a special room for keeping precious things' [BN]; 5a Hdi ‰ekadak [tsekaḍak] `spirit house' [BrH] (compound). Any relation to `fence'? 867. E *‰VwVk- (< Ch *čVwVq/k-) `barn': 5 Bid ‰o°oki `barn'; 6 Mok sooke `large granary'// Cf. Akk aaḫḫu `barn' [OS 2200]. Akk -ḫ- (an uvular) can not originate from *-k-. Thus, ECh may be related either to C *‰Vk- `hut', or to Akk. For Ch reflexes of HS uvulars see [Stolbova 1996: 68, 127]). 868. *‰Vkʷ- `small, little': W 2 Grk pa-sok (s- < *č is regular) `little', Mnt shok-lok `few` [Fp]; C 5 Mlg ‰ukwa `wenig, klein, jung, few, small, young'; E 4 Sok eske `klein, small' [Luk]. 869. *‰Vḳ- `to dig': W 3 Krkr ‰ak- `dig' [LkK], ‰akaa `dig (up)' [GK]; 4 Diri ‰əka, Cagu ‰əḳ- `dig' [SkNB], cf. *cVḳ- id. Cf. verbal deriv.: W 5 Bade ‰ak-ɫu `scoop out depression in ground'. a. C *‰Vk- `to make holes before sowing, to sow': 9 Mlw suki, Mnj suki `(faire la trou avant de) semer', Mbara ‰ok `to sow'. 870. *‰Vl- `to stand (up), to rise ': C 8 Bud čalay `aufheben'; E 7 Brg ‰aali `stand up' [JgBr]. *ʔV‰Vl- (deriv.?) `to raise': C 7 Mada a‰ala `monter'; E 5 EDng ʔi‰ile `heben, to raise', WDng i‰ile `soulever les boeufs (ie. les charger), to raise (bulls)'. Note C 2 Bura ‰ulbila `to climb onto the top of a tree or mountain'. a. C *‰Vl- `to surpass': 7 Ould -calay [tsalay] `surpasser'; 9 Mba ‰ila `to surpass'// Arab mt_l `e^tre superier, excellent' [BK 1060]. 871. *‰VlVʔ- `to pierce': W 7 Sha ‰ul 'pierce, durchbohren, erstechen'; C 10 ZB culuʔo [tsuluʔo] `percer avec rapidite', Msm tchoulo `pierce' [Kr]. Cf. *Vl- `to sharpen, sharp point'. a. *‰Vl- `be pointed': C 2 Bura n-‰ol-n-‰ol `pointed'; E 4 Ubi ‰a‰alla-ki, Mawa ‰ɛlki 'pointu' [Rob]; 7 Kajakse ‰elep-‰elep `pointu' [Alio]. b. *‰Vl- `to cut, to mow': C 7 Mada acal [acal] `couper (avec une serpe,

196 hache), entailler, mordre (serpent), tracer, piquer, cut (with sickle, axe)'; 8 Bud ‰eelu `mhen, to mow', ‰el `cut, chop' [CLR]; E 5 EDng ‰ooliye `zerschneiden, cut in pieces'. Noun deriv. in -m-: W 2 Ang ‰el-m `small throwing knife' [JgA]; E 1 Kera mə-‰əlam `Schwert, sword'. c. *‰Vl- `wound, scar': W 2 Ang ‰iil `wound, sore' [Fl], Goem ʃǝl `wound, sore' [Hlw]; C 7 Mafa ‰ile `cicatrice de plaie a° la te^te; scar'. 872. *‰Vl- `to rot, to smell bad': W 2 Mgh ‰eel `egg that has gone bad' [BlM]; 3 Bol alluku `smell of fish, sour milk' [GAB]; C 8 Mak ‰al 'bad odour', ‰il‰il `skunk'// Arab ht_l IV stem `ga^ter' [BK 377]. 873. *‰Vl- `to pour (from one vessel to another)': C 4 Gude ‰alə `splash (liquid)'; E 5 WDng ‰ole `transvaser d'un recipient dans un autre', EDng ‰ole `umfllen; pour (from one vessel to another)'. C 7 *‰VlVw- `liquid > be watery': Zlg ‰i°lewiwe° [tsilewiwe] `rendre liquide', Mafa ‰elew, ‰alaw `liquide, fluide', ‰ilwureʔe, ‰ilwur-wurreʔe `trop dilue, trop liquide (bouillie), fluide'. 874. *‰Vl- `(go) to meet': C 8 Bud ‰el `treffen, meet'; E 2 Lele ‰al `aller a la rencontre de, to go to meet s.o.'. 875. *‰wVl- `a stick': C 7 Zlg [č]wile [tswile] `bois a remuer, stirring stick'; E 3 Tum sila° `stick'; 4 Skr ‰illam `stick' [Luk:32]. Cf. E 5 Mig ‰aalingo `ra^teau (fourche untilisee comme ra^teau), pitchfork'. Deriv. in -ḍ-: `forked stick': W 3 Krkr ‰ol-ḍe `large forked stick used to support pot' [GK], Bol sal-de `forked stick used to support pot' [GAB] Ngm sel-de (Y), el-de (G) [NEH]. 876. *‰V(wV)l- `a big pot': W 2 Ang ‰aal `big water-pot', ‰aal `big oil-pot', ‰wele, ‰ole `cooking pot' [Fl, Brq JgA]; 5 Dott ‰el `big pot' [CrD]. a. C 7 *[‰]Vl- `calabash': Zlg čile [tsile] `beer calabash', Muy cacəla `kind of calabash'. b. W 4 *‰Vl- `melon': Diri a‰ila, Mbu ‰ila `melon' [SkNB].

197 877. *‰Vl- `cheek': W 2 Ang ‰al `face' [Or], ‰aal `cheek' [Fl]; C 1 Tera ‰ala cheek' [NmT]. Note W 1 Hs ‰ililligaa `the lobe of the ear'; C 8 Bud ‰elbedo `Schlfe, Bachenknochen, temple'. Compounds? 878. *‰VlVm- `spider': C 7 Mada clom [clom] `kind of spider'; E 4 Ubi ‰ulma `araignee'. 879. *‰VlVb- `wolf, jackal': C 9 Msg ‰i‰elebe `jackal' [LkM]; E 6 Mok sullibe `loup, wolf' .//Sem *t_VʕVl- ⁓ *t_aʕlab- `fox, jackal' [MK N 237, OS N 464, 490, St1996:46]. 880. W *‰Vl-k/d- `hornbill': 1 Hs ‰ilakoowa `hornbill'; 4 Miya ‰iladə `grey hornbill' [Sch]. Cf. W 5 Zaar ‰ola^k `bird sp.' [CrZ]; E 7 Msm ‰alak `bird'. 881. W 3 *‰Vl- `root clamp of a plant': Krkr ‰alaa `root clamp of any grain' [GK], Bol alam (? pl. in -m) `root clump of harvested plant' [GAB] 882. *‰Vl- `to be weak': C 7 Muy ‰ilera, ‰ilewlew mod. `weak'; E 5 Bid ‰alaka `fade', EDng ‰illike `fade werden'// Arab ht_l `maigre, faible, parreseux, lentu' [BK 377]. 883. *‰Vl- `white, shining': W 4 Paa ‰ilhan `white', ‰ilili `very white' [MS]; E 4 Ubi ‰ilma `full moon' ( cf. in W 2 Kirfi fewu tar `white-moon' = `very white'). Verbal deriv. in *ʔV-: E 5 EDng ʔa‰ile `glnzen; to shine'. 884. W *‰VwVl- `be smooth': 2 Ang ‰ʷaal `smooth stone used for polishing' [Fl], ‰ʷaal [JgA], 5 Zaar ‰olak `be smooth' [CrZ]. A variant of `white, shining'? 885. C *‰Vm- `bright, clean': 1 Tera ‰am `very clean' [NmT]; 4 Gude ‰amə `bright'. 886. *‰Vm- `to join, to gather (people)': W 1 Hs ‰amme `link up, join'; 3 Krkr ‰aam `versammeln; gather, convoke'; 5 Zaar ‰im `with' [CrZ]; 6 Ngz ‰am `all'. Cf. C 7 Mafa ‰ime-‰ime'e `co^te a co^te (sur un cheval)'. Probably the original semanic was `to gather people for harvesing', cf. the next root.

198 Noun deriv.: C 5 Mlg cam-no `Versammlung, meeting'. 887. *‰Vm- `to harvest': W 3 Krkr ‰amu `pick beans' [GK]; 5 Guus ‰am `harvest (i.e. beans)' [CrG]; E 1 Kera ‰eme `ernten (Hirse), harvest millet' [only in Deutch-Kera Wrterbuch, Eb].// Arab t_mm `ramasser, porter sur un seul point des herbes, du foin' [BK 234]. Noun deriv.: C 2 Bura ‰am `row of cut corn in the farm'; 7 Mbuko cəman [cǝman] `mill casse'. a. W *‰Vm- `an instrument for cutting corn, grass': 1 Hs ‰imaa `an instrument for cutting off the heads of cut corn'; 2 Mgh ‰om `a grass-cutter' [BlM]. Alternatively may be derived from `to cut, to tatoo' (one and the same root?). 888. *‰Vm- `to cut, to tatoo': W 4 Cagu ‰iyam `shave' [SkNB]; E 1 Mobu ‰am `cut, chop' [Jg], Mobu ‰ame (pl.), Ngam ‰am `couper' [Lns], Kera ‰eme `cut, tatoo' (note contam. with `to harvest'); 3 cf. Smr ‰əmə `transpercer' [JgSib]. 889. *‰Vm- `to pick, to pull out': C 3 FK ‰im `to pick up (floating objects)'; E 5 EDng ‰ime `herausziehen, pull out'. Deriv.: W 6 Bana ‰im-ɫi `pincer'. E 4 Ubi ‰omin `soulever, porter, raise, carry'. 890. *‰Vm- `to rot, to smell bad': W 4 Wrj ‰amə-, Mbu ‰am-`to stink, smell bad', cf. Miya tema, Kar təm `smell bad, stink' [SKNB]; C 4 Gude ‰imənə (pl.?) 'serous fluid extruded from a corpse';10 ZD ‰im, ZB čim [tsim] `pourrir'; E 1 Kera ‰imi `pourrir, verderben'. // Aran nt_m `e^tre ga^te et commencer a sentir mauvais' [BK 1265]. Cf. C 2 Bura ‰im `area around a sore, covered with pus , blood, etc.'. Note possible deriv.: W 3 Krkr ‰am-tu `soil o.s., beshit o.s.' [GK]. 891. *‰Vm- `food, to eat': W 1 Hs ‰iimaa `food' (if not < *‰ii `to eat' < *tV); 7 Fyer ‰ami^ `scmecken, berhren, to taste'; C 3 Bana ‰amə `mettre dans la bouche'; E 7 Mubi ‰am `to eat' [Luk], ‰am `eat hard food' [CLR]// Arab t_mʔ [-a-] `donner a manger des mets gras', t_mm `avaler' [BK 234-5], wt_m > mat_īm-at- `meule, nourriture' [BK 1485], [OS 472]. Note possible deriv.: W 6 Bade ‰um-‰um-tu `suck' and C 3 FK ‰wam-‰am 199 `tasteless' [BN]. 892. C *‰Vm- `to mix': W 1 Ha ‰aami/uyaa, ‰amwiyaa `to mix'; 6 (deriv.): Duw ‰am-ɫo ` mix together, stir'. 893. *‰Vm- `to call': W 4 Wrj ‰im `to call' [BlS]; 5 Zaar ‰im `call' [CrZ]= Saya [Cs]; C 3 Bana ‰em `song', pl. ‰eme^r. 894. C *‰Vm- `entrance hut': 2 Bura ‰am `entrance hut with two open doors'; 7a Skn ‰am `entry room' [DS]. 895. *‰Vm- `a small quantity': W 1 Hs ‰im `a small quantity' (cf. ‰aamaya `a small person, but not a dwarf'); 3 Krkr mə-‰ən (-n# < *-m#), Bol, Krf im, Ngm laa-‰im `few' [SchV]; C 8 Afd simmeo `wenig, a little' [Sol N 643]. Verbal deriv.: C 4 Gude ‰imuʔu `shrink (cloth), make self fit into small place'. Cf. Aff aʃʃemî́ [ačemo?] `schmal, eng' [Sol N 634]. 896. *‰Vm-(cVm)- `hedgehog': W 2 Mpn da-‰im [FrM]; 4 Paa ‰ina (< *‰imѕa) [MK]; C 7 Mofu -‰em‰eme `hedgehog with white belly', Gis ‰em‰eme; 10 ZD ‰em‰ime°, ZB cacəmui [tsatsǝmui], Masa ‰e°m-‰e°m [CC]; E 2 Lele ‰umna. A loan? Cf. C 3 *‰Vm-K- `porcupine': Bana ‰iməkə, FK ‰iməhu [BN]. 897. C *‰Vm- `kind of locust': 5 Gis ‰am‰ama `locust (without wings, in rainy season); 10 ZD cumo [tsumo] (cu- < ču-) `criquet', cumurmur `sauterelle sp., verte', ZB cumoʔo [tsumoʔo], cumurmur [tsumurmur] `sauterelle sp'. 898. *‰Vm- `sour': W 1 Hs ‰amai `emphasizes acidity' (‰aamaa `water in which sorrel or hemp has been cooked'), Gwn ‰ami; 3 Ngm omom (Y) `sour' [NEH], Bol omom `sour, fermented (porridge, beer)' [GAB]; 6 Duw ‰ə^m `bitter', ‰om‰om idf. `indicates sourness'; C 1 Tera ‰om‰om `sour' [NmT]; 8 Zina ča°m-ča°ma `acid' [Tr]; 10 ZB čičem [tsitsem] `aigre'. Any relation to *‰Vm- `to rot, to smell bad'? Cf. *cVm- `sour', note that both roots are attested in Hs and in ZB. 899. *‰Vn- `to amuse, to laugh': W 2 Ang gwo-‰an `an amusing man' [Fl]; 4 Wrj, Siri ‰en `mockery' [BlS]; C 10 Masa ‰en `rire, to laugh' [CC]. 200 900. *‰Vn- `to cut': W 2 Ang ‰en to cut' [Fl], ‰an `cut, slaughter' [Fl], ‰en, pl. ‰an `cut, slaughter' [JgA], Mgh ‰an `(be- ab-) schneiden' [JgS], Mpn ‰an `cut, slaug-hter', circumcise', ‰en `circumcise' [FrM], Goem ʃa°n `circumcise a child' [Hlw]. Noun deriv.: W 4 Paa ‰an-‰ə^n 'adze' [MS]. Note C 8 Bud če/ino `to divide', ‰en-al (a compound) `spalten (Holz)'. 901. *‰Vnn- `(to) harvest: C 8 Bud ‰inne `Erntezeit' [LkB]; E 7 Brg ‰enni `cueillir, to pluck' [JgBr]. 902. W *‰in- 'make, do': 2 Ang čiin [F], Mgh, Mpn či°n [JgS, FrM], Chip in [Kr], Goem i°n [Hlw], Kofyar, Msh ‰in, [TAS 52]; 4 Paa ‰—n `work' [MS]. 903. W 2 *‰Vn- `to drive away': Ang ‰iin [Fl], Mgh ‰ɛɛn [JgS], Mpn ‰een [FrM], Chip ɛn gwe [Kr], Mnt ini, Goem ien [Fp], «ǝn `chase smb. away' [Hlw]// Arab t_wn `poursuivre une be^te fauvre' [BK 243]. Deriv. in -t-: W 6 Bade ‰iin-tu `to run (animals back)'. 904. W *‰Vn- `to quarrel': 1 Hs ‰uunee `egging person on against another'; 2 Ang ‰an `arrogance, pride' [Fl], Kfy ‰an `abusive song, abuse in song' [TAS 47]. 905. *‰Vn- `to start': W 2 Mgh ‰aan `comence an activity early' [BlM]; 3 Krkr ‰inaa `beginning' [GK]. Note W 1 Hs činna `set fire to, set a light'. 906. *‰VnVw- `kind of fish': W 1 Hs ‰inoo‰ii `a fish-seller', ‰inoota `kind of fish-soup'; C 6 Daba ‰e‰enw 'espece de poisson avec un aiguillon sur la dos qui pique, kind of pricky fish'.. 907. *‰Vnk- `spear (for fishing)': W 1 Hs ‰ankoo (no pl.) `a spear used in fishing'; 2 Mgh ‰ʷa `spear' [BlM]; C 7 Mafa ‰oegwe 'pique en fer'; E 1 Kera ‰ukəy `Lanze, spear'. 908. *‰Vng- `sifts, chaf': W 3 Krkr ‰angwai `coarse grain left after sifting'[GK]; C 2 Bura ‰ong-‰ong 'chaff'. 909. W *‰Vn-‰V(n)- `(bad) smell': 1 Hs ‰an-‰oo `a foul-smelling mouth'; 4 Wrj

201 ‰an-‰an `odour, unpleasant smell' [BlS]// Arab t_nt `sentir mauvais (viande)' [BK 238], Eg snsn `faulen oder stinken (Leichnam), to stink (corpse)' [EG174]. 910. W 2 *‰Vn- `a big hoe': Ang ‰en [Fl], Mgh ‰aan [JgS], Mpn ‰aan [FrM], Goem ian [Fp], ʃaan [Hlw]. a. *‰Vng- `digging, hollowing instrument': W 1 Hs ‰ingaa `long-handled instrument used in making mortars', ‰angamii (with a -mi suff., probably, a loan) `a wooden impliment for dibbling or digging holes'; C 4 Bana ‰egedi 'plantoir en bois'; 6 Daba ‰enged 'iron stick for digging'. Cf. C 7 `axe, blade' (a compound?): Muy cangɔrum 'small axe'; Mada cogorom [coŋgorom] `lame pour tailler'. Cf. E 2 Lele ‰ungli `couper en biseau, cut slantwise'. 911. W *‰Vn- `thigh':1 Hs ‰inya `thigh'; 2 Ang ‰ing `small hips' [Fl]; 5 Guus ‰i `thigh', pl. [CrG], Grnt i 'thigh [Jag]. 912. *‰Vr- `to cut in stripes': W 3 Glm ‰ar- 'slit' [SchB]; C 7 Mofu -‰a‰ər- 'cut in thin strips'> ‰ara, ‰e‰er `mince, etroit, en fines lanieres'; E 5 EDng ‰ire `spalten, zerreissen', WDng ‰ire 'dechirer avec un couteau en fines lanieres' // cf. Arab t_rd `casser, couper (pain), split, cut' [BK 221].Cf. *cVr- `to cut'. Noun deriv.: *‰Vr- `tatooes': C 7 Gis ‰ir 'tatooes'; E 4 Mawa ‰ara `scarifica-tion sur le visage'. W 1 Hs ‰eeruu (if not < *čiSru) `any type of native-made knife'. cf. C 5 *č/ˆVrVh- `to cut': Mofu -‰ərh- `tailler, couper d'un coup', Mafa cərah- `cut animal in pieces'. Verbal deriv.: E 1 Kera ‰erte `spalten (if not < *terte), zerhacken, split'; 3 Smr ‰əraba 'cut (meat)' [JgSib]. 913. *‰Vr `to dance': W 2 Mgh ‰ɛɛr `a dance of girls and women` [JgS]; E 5 EDng ‰ore `fur die Geister tanzen'; 7 Brg ‰aari [JgBr]. 914. *‰Vr- 'furrow; to dig': W 1 Hs ‰eeri `an indentation or shallow hole in the ground'; E 5 Bid ‰are `furrow', WDng ɛ‰irɛ 'creuser', Bid ‰oor 'creuser', Mig ‰aaro 'creuser' ; 7 Kajakse ‰aru [Alio]. // Arab t_wr IV stem `remuer la terre, lalabourer' [BK 241], Akk erʔu (irʔu, e/irḫu) 'furrow; cultivated field; 202 a linear measure' OA [CAD  2 327; AHw 1219]. For Akk - Bidiya see [OS 484]. Verbal deriv.: Hs ‰ir-be `to weed with a small hoe', E 5 Bid ‰er-gey 'fouiller, explore; dig'. Noun deriv.:E 5 WDng ‰orilo `houe en fer en form de dent enfoncer, k. of hoe'. Note W 2 `tomb': Mgh kə-‰ir , Goem ge-irr [Fp]. 915. *‰Vr(Vh)- `to scratch': W 1 cf. Hs ‰iraa `excoriation of inside of thighs of stout person due to overwalking'; 2 Goem ʃo°or 'clean a vessel with a finger' [Hlw]; C 2 Bura ‰er(a) 'scratching of birds'; 7 Mada acraha [acraha] `racler (un bois), se racler (la gorge)'; E 5 Mig ‰orro 'egratigner, to scratch'.//Arab ʔt_r `racler l'interriur du sabot d'un chameu' [BK 11]. Deriv. E 1 Kera ‰irki `kratzen, griffer, to scratch' and probably Kera ‰oroki 'Kamm, comb'. Noun deriv.: W 7 `nail': Bok ‰ara^n, DB ‰iri [JgR]. Alternatively may be related to C 10 Kulung ‰i‰iran `(mein) Finger, (my) finger' [Luk]. 916. *‰Vr- `whichcraft': W 5 Guus ‰ir-kə `witchcraft' [CrG]; C 8 Bud ‰erire `Arznei, medicine' [LkB]. (Cf. Ch *ɫVr- id. Note that ECh may originate from this very root as well). Compound: C 7 Mada carbaɫ [carḅał] `esprit lie a une mort violente'. Cf. E 5 Bid ‰iraabo `plant magique'. 917. *‰Vr- `get up, rise': W 1 Hs ‰ira `lift right up'; 5 Grnt seeri `stand up' [Sm], Guus ‰iir `above', ‰iir `sky'; C 7 Moloko car `climb'; 8 Bud ‰ar `aufgehen (Sonne), hinausgehen, aufsprossen (Kraut), to go up, to sprout, to rise (sun)'; 10 Lame ‰ɛr-i [Kr], Peve ‰ar [Sn] `stand up', ZD car , ZB car [tsar] `se lever, ressusciter, se tenir sur'.// Arab t_wr `e^tre souleve et se repandre dans (poussiere, sauterelles)' [BK 241]. Cf. *Vr- `to stand, to stop', Cf. W 4 Wrj ‰i‰ira `swimming (as when holding smth in the air to stop it getting wet)' [BlS]. 918. *‰Vr- `to chase, decoy (animals, birds)': W 2 Msh ‰yeer `to chase, drive away birds or children` [TAS 58]; C 7 Mofu -‰a‰ər- 'attirer an animal avec un peu de nourriture; to decoy'; E 5 WDng ‰ɛrɛ `traquer: poursuivre un animal a la chasse

203 '. Note possible deriv. : W 1 Hs ‰arkai `a cruel trap for large animals'. a. *‰Vr- `to steal': W 3 Krkr ‰iru `steal' [GK], Ngm irko^ VN iri (G) 'steal' [NEH], Bol iru [GAB], ir- [LkB]; Tng sire 'to steal', Dera iri 'to steal' [NmK], Krkr ‰uru-, Ngm ir- [SchV]; 7 Bok ir [JgR]; C 7 Mafa mu-‰oer 'steal' [BaMaf]. Cf. 4 Jimjimen ir, Gude irinya 'to steal' [BrJ]. 919. *‰V(hєV)r- `to knead': W 1 Hs ‰uura `knead into balls (earth, fura, etc.)'; 4 Miya ‰uwrə `to knead' [Sch]. a. *‰VrVhє- `to pound' : C 7 Mofu -‰ərhw- 'piler (le mil pour separer la balle de la graine)'. Deriv. in -d-: C 7 Muy e‰r-dey 'to wring out'; E 1 Kera ‰er-de `to press'. Compound: C 7 Mofu -‰ər-ɫak- 'serrer, piquer', Gis cər-ɫak `auspressen (Fruchte)'. 920. *‰Vr- `to talk, to cry': W 1 Hs ‰eeraa `cry out'; 2 Ang ‰ir 'explain' [Fl]; 4 Wrj ‰irei `gossiping' [BlS]; 4 Pero ‰eero 'tell a story', ‰eeri 'a talk'; C 5 Pod ‰—rewə [c—rewǝ] idf. 'crier; to cry', ‰—‰—rewa ‰—rewa idf 'rencontrer'; 9 Mba ‰iri `to schriek', Mulwi siriyi `to cry'; E cf. 5 Bid ‰e‰er `cry of a guinea-fowl'// Arab t_rt_r `bavarder' [BK 221]. [OS 483]. Deriv.: E 5 EDng ‰orle `schreien; to cry', Bid ‰orlol crier a tue-tete’, ‰orloola uvula, luette'. Note C 7 Muy ‰i‰irefa `unable to keep a secret' mod. 921. *‰Vr- `to shoot an arrow, arrow': W 1 Hs ‰ara `throw a spear, shoot an arrow'; 2 Angas ‰ar `to shoot at' [Fp], ‰iir `mimic warfare (when all the motions of fighting, avoiding and warding off arrows are done through; sort of dance; mimic motions of shooting a lion' [Fp], Goemay iar (pl. of ṭat) `to shoot` [TAS 59]; C 2 Bura ‰era 'reed-like grass from which arrow shaft is secured; arrow shaft'//Eg sr 'arrow' (Pyr) [EG 546]. Cf. W 2 *‰Vr- `to throw stones': Angas ‰ar `throw stones' [Fp], Mgh ‰ar `throw stones at smbd.' [JgS], Mpn ‰ar `throw many things' [FrM], Mushere ‰ir `to throw` [TAS 59], Goem ʃaar `to throw smth away, throw at smth' [Hlw]. 922. *‰Vr- `be full' : W 1 Hs ‰ar emph. fullness of vessel; 3 Krkr ‰ar idf. `full' (

204 < Hs?) [GK]; C 4 Gude ‰ir id. 'full'; 6 Daba ‰ar ‰ar 'be full of smth solid (grain)'; 7 Muy ‰ir 'full' mod. Cf. C 8 Zina ča°r `gonfler (qqch)' [Tr]. a. *‰Vr- `to be full of milk': W 1 Hs ‰iiri `a large udder' (Go); E 5 Bid ‰er‰er fleurir, poindre (sein)'// Arab t_rr ` have plenty of milk' [BK 20]. 923. *‰Vr- `to tear , to pull': W 1 Hs ‰iraa `pull out of socket, ground'; C 5 Pod ‰—redə [c—reḍǝ] idf. 'dechirer'; 7 Mol caray `tear up'; Mofu -‰ər- 'cueillir, dechirer, picorer'. Deriv.: E 1 Kera ‰ar-te `zerreissen, tear in pieces'; 5 WDng ‰er-de `dechirer un tissu, to tear cloth'. 924. *‰Vr- `to become clever': W 1 Hs ‰are `become wise'; C 4 Gude ‰i‰irə 'become more clever (of children developing)'. Deriv. `to understand': C 7 Zlg caraka [tsaraka] 'entendre; comprendre'; E 5 Bid ‰orloolo `savoir, connaissance'. a. *‰V(w/ʔ)Vr- `to plan, predict': W 7 Fyer ‰oor 'Absicht, Plan'; E 5 Bid ‰aar 'imagine, predict' (note W 3 Pero ‰irim 'picture,image') //Arab ʔt_r (a) `enterprendre une affaire; se proposer qqch' [BK 11]. 925. *‰Vr- `to weave, to wind up': C 4 Gude ‰ir v. idf. `wrapping or winding up'; 7 Cuv mɛ-‰ɛ‰ɛrɛy `tisser' a. W *‰Vr- `a net': W 6 Duw ‰aari `net bag', Bade ‰ir-pak `kind of fish net used by women'. 926. C *‰Vr- `to select': 2 Bura ‰er(a) 'choose, select'; Ould -cərab [tsǝraḅ] `extraire la bonne partie de la graine, sable, etc'// Arab ʔt_r (i, u) `choisir’; ʔat_ir- `elu, d'elite, de choix'. 927. *‰Vr- `river': 2 Gbr ‰er 'river' [Luk], Lele ‰uro `une riviere sp.'// Arab t_rr `faire sourdir l'eau (source)' [BK 20]. Compounds: E 5 WDng ‰or-kilo petit ruisseau'; CWDng ‰ɔr-kolo 'riviere' [CJ], Mig ‰oro-ngolle `ruisesau'. Cf. C 7 Muy ‰rr 'floating' idf.; 8 Mak ‰or idf. `sound of water falling' [AlM].

205 928. *‰Vr- `urine' (if not from *pV‰Vr id., cf. Hs ficari, etc.): W 3 Pero ‰eri 'urine'; 7 DB sa^r 'urinate', Sha zoh, Bok aa 'urine' [JgR]; E 4 Ubi ‰orin 'uriner', ‰orga vessie, ‰or-golo 'fleuve' [Alio], Mawa swari (irreg. reflex, probably, *čw- > sw-) 'urine', Ubi ‰ario, Mabire ‰ora 'urin' [HJ]. Note that E 2 Lele ‰ooro `urine', Kaba , Nch ‰əbrə [CH] originate from *‰br, met. < *p‰r. 929. *‰Vr- `faeces, dirt': E 5 Bid ‰or 'defecate (of birds)'; 6 Mok siiri 'faeces, dirt' [JMkk]. a.*čVr-b- `muddy, dirty': W 3 Krkr ‰irbi `place that is sloppy or muddy' [GK]; C 10 ZB ‰orbo [corḅo] (assim. < *‰irbo, or a mistake for tsorḅo ) `boue'. 930. .C *‰VrVk- `flute': 3 Bana ‰ereki 'flute'; 7a Skn ‰erak `war flute'. Deriv. in -d-: 7 Mofu -‰ərkwad- `faire (une flu^te)'. 931. *‰Vr(Vh)- `to be clear, innocent': C 7 Mada crah [crah] `clairement, ouvertement, sans detour'; E 5 Bid ‰irit f. `candeur; inocence, sinceriry', Mig ‰eero `etre transparent' 932. *‰Vr- `barren': W 5 Zaar ‰a^r, var. ‰aari `nulliparous, for animals' [CrZ]; C 2 Bura ‰iri `barren, without young'; 7a Skn ‰ir `barren woman' [DS]; 10 ZD cəraw [tsǝraw] (cǝ- < čǝ-) `homme impuissant'. 933. *‰Vr- `silent': C 5 Pod ‰—riya [c—riya] idf. 'silent'; E 5 Bid ‰irit f. `silence'. 934. *‰VwVr- `be angry: W 2 Ang ‰oor `be angry' [JgA]; C 10 ZB car [tsar] `enerver, se fa^cher'// Arab t_wr > t_ayir- `colere' [BK 242 ].

206 *Cў 935. *‰Vw/y- `to finish': W 4 Wrj ‰uw- `finish`, [SkNB, BlS], ‰uwakza `finishing point, at the end' [BlS]; 5 Dott ‰uu `finish' [CrD]; C 5 Pod ‰—we [c—we] 'drink last drop; drain'; 7 Mofu ‰ay 'fini, termine'. Any relation to *‰Vw/y- `tail'? 936. *‰Vʔ/y- `to (trans)plant': W 3 Krkr ‰ai `transplanting, seedling' [GK]; C 8 Mak ‰i (irreg. reflex, probably, *ˆi- > i-) 'transplant, transplanter, repiquer, re-transplant'; 10 ZD co°ʔ [ts¡ʔ] (co- < čo-) `semer en poquets'. Cf. C 10 ZB ʔoʔ (i.e., dyoʔ = ‰oʔ) 'seed' [CLR]. 937. *Vw- ( possibly < *ŠVHʷ)- `to catch, to pick': W 3 Krkr ‰aw 'ergreifen, fangen' [LkK], ‰awaa `hold, seize, catch' [GK]; 5 Zaar ‰aa `pick (cotton, groundnuts)' [CrZ]; C 5 Pod cawa `attraper, atteindre'; 7 Muy caw idf. `taking up smth in quantity without choosing', cay `take up in order to possess (smth in the bush)', Ould caЇw [tsaw] idf. `rapidement pour attraper', Mafa ‰- 'prendre (un seul obj.)'; 7a Skn ‰ə `pick' [DS]; 8 Bud ci [tsi], ‰i `ergreifen, seize' [LkB]; 9a Gdr ‰ɔ `catch'; E 3 cf. Smr čǝ° `cuillir, to pluck' [JgSib]// Cf. Eg d_ʕ (MK) `ergreifen, fangen, nehmen, seize' [EG 199]. For Krkr - Eg see [OS 496]. Noun deriv.: W 6 Ngz ‰a‰aawà° 'twigs for fire' [SchN]. Noun deriv.: W 7 Sha ʔa‰ah `thief'; C 7 Ould caya΄ [tsayaŋ] `brigand, voleur, robber, thief'. Note C 4 Gude cwa `cramp in hand'. According to [Hs], derived from ‰iinə `hand, arm' (inher. posses., body part). 938. C *‰Vʔ- `to kill' (*‰iʔ-, possibly, < *cVʔ): C 2 Bura ci ; 5 Glv cɛcə-ga, Chnn ci-ga 'kill' [HmG]; 10 ZD ‰iʔ `tuer', Masa ‰i `taper, frapper; tuer' [CC]. a. *‰Vw/y- `to break, to pound, to press': W 2 Ang ‰o `break' [TAS 54]; 3 Bol suwwu `pound to remove bran' [GAB]; 5 Grn so-wi `pound' [Jag], Zaar cwaa `pound rice, guinea corn' [CrZ]; C 7 Mafa cacaw `haricot ecrase conserve dans de l'eau'; 8 Bud tsa `packen, to pack'; Mak ṣey squeeze, presser', Kus ṣay `presser appuyer', Afd ṣe° [Tr]; E 1 Kera če `schmieden, brechen, to smith, to break'. 207 b. C *CVʔVw- `to castrate (? by pounding)': 3 Bana cəʔwə `castrer', FK caw [BN]; 4 Gude cəwu `castrate'. 939. *‰Vw- `to come, to arrive': W 4 Paa ‰uwi, ‰u 'coming' [suppl. VN of dava 'come']; C 3 FK cu `walk, to go' 5 Pod cawa 'reach, arrive at'; 7 Gis c, ‰e 'eintreten, hineintun'; 10 Masa ‰o intr. `to arrive' [CC]. 940. *‰Vw-/*‰V‰V `he-goat': W 4 Wrj ‰i `he goat' [BlS], ‰i‰a-na, Kar ‰i‰i 'goat' [SkNB]; C 2 Bura n-‰iwa 'a male-goat'; E 1 Kwan ‰uwi (< *čiwi; alternatively, < *tuwi, cf. E 2 Lele tuu `she-goat' [CLR] . W 4 *cVw- `goats': Wrj cuwa-na `goats' [BlS], Miya cu pl. `goats' [Sch]. 941. *‰Vw/y- `a fly, bee': W 4 Wrj ‰iwi-na `fly' [SkNB]; C 8 Afd ǝwі `mouche, a fly' [Tr]; E 5 Bid dyaa-dya `abeille, miel de montagne' [JgB]. // Arab zayy- `miel' [BK 147]. 942. *‰Vw/y- `tail': W 1 Hs wuciya°a (alternatively may be related to W 4 Wrj Šalai `tail'); 4 Diri ‰uwaa `tail` [SkNB]; C 10 Masa ‰aw `tail' [CC], ZD ‰ew `queue', ZB čeo [tseo] `tail, crin, horse hair' [Sa], ‰yaw `tail' [CLR]. 943. W 4*‰Vw- `egg': Mbu ‰uu, Kar suu, Wrj cuuna, Miya acu, Siri ṣawi [SkNB]. 944. *‰Vw/y- `piebald, stripped': W 2 Ang ‰ewe `piebald, black-and-white' [Fp]; C 7 Mofu ‰iyaa, ‰iyee 'balafre, raye', ‰e 'raye, zebre'; 10 ZB čeiʔ [tseiʔ] `raye, rayure'. 945. *‰V `be poor, poverty': C 10 ZD ca [tsa] (ca- < *ča) `pauvrete; pauvre, malhereux', ZB cā [tsa] `malheureux, pauvre'; E 1 Kera ‰aa `Armut , poverty'. 946. *‰Vb- > *‰Vḅ- `to curl' : W 3 Dera uube 'to roll'; E 5 WDng ḍyuube `plier qqch de fin, to curl (end of some things)'. Derriv.: C 2 Bura ‰aba-ɫu `curling of a snake, dog, rope' idf. Deriv. in -t-: `to roll': W 2 Mgh ‰ibət [JgS], Ang ‰oot `to roll up' [Fl], Msh ‰ibet [TAS]. 947. C *‰Vb- `long, to make longer': 5 Dghw cuba, Gvo cuba Gav cuba [Kr] `long'; 7 Mofu -‰əb- 'rallonger, ajouter de la paille (a une natte pour

208 l'allonger), augmenter', me-‰əbey `rallonge d'une natte de clo^ture, herbe utilisee pour rallonger une natte)' (deriv.). 948. C *‰Vb- > *‰VbVr/ɫ `be full': 2 Bura ‰aba-‰aba 'very full of liquid'; 4 Gude ‰abər 'brim full' (adj. idf.); 5 Pod cabarəra idf. `be full (of a vessel (recipient) with smth not liquid'; 6 Daba ‰ab ‰ab 'presque rempli'; 7 Ould če-čebeɫ [tse-tseḅeł] `plein'. Deriv.: Muy e‰i°bir `add to smth when the container is already full'. 949. C *‰Vf- (possibly, < Ch *‰Vf-, cf. Arabic parallel) `to sit, to squat': 3 FK n-‰afiyaku `to squat' [BN], Bana ‰ifekwə '(s')accroupir''; 7 Gis ‰ife 'sich setzen, bleiben', ‰fe, cəf , mə-cfa `sitzend'// Arab zfr `e^tre assis' [BK 134]. Deriv.: C 10 Masa ‰ifin `les fesses' [CC]. 950. C *[‰]Vf- `to tie, to sew': C 4 Gude cəva `to tie, to sew together', 7 Ould čefe [tsefeŋ] `attacher, lier, to attach, to tie' //Arab zff `lier, to tie' [BK 134]. Note C 8 Bud čafu `zusammenfalten, to roll up (cloth)'. 951. *‰Vp- `to sprinkle': W 1 Hs ˆattafaa (< *af-afa) 'sprinkling of rain'; C 10 Vame ‰apa `gicler' [VP]. //Cush Oromo coṗa `drop', coccop- `to drip'. a.*ЉVp- `to rinse cloth': W 3 Pero ‰oppo 'rinse cloth'; 5 Zaar ‰op 'to wash oneself'; C 10 ZB cup [tsup] `rincer' . 952. *ŠVp- `to scatter, to throw': W 5 Dott čap Zaar čop `throw with hands, e.g. powdery substance into the mouth' [CrDZ]; C 7 Ould čipčip [tsp tsip] idf. `action de viser, jeter a° terre qqch (salive, fruit, armes)' 10 ZD capcap `partout (pour des choses on des e^tres couches), everywhere (things thrown)'. 953. *‰Vp- `to follow, to trace': W 3 Pero ‰epo `to trace'; C 7 Muy ‰i°f `near', Cuv mɛ-‰pɛy `accompagner, suivre', Mbuko cpe [cǝpe] `surveiller, to watch, to spy'//Arab zff `suivre' [BK 134]. Deriv. : C 7 Mofu -‰apad- `marcher sur la pointe des pieds, sans faire de bruit, surprendre'.spy'//Arab zff `suivre' [BK 134]. DerivNote C 9 Mba čo°po° 'le derie°re; "posterior". 954. *‰Vp- `kind of antelope': W 4 Wrj ‰apayana `antelope' [BlS]; 5 Guus cəca^p 209 , pl. cəcap-sə `gazelle' [CrG], Bogh sop `gazelle' [Cs N252]. 955. *‰V(Vw)d- (> c/čVd-) `to be early': W 2 Mgh ‰wet `very early, promptly before day break' [BlM]; C 5 Pod ‰—de [c—ḍe] `d'abord, pour le moment, from the beginning'; 7 Mbuko cəde [cǝḍe] (note irregular combination of vowels, probably: *čiḍe > čǝḍe > cǝḍe) `wake up, open the eyes', Mafa ‰id- `open, rise eyes; se lever (jour); 10 ZB cut [tsut] (-t# < *-d-) `tre°s to^t, very early'. Cf. W 3 Bol [GAB] sato `morning', sassato `very early morning'. Loks like a loan from Arab saṭiʕ- `aurore' [BK 1089]. 956. *‰Vt- `kind of bird: W 1 Hs ciita `name of a small bird'; 4 Diri a‰ida [SkNB] `bird'; C 4 Gude ‰i‰itə `kind of bird'. Cf. W 4 Mbu ‰ooti `bird' < *‰VwVt- [SkNB]. 957. *‰VHʷ- `to pierce': W 1 Hs caa-caa `to gash'; C 1 Gaa ‰uhə-n‰i, Gbn ‰ixwə-n‰i, Boka ‰uxwa-da `pierce' [Kr]; 3 Fg caxwu-ti, HN ca-məy [Kr]; 9 Mba ‰oo, Mulwi s (sʷ) `percer; E 1 Kera ‰oʔe, ‰eʔe `durchbohren, pierce’. Cf. noun deriv.: W 6 Bade ‰aa‰a `spear'. 958. *‰Vɣ- `to scrape, to make incisions': W 1 Hs caaga 'cut, make incision in'; C Vame čaɣa `to scrape' [KV]; 7 Ould -caɣ [tsaɣ] `tailler, gratter en surface, racler, nettoyer', Mada e‰‰eh [ecceh] `racler', Moloko cahay `to scar', Gis c/‰ah `tatoo', Cuv mɛ-‰ɛhɛy `balafrer (qqn), to cover with scars', Mofu -‰əh- 'inciser, tatouer, decorer en creussant (mur)'. 959. *‰Vɣ- `herd, to herd': W 4 Wrj ‰iɣə 'herd' [SkNB], ‰iɣə `to herd, graze', ‰iɣai `a pasture' [BlS]; 7 Sha ‰o, ‰o^h 'weiden, to herd', ma‰oh 'Hirte, sheepherd'. Cf. C 7 Mada cocho [cocho] exclam. `attention!'. Note C 5a Hdi cəɣay [tsǝɣay] `to dispatch; expedier'. 960. *‰Vɣ- `to pour': W 4 Wrj ‰iɣ- 'pour in' [SkNB]; C 7 Mafa ‰ih- 'verser de l'eau hors d'un recipient', Ould cuh [tsuh] idf. `bruit d'eau versee rapidement', Cuv mɛ-‰hɛy `verser'; 8 Log səʔə niyeya (niyeya `spittle') [By-CLR] `spit'

210 // Arab mzʕ`amollir, assouplir; laisser l'humidite, l'eau dans une chose' [BK 1125]. 961. */ˆVɣ- `clitoris': W 4 Paa cagada [+body part' MS]; C 8 Log suɣuri [AlL], Bud ‰oohi . 962. *‰Vg- `to split, to beat': W 2 Angas ‰k `beat' [Fl], ‰əḳ/k `schlagen, durchhauen' [JgA]; C 5 Dghw ‰əge [CLR] 'beat' (gen.), c—gɛ 'split'. Deriv.:E 5 Bid dyigal `casser, dyagal `se casser' 963. *‰Vg- `to rise, to jump':3 Tng sagi `jump over'; 5 Gis ‰iiga `the rising' (may be a derivative < *‰ii); 8 Bud ‰agi `hinaufsteigen', Mak ṣaga `rise'; E 3Ndam ‰igʌy `jump' [DikJg]. Deriv.: *‰Vng- `to rise': C 8 Mak sanga 'rising' [AlM]; E 2 Lele ‰angi `soulever'. Cf. C 7 Ould -činerge [tsinerge] `se reveiller, to wake up' 964. *‰Vg- `a pricky fence, enclosure': C 8 Afd ˆagǝ `zeriba' [Tr]. Cf. *‰VgVl- `to hide, to close': W 2 Mgh ‰oɣol `hidden information' [BlM]; C 8 Bud ‰ageli `schliessen, close'; E 5 E Dng dyigile 'sich verbergen, to hide o.s.'. a. Cf. E var. *‰VgVl- `to hide' : 5 EDng ‰igile (se) cacher', 7 Mubi ‰agal 'hide' [CLR], Msm ‰agil 'to hide'. A loan? 965. C 8 *‰VgVn- `scorpion': Log m—saguyen `scorpion' [AlL], Mak msigan [AlM], Bud ‰egan, ‰igan `Skorpion'. 966. *‰Vk- `branches used as a support' (a noun deriv. ?): C C 7 Mada acka [acka] `support a° trois branches (devant la maison) pour poser la nourriture'; 10 ZD cəkad , ZB cəkad [tsǝkaḍ] `fourche (support aux marmites)'; E 5 WDng adyika fourche en bois a 3 branches pour entreposer des poteries ferme'. Cf. C 7 Mada acka [acka] `appuyer'. 967. *‰Vk- `to hide o.s.': E 5 EDng dyoke  `sich verstecken' [Ebb]. Cf. *‰Vg(Vl)- `to hide, to close'. Deriv. `secretely': C 7 Ould cəkād [tsǝkaḍ] `en cachette, doucement', Mada 211 cked [ckeḍ] `en cachette, en douce'. a. *‰VkV-d- `quietly, carefully': W 2 Mgh ‰aɣat `quietly' [BlM]; C 7 Mada ckad [ckaḍ] `tranquille, sans bruit, quietly', Muy cəkad `carefully'; E 7 Kaj dyakde `doux, tranquille' [Alio]. Cf. C 2 Bura ‰ika‰ika `quietly, in a wisper'. 968. *ŠVkʷ/xʷ- `pot': W 4 Wrj Šakʷan-na [SkNB], ‰akwan-na [BlS]; C 3 FG ca°xʷa [Kr]. [OS 501]. 969. C *ЉVk-- `kind of rat': 3 FK cəkə `rat that lives in numbers in a hole' [BN]. Deriv. in -l-: 5 Glv ‰aɣulba (-ɣ- < *-k-, suff. -ba) `rat'; 8 Bud cokel [tsokel] [LkB] `Springratte, kind of rat'; 7 Mada cokomblo [cokomblo] (< ‰VkVl-mbo, met.?) `rat de Gambnie'. Bud ts- points to Ch *Љ-. 970. *‰Vl- `to jump, a jump': W 1 Hs callee `jump' n.; C 8 Mak msal (s- < *c, *‰ ) `saut, a jump' [AlM]; E 2 Lele ‰aal `to jump'; 3 Smr ‰ila, ‰ilagə [CLR]. 971. *‰Vl- `to throw (into water)':W 1 Hs ˆillumaa 'fall, throw into water'; 2 Ang ‰ul(u)k `smth heavy falling in water' idf. [Fl]; C 2 Bura ‰ulha `to crumble diva into the water', ‰ulwa 'dip and shake smth into water to disseminate it'. 972. *‰Vl- `to steal': W 7 Bok ‰elef 'stehlen (Speise auf magische Weise)'; E 5 Bid dyel-dyeelu `voleur, thief'. 973. *‰Vl- `strength, health': W 7 Bok ‰ala `Gesundheit, Heil'; C 8 Mak ṣale `strength' [AlM], Afd ˆə´le´ `force'[Tr]. Deriv. C 7 Mada calah calah [calah calah] `active, rapide (au travail)'. 974. *‰Vl- `shade, smoke': W 2 Ang d¼il (irreg. reflex, probably due to a pref.: *nVčVl- > nVǯVl > nǯVl > d¼il) `shade under trees'; 7 Sha ‰ala^ `shadow' [JgR]; C 8 Aff ˆǝli , Maltam sǝ°lǝ°°y `smoke' [Tr] // Sem *ṭ_ll `shadow' > Arab zill-, Hbr sel [KB]. [OS 503]. Deriv *‰VlVm- `shade, black': W 3 Krkr ‰alum `shade, shadow' [GK]; C 2 Bura cilim (note ci < *ci-/‰i-, Chadic *‰i- > Bura ‰i-) 'black soil used as a dye-stuff'; 8 Bud čilim `schwarz, dunkel', ‰i/ulum (Kanuri selem) `schwarz' Afd cǝlǝm [Tr], Glf selem `black' [Luk], Mak s—l—m 'black' [AlM] (Afade 212 and Makari show reflexes of Chadic *c-); E 4 Mawa ‰ilim `noir', Ubi ‰ilmi 'noir, sombre'; 7 Mab ‰ilim `black' [JHM]// Sem *t_VlVm- 'be dark, be black' [Sem 980] > Arab zlm [-a-], etc., [OS 511]. 975. *‰V(wV)l- `kind of coloured monkey': W 1 Hs ˆu´la 'small blue monkey'; 3 Tng sala `red monkey' (alternatively, < `red', cf.), Dera ‰al 'brown monkey' [CLR], C 3 FK cala `green monkey' [BN]. [BK 142]. 976. *‰Vl- `be calme': C 5 Pod ‰elele [celele] `be silent, calme', ‰elele idf. ; E 5 Mig dyalak `tranquillement'. 977. *‰Vl- `be thin, narrow, long': C 7 Mada clœḅ [clœḅ] `etroit, narrow', Mafa culuma'a 'long museau (chien), pointu', cəlawa'a, ‰elawa'a 'long and thin, filiform (jambes)'; E 5 WDng dyɔ^llɛ `se retrecir, to narrow' 978. *‰Vl- `acide': C 7 Mada clokw clokw [clokw] `acide, aigre'; E 5 Mig dyelep-ta `amer'. 979. *‰Vl- `to be quick, to flee': C 7 Muy culad 'quickly' mod, ‰Њlx idf. 'fleeing', Mafa calala `rapidite, diligence'; 10 cf. ZB culoʔo [tsuloʔo] `fuir, run away' VA; E 1 Kera ‰elami `schnell, quickly'; 6 Mok dyelow 'quickly'. 980. *‰Vm- `to love, to want': W 3 Krkr ‰amo `loved, beloved' [GK]; 4 Miya ‰am `like, love, want' [Sch]; C 1 Tera ‰imi wish, want' [SkNB]; E 1 Kbl ‰əm-kamə (kam 'water'), Nch ‰əm-ka 'thirst' [HKb]; 7 Mubi ʔe_m (dyem) `wollen, to want' [Luk] // Arab zmy `avoir soif, avoir soif de qqch, desirer' [BK 142]. 981. *‰Vm- `privelege, to have a priveledge': W 4 Wrj ‰imai `priveledge' [BlS]; 3 Krkr ‰iima `one who receives guest in a court' [GK]; C 3 FK cəma first born child' [BN]; 7a Skn ‰aama `emissary (of chief)'; E 3 Tum sa°m `richesse'. 982. *‰Vm- `to soak, to become wet': W 1 Hs cima, cuma `to soak', camoocamo (redupl. stem) `become wet through'; C 10 ZB cum [tsum] `humide'. Deriv. W 6 Duw ‰am-ɫo `to push into water'. 983. C *ЉVm- `to gather (articles), to collect (taxes)': 2 Bura cima `taxes', cima

213 `gather taxes; gather articles from each person'; 3 FK cəm `gather, collect'; 4 Gude cəəmə `gather many things in one place'; Vame cЌma `collect' [KV]; 6 Daba ‰am `ramasser, prendre l'un apres l'autre'; 7 Mofu -‰əm- `rassembler, mettre en commun, melanger', Mafa cam- `entasser'. //Arab nzm `unir, joindre' [BK 1290]. Deriv.: 2 Bura cimta `to gather up articles'. Note that Ch *Љi- > ci- in Bura. 984. W *‰Vm- 'darkness, night': 4 Wrj ‰yamaza-na, Miya ‰amaza, Mbu ‰amae, Diri sam, Cagu s—n [SkNB], Miya ‰amazə [Sch]; 3 Tng sum 'night', Pero ‰oomo 'shade'. Note C 7 Ould čečem [tsetsem] `Terminalia brownii', cecececem `brun miel sombre'//Arab zmy `brun, couleur brun' [BK 142]. 985. *‰Vn- `to be sour, to ferment': W 2 Msh ‰aan `sour, to ferment' [TAS 47]; 3 Pero ‰o 'sour'; 4 Wrj ‰an-‰an `sour' [BlS], Cagu ‰an Miya sun-suni (or < ˆVm#, cf.) [SkNB]; C 3 Bana ‰inini 'levure'. 986. *‰Vn- `to understand, to explain, to hear':W 2 Ang ‰an `to interpret, to remind' [Fl]; C 5 Pod cəna `to hear, understand, obey; sentir', Mlg ‰ina `hear, hren, fhlen', Glv ‰ing `to hear, to listen, to obey, to feel', Wnd ‰ən-a, Gdf cina-cina, Dghw ‰ine, ‰inini, Ngw ‰ene `hear'[CLR], Gvoko ‰ina, Guduf cna, Gava, Chkd, Chnn cəna `hear, listen'[HmG];7 Ould čine [tsineŋ] `comprendre, entendre', Moloko cenay [tsenay] (note ts- before -e-) `understand', Mada e‰e [eceŋ] `entendre, to hear, comprendre, to understand', Mafa cən- `listen, understand', Gis can, ‰in, Mofu -‰ən- (often used a caus ‰ənd-) `entendre, comprendre, ecouter; obeir', Cuv mɛ-‰ney `entendre', Bld ‰in `hear' [TrBl]. // Arab znn `croire, juger, penser, supposer' [BK 142]. Differently see in [OS 505] . Deriv. : W 1 Hs cinkaayaa `to weigh, consider, reflect on a matter'; C 2 Bura ‰ang 'show, explain'. Note initial s- in C 5a: Lmn sin-, sən [LkL], Hdi sənay `to hear, to understand', Htkl sən- `hren, to hear' [LkH]. Cf. *łVng- `to listen > to understand' [CLD II N230].

214 987. *‰Vn-k/h- `heart, life': W 4 Wrj ‰anhə-na, Paa cin-ki, Siri ‰i-ga, Diri aukwa, Miya ‰a-hə, Mbu ‰a-kuu 'life, heart' [SkNB], Paa cinḳi 'heart' [MS].In some languages the velar was probably austed by a body-part suff. -h-. 988. W *‰Vng- `corn-stalk hut': W 1 Hs cangaya `a hut made of corn-stalks and bedaubed on the inside with clay; a corn-stalk fence'; 3 Krkr ‰angaaya `cornstalk hut built for rituals during harvest' [GK]. A Hausa loan?. 989. *‰Vr- `to germinate': W 1 Hs ciro `germinating of any seed, sprouting of tubers'; C 7a Skn ‰ir `to germinate' [DS]//Arab nzr `commencer a faire sortir les germes des plants (terre)' [BK 1288]. 990. *‰Vr- `to pour into': C 2 Bura ‰urr 'sound of water pouring into a vessel' idf ; 4 Gude ‰irə 'pour into (vessel, hole)'; 5 Pod ‰—ra [cira] 'jaillir'; 7 (redupl.) Cuv mɛ-‰ɛ‰ɛrɛy `gicler', Mofu -‰a‰ər- `deborder, couler, verser, remplir a ras bord'; E 1 Kera ‰eere `(Trankopfer) vergiessen, verser (libation)'; 3 Lele ‰ar `transvaser' // Arab zry `couler (eau)' [BK 133]. Deriv.: W 3 Krkr ‰irdu `spit in a stream' [GK]. Deriv.: E 5 5 Bid dyirag `distiller, filtrer', EDng dyirge 'giessen langsam, to pour slowly'. 991. *ЉVr- `to pile, to gather': W 1 Hs ˆiiri `odds and ends packed into a vessel, pile of articles'; 2 Goem ʃir `heap or huddle smth together' [Hlw]. Deriv.: E Deriv.: C 7 Mofu -‰ər-- `empiler, mettre par dessus, to pile'. 992. *‰Vr- `spinal colomn':W 1 Hs ˆaraa `the middle of the back from the neck to the coccyx'; E 1 Kera ‰e-‰erkə `Ruckgrat, spine'//Sem *t_Vhr- 'back' [MK]. 993. *Љ/‰Vr- `locust': C 7 Mada ‰e‰eregem [ceceregem] `grillon enorme'; E 1 Kera ke-‰er 'Wanderheuschrecke, criquet migrateur'//Arab ʕazary- `sauterelles' [BK 292]. 994. *‰Vr- `kind of monitor': W 1 Hs ˆaarii `monitor'; C 4 Gude ‰an-‰iranə 'water monitor' 995. *‰Vr- `good taste, sweet': C 7 Muy acər 'taste good'; Moloko car `taste good', Mofu -‰ər(a) `be good (taste); E 7 Kaj ‰orna bien', ‰ornaada 'sale, 215 mauvais'; 5 WDng dyirim 'doux, sucre'. 996. C *Vr- `diarrhea': 7 Cuv mɛ-‰ir-bey ; 5a Hide cira-ku [BrH]; 8 Mak m-ˆoro (pl.) [AlM]. 997. *‰VrVn- `bee': C 4 Gude mǝ-cərənwa 'type of flying insect, makes honey'; E 5 Bid dyiirango `gue^pe maonne'. 998. W 1 Hausa are° `to guard' (tsaree da ido kaa ganii `keep your eyes open and you will see). // Sem *nẓr `to look, to guard' > Arab nẓr `look', Akk naṣāru, Hbr nṣr `to guard' [OS 506].

216 *ǯ

999. *V `divide, to share, a portion': C 5 Pod ʒa `portion, part'; 7 Muy ʒa n. `share'; E 3 Tum ə `partager, to divide'// Akk za^zu `divide, teilen, verteilen' [AHw 1517], [OS 2671]. Cf. *Vɣ- id. a. *V `thing': W 3 Krf i , Glm ə-nan [SchB]; 8 Mak i `thing' [AlM]. 1000. *V/*Vʔ/w- `to break, to strike': C 1 Tera a `break stick' [NmT]; 3 Bana aʔwə `strike with a stone to break smth'; 4 Gude ʒa `pound, clap'; 5 Wnd a `beat' [CLR], Mlg a `to beat, to kill'; 7 Muy ei `break'; E 1 Kera ɛ `break pot' [CLR]; E 3 Smr ʷə `ecrouler; ruin' [JgSb]. Noun deriv.: C 5 Pod —əwa `bagarre, a fight'. Verbal deriv. in n-: W 7 Bok nu `stmpfen (in Morser), stossen; grind in a mortar, push'; C 7 Mofu -n-iy- [njiy] `detruire, demolir, jeter en epaprpillant, destroy'. Note C *ʒV (? < *dV) `to kill': 5a Lmn ʒ(a) [Luk], Htkl ʒ- `to kill' [LkH]; 7 Mbuko nʒa [nja] `to kill', 7a Sakun ʒə, ʒəʒə `kill' [DSk]; W 5 Dott ʒu `beat' [CrD]; C 5a VemgoM ʒu `strike' [HmG]. According to [CLR 212], originates from Ch *dV `to kill' (Sokoro da, Birgit daaya, etc.). For examples of the *du-> ʒu- shift in W 5 and other languages see [Stolbova 1996, pp. 34, 37]. Deriv. *Vhʷ- `to pound, to press': W 7 DB ah, Bok nu `pound (in mortar)', 4 Paa uuwaa `pound in mortar' [MS], Diri uwa `mortar' [SkNB]; C 7 Mafa ih- `tasser (dans un sac)'; 5 Bid eew `petrir une poterie, to puddle clay'.// Arab d_hy `battre (la laine) avec une battant' [BK 766]. 1996: 34, 37]. Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs iyya `being a pacient; nursing'; 3 Dera iwa `a herd' [NmK]. 1001. *V `to take care (of a person, animals)': W 4 Paa a `take care' [MS]; C 5 Mlg _a `beschtzen, take care'; 10 ZD i, ZB ѕi [dzi] `garder un troupeau, to guard cattle'. 1002. *Vʔ-/*Vw/y- `to run, come': W 1 Hs ee `go'; 2 Mgh, Mpn i `come' [JgS, FrM], Ang i [Fl]; 3 Bol i `davonlaufen, fliehen' [BOLDU], ii `go

217 away, run away, escape' [GAB], Ngm io `running', Krf ʔiu-, Gera zi^i- `run' [SchV], Bele ii-ko `go' [SchB], Krkr oo `laufen; run' [LkK]; 4 Diri awa [SkNB]; 6 Ngz ǯu´ `go' (only in Perrf.); C 5a Hdi ℥aʔa [dzaʔa] `to go' [BrH]; E 5 WDng aawe `marcher', iwi `marche' EDng aawe `laufen, to run, go for a walk'; 7 Jegu awo `go' . Deriv. in n-: E 7 Mubi n-aa `go' [Luk], Kaj n-aw (Imperat.) `aller, go'. 1003. *Vw- `to hunt, to chase' (? `to run after'): W 4 Jmb uu `hunt' (n.) [SkNB]; E 3 Tum o `chasser (eloigner)'; 4 Mawa əy `chasse, a hunt'. *nʒVw/y- `to have sexual relations': W 5 Guus nwaa [CrG] `copulate'; C Ould nzay (Chadic n-+ any voiced sibilant phoneme > Ouldem nz- ) `have sexual relations,sleep'// Arab d_ʔy `pousser vigoureusement et faire marcher devant soi (chameux); cohabiter avec une femme' [BK 762]. 1004. *Vw- `to tie': C 6 Daba aw `attacher fortement, to tie tightly' [Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko ℥away [jaway] `attacher', Gis ʒaw `anbinden, to tie, to bind', (Mj) aw `(an)binden' , Mofu -℥uw- [juw] `attacher, lier', Cuv mɛ-ɛwɛy `ligoter', Mafa ʒaw- `tie'; 10 ZB ѕeo [dzeo] `attacher', Peve eo; E 3 Tum əw `attacher'. Deriv. in n-: C 7 Mofu -n-℥uw- [njuw] `coudre rapidement, to sew quickly'. Deriv in -h- (?Pl.): C 7 Mafa ʒuwah- `tie tightly'. Cf. *zVʔVw- `rope'. 1005. *Vy- `to laugh, be happy, joyful': C 5 Wnd ʒa [Mo] `to laugh', Glv ʒay `joy, joyful'; 7 Zlg ѕe [dze] (*ʒay- < *ay) `jouer, to play'; E 1 Kwan aaye [CLR], Mobu aaye, Ngam aaye `rire, to laugh' [Lns]. 1006. *V(y)- `to suffer, to (feel) ache' > VV `illness': W 1 cf. Hs ii `suffer' (also: `hear, understand, feel, obey, smell, taste'); 3 Bol a^u `heat, pain, wound' [GAB]; C 5 Pod ʒa `hurt; faire mal'; 7 Gis (Mj) *e `schmerzen, ache', ii/e `illness'; 6 Daba əway `souffrir, suffer' [Lnhr]. Deriv. in n-: C 5 Glv n- `to pain, to feel, to suffer, to convulse' > n-ikən `the feeling, the suffering (of)'. 1007. *Vy/ʔ- `to stay in place, to last, to sit': W 1 Hs aaya `prolong'; C 5 Glv 218 ʒ- `to sit', Pod ʒawə `arre^ter, tenir debout; stop, stay'; 8 Bud ei `bleiben, sitzen, ruhich sein, to stay, to sit', ai `sich setzen, to sit down' [LkB], Log zu `sit', zu watən `niedersetzen, to sink, put down' (watən `Boden') [LkL], Mak i `stay; rester' [AlM]; E 1 Kera e `Tag verbringen, spend the day', eʔi `sitzend, siting', is eʔi `to sit'. a. C *n-V > nʒV `to last, to dwell, to be' > `to sit': 3 FK nʒa `stay; living', nʒo-nʒə `to sit' [BN], Bana nʒa `durer; e^tre, to last, to be', nʒi `s'asseoir, rester, demeurer, to sit, to stay, to dwell'; 5 Glv nʒ `to be, to stay, to prove; to love, to dwell', Mlg na `to sit', Pod nʒa `sit, stay'; 6 Daba na `e^tre, rester, s'assesoir, to be, to sit down', nʒha [Lnhr] `sit'; 7 Zlg nʒa [ndza]`rester, demeurer, durer, sitionner', Mofu n℥- [nj-] `s'asseoir, habiter' (> nəkwam `s'assesoir'), Mafa nʒa `stay, dwell, sit down'. 1008. *Vʔ- `to put (into)': W 3 Krf oʔ- `to put into' [Stl]; C 7 Zlg ʒa [dza] `mettre, placer; tomber, to put, to fall'; 8 Mak i `put into' [AlM];10 ZB ʒaʔa [dzaʔa] `poser contre, to locate near', ZD ʒaʔ [dzaʔ] `poser contre'. Verbal deriv.: C 7 Mada a℥℥a [ajja] `laisser tomber'. 1009. *Vw/y- `to throw (spear, knife)': W 3 Glm -aala `throw' [SchB]; 4 Paa ii `throw' [MS]; C 5 Pod ʒawa `viser, tirer sur; to aim at'; E 2 Lele ee `lancer' Alternatively, may be related to `to sow'. Noun deriv.: E *Vw/y- `throwing knife': 3 Smr aai `Wurfeisen' [Luk]; 4 Mawa əw `couteau de jet'; 5 Bid awwa `couteau de jet'. Cf. C 7 Mofu ℥aw ℥aw [jaw jaw] `long and pointed'. 1010. *Vʔ/Hʷ- `to sow, to plant': C 10 ZB ʒoʔo [dzoʔo] `semer en poquets, to sow in holes'; E 1 Kera eʔe `to sow'; 2 Lele ee `semer a la volee'; 4 Mawa aya- `planter'. Note E 5 WDng aaya `jachere, non culture'. 1011. *Vw- `to touch': C 9 Mba oo `toucher'; 10 Masa o `toucher' [CC]; E 1 Ngam ow `toucher' [Lns]. a. *Vw/yVʔ- > ʒwaʔ- `to take': C 4 Gude ʒwaʔ idf. `picking up and putting on shoulder or neck in order to carry'; 7 Muy aʒay `take hold' (also `bite'), Gis

219 ʒ (A), e `ergreifen, fangen'; 10 ZB ʒoʔo [dzoʔo] `prendre qqch de pa^teux'. Deriv. in n-: W 3 Tng n-ɛ `have it, take this' (said to a female)'. 1012. C *V `to bite': 5 Mlg a `beissen, to bite', Pod newe `bite, burn'; 7 Muy aʒay `bite' (also `take hold'), Zlg ѕe(-r) [dze(-r)] `mordre; bite', Mafa - `bite'. Cf. deriv. in n-: *n-VH- `to bite': 5 Dghw nzah/xa, naxa [CLR]; 7 Mafa ɛ, noe [Sb-CLR]; 10 ZB nʒu [ndzu] `croquer, grincer des dents, to crunch, to grit one's teeth'. 1013. C *Vʔ- `speak': 2 Mrg o `ask' [Kr]; 5 Pod eyə eyə `bavardage, chattering'; 7 Mbuko ℥a [jā] `dire', Mol ʒay `speak'; 7a Skn ʒə `to sound'; 8 Bud i `fragen, ask'; Cf. *zV- `to call, to cry, to weep'. Cf. W 1 Hs aaee `inquiring about a thing lost or mislaid'. Deriv. in n-: C 7 Mafa n-, nʒ- `raconter, to retell'; 10 ZB nʒaʔa [ndzaʔa] `dire, expliquer, parler, ranconter, delirer; say, explain, be delirious, speak'. Note 1 Tera ʒi (?= i) `say, tell, answer' [NmT]. 1014. *Vw- `stick': W 3 Krf aawa `stick' [Stl]; C 7 Mbuko œ [jœ] `manche d'une houe'; 8 Log zawa (z- < *z- and < *-) `Stock, Stiel, stick' [LkL], Kus zaw `stick' [Tr]. 1015. *(n)V `person, husband' (a suppletive sing. of *gVy `people'?) : W 1 cf. Hs aai (no pl.) `caravan leader'; C 10 ZB nѕi [ndzi] `ma^le, mari', nʒei, nʒasi `oncle maternel', ZD ni `mari; ma^le'; E 7 Brg a, pl. gay `man, person', Jegu a, pl. ge [CLR], Kaj no `person', Mubi no_-go_ro_k `Mann', noo `Mensch' [Luk].// Arab d_ū- `mai^tre, possesseur', NAg [BK 786]. a. *(n)V-f- > *Vf- `man, husband' (-f- marks singular, cf. Glavda də-f, pl. di `person' [Mouchet]): W 4 Wrj ʒəfʷa-na [CLR], ifa-na [SkNB], Jmb uhu, Mbu ifu, Diri na nəvu [Sk], Kar ifa-na, Miya ifa-na ` [Sk-CLR], Paa nu [MS] `man, husband', Cagu ¾u-fu-ḳan `husband' [CLR], ѕu-fu `man' [SkNB]; C 10 Banana ma-nufa `man', nufu-nu `husband' [Lk:133], za-ufang `Mann', Masa uf `man' [Mo], uf `le ma^le, le mari' [CC]. Note Cagu zaa-fu-ḳan `man' (in [CLR]), zaa-fu `man' in [SkNB]. It is not

220 clear, if there is secondary contamination between 2 roots (zV- and ѕV-), or two phonological variants exist in Cagu (*zafu > zufu > ѕufu ). In both cases, Cagu zaa- is primary and may originate from *zV and be related to: W 3 Ngm (G) zaazi^, (Y) zaazi n. pl. `husbands' [NEH]; C 3 HB za `man' [Lk:114], HB, HG zu , Kap -za, HN za `man' [ Kr N 84] (but cf. Bana zal `homme, mari', FK zəl, pl. ilyi `man' [BN], HK zal `man' in *zVl `man, husband'). Note the same *zV as an affix: W 3 Bolewa, Karekare gor-zo `man' and C 10 Bnn za-ufang `Mann'. Note possible derivative: W 4 *zVh- `male': Wrj galuu-zəhə-na, Miya, Kar galuu-zəhə `slave (male)' [SkNB], Miya ʒəhə `male (used to show masculine gender with lexically gender neutral words)` [Sch]. The mere violation of regular reflexes can hardly account for *(n)ѕV-f- /*zV- variants of one and the same Chadic root, rather they are of different origin. The first one is either related to Arabic (see above), or - less probably - originates from Chadic *dV-f- `man'. As for *zV, it may be related (inside Chadic) - to the verb *zV `to exist, to be' or/and to *zV `body'. Outside the family there is a reliable parallel, namely, Eg z (OK) `man' [EG 404]. This Eg word was compared to Chadic a) and b) in [OS 2596]. According to G.Takacs, Eg z `man' has a `hidden alef' : "z, prob. < *zȵ [*zl]" [EDE I, 177], accordingly, G.Takacs compares Eg z with Chadic *zVl . b.*ii `kin term': W 3 Pero ii `grandfather, -mother'; 4 Paa ii-ti `grand-father' [MS]; C 4 Gude iinə [`reg. possess., kin term' Hoskinson: 206] `grandchild', ii-tə-ʔida `youngest, grand child', ʒəʒə (ʒ- < *- before -ə-) irreg. poss., kin term `grand-father, his male sibling'; 5a Hdi ѕiѕi [dzidzi] `grandfather' [BrH]; 5 Pod —e `father-, mother-in law'; 7 Mbuko ℥əe [jǝje] `belle-mere/pere', Mafa ee `grandmother'; E 7 Msm ii-‰o `parents'. 1016. *Vʔ/w/y- `red': W 1 Hs aa `red', aaaa `reddish'; 4 Jmb iyu `yellow' [SkNB]; 5 Zaar n-uu n-uu (noun deriv.) `redness' [CrZ]; 7 Bok uwi `red'; C 8 Log zɛi `rot, red' [LkL], Kus za°y [Tr]. Redupl. C 7 Mbuko iy℥ay [jiyjay] `lumiere brun, brown colour'. Note C 4 Gude awu idf. `very hot' (? `red-hot'). Alternatively may originate < *dwa, cf. W 3 Dera dwai, Bol dai, etc. `red'

221 [GAB]. 1017. *Vb- `beat, thresh': 3 Ngm G iiba, Y iibo `beat, thrash' [NEH], Krkr iibo `beat a person, schlagen' [LkK]; iibo n. `a beating, a threshing' [GK]. Deriv.: W 1 Hs ib-ta/‰i `bringing pestle down forcibly in pounding'. Deriv. *ab(b)- `be ruined, ruin, break, pound' (intensive stem?): W 3 Bol abbu `be spoiled, be ruined' [GB], Krf abb- `become ruined, spoiled', Glm ow-aala (rather < *ob-) `ruin, be ruined', Gera a^b-'ruin' [SchB]: C 2 Bura abwi `break glass, pottery'; 3 FK ʒabə `to pound or grind herbs, bark (not cereals)' [BN]; 4 Gude ʒabə `pound until soft'. Verbal deriv.: W 3 Krf abbit- `ruin, spoil' [Stl] (completive), Ngm Y abko `break off, peel off', VN aba [NEH]. 1018. *Vb- > ib-g- `(to ) pile': W 1 Hs ibga `pile up things on or in smth', ibi (< *¾ibgi ?) `rubbish heap'; E 4 Mawa ibi `tas de ro^nier lie ensemble en rond, pile of tied together palm branches'. Deriv. *Vb-(Vb)- `in large quantity, in group': W 1 Hs abeeabee `in huge quantities'; C 7 Mbuko n℥əb-ok [njǝbok] `group', Mafa nʒob-nʒobobaʔa, nœb-nœbœbeʔe `numerous, grouillant, nombreux (pour des petits morceaux de poisson ou de viande dans un sauce)'. Note W 1 Hs eegee (< *ibg ?) `a pile of corn stacked in a circle with all the heads in the centre'; 3 Bol uuga `pile of guinea corn heads' [GAB], Krkr uugaa ( < ibga < Hausa?) `pile of grain heads, wood, etc.' [GK]. a. *(n)Vb- `to gather': C 7 Mofu -n℥əb [-njǝḅ] `reunir, coller, rapiecer, coudre; gather, repair, sew'. Note contamination with *Vb- `to sew'; E 3 Tum aab `ranger, rassembler, arranger'. //Arab d_ʔb `reunir, rassembler' [BK 1 760]. Cf. [OS 2645]. b. C *Vb- `to sew, to repair': C 5 Mlg əba (< *əb-) `to sew', Glv ʒib `sew' (regular reflex of Ch *¾- ), Pod ʒaba `repair smth torn or cracked'; 7 Ould ʒaḅay [dzaḅay] `coudre ci et la'. 1019. *Vb- `to call': W 3 Krf obbo `a call' (ʔi obbo `to call' [Stl]); C 10 Masa ap `demander' [CC].

222 1020. *Vb- `to pour, flow': W 3 Bol ubbu `pour' [GAB], ubb- `ein-, ausgiessen, wegwerfen, lecken (intr)' [BOLDU]; 6 Duw əbuwo `to spill, pour out'; C 4 Jimjimen dʒəbi [= ??əbi] `pour' [BrJ]; 6 Daba av (-v# < *-b#) `refroidir un liquide en le versant d'un recipient a l'autre' [Lnhr]// Arab d_wb `melt', Aram dwb `flow', Ug mdb `stream' [OS 2669], AA N 382* ¾Vb III (Dera, Bolewa). Cf. *zVb- `pour'. a. *(n)Vb- `to spit, to sprinkle' (a derivative?): C 5 Pod ʒaba `sprinkle; asperger, arroser'; 7 Ould -ʒab `cracher, to spit', ʒeb-ʒeb idf. `asperger, drizzle', Mafa neb-nebeʔe idf. `pleurnichant, en se forcant a pleurer, whining'. b. *Vb- `to wash, to moisten': W 3 Dera ob- `wash things' [CLR], obe [NmK]; C 6 Daba ob `to wet' [Mo]; 7 Mbuko ℥ə℥ob [jǝjoḅ] `tremper', Mofu -℥əb- [jǝḅ] `tremper, boire en peu', nabak nabak `humide'; 9 Mulwi zi°ibi `faire tremper'. c. *Vb- `wet place, swamp': W 2 Ang aap, aap `swamp, marsh' [Fl], aap [JgA], Msh ap `a permanent moist area' [TAS 434]; C 6 Daba n-əb n-əb `wet place' [Lnhr]; 7 Mafa ʒaba `marecage, swamp'. 1021. *VwVb- `to jump, to hop': W 3 Bol ob idf. jumping' [GAB], Pero uubo `to jump' Krkr VN aaḅiraa `jumping, hopping' [GK]; C 5 Glv ʒəv `to cross, to jump'; 7 Mofu ѕǝv `sauter, voler, to hop'; 9 Log z—vi-wun `jump' [AlL]. Verbal deriv. in n-: *n-ѕV[b]- `to jump, to fly': W 6 Bade n-əvu `jump down from' (alternatively may be related to: E 1 Mobu ¾aḅe, Ngam ¾ape `descend from a tree' [Lns]); C 7 Mafa n½ǝva `to jump (up), to fly', Mofu -ѕǝv- `sauter, voler, s'envoler; to jump, to soar' Cf. *ѕVwVP# (< *ѕVwVb/p-) `to trot': W 2 Ang oop [Fl], ʷɔp [JgA] `to trot (horse)'; 10 ZD ʒop ʒop [dzop] (ѕo-> ½o-) `allure d'un cheval au trot' [CC]. 1022. *Vb- `to wrap, to cover, to put on': W 4 Paa aabu `close, cover (door or pot)' [MS]; C 3 Bana ʒəbə `couvrir, renverser'; 4 Gude ʒəba `to wrap, loop or coil a rope around smth; put on more than one gown'; 6 Daba əb `cover, put on a hat' [Lnhr]. Compound: C 7 Muy aʒaba-s^ay `wrap'. 223 Noun deriv. *VwVb-/*Vmb- `wrapper, cloth': W 3 (if not a loan) Krf oba `man's robe' [Stl], Ngm G ob-to^, Y ob-to `woman's wrapper' [NEH], 7 Mada o℥bo [ojḅo] `cache-sexe de jeune fille'; Muy embey `cloth'; 8 Mak emba `shirt'. 1023. *Vb- `to make holes (for planting)': W 3 Krkr abu `make holes in ground for planting' [GK]; C 4 Gude ʒəbə `stick, stuck, poke (with sharp instrument)'; E 2 Lele ib `stab' [Grg]. Note W 3 Krkr n-ibu `to peck' [GK]. Verbal noun: W 4 Warji naban-na `transplanting' [BlS]. C *Vv- (? < Chad *Vb-) `to plant (in holes)': C 5 Pod nʒəva `to plant'; 7 Ould -ʒav [dzav] `to plant; make one thing enter another', Muy aʒav Moloko ʒav, Zlg ʒəv [dzǝv] `planter'. C *Vv- `tomb': C 5 Pod uve `tomb'; 7 Mbuko ℥əvay [jǝvay] `tombeau', Mada ive [jive] `tombe', Gis ive `Grab, grave'; Cuv ʒəvay `tombeau', Mafa ʒavay `cimetiere familial; family tomb'. Cf. C 2 Bura iba `a well'. 1024. *ʒVb- `to divide, to distribute': W 6 Bade əbu `distribute evenly (one term to each recipient)'; 7 Mofu -n-℥a-n-℥ab- [njajaḅ] `rapiecer de part en part'. Noun deriv.: C 5 Mlg avahe `Abzweigung, offshort'; 7 Mada ℥abar [jaḅar] `compartiment, separation'. 1025. *VbVr- `to listen': C 9 Mnj zibiri `listen attentively'; E 1 Kera ebre `listen to'. 1026. C *Vb- `to sprout': 7 Ould -ʒəb [dzǝḅ] `bougeonner, to bud'; Mada o℥bo [ojḅo] `se developper, proliferer, pousser de nouvelles branches', Mofu -℥aḅ- [jaḅ] `pousser rapidement, grandir vite'. Noun deriv.: Gude n-avada (-d- may denote singular) `sprout'; 5 Pod ʒaba `nouvelle branche qui pousse; new branch'; Verbal deriv.: C 7 Ould ѕibe [dziḅeŋ] `faire rajeunir, become jounger'. 1027. *Vb- `slave': W 3 Bol ebbe (pl. of baaya) `slaves', ewe n.f. `female slave' [GAB], Krf eve, pl. ebbini `he-slave' [Stl], Tng sɔbɔk `slave, prisoner', Dera ebe, ewe (pl. ebiyan) `slave', Pero ‰opok (? a Tangale 224 loan) `slave', Gera ebba, Grm ebbe [SchB]; C 1 Jara eve `slave' [NmT]; 4 Gudu eva/ʒevə, Kumbi (Gudu d.) ib-te `slave' [Meek]; 5 cf. Glv iba `man'. Note possible deriv. meaning `young (man)': C 7 Mbuko n-℥avar [njavar] `jeune, disciple'. 1028. *Vb- `wall, fence; to make a wall': W 3 Dera ibi, iwi, `screen off, dam off'; C 3 Bana ¾і°ba° `petit hangar'; 7 Mbuko ℥uvo-k [juvok] `case ou entrent les invites', Mafa ʒəba `cloison; partitition, internal wall'; E 5 WDng aaba `enclos, palissade construir en branchages, enclosure'. C *Vb-r/n- `wall' (a loan?): 5 Pod ʒəbəra `cloison de grenier', 7 Mbuko ℥əban [jǝḅan] `cloison dans une grenier/ba^timent', Ould ʒəbər [dzǝḅǝr] `cloison', Zlg ʒəbər [dzǝḅǝr], Mofu -℥əbar [jǝḅar] `internal wall in the barn, compartement', Cuv ʒəba `cloison'. 1029. *Vb- `breadth, length': W 3 Krkr abaa `breadth' [GK]; E 5 WDng aboni `mesure de 3 coudees doubles de cotonnade' . Verbal deriv.: C 7 Muy aʒubay `to extend'. 1030. *(n)Vb- `stalk, (dry) grass': 3 FK ʒəvə-kə `cornstalk' [BlNd], Bana ʒəvə-ti `tige de mil' pl. iv-ti; 5 Pod n-ʒuva `dry grass for animals'; 7 Muy əbu `grass'. // Arab Ѓad_b- `straw', Aram (jud) Ѓadb- `straw, culm' in [AA N 381 ¾Vb- II, includes Hausa only]. Deriv.: *ʒVbVr- `grass': W 1 Hs abar̤ee `grass, weeds in a farm, the last weeding with a hoe'; C 7 Mbuko n-evre [njevre] `grass' (old pl.?). 1031. *Vb-(l)- `sickle': W 2 Goem ǝ°p `sickle' [Hlw]; 4 Wrj n-abulan `small sickle for grass' [BlS]; C 10 Msg ibiluwai `Sichel, sickle' [LkM]. 1032. *(n)Vb- `small': W 1 Hs ibo `a stunted calf'; 5 Zaar n-ob-di^ `small things in large quantity' [CrZ]; C 7 Mbuko ℥əb-eb [jǝḅ-jeḅ] `chacun en peu', n-əbəlem `petitesse de la famille', Mafa n-ub-n-ubeʔe `small piece (brindilles); (fig.) `child'.// Cf. Arab d_abʔā-t- `jeune fille au corps gracieux' [BK 763]. a. W 2 *¾Vp (<*Vp/b- or < *ѕV with a pl. marker -p) `children’: Angas ep, eb-ma `boy, child’, Mgh ¾ep `children’, Mpn ¾ep pl. `children, boys’, Msh 225 ¾ep, n¾ep `children’, Mnt ¾ip `children’, Goem ¾ap (pl. of laa) `offspring, child, froot’, ¾yaЂap `children’ [TAS 435]. 1033. *Vb-t- (a loan or an old suff.) `sweet': C 9 Mnj zibet m. `sucre', Mba ibet `sweet'; 10 Masa ibet (ibet-na) `le sucre, la douceur', adj. ibet(e) `doux, sucre' [CC]; E 1 Kera ibidi `sweet'. 1034. *Vf- `to harm, to quarrel' (attested in deriv.): C 3 Bana n-af-n-afə `parler mal de qqn qui n'est pas present'; 7 Muy eeve-dey `to harm'; E 7 Bid ip-a-t `provoquer, chercher des histoires', ipat n. `querelle'. 1035. *Vf- `to drink a little; to lick': W 3 Dera opi `to leak'; C 7 Mofu -n-℥əf- [njǝf] `gou^ter, boire en peu'.// Arab d_aff- `small amount of water' [BK 774] 1036. *Vf- `to hit, to kick': W 3 Krkr aa-afu `hit with a sharp blow to remove dust, etc.' [GK]; C 7 Mada ep [jep] `donner une coup', Mafa ʒav- `kick'. a. *Vf- `grind, pound': C 7 Mada o℥℥op [ojjop] (-p# < *-f#) `piler, broyer, ecraser, taper', Mbuko ℥af [jaf] `piler (avec une pilon et un mortier)'. Noun deriv.: Bana ivə-na `pierre a ecraser, molette; grinding stone'. 1037. *Vf- `throw, fall': W 1 Hs eefa `throw'; C 4 Gude ʒəvu `fall (only of water in waterfall)'; 7 (deriv.) E 5 WDng ap idf. `qqch tombant de haut' (cf. ambira idf. `qqch tombant de haut en bas'). Deriv. in n- `to throw': C 7 Zlg n-ʒuf [ndzuf] `throw on the earth'. Deriv. in -l- :W 3 Dera upule `to tumble down'; C 7 Muy ʒuful idf. `throwing on the ground'. Note E 6 Mok za°pidye° ( za°pі°-sa ) `jeter, to throw' . 1038. *Vf- `to rise, to grow': W 1 Hs eefee `overhand swimming'; C 5a Htkl ʒəf- `emporwirbeln, soar up' [LkH]; 7 (deriv.) Mafa n-ʒav- `soulever, relever'; E 4 Mawa ѕipǝ- `grandir, croitre, to grow'. Note C 7 Muy eeftey `lift up' (unexpected  instead of ). 1039. C *Vf- `pierce (with an arrow, spear)': 5 Pod —və idf. `blesser avec une fleche, srtike with an arrow'; 7 Mbuko ℥af [jaf] `percer (avec une lance); lancer 226 (une lance), pierce, throw a spear'. Deriv in n-: C 3 Bana n-ifə `boucher; plug'. Cf. W 1 Hs aafi `shaking of raised spear (in salutation of superior)' Note 7a Skn if `(digging) stick', if kingir `iron staff' [DS]. 1040. *Vf- > *mV-Vf- `medicine', *V-Vf- `illness' (only derivatives): W 6 Bade av-afau `an illness of mysterious origin'; C 7 Mafa ma-ʒaf- `medicine', Cuv mɛ-nivɛy `medicament' (if not mɛn ivɛy) ; 7a Skn ma-naf `medicine, plant' [DS]. Note E 7 Ubi epa `plaie; wound, ulcer' [Alio]. 1041. C *Vf- `smell' > *n-Vf- `bad smell': 4 Gude n-ʒəfwa `bad breath'; 6 Daba n-if `sentir, flairer, renifler' [Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko ℥əev [jǝjev] `odeur de l'pluie, fragrance of rain'. 1042. C *VfVr/n- (? < *nVfVr- < *‰VfVr-) `duck or guinea fowl': 7 Muyang ʒavar, Mbuko n℥avan [njavan] `guinea fowl', Mofu n℥avar [njavar], ‰avar `guinea fowl'; 10 Masa uf³llѓ `le canard sauvage, wild duck' [CC]. 1043. *Vp- `to be surprised, to wonder': C 6 Bade aap `astonishment'; C 5 Mlg na-appe `Wunder, miracle'; E 5 EDng abiye (voicing in contact) `erstaunen, to be surprised'. 1044. *Vp- `to mix': W 2 Ang oop, oop `a mixtute of small cut pieces of meat, salt and `mia' [Fl], Mpn oop `mix clay with feet, mess up water' [FrM], Goem zɔɔp `to mix with water' [TAS 441]; C 5 Pod ʒəva `unir, melanger; unit, mix'; 7 Mbuko ℥apay anan [japay] `melanger' (if not the same as `additioner', cf. Deriv. in -d- `to mix two things': C 3 Bana ʒavəḍi `melanger, esp. 2 esp. de grains, to mix (especially - two kinds of grain)'; 7 Mofu -℥avad- [javaḍ] `melanger deux choses differentes (sauce), to mix two different things'. Cf. E 6 Mok za°pі°-dye° `plonger les doigts dans qqch et les scouer ensuite'. 1045. *Vp- `gather, add, arrange': C 7 Mbuko ℥apay [japay] `additioner, ajouter; reunir, unir'.

227 a. *Vp- `to pile, to make full': C 5 Pod ʒava `to pile up'; 6 Daba ap `entasser (l'herbe)' [Lnhr]; 7 Mada ℥av [jav] `plein (sac)'. Cf. *Vb- `to pile'. b. *V[p]- `hill, pile': C 7 Mofu ℥a℥af, eef [jajaf, jejef] (-f# < *-p#) `bosse (d'un animal)'; 10 ZB ʒu-ʒup [dzu-dzup] `pile' (n.), (partial redupl.); E 5 Mig appe `colline'. 1046. *(n)-Vp- `to trap, a trap': W 3 Bol ippa `type of trap made of clay which collapses over animal; fish trap in the form of a `roof' [GAB], Ngm V n-iifo `trap' [NEH]; C 6 Daba n-ap `attraper promptement, to catch quickly' [Lnhr]. Verbal noun: W 3 Bol ippaano `covering, hiding, trapping' [GAB]. Cf. E 4 Mawa op-o `couvrir, to cover' [Pob]. (?*Vp- `to cover' > *n-Vp- `to trap'). 1047. *Vp- `small portion, small amount of': W 1 Hs eefee `small portion of raw cotton; small quantity of fresh butter added to food'; 6 Bade a(p)pa `small'; C 7 Mada ℥op [jop] `une pincee'; E 4 Mawa wap `un peu, peu'; 5 WDng ɔp `un peu, a little'. // Arab d_uff- `petite quantite d'eau' [BK 774], d_ifāf- `un peu' [BK 774]. Note possible deriv.: W 6 Duw apto `dig small quantity' (alternatively < `to dig'). 1048. *Vd- `to pinch, to crash': W 2 Ang ʷat `to pinch' [Brq]; C 6 Daba ad `ecraser pour faire de la pa^te (arachides)' [Lnhr]. Deriv. in n-: W *n-Vd- `to (op)press': 3 Krkr nadu `massage, press on, step on, drive over' [GK], nad- `niederdrcken, to oppress' [LkK]; Ngm nad- `press smth' [VbN], (noun deriv.) nad-ma^ `opression' [NEH]; C 7 Mafa nӡǝḍ- `serrer fort, press hard'. Deriv.: W 3 Bol nudduru `purse lips in anger' [GAB]. 1049. *Vd- `to choose': W 3 Krkr idaa `choose' [GK]; C 5 Pod ede `to pick out; choisir'. Deriv. in n-: *nVd- `to seize': W 3 Krkr nid idf. `action of pouncing' [GK]; C Mofu -n℥ad- [njaḍ] `saisir, to seize'. Note W 3 Bol ni utuo `I catch' [Bn]. Irregular correspondence of medial

228 consonant. 1050. *Vd- `to sweep, broom, pitchfork': W 3 Dera ada `broom' [NmK]; C 1 Tera edi `sweep' [NmT]; E 5 Bid aado `fourche, pitchfork', WDng aado `fourche a 2 dents (pour debroussage/battage)'. 1051. *Vd- `to peel, to husk': W 3 Dera uduk `to peel' [NmK]; C 5 Pod ida `decortiquer, to bark'; 7 (partial redupl), Mofu -n-℥a-n-℥ad- [njanjaḍ] `egrener le mil grain par grain, to peel corn grain after grain'. 1052. *Vd- `to move downwards, alight': W 1 Hs iidaa `alight, dismount, lodge at'; 2 Ang dyat [yat] (-t# originates from any dental) `to throw down (in wrestling)' [Fl]. Deriv.: E 5 WDng ada `sur son seant (e^tre assis...), on one's own buttocks (be seated...)'. Note Mofu -n℥ədk- `fienter, faire sur la sol'. 1053. *Vd- `to sprinkle': C 5 (deriv.) Pod n-—de `humidite'; E 1 Kera ede `arroser'. 1054. *(n)Vd- `to attach': C 6 Daba nəd `nouer, attacher'; 7 Muy aʒuday `tie strongly'; E 5 Mig iidiyo `to attach to'. Deriv. W 5 Zaar nedadak `tightly' (or < *Vd- `to squeeze, to pinch'). 1055. *V(wV)ṭ- `to move upwards': W 3 Bol uut- `aufheben, aufwirbeln, to raise' [LkB], uutu, zuutu `lift, awaken' [GAB]; C 3 Bana ʒati `aller (en montant un peu)', ʒəta `au dessus'; 7 Gis ʒad `hinaufsteigen', Mj ad `rise'. 1056. *VwVt- `to fill (up to the brim' (possibly derived from *Vw- `to fill', cf.): W 3 Krf oot- `to fill' [Stl]; E 5 WDng oote `monter plus haut que le bord sans tomber du recipient (mil debordant du grenier, boule montant plus haut que les bords de la marmite), to become full up to the brim (granary, pot)'. 1057. *Vt- `let out (blood, vomit)': W 4 Paa iitaa `vomit'; E 5 Bid iit `saigner, let blood out'. 1058. *Vh- `to feel, to taste, to try': W 1 Hs ii `hear, understand, feel, suffer,

229 obey, smell, taste'; C 3 FK ʒə `to try' [BN]; 5a Hdi ʒəγay [dzǝγay] `to try' [BrH]; 7 Mofu -℥- [-j-] `essayer; try, taste'; E 1 Mobu ewe `gou^ter' [Lns]. Note W 2 Mushere aɣap `to try' [TAS 432]. Probably, pl. in -p < *aɣ-. 1059. *Vh- `to flow, pour': C 7a Skn iha `fall, flow to' = `flow in sense of rivers' [DS]. Deriv. W 7 Sha n-ah `wash body, thing'. Deriv. in -b/p-: C 7 Mofu -℥əhʷb- [jǝhʷḅ] `plunge completely into a liquid', Mbuko ℥uhop [juhop] (-p# may originate from -b#) `mouiller, to moisten'. 1060. *Vh- `to cook, to roast': W 7 DB ih `cook'; C 7 Mol nʒahay `roast'; E 5 Bid aaw `cuire; cook'. 1061. *Vhʷ- `to pluck': C 7 Zlg nʒaha [ndzaha] `arracher'; 10 Masa a `cueillir' [CC]; E 5 Mig aawo `cueillir'. 1062. *(n)Vhʷ- `to peel grain': C 7 Ould ʒuhʷ [dzuhw] `peler pour elever l'ecorce, to bark, to peel', Mofu -n-℥əh- [njǝh] `egrener (le cotton)', Mafa ʒuhw- `rub grains in hands for cleaning'; E 1 Kera eʔe `enlever le son du mil'. Note E 1 Kera ugi (Deriv. ?) `enlever le son du mil'.// cf. Arab d_hg `peler, depouiller de son ecorce' [BK 765]. 1063. C *Vh- `to gather': 5 Glv ʒax `to gather, to take up, to collect, to assemble', Pod ehe `gather', Mlg a `sich versammeln, to gather' (intr.) ; 7 Muy eehey `gather'. // Arab d_wh `reunir, amener de differents points' [BK 788]. Noun deriv. : C 5 Glv ʒaxa-v(a) `throng, crowd'. *Vhʷ- `to save, keep': W 3 Krf ee- `keep' [Stl]; C 7 Muy aʒuhʷ `use sparingly, keep for', Mada o℥℥oh [ojjoh] `economiser, mettre en reserve, menager', Mol ʒohoy `save, economiser', Zlg ʒaʒahwa [dzadzahwa] `menager, traiter avec egard, to treat with care, with respect'. 1064. *Vhʷ- `buttocks, back': W 7 Bok aha  `Gesass, buttocks'; C 5a Hdi hʷi `buttocks' [BrH] ; 7a Skn ah `back'; 7 Mada ℥ah-℥ah [jah-jah] `haut de dos, upper part of the back'. //Cf. Omotic Ometo zahi `back' [OS 2649].

230 Deriv.: *(n-)Vh- `to descend; to sit down': C 3 cf. FK nihə `sleep' (= `to lie down') [BN]; 7 Mbuko n℥ahay [njahay] `s'asseoir', Cuv ma-nʒahay `vie, s'assesoir'; E 4 Mawa aya- `baisser, descendre'. Alternatively may be derived from *nV `to sit, to live'. 1065. *V(hʷ)- `small', *nV(hʷ) `a little': W 5 Zaar nuu `a little', Guus na^w `few, little' [CrZ,G]; C 3 Bana uu `small'; 7a Sakun əwu, əhwoy `small' [DSk], uhɔi [Meek]. 1066. *Vɣ- `to be unsteady in one's legs': C 3 Bana ʒɣwa `aller (descendant en peu)'; 7 Mofu -℥əh- [jǝh] `marcher en se dandinant, to waddle'; E 2 Lele iga-iga `en titubant, swaying'; 5 WDng oge `marcher pas a pas en titubant, to go swaying'. Any relation to Htkl ½a°ɣi°ła `Fusskn£chel' [LkH] ? 1067. C *Vɣ- `a part, a half': 7 Gis ʒaha `Teil; part'; 8 Log m-zaɣwan "Hlfte, a half' [LkL]. Any relation to *Vg- `to divide, to separate, to arrange in portions'? Deriv.: in n-: C 7 Mafa n-ʒəhaʔa `fracture, brise, (broken) in pieces'. Cf. E 5 Bid agaw `hacher, to chop, to hew' 1068. *Vɣ- `home, at home': W 3 Krkr ago `home, place of origin, town, environment' [GK]; C5a Hdi ʒaɣa [dzaγa] `home; la maison, chez-soi' [BrH]. C *Vɣ- `to return home': 3 Bana iɣi `rentrer a la maison'. Note possible deriv.: 3 Bana n-ʒɣə `arriver par express au moment juste pour recevoir de la nourriture'; 7 Ould ʒaɣar [dzaγar] `appear, arrive'. 1069. W *VHVd- `to pierce, to tickle': 2 Mgh əɣət `kitzeln' [JgS], Goem at `to tickle' [TAS 432]; 3 Dera ide `pierce' [NmK]. 1070. *Vgʷ- `to bow, incline': C 7 -℥əgw- [jǝgʷ] `(se)pencher, incliner, baisser, enfoncer (dans un trou)'; E 5 EDng agiye `gebeugt sein, be inclined', WDng agiye `e^tre tordu (cou), be wringed (neck)'. Compound: C 5a Hdi ʒaganata [dzaganata] `to bend' [BrH]. Noun deriv.: C 7 Muy ma-ʒaʒəga `slope'; E 5 WDng ɔgu-nɔs (compound) `bossu, hump'.

231 Note C 7 Mbuko ℥əkay [jǝkay] `pencher' (irregular medial consonant). 1071. *Vgʷ- `to join (two things), to pile': C Mrg ѕi°ga° `to pile up, to put together' [HfM: 139]; 5 Pod ʒəgwa `join two things of the same kind - esp.string), attacher deux ficelles ensemble, raccommoder un habir dechire'; 7 Muy aʒagway `join, hire out provisionally'; 10 Masa ak (-k# < *-g-) `croiser'. Deriv. `to copulate': W 5 Zaar noɣat (< noKat ) `copulate' [CrZ]; C 7 Ould ʒugʷav [dzugwav] `to have sexual relations (animals)'.// Arab d_ʕg `pousser, repousser; forcer une fille et cohabiter avec elle' [BK 772]. a.*Vg- `many, all': W 1 Hs ageeagee `un huge quantity'; C 7 Mbuko iga [jiga] `tout'. b. *Vg-l/r- `to pile': C 2 Mrg 4 Gude igələ `stack things up; lay bricks, cross legs'; 5 Pod negee `put one on another', 7 Muy °gri° `rubbish heap', Ould ʒəgur [dzǝgur] `tas, morceau', Mafa igir `to pile up'; E 5 WDng agal `entasse les uns sur les autres' Cf. E 2 Lele agne `empiler, to pile' 1072. *Vg- `to jump down, to go down': W 3 Bol uggu `jump down' [GAB]; C 3 FK ʒaʒəga `downward, southward' [BN], ʒəga `go down, descend'; 8 Bud ѕigay `hinunterstellen, to put down'. Deriv. in n- `to make to sit down': C 7 Mafa nʒugwaf- `mettre assis de force'. Noun deriv.: C 5 Pod egere `position'; 7 Mafa egele `siege, seat'. Cf. C 5 Pod ʒəgwafə `s'asseoir' idf. and 7 Ould ʒagadar [dzagaḍar] idf. `s'asseoir en sautant (cheval)'. Note two possible pluractional derivatives: `to jump down permanently' > `to limp': Deriv. in *ʔ-: EDnd ʔoige `hinken, to limp', Bid ʔook ( -k# < *-g#) `boiter'. Deriv. in -r: W 3 Pero igir `stumble'; 4 Zaar aɣrak (aKrak) `limp' [CrZ]; C 7 Muy ʒμgʷЊr `lameness', Mofu egwer [jegwer] `boiteux; lame', Gis egwer `Hinken' 1073. *Vg- `to divide, to separate, to arrange in portions': C 10 Lame ak `divide' [Kr], ZB ʒak (-k#< *-g#) [dzak] `diviser, separer, partager'; E 1 Kera egə `former les portions'; 5 Mig agaw `desunir, separer', WDng age 232 `bifurquer (voyageur)'. 1074. *Vgʷ- `to guard, to pasture, to tame': W 3 Ngm (G) aaga^ `head off, round up' [NEH]; C 7 Muy aʒ(ə)ga°y `guard, pasture, wait', Mada e℥gwe [ejgwe] `surveiller, garder, se tenir a l'affu^t, to guard'. Deriv. in -r-: W 1 Hs igooroo (< *igʷ-r-) `a `look-out, sentinel'; C 7 Mbuko ℥ugwar [jugwar] `garder'. Deriv.: C 7 Mafa igin `bring up a domestic animal'. 1075. *Vg- `to hoe, to dig': W 4 Paa igaa `dig, uncover' [MS], C 7 Ould ѕege [dzege] `piocher'; E 5 Bid ¾a°gaw `hacher, to hoe'. Deriv. E Kera og-de `dig'. Cf. C 4 Gude igwara `first cultivation after planting'. Noun deriv.: C 5 Glv ma-iga-na `hoe'. 1076. *Vg- `to shake': W 1 Hs iigaa (< ig-iga) `shake, jig'; 2 Ang ək `to shake' [JgA], Goem ik `to stir up, to move to and fro' [TAS 438]; C 7 Gis iik (if -k# < *-g#, alternatively may originate from *Vk- `to be afraid') `zittern, to shake'. Noun deriv. *Vg-t-: C 8 Bud ikte (devoicing in contact) `Abschtteln, shaking off'. Deriv.: W 3 Bol ogilu, zogilu (? < *z-) `stir (thin substance)' [GAB], Ngm G ukla^ `stir a thin substance (sauce)' [NEH]. Cf. *Vg(Vw)- `kind of dance': W 3 Bol ogoo-ogo `kind of dance' [GAB]; C 8 Bid aguwa `kind of dance'. 1077. *Vgʷ- `to provoke problem, to annoy': C 5 Pod ʒagwa `provoke (problem)'; 10 (deriv. in n-) ZB n-ѕek [ndzek] `deranger, ennuyer, to annoy'; E 2 Lele ogi `deranger, importuner, to disturn, to annoy'. Deriv. in -l-/-r- `to quarrel': W 1 Hs igira `be, get out of hand'; 2 Sura ѕigir `tadeln, zurechtweisen', Mpn ѕi°ir `to rebuke'; C 7 Mofu -℥agal- [jagal] `to quarrel'. 1078. *Vg- `water pot, jug': W 4 Wrj igəa-na `big beer pot'; C 7 Mbuko ℥əgədek [jǝgǝḍek] `marmite en argile', Mada ℥agwan [jagwan] `jarre pour 233 puiser de l'eau, water jug', Zlg ʒagwaya [dzagwaya] `cruche (pour chercher de l'eau)'. Cf. W 3 Krkr igum `gourd for storing oil' [GK]. Note possible deriv.: `broken pottery': C 7 Ould ѕegwez^e [dzegwezle] `poterie casee', Mada ℥agav, ℥agav [jagav, jaŋgav] `poterie tronquee', Mafa ʒəgaw `col de poterie'. C 7 *VgVr- `colander': Mbuko ℥ugwire [jugwire] `cruche a° trous qui fait office de passoire pour la sel', Mada igwire [jigwire] `passoire (pour le sel de cendre)'. 1079. *Vg- `(piece of) meat': W 1 (deriv.) Hs agwabe `meat of an old cow, unsound meat'; C 5 Pod ʒagaga `viande de la colonne vertebrale'; E 5 Bid (deriv.) agallo `gros morceau de viande avec os, big piece of meat with bone'. 1080. *Vg- `mouse, bat': C 7 Ould ʒagway [dzagway] `chauve-souris'; E 2 Lele iga-iga `Chauve-souris'; 5 Bid ugiya `musaraigne, earth-diging mouse'. Cf. C 5 Mnd igale `mouse' [Luk]. 1081. *Vgʷ- `stone': W 3 Krkr igawa `rock' [Kl]; 6 Ngz igwai `small hill'; C 2 Mrg iga `stone' [Kr]; 4 cf. Gude ӡəga `fence or wall of stones'. Deriv.: C 7 Ould ʒugʷav [dzugwav] `big rock, rocher sacre'; E 2 Kaba əgəgəy, Nch əgələ `caillou' [CH]. a. *VwVK- `stone, rock': W 2 Mgh wak `Felsen' [JgS], Mpn wak `rock' [FrM], Msh wak `heap of stones' [TAS]; C 7a Skn mu-uku `boulder' [DS]. 1082. *VgV-(t)- (or a Hausa loan?) `duiker': W 1 Hs agati, (Kats.) agari no pl. `buck duiker'; C 2 Bura ikil (unexpected -k-) `small antelope, duiker'; 3 FK əgələ `antelope sp' [BN]; 4 Gude i°gəra `duiker'; 7a Skn igər `kind of antelope' [DS]; E 3 Tum ərgə `kind of antelope' (metath.). Cf. C 7 Mofu agara `agnelle, lamb'. 1083. *VgVr- `chicken basket': C 7 Mbuko ℥əgəlen [jǝgǝlen] `case aux animaux', Cuv ʒakala `cage a poule (en branchage)', Mofu ℥agala, ℥akala [jagala, jakala] `basket for fowl'; E 5 Mig ugurum, Bid ugurum `poulailler, hen-coop'. 234 Any relation to W 1 Hs oogoo `a basket'; E Tum oog, Ndam ok [DikJg] `basket'. 1084. *Vg- `tall, long': E 4 Ubi agga `long' [Alio], aga `haute taille' [HJ]; 7 Zer aga `haut taille' [HJ]. Deriv.: C 4 Gude ʒəgam `high up, high'; 7 Mafa ʒəgala `surleve, haut', Ould ʒəgama [dzǝgama] `haut; tall, high', Mada ℥gam [jgam] `haut, eleve, long'. Note *VgVR- `big animal': W 1 Hs igaara `a large he-goat'; E 5 WDng ɔgulɔm `big (animal)'. 1085. *Vg- `tired, weak': W 1 Hs igaaigaa `great tiredness; being spent'; C 7 Mbuko ℥əgukwe [jǝgukwe] adj. `maladif'. Note E 4 Ubi ogo `faim'; 7 Zer dʒogo `faim' [HJ]. 1086. *Vk- `to lower': C 7 Mbuko ike [jike] `appuyer, to lean'. Deriv.`to sit down': E 4 Mawa okoro `s'accroupir'; 5 Bid okom `s'accroupir, to squat; aller aux toiletts'. Noun deriv.: W 3 Pero u/ok `chair', Ngm nak-da (G,Y) `chair' [NEH]. 1087. *Vk- `to force', *n-Vk- `force': W 3 Ngm (G) neeko^ `opression' [NEH]; C 3 FK niku `force' [BN]; 7 Mafa ʒaʒək- `compel, to oblige (smbd to return to some place), to force'. Cf. W 1 Hs aakaa `a particular kind of throwing in wrestling' (contamination with *Vk- `to lower'). 1088. *Vk- `to rise': C 4 Gude ʒakə `put up high (on smth)'; 10 Masa ik `monter' [CC]. Deriv.: W 4 Ngm (G) uk-ta^, (Y) nuʔu-to^ `raise, lift, revive, resurrect, resuscitate' [NEH]. a. *Vk- `to stand': W 3 Dera ik `standing'; C 5 Pod ʒəkǝka `debout, standing' (cf. Pod nʒəga `place a solid object upright'); 7 Mada œœkw-œkw [jœjœkw-jœkw] `debout, dresses, plantes (plusieurs choses); standing, planted'. 1089. *Vk- `to burn': W 7 DB okay VN `verbrennen' (tr.), Sha nuka^y

235 `wegbrennen, burn down'; C 7 Mofu ℥akw [jakw] `bru^lant, chaud', Muy ʒək-ʒək `burning'. 1090. *Vk- `to reply, echo': C 4 Gude ikə `do again; reply, answer'; E 5 Mig akko `echo'. Verbal deriv. in -d- : C Mulwi zigidi `repeter en echo, reprendre', Mnj zigidi `imiter (souvent pour se moquer), repeter en echo' ( z- < *, -g- < *-k-). 1091. *Vk- `to be the first, to begin': W 1 Hs aakii `the first portion of hair secured in making any coiffure'; C 3 FK ʒakə `introduce, reveal', ʒaku `start, begin, foem' [BN]; 6 Daba əka `sortir le premier' [Lnhr]; E 5 Mig okke `premier lait de chevre apres avoir mis bas' . 1092. *Vkʷ-/*ik- `to push, to drive off, to move': W 3 Ngm (Y) ikko chase off, drive off' (intensive stem) `chase off, drive off' [NEH]; C 7 Muy aʒukʷ `push down'; 9 Mba ¾ok `move at', Mnj zugi `deplacer, move aside'; 10 ZB ѕik [dzik] `pousser qqch de lourd, deplacer, push, move', Masa ok `deplacer' [CC]. Verbal deriv.: W 4 Kar ʒəkə-tə `push'; C 10 ZD ʒok-noʔ [dzok] `pousser avec force', ZB ʒok-noʔo [dzok] `pousser qqn'. Deriv. in n- : `move (to another place), migrate': W 3 Ngm (G) n-uko^ `change residence, move, migrate'. 1093. *(n)VkV- `to fill by pressing, to press down': W 2 Ang dok [ok] `to fill (by pressing); full' [Fl]; 3 Bol n-akku `press down, hold down, massage' [GAB]; C 3 Bana n-ʒəkwə `taper, damer pour mieux remplir'; 7 Mbuko ℥ə℥ak [jǝjak] `rembourrer, pack with; to fill with force' (partial redupl.), Muy ʒak idf. `with the palm of the hand against smth', Mol ʒokoy `pack down', Mafa ʒəkaʔa `full (sack)'. Cf. C 9 Mba ѕa°k, Mulwi za°k `fardeau, charge; load'. Note a deriv.: C 5 Pod ʒəgada idf. `full' (regular voicing in medial position). a.*n-Vk- `to block an opening': W 5 Zaar n-ak `strangle, choke, stuff (mouth)', C 4 Gude n-ikə `close, cover or block opening'. 1094. *Vkʷ- `gather' (tr., intr.): C 3 Bana akə `mettre ensemble', ik `se 236 mettre d'accord, rassembler, to agree, to gather'; 4 Gude ʒəgwa, Upper dial. ʒəkwa (ʒ- <  before -ə-) `sing together, play instrument together'; 10 ZB n-ѕek [ndzek] `se mettre d'accord, se reunir'; E 6 Mok okoko (ѕo- < zo-) `all together (persons, animals)'. a. *n-Vkʷ- `to glean, to pile': C 5 Mlg n-aka `stapeln, to pile'; 7 Mbuko n℥ak [njak] `ramasser', Mere n-ʒək `ramasser', Mofu -n-℥əkw- [njǝkw] `carry in a basket, gather, pile', Mafa n-oekw- `recolter, ramasser (epis, qousses, grapes)'. b. *Vk(w)- `to arrange (in pile)': C 3 Bana ʒəkwə (< *ikwə) `arranger en tas, rassembler'; 4 Gude ikə `stack, pile, set down'. c. *Vk- `to add, many': W 2 Goem ik `to increase' [TAS 438]; C 2 Bura aka `increase, add'; 4 Gude ika `small amount added by seller to what is paid for';10 ZB ʒuku [dzuku] `beaucoup', ZD ʒuk(u) `beaucoup, trop'. Note W *Vk- `to be rich': 2 Ang ək `richness, fatness', goo-ək `a rich or fat man, wealthy' [JgA]; 3 Pero ikko `riches'. 1095. *(n-)Vk- `to take (by hand, in hands)': C 6 Daba nak `prendre dans la main, entreren possession' [Lnhr]; 7 Zlg nʒək [ndzǝk] `prendre, saisir, tenir; porter sur la te^te, take, carry on the head'; 10 ZB ʒak [dzak] `mettre dans l'embrass, to embrace'. Verbal deriv.: W 3 Ngm ak-t- `to toss (throw and catch)' [VbN]. Noun deriv. `to take by force': W 3 Bol okor `armed robery' [GAB]. 1096. *Vk- `to smile, to be happy': W 2 Ang uk `to smile' [Fl], uk [JgA]; C 5 Mlg ʒaka (vowel assim. < *əka < *əka) `lachen, auslachen, to laugh (at)'; 7 Muy ʒək-ʒək `happy'. Deriv. C 5 Pod ʒəgǝda `comedie, amusement'. 1097. W *Vk/g- `to scrape, to tickle': 2 Ang ok, dok `poke or tickle; any ticklish part of the body' [Fl], wak `kitzeln' [JgA]; 3 Ngm ak- `to scrape' [VbNg]. Deriv.: W 3 Krkr naakwabu `dabble in one's food' [GK]. 1098. W *Vk- `to be afraid': W 1 Hs iikara `feeling fear'; 3 Krkr aak, iik `terrified or startled' [GK].

237 1099. *VkV-m- (-m- is a body-part marker) `jaw, chin': W 2 Ang aam, po-aam [Fl], am [JgA], Mgh aɣam `Kinn' [JgS], Mpn oom [FrM] `chin', Kofy agam `jaw' [CLR]; 3 Ngm Y akum `jaw' [NEH], Bol akum `cheek(s)' [GAB]; 4 Mbu ukwa iro `chin' [Sk-CLR], C 7a cf. Skr akalam `(dein) Eckzahn, (your) tooth' [Luk].// [OS N 2650]. Sem: Akk ziḳnu', Ug dḳn Arab d_aḳan-, d_iḳan- `menton, barbe', etc. [MK *d_iḳan- `(bearded) chin, beard'. a. *VgVn/l- `cheek': W 3 Krkr agalai `cheek' [GK], Grm angumu `chin' [SchB], Ngm G uga^ `cheek' [NEH]; 6 Ngz igəna `cheek' [SchN]; C 8 Bud igali `cheek' [CLR]. Cf. W 2 Chip əkəm `beard' [Kr]; E 6 Mok zuku°mo `beard'. 1100. *m/n-Vkʷ- `kind of mouse': W 3 Tng nwik (def. nwigi) `kind of mouse, shrew', C 4 Gude ʒakaya `type of mouse with bushy tail'; 7 Muy ma-ʒakʷa `bushy-tailed mouse'. Cf. C 10 ZB nʒuk [ndzuk] `kind of rat'. 1101. *Vḳ- `to moisten, to be wet': W 1 Hs iḳa `moisten', iḳe `become slimy (food)'; 2 Mgh ik `moisten' [JgS]; 5 Guus ig `wet' [CrG], Tala ikaw [Cs]. a.*V[ḳ]- `rainy season': W 2 Ang wak `Regenzeit; rainy season' [JgA], C 5 cf. Pod n-ekə idf. `light rain' (Podoko -k- may point to Ch *-™-, while Ch *-k- > Podoko -g-). 1102. *Vḳʷ- `to stuck (in an opening), infuse': W 1 Hs iḳo `an infusion'; 3 Dera yike `to stub'; C 4 Gude iku `poke, poke eye', ʒəku idf. adj. `stuck in an opening'; 7 Ould -ʒukw [dzukw] `piquer', Mafa ʒukw- `enfoncer, piquer dans'; 10 Masa ik `percer, piquer' [CC]; E 5 WDng ak-ike `picorer, piquer par petits coups avec une pointe', EDng ik-ike `mit dem Schnabel hacken, to peck with the beak'. a. *VK- `stick, wooden spear': W 5 Dott ʒwak (ʒʷ- < *ʷ-) `stick' [CrD]; E 5 Bid ak-ma `perche, pole'; 6 cf. Mok aaka `wooden spear'. A loan? 1103. *Vl- `to break, to smash' : C 4 Gude alə `smash smth dry'; 7 Mofu ℥al [jal] `se casser en deux'.

238 Deriv. in n-: W 3 Bol n-ilu `pinch off (a piece of bread)', n-illu `break into small pieces' [GAB], Krkr n-ilu `break off a piece of a whole (a bit of tuwo)' [GK], Ngm G n-il-ko `pinch off, break off a piece' [NEH]. a.*Vl- `a mortar': W 4 Paa il, Siri ili `mortar' [SkNB]. b. *Vl- `to destroy': W 3 Dera alle `to spoil, deteriorate' [NmK]; C 8 Bud aalei `zerstren, deteriorate' . 1104. *V(wV)l- `to cultivate': C 7 Mbuko ℥u^le [jule] `cultiver autour d'une plant, elaguer'; E 5 Bid uwal `labourer de nouveau, biner'. Cf. W 2 *ʒwVl- `to plant': W 2 Ang wal `to plant, put in the ground (as of stakes)' [Fl], Msh wal `transplant corn' [TAS 431]; 1105. *Vl- `to jump (up), to raise': W Bol ol idf. `jumping' [GAB], Krkr alle `swaying by dancers, jumping with joy' [GK]; 4 Wrj ali `to jump', n-alai jumping, dance' [BlS]; E 5 EDng ilile `auf einen Baum steigen, to climb a tree', WDng aale `soulever, to rise'. 1106. *Vl- `to cut': C 8 Mak ѕala `treaming beard and mustache' [AlM]. Deriv.: `cut into small pieces': W 3 Ngm n-al- [NEH]; C 7 Mofu əler. Noun deriv.: C 6 Daba nolum `deep wound, ulcer' [Lnhr]. a. *Vl- `to peck, to bite': W 3 Krkr al `peck at a tender shoot, peck grain head' [GK]; C 7 Mada a℥al [ajal] `mordre, to bite'. 1107. *Vl- `to mix, to stir': W 2 Goem aal `to move, shake, stir' [TAS 432]; 3 (deriv. in n-) Bol n-alu `mix or crumble otto in sauce or oil' [GAB]; E 4 Mawa ala `prepare la boule'. Verbal deriv.: `to mix with a stick': E 5 Bid alag `remuer la boule avec un ba^ton'. Noun deriv.: C 10 ZB n-ѕelǝle [ndzelǝle] `pa^te d'arachide, dough'. 1108. W *Vl- `to belch': 2 Ang al [Fp] `belch, chew the cud', aal `to ruminate', eel `to belch' [JgA], Mgh, Kfy aal `to belch' [TAS 432], Goem a°al [Hlw]; 3 Ngm iil- `to belch' [VbNg], Krkr ile `Aufstossen (Magen), to defecate' [LkK], ilaa `to belch, become fermented, sour' [GK], Bol ille, zille `Rlpsen, belching' [LkBl: 265], zillaa `belch' [GAB]. For z/ as free 239 variants in Bolewa see Introduction. 1109. *Vl- `kind of rope': W 3 Bol alaulau `rope with rags (to scare birds)' [GAB]; C 4 Gude ʒala `woven cord'. a. C *(n)Vl- `a net': 6 Daba elelen `la nasse tissee'; 7 Mofu neele [njeele] `fish net'; E 6 Mok zelwe `pie°ge-collet, a trap'. b. *Vl- `a bunch, to tie': W 3 Dera ili `bundle of corn'; C 5 Pod —liyəya idf. `attacher'; 7 Mafa nʒalaʔa `fagotte, lie en fagot, tied in a fagot' 1110. *Vl- `kind of native cloth': C 2 Bura ili `kind of cloth; kind of colour'; E 5 WDng oloolo `cache-sexe des fillettes', Bid alalo `cache-sexe fem., enroule plusieurs fois'. Deriv.: W 1 Hs alwaamii `native-made cloth'. 1111. *Vl- `spear, arrow': W 3 Grm elle `arrow' [Gow-CLR], Gera alla [SchB]; 6 cf. Ngz ǯəlǯəl `pointed'; E 5 Mig o^llo `sagai'. Cf. C 7 Mofu ℥əl-bar [jǝlḅar] `spear for hunting rats' (compound ? For the second part cf. Chadic *bar `rat'). Deriv. `sharp piece of wood': W 3 Bol ele-ki `spindle for cotton' [GAB]; C 9 Mba ol-do `pike, wooden spear' . Verbal deriv.: W 1 Hs allara `to poke'; 2 Ang ul-k `aushhlen' [JgA]. Cf. C 7 *Vɫ- (possibly, < *Vl-): Mbuko n-℥uɫay [njuslay] `piquer (l'oeil avec qqch)', Mofu -℥əɫ- [jǝɫ] `percer, piquer'. 1112. *Vl- `tail; penis': W 1 Hs eelaa `tail of any animal/bird'; E 4 Ubi ila `penis' [Alio], Mawa ɛl `penis'. 1113. *VlVp- `clay (brick)': W 3 Bol alap `brick (of cement, mud)' [GAB]; C 5 Mlg alape `Tonziegel, clay-brick'. Plural in-p? . A loan? 1114. W *Vl- `kштв of fish': W 3 Bol alum `kind of fish' [GAB]; 4 Paa alaa `fish' [MS], Wrj alai `fish' [BlS]. 1115. C *VlV- `shin, leg': 4 Gude ʒəlaa (inher. poss., body-part) `heal of foot'; 7 Muy ʒala `fin, leg (locust, cock)'; 7a Skn nilang `shin' [DS]. 1116. *Vl- `acid': W 2 Ang a(a)l `acid, sour'[Fl], al [JgA]; E 3 Tum aal `be 240 acid'. 1117. *Vl- `long, narrow': W 2 Mpn wel `narrow' [FrM]; 5 cf. Zaar ѕi°llǝ°Ÿ `emphasizae length'; C 7 Mofu -℥a℥al- [jajal] `s'allonger, s`etirer', əlab əlab `souple et long', : 8 Log zaala, zela `lang sein', dəzaala `lang' [LkL] . 1118. *Vm- `to gather' (intr.), `to collect from people': W 3 Krkr am `sich versammeln, to gather' intr. [LkL]; 4 Wrj om `to gather' [BlS]; 5 Zaar om `gather' [CrZ]; C 7 Muy aʒam `collect shares of smth from people', Mofu -℥əm- [jǝm] (Mok.), -‰əm- (Gud.) `rassembler, reunir', Mada a℥ama [ajama] `rassembler'. Deriv.: E 5 Bid omod `amasser, entasser'. a. *Vm- `many, a pile': W 1 Hs im-la-im-la `in portions, heaps'; C 10 ZB ʒum-gul [dzum] `big pile', ʒem-gel `small pile', E 5 Mig i^mme `tas de branches', WDng ume `tas de branches, a bru^ler'; 7 Zir oma `beaucoup, many' [CJ]. 1119. *Vm- `to grind': W 3 cf. Krkr imim `heads of grain that have been threshed' [GK]; C 5 Pod ʒama `do first grinding'; 5a Hdi ʒam [dzam] `partially crushed sorghum' [BrH]; 7 Mafa ʒam- `ecraser gros, concasser'. 1120. *Vm- `to soak': W 1 Hs eema `to tan'; C 5 Pod n-ume `to soak'. a. *(n)-Vm- `to pour, to rain; rain': C 3 Bana n-ʒəmə `pleuvoir'; 4 Gude n-ʒəmə `rain'; 6 Daba om `pour a liquid' [Lnhr]. Note: 7a Skn imun ` first rains season' (if not < *dimun) [DS]. 1121. C *Vm- `to go down': 6 Daba em `descendre' [Lnhr]; 2 (deriv.) Mrg n-½ǝm `to alight' [HfM:142]; 4 Gude imə `go down'; 9 Mnj azəmay `par terre'. a. *Vm- `lower part of...': W 3 Pero im `tree stub'; C 7 Mada ℥mo [jmo] `fesses, fond'. 1122. E 5 *Vm- `to filter and exrtact salt': Bid iim `filtrer les cendres pour en extraire le sel', Mig oomo `filtrer les cendres pour en extraire une eau salee'. a. *n-Vm- `salty': C 4 Gude namə-nam `salty tasting'; 10 ZB nʒama-ma

241 [ndzama] `trop sale'. 1123. *Vm- `grand Calao': C 10 ZD omo, ZB ʒomo [dzomo]; E 2 Lele ama. 1124. *Vm- `kind of drum, to drum': W 3 Bol ami `type of a large drum (esp. used at wrestling matches)', emi `drumming for wrestling' [GAB]; E 5 Bid e°em `battre le tam-tam des funerailles'. Cf. W 3 Krkr ananku (? -nk- < -mk-) `drum played for hunters' [GK]. 1125. *Vm- `a rock, stone': C 7 Mbuko ℥ama [jama] `rocher qui est facile a° creuser', Mada a℥mah [ajmah] `roche friable, terre rocailleuse, gravillon'; E 3 Tum mə-əm `caillou'. 1126. *Vm- `misfortune': W 1 Hs eeme `become destitute after prosperity'; E 5 Bid aam `e^tre frappe d'un malheur'. 1127. *Vm- `(elder) relative': W 1 Hs aamaa (rare) no pl. `great-great-grandfather'; C 9 Mba nama `mother's brother'; E 3 Tum əma `epouse'; 5 WDng aama `qqn de la parente', amaw `parente'. Cf. possible deriv. `old': E 5 WDng am-ne `vieux'; 7 Zir am-ne `old' [CJ] (if not < Arabic). 1128. *Vm- `a sharp point': W 5 cf. Dott nemaam `scorpion' [CrD]; 6 Bade əəm `thorn'; C 10 ZD em `lance sp.', ZB ѕem [dzem] `lance'; E 5 WDng amo `epine'. Note possible deriv.: C 7a Skn imək `porcupine' [DS]. 1129. *Vn/- `to press, to break': W 2 Ang oin `break' [Or]; 10 ZB ʒa [dzaŋ] `casser la te^te, to break head'. Verbal noun: W 1 Hs indi `pounding'. Noun deriv. *Vn(H)- `a mortar': W 4 Wrj da-ina [BlS]; C 7 Mbuko ℥ənen [jǝnjen], Muy ii, Mofu ee [jejeŋ] ; 8 Log zinha `a mortar'. *Vn/- `to press, to load': 4 Paa en `press, step, tread on' [MS]; C 4 Gude n-i `pressed firmly against smth (of fingers only)'; 5 Mlg ʒəa (ə- < *ə-) `fllen, beladen, to fill, to load' 1130. *Vn- `to get up, climb': C 4 Gude nʒənaʔ `getting up quickly' idf.; 7 242 Ould ʒaŋ [dzaŋ] idf. `eleve, haut'. Noun deriv.: W 3 Bol an-gu `a step attached to a tree to serve as a ladder for climbing' [GAB]. 1131. *Vn- `carry (away)': W 1 Hs anyee `drag away; subside (flood)'; E 5 EDng ane `tragen, carry'. Cf. C 7 Mofu -℥əg- [jǝŋg] `lift smth not heavy'. Alternatively < 1127. 1132. *Vn- `to insult, to be evil': W 1 Hs iiniini `raking up or harping on past wrongs' (remind of ...); 4 Gude ʒaana `insult'; 5 Pod —ena `slander, medire'; 10 ZB ѕe [dzeŋ] `malin, ruse'. Note W 1 Hs inaaina (redupl.) `a severe struggle'. 1133. C *Vn- `to help': 5 Gis ine, ʒən `help'; 7 Mol ʒənay `help', Cuv mɛ-nnɛy `aider', Mofu -℥ən- [jǝn] `to help'; 9 Mnj zini `encourager'; 10 ZB ѕin [dzin] `aider, to help', ZD in `aider'. *V-Vn- (partial reduplication) `take care': W 3 Bol aainu `to groom (a horse)' [GAB]; C 7 Mofu aən- `soigner qqn; care for', Mafa ein- `bring up animal for reproduction, cultivate for seeds'. 1134. */ӡVn-(f)- `blood': W 1 Hs inii `blood'; E 6 Mok puuzo ( < *puno, metath.)// Berb *-zVni `blood', Eg znf `blood' [AA N 208]. Relation of Hausa to Berber and Egyptian was first suggested by O.Rssler [CLR I:14]. He also associated Hausa with CChadic Bata, Bachama zambe, Gisiga pumbos, Mafa pambaz, Mofu mambaz. Important is to keep in mind Omotic *zVmb- `blood (of animal)': Banna, Hamer zumbi , Bako zompi (note quite similar reflexes in CCh: Bch za^mbe, Bata jāmbe). For CCH data in full see CLR II 31. a. *Vn- `red': W 1 Hs inaaina `a shrub from which a red fluid exudes', 2 Mpn i `red soil', Goem ѕu `very dark red' [Hlw]; 3 Dera a `red sorrel'. 1135. *Vn- `boy, son, child': W 4 Kar in `son', Wrj in-na `child' [CLR], in-na, Kar, Mbu in `son, boy' [SkNB]. a. W *n-an- `twins' (bote internal -a- plural): 2 Ang ¼an, ¾an [Fl], Mgh, Mpn ¾a΄n, Kofyar ¾an `twin(s)’, Mushere ¾an `twins`, Goemay ¾aan `twins’, Kofyar ¾en `children, youngsters’ [TAS 433]; 3 Bol nonni, nzonni `a twin' [GAB], 243 Krkr nooni, pl. noonai `twin' [GK], Ngm non, non sg. [NEH]; 4 Mbu zənwi `twin’ [SkNB]; 7 Sha na^n `twins’ ( a loan from the sura gr.?) [JgR]. Deriv.: C 6 Daba enebe enebe `jeune' [Lnhr]. 1136. *V#/*Vn- `(musical) horn, flute': W 2 Mgh (n)ʷɛ `flute' [BlM]; C 5 Pod nene `corne de bois, jouee par l'homme'; E 3 Smr ena `longe flute' [Luk]. Cf. compound: W 5 Guus n-agam `horn' (gam `head') [CrG]. 1137. *Vnk-r- `louse': W 3 Bol anka, Krkr ankar, Ngm anka, Dera ankat [SchV]; C Tera anga, def. angar; 2 Bura ankar; 4 Gude ankara; 7a Sakun anngar [dʒagar] [DSk]. A loan? 1138. W 4 *Vngʷ- `hippo': Paa, Diri ugwa, Siri əwa `hippo' [SkNB], Paa ungwa `hippo' [MS]. 1139. *Vr- `take, hold': W 2 Mpn ər (pl. of ma ) `take, pick up' [Fr], C 7 Muy ʒar mod. `holding'. Deriv.: C 7 Mofu -n℥ər-- [njǝrz^] `prendre avec de pinces, pattes', Mofu -nər-- `prendre avec des pinces, petit chose avec les pattes (chat)'. Deriv. in -d- `to hold tightly': W 3 Bol irdu, zirdu `tighten, become tight, draw tight, close tight' [GAB]; C 7 Mofu -n℥ərd- [njǝrḍ] `serrer a° la taille, extraire en pressant'. 1140. *Vr- > *VwVr- `to mix' (attested mostly in deriv.): C 7 Mbuko ℥u°war [juwar] `mix in water'. Deriv in -b-: C 7 Muy aʒər-vay `mix (flour) with a lot of water', Mbuko ℥ərob [jǝroḅ] `laver les grains de mil'. Deriv. in -l-: C 9 Mulwi zur-li `melanger deux liquids; Mnj zur-li `melanger (deux liquides)'. 1141. *Vr- `slit, cut in stripes': W 3 Krkr iraa `split, slit' [GK]; C 10 Masa eer `couper en lanieres' [CC], (deriv.) ZB n-er [ndzer] `couper en lamelles'.(pl?) Noun deriv. `tatoo, cut': W 1 Hs ar-faa (? old pl. in -f- < *-p-?) `tattoo on chest, neck, arms, face'.

244 *n-Vr- `to scrape' (> `to write'): W 5 Dott nar `to write' [CrD], Guus nʒəraak (< nʒə- < *nə-) `to write' [CrG]; C Mofu -n℥ər- [njǝr] `gratter, se peigner', Mafa (deriv.) n-ʒərat `rayer, egratigner'; E 1 Kera eere `schreiben, ritzen, verzieren, bemalen; to write, to scrape'. Deriv.: *n-Vr-hʷ-: C 7 Mbuko n-℥ə°roh [njǝroh] `gratter, eroder', Mofu -n-℥ərhw- [njǝrhw] `(s') ecorher, (se) griffer'. a. *Vr- > *nVr- `to comb, to separer (hair, fibres)': W 3 Dera aare `to comb' [NmK]; C 7 Mol nʒaray `comb, separer'; 10 cf. ZB nѕer [ndzer] `separer des fibres'. Contamination with `to cut in stripes'. Noun deriv.: W 3 Pero elbe `a comb' (-lb- < *-rb-). 1142. *Vr- `gather, much, all': W 2 Mpn a(a)r `very much', ir `all, everybody' [Fr], Mgh ir `alle, ganz' [JgS]; E 5 Bid iir `s'entasser, entasser, tomber sur qqn, to pile', WDng ¾ur `nombreux en ligne', ¾aara `1000'.// Arab d_rʔ `multiplier, accroi^tre une chose (en nombre)' [BK 767]. Deriv. in -d-: C 3 Bana ʒər-di `mettre ensemble tres serre'; 5 Gis ərad `zusammen drehen (Strick), sammeln, anhufen'. Deriv. in -b-: C 7 `to stick to': Cuv mɛ-n-ir-bɛy `coller', Mofu -n℥ər-b- [njǝrḅ] `coller, rester colle'. 1143. *Vr- `to trade': W 1 Hs aari `knowledge of professions to earn money'; 3 Bol aari `carrying goods about for sale' [GAB], aari `Handel' [LkBol], Pero aari `trade'; 7 C Ould -ʒara [-dzara] `vendre', E 2 Tum u (<*ur) `acheter', uur `e^tre achete'.// Arab d_rʕ III stem `vendre a l'aune, a la braissee, e^tre en commerce' [BK 769]. 1144. *Vr- `to strike, to drum': W 1 Hs araa-araa `a form of drumming'; C 8 Bud ire `(den Schild) schlagen'. Deriv. in -b-: C 7 Mafa ʒurb- `beat (clothes when washing)'; E 3 Smr ʌrbə (Pl.) `beat' (gen.) [CLR] . Deriv. in n-: C 7 Mbuko n-℥ərob [njǝroḅ] `s'abimer (mur de terre); destroy'. Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs aaroo (?< *aarVm-) `a whip'; E 2 Lele ar-gu `marteau de forgeron'.

245 1145. *Vr- `to groan': C 7 Cuv mɛ-ɛrɛy `gemir, groan', Mofu -n℥ar- [njar] `yammer, groan'; E 5 WDng ѕo°ori°ye° `ra^ler, to wheeze', EDng aariye `kurz von dem Tod brllen, groan before the death'. Cf. W 5 Guus n-ʒər (< *nər) `voice' [CrG]. 1146. *Vr- `to lower': C 7 Muy er mod. `lowering'; E 5 Mig iiro `deposer au-dessus de qqch.'. Deriv.: E 1 Mobu aabee , ir-be, Ngam aape , ir-pe `descendre (d'arbre)'; 2 Lele irmi `descendre' 1147. *Vr- `a stream': E 4 Ubi oorin `source' [Alio]; 7 Tor ore `source, fontaine' [Alio]. Cf. *zVr- Verbal deriv.: C `to squirt': 4 Gude ʒəʒəərə `leak out, bleed'; 7 Mafa n-ʒrəd- `squirt, gicler, eclabousser'. a. C *Vr-f- `waterfall': 5 Pod ʒərəva `flow rapidly, pour from one vessel to anothet'; 7 Muy ʒuruv `waterfall', Mofu -℥ərf- [jǝrf] `(faire) couler en cascade',Mafa ʒurv- couler en cascade'.// Arab d_rf `tomber , couler s'echapper les yeux (larmes), laisser couler, verser (les larmes) - yeux' [BK 771]. b. *Vr- `soaked, wet': W 2 Mpn or or `soaked'; E 2 Lele er `e^tre humide'. Deriv.: *Vr-b- `to soak, to wash clothes': C 5 Pod ʒəraba idf. `mouille'; 7 Mol ʒorboy `soak, wash clothes', Zlg ʒərab [dzǝraḅ] `laver'. 1148. *Vr- `circle': W 1 Hs iro/u `a circular wall of moist clay and bricks'.// cf. Arab d_ary- `cour d'une habitation, protection' [BK 772]. *V(wV)r- `to surround': C 6 Daba er `entourer, aligner, to surround'; E 5 WDng ɔɔrɛ `entourer'. Verbal deriv.: W 1 Hs 1 ir-goo `hitch round infant from back for suckling'. Deriv. in -d- `to twist, to roll': C 7 Mofu -℥ərwad- [jǝrwaḍ] `tordre (cord, lanie°re de cuir), tourner (une ecorce pour la decoller), se tordre, enrouler', Muy aʒərday `twist a cord'. 1149. *Vr- `beauty': W 1 Hs aari `good looks in a woman'; 5 Zaar n-e^r n-er `beautiful' idf.; E 1 Kera oroy `youth, beauty'. 1150. *Vr- `sharp instrument': W 2 Ang iir [Fl], n-iir [Jg] `spindle'; 3 246 (compound) Bol ar-bal `arrow-shaped metal needle' (?bal `arrow') [BOLDU]; C 7a Skn ʒər `awl (for hair-dressing, decorating calebases' [DS]; 10 ZB ʒara [dzara] `lance avec un barbillon'. *Vr- `to throw spear, pierce with a sharp object': C 3 Bana ʒ(ə)rə `lancer une lance'. *Vr- `knife, razor': E 5 WDng ¾aara `couteau de jet en fer'. 1151. *Vr- `apron (for women)': C 5 Pod ʒara `ancienne ceinture de femme; anchient women bandage'; 7a Skn ʒar [zɛr] `apron, pubic' [DS]; E 5 (deriv.) WDng ¾uram `bandes de cotton tresse`, ¾ardo `cotonnade de fabrication locale'. a. W *Vr-g/k- `kind of cloth, wrapper': 1 Hs irgii `kind of cloth', irge `fold cloth and make body-cloth'; 3 Bol irgi `hand-woven woman's wrapper' [GAB], Dera irki `type of native cloth' (? < Hausa). 1152. *Vr- `palm, tree with hard wood': W 3 Bol ar `tree with very hard wood' [BOLDU]; Krkr or `the hardwood tree Bauhunia rufescens' [GK]; C 2 Bura ara `old date palm'; 5 Glv nuura `fan-palm, oil-palm'; 10 Msm orgo `ronier, palm'. Cf. C 9 Mba uru `forest'; 10 Masa uru `la brousse' [CC]. 1153. *Vr- `big hoe': 4 Wrj iir `big hoe' [BlS]; 5 Guus iir `large hoe used to plough' [CrG], Dott er `large hoe for billowing' [CrD], Zaar iir `large hoe for billing' [CrZ]. C 6 Daba or `dig' [Lnhr]. Cf. C 3 FK nuri `ridge'. 1154. *Vr- `sand, dry earth': W 7 DB n-oor `sand' [JgR]; C 6 Daba uor `dry, hard earth' [Lnhr]; 5 Pod —era `hard earth'.// Arab d_urw- `dust'. [OS 2667]. Note E 5 WDng ɛrbinɛ `colline' (compound: ɛr `sand' and binɛ `stone'?). 1155. *Vr- `backbone' ( > `middle'): C 7 Muy ir-ir `the backbone of any animal/fish'; E 5 Bid ar-aao `colonne vertebrale'. a.*Vr- `middle': C 7 Mada a℥rad [ajraḍ] `e^tre centre, incurve'; 10 Masa ar `le milieu' [CC]. 247 1156. *Vr- `locust': W 2 cf. Mgh nar `Termite' [JgS]; 3 Dera nurol `large criquet' [NmK]; C 3 Bana ir `criquet migrateur'; 7 Mbuko ℥aray [jaray], Ould ʒaray [dzaray] , Muy ʒaray `locust', Mada ℥ara [jara] `criquet migrateur', Gis ʒaray `Wanderheuschrecke', Mofu ℥aray [jaray] , Cuv ʒaray `criquet pelerin', Mafa ʒaray; 10 ZB nѕer [ndzer] `sauterelle', ZD er `sauterelle sp.', Masa ere `sauterelle sp.' [CC]; E 5 Bid aariyo `criquet sp.', WDng ɔrɔmɔ `sauterelle comestible'.// Sem *d_Vr- `kind of worm; ant; flea' [2379], Eg zȵ (Med) `maggot' (if ȵ follows -r-). [OS 2641]. 1157. W *Vr- `kind of a small bird': W 1 Hs iraa `weaver-bird', 2 Ang ər `starling' [Fl], 4 Paa ira `francolin' [MS]; E 5 WDng ѕaara° `martinet'. 1158. C *(n)Vr- `a grain mortar': 2 Bura nir; 5 Mnd ʒera [Lk:122], ʒra [Mo], Glv ʒra [Rp], Gdf ʒərʌ, Ngw ʒəro [CLR], Mnd ʒəra `Mrser, mortar' [Luk], Mlg ʒəra (ə- < *ə-), Pod ʒəra; 6 Daba ner [Lnhr]; 7 Mada a℥ra [ajra], Zlg ʒəra [dzǝra]. *VrVh- `to pound (in a mortar)': 2 Bura ʒura `pound moistened guinea-corn'; 5 Pod ʒərəhwa `pound in a mortar)'. 1159. C *Vr- `kind of fish, fishung-hook, basket': 2 Bura or `k of fish' a.*Vr- `fish-hook': 7 Mofu ℥əra [jǝra] `hook', Cuv ʒəra `fishing hook, hameon', Mafa er `fish-hook'. Deriv. `fishing-basket': 5 Mlg nereti `Reuse; fishing basket'; 7 Muy ʒurukʷ `fishing basket'; 10 ZD ʒurom [dzurom] (ѕu- > ½u-) `very big basket'. 1160. *Vr- `long, tall': W 3 Pero oori `high, tall, long', C 2 Bura or `very tall ant-hill'; 10 ZB ʒərak [dzǝrak] `geant, long', ZD ʒərak [dzǝrak] (ѕǝ-> ½ǝ-) `long'. Cf. *Vl- `long, narrow'.

248