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Langues Et Cultures Dans Le Bassin Du Lac Tchad

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Langues Et Cultures Dans Le Bassin Du Lac Tchad LANGUES ET CULTURES DANS LE BASSIN DU LAC TCHAD Journées dëtudes les 4 et 5 septembre 1984 ORSTOM (Paris) TEXTES RASSEMBLES ET PRESENTES par Daniel BARRETEAU LANGUES ET CULTURES DANS LE BASSIN DU LAC TCHAD Journées d’études les 4 et 5 septembre 1984 ORSTOM (Paris) LANGUES ET CULTURES DANS LE BASSIN DU LAC TCHAD Journées dëtudes les 4 et 5 septembre 1984 ORSTOM (Paris) Éditions de I’ORSTOM INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT EN COOPÉRATION Collection COLLOQUES et SÉMINAIRES PARIS 1987 .-.. .* Remerciements sincères a tous les auteurs et collaborateurs. Dactylographie et maquettage : Daniel BARRETEAU Liliane SORIN-BARRETEAU Cartographie : Roland BRETON Illustrations : Dessins de Danièle MOLEZ, d'aprk des photographies de Guy MAURETTE La loi du 11 mars 1957 n’autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l’article 41, d’une part, que les tcopies ou reproductions strictement rbervbes B l’usage privb du copiste et non destinbes A une utilisa- tion collectiver et, d’autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d’exemple et d’illus- tration, (toute reprbentation ou reproduction intbgrale, ou partielle, faite sans le consentement de l’auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicites (elinbe 1” de l’article 40). Cette reprbentation ou reproduction, par quelque procbdb que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefa- con sanctionnbe par les articles 426 et suivants du Code Pbal. I66N : 0767-2896 (DORSTOfvllS87 ISBN : 2-7099-0890-5 . SOMMAIRE page INTRODUCTION GENERALE ET RESUMES . 9-19 COMPARAISON ET CLASSIFICATION LINGUISTIQUES . 21-77 E. WOLFF: Introductory remarks on the linguistic si- tuation in the Lake Chad Basin and the study of language contact . 23-41 D. BARRETEAU : Un essai de classification lexico- statistique des langues de la famille tchadique parlées au Cameroun . 43-77 COMPARATISME DANS LE DOMAINEDESCULTURESMATERIELLES ET DE L’ORGANISATION SOCIALE, ELABORATION DE QUE,STIONNAIRES D’ENQUETES . 79-l 48 A. MARLIAC : Pour une convergence des recherches archéologiques et linguistiques . 81-85 M. DELNEUF : Histoire du peuplement et cultures matdrielles : La poterie giziga du Diamaré (Nord Cameroun) . 87-103 J.-F. VINCENT : Contacts historiques et emprunts entre chefferies Giziga-Marva et Mofu-Diamare 105-111 -8- Ch. von GRAFFENRIED : Vers une approche pluridis- ciplinaire des "fêtes du taureau" danslesMonts Mandara (Cameroun du Nord) . 113-122 H. TOURNEUX : Projet de questionnaire d'enquéte linguistique sur la péche dans le Bassin duLac Tchad . 123-129 D. BARRETEAU : Liste comparative tchadique . 131-143 D. BARRETEAU, H. JUNGRAITHMAYR : Chadic lexical roots : Index français-anglais et nombre de ra- cines reconstruites pour chaque item . 145-148 ASPECTS DE LA PHONOLOGIE DES LANGUES TCHADIQUES 0.. 149-216 H. JUNGRAITHMAYR : Apocope et syncope dans l'his- toire du développement des langues tchadiques 151-160 D. BARRETEAU : Du vocalisme en tchadique . 161-191 E. WOLFF : Consonant-tone interference in Chadic and its implications for a theory of tonogenesis in Afroasiatic . 193-216 TABLE DES ILLiJSTRATIONS PHOTOGRAPHIQUES de Guy MAURETTE . 217-218 INTRODUCTION GENERALE ET RESUMES Daniel BARRETEAU Cet ouvrage est le résultat de deux journées d'étudesqui se sont tenues al'ORSTOM (Paris), les4 et 5 septembre 1984, sur le sujet : "Les langues tchadiques dans le Bassin du Lac Tchad". Des linguistes tchadisants étaient invitésainsique des chercheurs d'autres disciplines (archéologie, ethnographie, géographie, histoire) operant particuliérement dans le Nord du Cameroun, le Nord du Nigeria et le Tchad. Ces journees d'études, enpermettant des Echanges entre chercheurs relevant de disciplines différentes, ont rbvélé un profond interêt commun pour des études comparatives et historiques dans le Bassin du Lac Tchad a partir de maté- riaux différents : cultures materielles, traditions orales, structures sociales, langues. A la suite de cette première réunion, volontairement très modeste mais riche en contributions, un second colloqueétait envisagé. Il s'est tenu au Centre ORSTOM de Bondy, les 3 et 4 octobre 1985, sur le sujet : "Recherches comparatives et - 10 - historiques dans le Bassin du Lac Tchad". Les actes de ce colloque en seront publiés également. Lors de ce second colloque, réunissant une cinquantaine de chercheurs, s'est constitué un "Réseau international de recherches comparatives et historiques dans le Bassin du Lac Tchad" qui s'est dote d'un Bulletin de liaison intitulé "Méga-Tchad". Notre première réunion de Paris, les 4 et 5 septembre 1984, aura donc eu ce double effet : - de constituer les bases du réseau "Méga-Tchad" ; - d'apporter, par cet ouvrage, une contribution que nous espérons utile aux recherches linguistiques et anthropolo- giques dans cette région. 1. PRESENTATION DES SUJETS ET DES PARTICIPANTS 1.1. Les sujets a debattre etaient annonces comme suit : "La Premiere journée sera consacree aux développements recents en matiere de phonologie (descriptive et/ou compa- rative) des langues tchadiques. On abordera spécialement les problèmes suivants : syllabation (consonnes syllabi- ques, ambi-syllabiques, syllabe phonétique et phonologi- que) ; traits segmentaux (consonnes, voyelles) et supra- segmentaux (timbre, schème tonal) ; voisement, "perméabi- lite", "dépressivité" des consonnes ; tension et relâche- ment vocaliques ; traits de palatalisation et de labialisa- tion ; schèmes tonals, schémes tonals structurels et accent. Sur le plan comparatif, peut-on parler de traits chamito- sémitiques dans la phonologie des langues tchadiques ? La seconde journée, animee partiellement par des lin- guistes, sera ouverte a des chercheurs d'autres discipli- nes (archéologie, histoire, ethnologie, géographie...) interesses par des recherches comparatives et historiques dans le Bassin du Lac Tchad. On presentera les résultats acquis, les limites et les perspectives en matikre de comparaison, de reconstruction et de classification linguistiques, ainsi que dans les do- maines des traditions orales, de l'archéologie, de l'étude du milieu et des cultures materielles. Un but pratique, immediat, serait de proposer des pistes de recherches en vue de l'établissement d'un questionnaire ethno-linguistique susceptible d'être administre dans la region." 1.2. Dans cet ouvrage, nous avons regroupé les communica- tions selon trois thèmes : (a) Comparaison et classification linguistiques. (b) Comparatisme dans le domaine des cultures matérielles et de l'organisation sociale. Elaboration de question- naires d'enquêtes. (cl Aspects de la phonologie des langues tchadiques. 1.3. Liste des participants Mmes Veronique de COLOMBEL LP 3-121 du CNRS (Paris) Michèle DELNEUF ORSTOM-MESRES (Paris-Yaounde) CharlottevonGRAFFENRIED Mus&e de Berne (Suisse) Jeanne-Françoise VINCENT LA 221 du CNRS (Ivry) - Fac. Lettres et SC. Hum. de Clermont-Ferrand MM. Daniel BARRETEAU ORSTOM-MESRES (Paris-Yaounde) Zygmunt FRAJZYNGIER Univ. Boulder (Colorado,USA) Herrmann JUNGRAITHMAYR Univ. Francfort (RFA) Alain MARLIAC ORSTOM-MESRES (Paris-Yaounde) Henry TOURNEUX LP 3-121 du CNRS (Paris) Ekkehard WOLFF Univ. Hamburg (RFA) Mmes Ch. von GRAFFENRIED et J.-F. VINCENT, MM.E.WOLFF et H. JUNGRAITHMAYR étaient invités par 1'ORSTOM (Dép. B, UR B.31). - 12 - 2. RESUMES 2.1. COMPARAISON ET CLASSIFICATION LINGUISTIQUES Ekkehard WOLFF : ~n?kodu.cto~y hemmkb on ;the &.ngbi.&ic bARuation .in the Lake Cfmd Ba.b.in and a%? btidy 06 hnguage wntact. Remarques introductives sur la situation linguistique dans le Bassin du Lac Tchad, faites, a la demande de l'organisateur, a l'intention d'un public de non-linguistes. Le Bassin du Lac Tchad est une région parmi les plus complexes d'A- frique sur les plans linguistique, historique et culturel. C'est le carrefour de trois grandes familles de langues africaines : afro-asia- tique (ou "chamito-sémitique"),niger-congo et nilo-saharienne. L'auteur fait un rappel historique de la classification géneraledes langues dans cette region. Des langues génétiquement apparentées peuvent subir des transforma- tions profondes au cours de leur histoire au point gue leur apparente- ment en devient masqué. Ces transformations peuvent dtre l'effet d'une Bvolution naturelle, dans le temps, ou btre provoquees par des contacts avec des langues voisines. Les contacts peuvent entraîner des changements complets (remplacement d'une langue par une autre) ou des interférences dans tel ou tel domai- ne. Les emprunts se font principalement a travers le lexique mais éga- lement au niveau de la phonologie, de la morphologie ou de la syntaxe. Des exemples d'interférence ont bté analysés entre des langues tchadi- ques et bénoué-congo au Nigeria, tchadigues et adamawa-oubanguiennes au Cameroun et au Tchad. Toute la question méthodologigue est de savoir, dans chaque cas, s'il s'agit d'un développement interne ou s'il y a eu reellement une influen- ce externe. Ainsi l'opposition accompli/inaccompli, marquée par des chan- gements de tons sur le radical verbal, gui se retrouve a la fois dans les langues tchadigues et les langues adamawa, releve davantage, selon l'auteur, d'un developpement interne propre aux langues tchadigues. Une autre question est la stabilité plus ou moins grande du vocabu- laire dit "fondamengal" en comparaison avec des traits grammaticaux gui, eux, seraient beaucoup moins susceptibles d'&re empruntés. L'auteur en conclue sur l'impérieuse necessité de développer les dtudes comparatives dans le domaine grammatical. Bn linguistique, trois méthodes sont employbes pour étudier les rap- ports entre les langues : - la
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