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A Review About Family Context and Reconstruction Problems in the Austronesian Languages Family Cho Min Sung / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 7 No. 2 (2020) Online version available in : http://arbitrer.fib.unand.ac.id JURNAL ARBITRER | 2339-1162 (Print) | 2550-1011 (Online) | Review A Review About Family Context and Reconstruction Problems in the Austronesian Languages Family Cho Min Sung1 1Department of Malay-Indonesian Interpretation and Translation, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS), Korea SUBMISSION TRACK A B S T R A C T Recieved: July 14, 2020 Austronesian languages are one of the largest language groups in terms of Final Revision: September 01, 2020 the number of speakers and their spread area worldwide. The Austronesian Available Online: October 25, 2020 languages are assumed to be branched, developed, and spread extensively KEYWORD due to migration from Taiwan to the south, including the Nusantara Austronesian language, reconstruction, family ties archipelago. This literature-based paper attempted to examine the spread and development of the Austronesian languages family as well as the CORRESPONDENCE problems in reconstructing the Austronesian languages in the Nusantara E-mail: [email protected] archipelago. This writing examined the process and form of words’ reconstruction problems in Austronesian languages ​​and its relation with its parent form ​​that eventually created the languages that existed in the Malay Archipelago. The results of the reconstruction demonstrated that the inheritance of the language from one generation to the next had created a significant relationship of the current language employed in the Nusantara archipelago with its parent language as well as proved kinship based on elements of similarity as well as innovation or change from its parent, the ancient Austronesian language (proto). The research also discovered that the languages’ family relationship is​​ manifested through the similarity of pronunciation sound form, vocabulary, and grammar structure when reconstructed based on the sound similarity found in the languages ​​ compared. I. INTRODUCTION 1) Austrian languages family, which consists of: The analysis of the family of languages in the a. Austronesian language world includes a vast scope. It is unlikely to get an b. Austro-Asian language surrounds several estimate of how many languages are still spoken areas such as Proto-Malaka, Khasi-Nikobar, or dead to this day. According to rough estimates Mon-Khmer, Munda, and Cham. of some linguists, there are about 2000 to 3000 c. The Tibeto-Chinese language, which types of languages worldwide, and out of that encompasses three main groups; number, there are about a family of languages that • Thai-Chinese, which consists of Chinese, are widely spread around the world (Amat Juhari, Thai (Siamese), and Anam. 1967; Collins: 1996). • Tibeto- Burmese, which consists of Tibetan, Assam, and Burma. P. W. Schmidt (1926) in his book, The Family • Northern Siberian, known as Jenissai Language and Global Environment (Die Ostyak. Sprachfamilien und Sprachkreisen der Erde) 2) The Nostratic Language family which includes; categorized the family of world languages into five a. Indo-European language is a famous and groups namely (Mees, 1967). largest language family and its widespread covering India and Europe. This language DOI: https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.7.2.210-220.2020 Under Liscense of Creative Commons Attributioni-NonCommercial 4.0 International. 210 Cho Min Sung / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 7 No. 2 (2020) family comprises languages such as Sanskrit across the Malay Archipelago by comparing the and its descendants, such as Hindustani, languages. Through their research, it was known Hindi, Bengali, Iranian-Ancient, Kurdish, that the languages in the Malay Archipelago are a Hethite, Armenian, Albanian, Latin, ancient cognate language known as Indonesia (Nusantara). Greek, Celtic and Germanic. When the language groups were compared to the b. Hamito-Semitic language covers parts of language groups in the Polynesian and Melanesian North Africa and Asia Minor such as Arabic, islands, it revealed the similarities, and thus, these Jewish, and Ethiopian in the Semitic family; language groups were classified into one language Qibti, Berber, Gushitic, and Chad in the family called Austronesian (Bellwood: 1997, Blust: Himitic family. 1999, Comrie, 2001). c. Ural-Altaic language includes Finno, Ugric, Austronesian name was first proposed by P. Samoyed, Altaic languages including W. Schmidt (1926), a leading member of the Turkish, Mongolian, Manshu, Nippon, and Austronesian, substituting the term Malayo- Caucasian. Polynesian employed by Wilhelm von Humboldt, 3) Central and South African Language Families, namely, a linguist who had studied the kinship which consists of languages such as; between the Malay language with languages in Polynesia districts. The word Austronesia comes a. Khoisan, the language of the Busman and from the Latin word Austro which means south Hottentot peoples of South-West Africa. and nesos, which means island. Thus, Austronesia b. Bantu, covering most of South and Central illustrates the meaning of the Southern Islands Africa such as Niger-Congo, Swahili and so (Asmah, 1985: 35). At the same time, Brandstetter on. (1916) adopted the term Indonesich for the same c. Sudan purpose. Nevertheless, Malayo-Polynesian and 4) The American language family consists of more Indonesian names are unpopular, incomplete than 1000 isolated languages and are complex and limited in scope. Malayo-Polynesian only to classify. Among them are North American complements the Malay and Polynesian contexts Indian, Uto-Aztec, Eskimo-Ale’ut, Algonquian, and does not cover the island of Madagascar, Muskogean, and so forth. Melanesia and Micronesia. According to historical records, Hadrian Reland 5) Remote language families in Asia and Australia. (19706) first examined the similarities of languages These languages consist of specific groups such as; in the Austronesian language family. He provided a. Hyperborea or Palaeo-Asiatic evidence about the similarity of words in Javanese, b. Drauvidia, which is found in South India Malay and Malagasy. With these similarities, he c. Andaman is found in the Andaman Islands. believed that the languages were derived from the d. Indigenous people mainly speak Australia on same language. Reland’s opinion was followed by the Australian continent. Anderson (1990), who declared that there was a e. Halmahera-Tidore similarity of number in Polynesian language with the number in Nusantara language (Hesperanesia) f. Papua (Amat Juhari, 1967: 10). AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGE GROUP After that, Austronesian language researchers came and described the position of the relationship Since the 18th century, various Western scholars between languages such as Schmidt, von Humboldt, such as Wilhelm von Hombuldt (1836), van der van der Tuuk, Brandes, and others. Tuuk (1897), John Hendrik C. Kern (1871, 1889) Otto Dempwolff (1934, 1937), Wilhelm Schmidt Austronesian language grouping (1903, 1906), Brandes (1884), W. Marsden (1783, From a historical point of belief, archaeologists 1812), Renward Brandstetter (1916) Charles concluded that the Austronesian tribes’ language Adrian Van Ophuijsen (1882-1914) and others originated in the mountains of Yunnan in South investigated the languages that were spread China. This opinion followed the position of the 211 Cho Min Sung / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 7 No. 2 (2020) language within the Austric languages that had a. Formosan languages - such as Favorlang and branched out into two principal language families, Singkam languages. specifically Austronesian and Austro-Asian b. Filipino languages - such as Tagalog, Bisaya, (Bellwood: 1985, 1987; Li: 2004, 2006). Benag, Igorad, Pangasinan, Maguindanao, According to Schmidt, in Asmah (1985), all and so on. languages discovered in mainland Asia possessed c. Sulawesi and its surroundings - which similarities, and these languages were said to come consists of various language groups such as from the same group from the Austric phylum. Later, from the Austric phylum, it split into two parts, the d. Gorontalom Tomini, Toraja, Loinang, Austronesian group and the Asian Austro group, Banggai, Bungku-Laki (Mori), South which took place over a long period. Therefore, Sulawesi (Makassar and Bugis) and Muna- Schmidt made a breakdown of the language family Butung. Ambon and its surroundings - as follows; covering languages ​​in eastern Sulawesi such as groups Sula-Bachon, South Halmahera Figure 1. Austronesian language groups and Ambon. e. Nusa Tenggara - which includes the Bima- Sumba and Bali-Sasak groups, including the East, Alor, Solor and Roti languages; Kro’e, Kupang and Manggarai languages ​​ on Flores Island; Sumba in the south and Bima, Sumbawa, Sasak and Bali in the west. The Balinese language is one of the historic Austronesian languages ​​, and various inscriptions from the 10th to 12th centuries Austronesian language groups can be classified that were studied. into four primary language families, namely f. Kalimantan and its surroundings - which Polynesian, Melanesian, Micronesian, and consists of the Dayak language and its tribes Indonesian (Hesperanesia) (Asmah: 1985). The such as the Murut group, Kenya-Bahau- organization and dissemination of Austronesian Kayan and Busang group, Ot-Danum group languages were administered based on geographical and Iban group in Sarawak and Brunei. area. According to Mees (1967), it was divided into Polynesian languages, Melanesian languages, g. Java Island and its surroundings - which Micronesian languages, and Indonesian languages
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