Supplementary Material Table S1. Plant species recorded in BUAT campus during study SN Species Family Habit Species Species Species Species Diversity Evenness Abundance IVI (H’) (E) (A) 1 Acacia leucophloea Fabaceae Tree 0.06 0.02 1.00 9.59 2 Acacia nilotica Fabaceae Tree 0.33 0.12 7.25 66.08 3 Alastonia scholaris Apocynaceae Tree 0.06 0.02 2.00 5.12 4 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Tree 0.21 0.07 2.20 35.95 5 Cassia siamea Fabaceae Tree 0.04 0.01 1.00 4.02 6 Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Tree 0.04 0.01 1.00 4.23 7 Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae Tree 0.09 0.03 1.50 24.16 8 Delonix regia Fabaceae Tree 0.09 0.03 3.00 7.54 9 Feronia lemonia Rutaceae Tree 0.06 0.02 1.00 9.64 10 Ficus religiosa Moraceae Tree 0.04 0.01 1.00 14.62 Heterophragma Bignoniaceae Tree 0.09 0.03 3.00 5.82 11 adenophyllum 12 Holoptelia intigrifolia Ulmaceae Tree 0.04 0.01 1.00 6.16 13 Madhuca latifolia Sapotaceae Tree 0.06 0.02 1.00 19.63 14 Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae Tree 0.04 0.01 1.00 4.70 15 Prosopis cineraia Fabaceae Tree 0.15 0.05 7.00 14.80 16 Prosospis juliflora Fabaceae Tree 0.35 0.13 21.00 59.72 17 Zizyphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Tree 0.06 0.02 1.00 8.24 18 Balanites aegyptiaca Zygophyllaceae Shrub 0.29 0.11 3.00 73.77 19 Calotropis gigantea Apocynaceae Shrub 0.12 0.05 0.50 16.38 20 Calotropis procera Apocynaceae Shrub 0.32 0.12 0.33 55.79 21 Capparis decidua Capparaceae Shrub 0.22 0.08 0.25 46.66 22 Capparis separia Capparaceae Shrub 0.12 0.05 0.50 12.63 23 Carissa spinarum Apocynaceae Shrub 0.12 0.05 0.50 11.79 Clerodendrum Verbenaceae Shrub 0.19 0.07 1.50 19.39 24 phlomidis 25 Cocculus hirsutus Minispermaceae Shrub 0.07 0.03 0.50 8.10 Cryptostegia Apocynaceae Shrub 0.07 0.03 1.00 5.77 26 grandiflora 27 Dichrostachys cinerea Fabaceae Shrub 0.07 0.03 1.00 8.19 28 Ipomoea carnea Convolvulaceae Shrub 0.22 0.08 1.50 22.76 29 Tinospora cordifolia Minespermaceae Shrub 0.12 0.05 0.50 10.49 30 Withania somnifera Solanaceae Shrub 0.16 0.06 0.33 16.73 31 Ziziphus nummularia Rhamnaceae Shrub 0.35 0.13 2.00 48.75 32 Zizyphus oenoplea Rhamnaceae Shrub 0.12 0.05 0.50 14.33 33 Abelmoschus hirtum Malvaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.27 34 Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.16 35 Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 2.00 0.57 36 Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.36 37 Alternanthera tenella Amaranthaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.29 38 Althea ludwigii Malvaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 16.00 0.16 39 Alysicarpus hamosus Fabaceae Herb 0.03 0.01 1.75 1.53 Alysicarpus Fabaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.81 40 longifolius Alysicarpus Fabaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 1.33 0.64 41 tetragonolobus 42 Alysicarpus vaginalis Fabaceae Herb 0.02 0.00 0.71 1.48 43 Ammania baccifera Lythraceae Herb 0.03 0.01 0.80 0.63 44 Ammania multiflora Lythraceae Herb 0.01 0.00 2.00 1.80 45 Anagallis arvensis Primulaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 2.67 0.63 46 Anethum graveolens Apiaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 25.00 0.43 47 Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.38 48 Aristida adscensionis Poaceae Grass 0.09 0.02 6.67 8.83 49 Aristida adsoncionis Poaceae Grass 0.07 0.01 2.00 3.89 50 Aristida funiculata Poaceae Grass 0.05 0.01 160.00 2.66 51 Asphodelus tenuifolius Liliaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.17 52 Barlaria cristata Acanthaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 6.00 0.22 53 Blastania garcinii Cucurbitaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 3.00 0.39 Blepharis Acanthaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.16 54 maderaspantensis 55 Blepharis repens Acanthaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 6.80 56 Blumea bifoliata Asteraceae Herb 0.12 0.02 0.71 0.32 57 Blumea lacera Asteraceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.38 58 Blumea mollis Asteraceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.16 59 Blumea oxydonata Asteraceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.30 60 Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 15.00 0.37 61 Boerhavia erecta Nyctaginaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.23 62 Bryonopsis laciniosa Cucurbitaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 9.00 0.35 63 Caesulia axillaris Asteraceae Herb 0.01 0.00 3.67 0.22 Cardiospermum Sapindaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 6.00 0.33 64 holocacabum 65 Cassia occidentalis Caesalpiniaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.16 66 Cassia pumila Caesalpiniaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.18 67 Cassia tora Caesalpiniaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.57 68 Catharanthus pusillus Apocynaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.18 69 Cayratia trifoliata Vitaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.17 70 Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.64 71 Cenchrus ciliaris Poaceae Grass 0.00 0.00 0.33 3.94 72 Centipeda minima Asteraceae Herb 0.06 0.01 21.67 0.30 73 Chenopodium album Amaranthaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 18.00 0.41 74 Chenopodium murale Amaranthaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.50 0.36 75 Chloris barbatum Poaceae Grass 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.83 76 Chloris sp Poaceae Grass 0.03 0.00 20.00 0.45 77 Chrozophora rottleri Euphorbiaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 31.00 0.16 78 Cissampelos pareira Minispermaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.34 79 Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.15 80 Coccinia indica Cucurbitaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.16 81 Cocculus hirsutus Cucurbitaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.48 Commelina Commelinaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.44 82 benghalensis 83 Commelina salicifolia Commelinaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.82 84 Conscora dissecta Gentianaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 4.00 0.16 85 Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 10.00 0.55 86 Conyza canadensis Asteraceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.18 87 Corchorus aestuans Tiliaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 1.33 0.56 88 Corchorus fascicularis Tiliaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.54 89 Corchorus olitorius Tiliaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 1.71 90 Corchorus sp Tiliaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.42 91 Corchorus tridens Tiliaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.60 0.34 92 Corchorus spp Tiliaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.82 93 Crotolaria hebecarpa Fabaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.75 0.23 Crotolaria Fabaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 10.00 0.86 94 medicagenia 95 Crotolaria mysorensis Fabaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.56 Croton Euphorbiaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.67 0.70 96 bonplandanium Cucumis melo var. Cucurbitaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 4.00 0.94 97 agrestis 98 Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Grass 0.01 0.00 0.25 21.01 99 Cyperus arenarius Cyperaceae Sedge 0.18 0.03 2.50 0.18 100 Cyperus difformis Cyperaceae Sedge 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.64 101 Cyperus laevigatus Cyperaceae Sedge 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.26 102 Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Sedge 0.08 0.02 0.45 14.28 103 Cyperus sp Cyperaceae Sedge 0.04 0.01 120.00 1.19 104 Cyperus spp Cyperaceae Sedge 0.02 0.00 36.00 0.46 Dactyloctinium Poaceae Grass 0.15 0.03 1.67 14.17 105 aegyptium Dactyloctinium Poaceae Grass 0.01 0.00 12.50 0.54 106 sindicum 107 Datura metel Solanaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.29 108 Dentella repens Rubiaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 6.00 0.46 Desmostachya Poaceae Grass 0.06 0.01 2.14 3.94 109 bipinnata Dicanthium Poaceae Grass 0.16 0.03 4.67 11.78 110 annulatum Dicanthium Poaceae Grass 0.17 0.03 11.82 11.36 111 foveolatum 112 Dicoma tomentosa Asteraceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.29 1.56 113 Digera muricata Amaranthaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.20 2.02 114 Digitaria bicornis Poaceae Grass 0.09 0.02 0.89 4.16 115 Digitaria cruciata Poaceae Grass 0.08 0.02 82.50 3.59 116 Echinops echinatus Poaceae Grass 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.33 117 Echnocloa colona Poaceae Grass 0.03 0.00 13.33 1.08 118 Eclipta alba Asteraceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.17 1.20 119 Elytaria acaulis Acanthaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.16 Enicostemma Gentianaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 2.00 0.48 120 hyssopifolium 121 Eragrostis cilliaris Poaceae Grass 0.01 0.00 4.00 0.43 122 Eragrostis plumosa Poaceae Grass 0.13 0.02 6.67 5.38 123 Euphorbia chaymse Euphorbiaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 5.00 0.53 Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.16 124 heterophylla 125 Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 5.00 0.44 Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 1.20 1.83 126 hypercifolia 127 Euphorbia thimbifolia Euphorbiaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 8.00 0.21 128 Evolvulus elsinoides Convolvulaceae Herb 0.02 0.00 3.00 1.01 129 Evolvulus emarginatus Convolvulaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.18 130 Evolvulus nummularis Convolvulaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 5.00 0.45 131 Evolvulus paniculata Convolvulaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 8.00 0.21 132 Fimbristylis sp Cyperaceae Sedge 0.01 0.00 1.00 1.65 133 Fumaria indica Papaveraceae Herb 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.52 134 Goniogyna hirta Fabaceae Herb 0.07 0.01 23.67 0.24 135 grass like katar Poaceae Grass 0.00 0.00 6.00 2.66 136 Heliotropium indicum Boraginaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.22 137 Heliotropium supinum Boraginaceae Herb 0.08 0.01 80.00 0.18 Heteropogon Boraginaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.67 3.18 138 contortus 139 Hibiscus manihot Malvaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.60 Hibiscus Malvaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.18 140 panduriformis Hybanthus Violaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.64 141 enneaspermus 142 Indigofera Fabaceae Herb 0.03 0.01 2.00 0.48 143 Indigofera cordifolia Fabaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 1.04 144 Indigofera hochestetri Fabaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.19 145 Indigofera linifolia Fabaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 20.00 0.34 146 Indigofera linnei Fabaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.32 Indigofera Fabaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 2.00 0.37 147 oblongifolia 148 Indigofera trita Fabaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.53 149 Ipomoea capitellata Convolvulaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.33 150 Ipomoea eriocarpa Convolvulaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.34 151 Ipomoea pestigridis Convolvulaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.17 152 Ipomoea scindica Convolvulaceae Herb 0.05 0.01 0.33 0.17 Justicia Acanthaceae Herb 0.03 0.00 3.11 3.54 153 quinquingularis 154 Justicia simplex Acanthaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.50 2.19 155 Launea intybacea Asteraceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.17 156 Launea procumbens Asteraceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.33 157 Lepidagathis cristata Acanthaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.33 1.20 158 Leucas cephalotes Lamiaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.78 159 Leucas nutans Lamiaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 7.00 0.43 160 Lindenbergia muraria Scrophulariaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.19 161 Lindernia crustacea Scrophulariaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.21 162 Luffa achinata Cucurbitaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.21 Malvestrum Malvaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.21 163 coromandelianum Marsdenia Apocynaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.39 164 tenacissima 165 Martynia annua Martyniaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 10.00 0.37 Melanocenchrus Poaceae Grass 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.22 166 jackmontii 167 Melilotus indica Fabaceae Herb 0.16 0.03 0.37 0.33 168 Merremia emarginata Convolvulaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 1.33 9.89 169 Mukia maderaspatana Cucurbitaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 1.33 0.96 170 Neptunia triquetra Mimosceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.33 0.59 171 Ocimum canum Lamiaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.28 172 Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Herb 0.05 0.01 0.27 0.17 Oldenlandia Rubiaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 8.00 3.21 173 corymbosa 174 Operculina turpethum Convolvulaceae Herb 0.04 0.01 0.89 0.33 175 Orthosiphon pallidus Lamiaceae Herb 0.04 0.01 100.00 2.89 176 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herb 0.02 0.00 0.25 2.44 Parthenium Asteraceae Herb 0.26 0.05 1.04 1.47 177 hysterophorus 178 Paspalidium flavidum Poaceae Grass 0.01 0.00 12.00 25.59 179 Paspalum bifidum Poaceae Grass 0.01 0.00 3.00 0.38 180 Paspalum longiflorum Poaceae Grass 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.28 181 Pavonia odorata Malvaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.85 182 Pergularia daema Apocynaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.53 Peristrophe Acanthaceae Herb 0.03 0.00 13.33 0.90 183 bicalyculata 184 Perotis indica Poaceae Grass 0.00 0.00 0.50 1.53 185 Phyllanthus fraternus Euphorbiaceae Herb 0.04 0.01 0.16 0.31 Phyllanthus Euphorbiaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.67 5.84 186 mederaspantensis 187 Phyllanthus niruri Euphorbiaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 1.00 1.24 188 Phyllanthus virgatus Euphorbiaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 2.50 0.85 189 Physalis lagascae Solanaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.93 190 Physalis micrantha Solanaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 1.50 0.16 191 Pluchea lanceolata Asteraceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.29 0.68 192 Polygala arevensis Polygalaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.33 1.22 193 Polygala telephoides Polygalaceae Herb 0.02 0.00 22.50 0.48 194 Polygonium plebium Polygonaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.20 1.07 195 Pulicaria angustifolia Asteraceae Herb 0.01 0.00 18.00 1.07 196 Pulicaria crispa Asteraceae Herb 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.44 197 Rhyncosia aurea Fabaceae Herb 0.02 0.00 1.88 0.19 198 Rhyncosia minima Fabaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 12.00 2.28 199 Rottboelia cochinensis Poaceae Grass 0.01 0.00 14.00 2.16 Saccharum Poaceae Grass 0.01 0.00 2.00 0.31 200 spontaneum 201 Scirpus alutatus Cyperaceae Sedge 0.03 0.00 4.00 1.47 202 Scirpus triceps Cyperaceae Sedge 0.02 0.00 0.67 0.18 Sclerocarpus Asteraceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.17 203 africanus 204 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.16 205 Sesbania bispinosa Fabaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.31 206 Setaria virdis Poaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.89 207 Sida cordata Malvaceae Herb 0.02 0.00 4.00 0.16 208 Sida cordifolia Malvaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.21 209 Sida rhambifolia Malvaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.36 210 Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.18 211 Solanum surretense Solanaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.21 212 Solanun incanum Solanaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 12.00 1.62 213 Sonchus arvensis Asteraceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.18 214 Sonchus asper Asteraceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.15 215 Spermacoc hispida Rubiaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.43 216 Spermacoce pusilla Rubiaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.84 217 Sporobolus indicus Poaceae Grass 0.02 0.00 6.00 0.78 Sporobolus Poaceae Grass 0.12 0.02 6.91 5.55 218 tenuissimus 219 Striga aungastifolia Scrophulariaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 2.50 1.51 220 Tephrosia pumila Fabaceae Herb 0.04 0.01 0.18 2.81 221 Tephrosia strigosa Fabaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.32 222 Themeda sp. Poaceae Grass 0.09 0.02 25.71 4.38 223 Tribulus terristris Zygophyllacea Herb 0.01 0.00 1.00 1.20 224 Trichodesma indicum Boraginaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.34 Trichodesma Boraginaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.28 225 zeylanicum Trichosanthes Cucurbitaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.47 226 cucmeriana 227 Tridex procumbens Asteraceae Herb 0.01 0.00 3.50 1.61 Triumfetta Tiliaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 0.67 0.78 228 rhomboidea 229 Typha australis Typhaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.21 Urena lobata sub sp, Malvaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.31 230 lobata 231 Verbascum chinensis Scrophulariaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.35 232 Vernonia cinerae Asteraceae Herb 0.04 0.01 0.11 4.24 233 Veronica anagallis Plantaginaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 12.00 0.28 234 Vigna acontifolia Fabaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.36 235 Vigna trilobata Fabaceae Herb 0.01 0.00 1.75 1.39 236 Waltheria indica Malvaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.23 237 Wattakaka volubilis Apocynaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.17 238 Xanthium strumarium Asteraceae Herb 0.02 0.00 0.73 3.65 239 Zaleya govinda Aizoaceae Herb 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.18