Plant Resources of South-East Asia is a multivolume handbook that aims to summarize knowledge about useful plants for workers in education, research, extension and industry. The following institutions are responsible for the coor­ dination ofth e Prosea Programme and the handbook: - Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), Karung Berkunci 201, Jalan FRI Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Widya Graha, Jalan Gatot Subroto 10,Jakart a 12710, Indonesia - Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Nghia Do, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam - Papua New Guinea University ofTechnolog y (UNITECH), Private Mail Bag, Lae, Papua New Guinea - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research & Development (PCARRD), Los Banos, Laguna, the Philippines - Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), 196 Phahonyothin Road, Bang Khen, Bangkok 10900, Thailand - Wageningen Agricultural University (WAU), Costerweg 50, 6701 BH Wage­ ningen, the Netherlands 25 /y«C M Y^ CK a \ ù UG. ?? 'O ^ J Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 4 Forages L. 't Mannetje and R.M. Jones (Editors) "\ r Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1992 ItfVi^T^Coâ» Professor L. 'T MANNETJE obtained hisfirs t degree in crop and grassland science from Wageningen Agricultural University in 1958an d his PhD for athesi s about taxonomie studies in the genus Stylosanthes from Queensland University, Bris­ bane, Australia in 1967. From 1958 to 1982 he was a research scientist with the CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, Brisbane, Australia. During that period he was seconded to the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Devel­ opment Institute (MARDI) at Serdang, Selangor for a period of one and a half years. In 1982h e was appointed Professor of Grassland Science at Wageningen Agricultural University and in 1983h e became head of the Department of Field Crops and Grassland Science. His publications cover species evaluation, metho­ dology of grassland research and primary and secondary production of tropical forages. He has visited many tropical countries for consultations, to lecture and to supervise research. R.M. JONES is a pasture agronomist who graduated in Agricultural Science from the University of Sydney in 1958. From 1959 to 1965 he was employed by the Soil Conservation Service, New South Wales. During that period he spent a year at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, during which time he gained his MSc degree in Plant Ecology. Since 1965 he has been employed by the CSIRO Division ofTropica l Crops and Pastures at the Cunningham Labo­ ratory, Brisbane. He has written extensively on the agronomy of tropical for­ ages, with particular emphasis on the persistence of legumes. Cip-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag Plant Plant resources of South-East Asia. -Wageningen : Pudoc-Ill., map, drawings. No. 4 : Forages / L. 't Mannetje and R.M. Jones (ed.).Wit h index, réf. ISBN 90-220-1032-5 bound NUGI835 Subject headings: forages / stock breeding ;South-Eas t Asia. ISBN 90-220-1032-5 NUGI 835 Design: Frits Stoepman GVN. © Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 1992. © Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 1992. No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations embodied in critical reviews, may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form including print, photocopy, microfilm, electric or electromagnetic record without written permission from the copyright holders, c/o Pudoc Scien­ tific Publishers, P.O. Box 4,670 0A A Wageningen, the Netherlands. Printed in the Netherlands. Contents Editors and contributors 9 Prosea Board of Trustees and Personnel 13 Foreword 15 1 Introduction 17 1.1 Forages and livestock 17 1.2 Sources of forage 18 1.2.1 Grasslands 18 1.2.2 Annual and perennial fodder crops 20 1.2.3 Crop residues and agricultural by-products 20 1.3 Forage and livestock production systems 20 1.3.1 Current inputs toforage systems 20 1.3.2 Input offorage into different livestock production systems 21 1.4 Main limitations to forage production 22 1.4.1 Climate 22 1.4.2 Soil conditions 24 1.4.3 Species 24 1.4.4 Management25 1.4.5 Socio-economic constraints 25 1.5 Overcoming limitations to improving forage resources 26 1.5.1 Climate 26 1.5.2 Soil fertility 26 1.5.3 Improved species 27 1.5.4 Management and socio-economic constraints 31 1.6 Selection of species to be included in this volume 31 1.7 Species primarily in cultivation as a food crop 32 1.8 Prospects 34 2 Alphabetical treatment ofspecie s 35 Aeschynomene americana : American jointvetch 37 Aeschynomene falcata :jointvetc h 39 Albizia lebbeck : siris 40 Alysicarpus vaginalis : alyce clover 42 Andropogon gayanus : gamba grass 44 Arachis glabrata : rhizoma peanut 46 Arachispintoi : pinto peanut 48 Arundinaria pusilla :bambo o grass 50 Asy stasia gangetica :rumpu t bunga putih 51 Axonopus compressus :broadlea f carpet grass 53 Bothriochloa pertusa :India n couch grass 54 Brachiaria brizantha :palisad e grass 56 Brachiaria decumbens :signa l grass 58 Brachiaria dictyoneura :y a signal luey 60 Brachiaria distachya : green summer grass 61 Brachiaria humidicola :koronivi a grass 62 Brachiaria mutica :par a grass 64 Brachiaria ruziziensis :ruz i grass 65 Brachiaria subquadripara : cori grass 67 Calliandra calothyrsus : calliandra 68 Calopogonium caeruleum :caeruleu m calopo 71 Calopogonium mucunoides : calopo 72 Canavalia ensiformis :jac k bean 74 Cenchrus ciliaris :buffelgras s 77 Centotheca latifolia :juku t kidang 79 Centrosema acutifolium :-80 Centrosema macrocarpum :-82 Centrosema pascuorum :centurio n 84 Centrosema pubescens : centro 86 Chamaecrista rotundifolia :roundlea f cassia 88 Chloris gay ana :Rhode s grass 90 Chrysopogon aciculatus :lov e grass 92 Chrysopogon orientalis :tinlo y 93 Clitoria ternatea :butterfl y pea 94 Codariocalyx gyroides :codarri o 97 Crotalaria juncea :sun n hemp 98 Cynodon dactylon : Bermuda grass 100 Cynodon nlemfuensis :stargras s 102 Dactyloctenium aegyptium : crowfoot grass 104 Desmanthus virgatus Desmodium heterocarpon :fals e tamarind 105 Desmodium heterocarpon : carpon desmodium 106 ssp. ovalifolium :-108 Desmodium heterophyllum :heter o 110 Desmodium incanum :kaim i 112 Desmodium intortum :greenlea f desmodium 114 Desmodium triflorum :three-flowere d beggarweed 116 Desmodium uncinatum :silverlea f desmodium 116 Dichanthium annulatum :hind i grass 118 Digitaria ciliaris :tropica l finger grass 119 Digitaria eriantha :commo n finger grass 121 Digitaria milanjiana :digi t grass 123 Echinochloa colona :jungl e rice 125 Echinochloa crus-galli :barnyar d millet 126 Eragrostis tenella :bug' s egg grass 127 Eragrostis unioloides :padang togu128 Ficus subcordata bunut lengis 129 Flemingia macrophylla apa apa 131 Gliricidia sepium gliricidia 133 Heteropogon contortus speargrass137 Hymenachne acutigluma wick grass 139 Imper ata cylindrica blady grass 140 Ischaemum ciliare batiki blue grass 142 Ischaemum magnum rumput melayu 144 Ischaemum muticum seashore centipede grass 145 Ischaemum rugosum wrinkle duck-beak 146 Ischaemum timorense centipede grass 148 Leptochloa chinensis timunan 149 Leucaena leucocephala leucaena 150 Lotononis bainesii lotononis 154 Macroptilium atropurpureum siratro 155 Macroptilium lathyroides phasey bean 158 Macroptilium longepe- dunculatum :llano s macro 159 Macrotyloma axillare :axillari s 161 Medicago sauva :lucern e 163 Microstegium ciliatum :banyona n tembaga 165 Mikania cordata :mile-a-minut e 166 Mimosa pudica :sensitiv e plant 167 Neonotonia wightii :glycin e 169 Ottochloa nodosa :slende r panic grass 171 Panicum maximum :guine a grass 172 Panicum maximum var. trichoglume green panic 174 Panicum repens torpedo grass 176 Paspalum conjugatum buffalo grass 177 Paspalum dilatatum Dallis grass 178 Paspalum distichum ginger grass 180 Paspalum notatum Bahia grass 181 Paspa lum plicatulum plicatulum 183 Paspalum scrobiculatum kodo millet 185 Pennisetum clandestinum kikuyu grass 187 Pennisetum polystachion feather pennisetum 189 Pennisetum purpureum elephant grass 191 Pueraria phaseoloides tropical kudzu 192 Saccharum spontaneum glagah 195 Sesbania grandiflora agati sesbania 196 Sesbania sesban sesban 198 Setaria sphacelata setaria 201 Sorghum x almum Columbus grass 203 Sorghum, artificial perennial hybrids -205 Sorghum x drummondii Sudan grass 206 Stenotaphrum secundatum St. Augustine grass 208 Stylosanthes capitata -209 Stylosanthes guianensis : stylo 211 Stylosanthes hamata :Caribbea n stylo 213 Stylosanthes humilis : Townsville stylo 216 Stylosanthes macrocephala : - 218 Stylosanthes scabra : shrubby stylo 219 Themeda triandra : red oat grass 222 Thysanolaena latifolia : tiger grass 224 Trifolium repens : white clover 225 Trifolium semipilosum : Kenya white clover 226 Tripsacum andersonii : Guatemala grass 228 Urochloa mosambicensis : Sabi grass 230 Vignaparkeri : creeping vigna 232 Zoysia matrella : Manila grass 234 3 Minor forages 236 4 Forages with other primary use 245 Literature 254 Acknowledgments 258 Acronyms of organizations 259 Glossary 261 Sources of illustrations 271 Index of scientific plant names 277 Index of vernacular plant names 292 The Prosea Foundation 297 Editors and contributors General editors of the Prosea Handbook P.C.M. Jansen, E. Westphal and J. Kartasubrata Editorial staff of this volume - Editors: L. 't Mannetje and R.M. Jones - Associate editors: C.P. Chen, P.C.M. Jansen (botanical aspects), C. Manidool and I.M. Nitis - Illustrators: P. VerheijJ£aye s (drawings) and R. Boekelman (map)