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AN OVERVIEW OF UPLAND RICE RESEARCH PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1982 BOUAKÉ, IVORY COAST UPLAND RICE WORKSHOP 1984 INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE LOS BAÑOS, LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES P. O. BOX 933, MANILA, PHILIPPINES The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with the help and approval of the Government of the Philippines. Today IRRl is one of 13 nonprofit international research and training centers supported by the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR is sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The CGIAR consists of 50 donor countries, international and regional organizations, and private foundations. IRRl receives support, through the CGIAR, from a number of donors including: the Asian Development Bank the European Economic Community the Ford Foundation the International Development Research Centre the International Fund for Agricultural Development the OPEC Special Fund the Rockefeller Foundation the United Nations Development Programme the World Bank and the international aid agencies of the following governments: Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Denmark Fed. Rep. Germany India Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Philippines Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States The responsibility for this publication rests with the International Rice Research Institute. ISBN 971-104-121-9 CONTENTS FOREWORD v BASE PAPERS Upland rice in Africa IITA 3 WARDA 21 Upland rice in Asia IRRI 45 Upland rice in India 69 D. M. Maurya and C. P. Vaish Upland rice in Latin America CIAT 93 EMBRAPA 121 ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION Rice production calendar for the Ivory Coast 137 J. Dallard Influence of rainfall regime on upland rice production: water demand simulation 143 F. Forest and J. M. Kalms Asian upland rice environments 161 D. P. Garrity Patterns of water supply in upland rice in Bouake, Ivory Coast 185 J. M. Kalms and J. Imbernon Upllnd rice in Latin America: environment, constraints, and potential 197 D. R. Laing, R. Posada, P. R. Jennings, C. P. Martinez, and P. G. Jones Climate for upland rice in Africa 229 T. L. Lawson Upland rice growing environments: methods for characterization and zonation in Asia 247 L. R. Oldeman Favorable rainfall periods in upland rice regions of Brazil 275 S. Steinmetz, F. N. Reyniers, and W. T. H. Liu PLANT PROTECTION Disease problems in upland rice 285 V. A. Awoderu Adapting cooperative research programs to new strategies for rice blast resistance 297 J. L. Notteghem Insect pests of upland rice in Africa 301 E. A. Akinsola Stem borer incidence and damage in rice ecosystems in Kenya, East Africa 307 Dang Thanh Ho Weed problems and weed control in upland rice in tropical Asia 321 S. K. De Datta and M. A. Llagas Upland rice weed problems in Ivory Coast 343 P. Marnotte SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT Crop establishment techniques and cultural practices for upland rice 357 S. K. De Datta Mechanization of small upland rice farms 379 C. F. Garman and N. C. Navasero Management of soil physical properties for soil and water conservation and seeded preparation in West Africa 383 R Lal Upland rice soil-plant-water relationships 395 J. C. O’Toole and D. P. Garrity VARIETAL IMPROVEMENT Varietal improvement in upland rice at the International Rice Research Institute 415 K. Alluri, A. O. Abifarin, K. Zan, and M. S. Alam Varietal improvement of upland rice in Southeast Asia and at International Rice Research Institute 433 T. T. Chang, T. Masajo, B. Somrith, and B. H. Siwi Varietal improvement of upland rice at the Savanna Institute 443 K. Goli Upland rice breeding at IRAT and IDESSA 451 M. Jacquot and K. Goli The CIAT strategy to improve upland rice in Latin America 455 C. P. Martinez Rice production and research in the Ivory Coast 465 C. Poisson Upland rice improvement at EMBRAPA, Brazil 469 E. P. Sant’ Ana CROPPING SYSTEMS Soil erosion and control methods for upland rice cropping systems some West African examples 479 J. L. Chopart Review of soil fertility management and cropping systems for upland rice production in West Africa 493 B. T. Kang and A. S. R. Juo Asian upland rice cropping systems 503 J. L. McIntosh, Z. Harahap, and B. H. Siwi Cropping systems and upland rice in Latin America 511 C. P. Martinez Perfecting farming systems models for upland rice manual cultivation 523 L. Seguy Upland rice production systems for small farmers in northeastern Brazil 545 L. Seguy and EMAPA Research Officers INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL COOPERATION An international network for rice testing and evaluation 551 D. V. Seshu APPENDIX – WORKSHOP RECOMMENDATIONS 561 FOREWORD In Africa and Latin America, most rice is grown in upland culture similar to other cereals. In Asia, although rice is predominantly produced in wetland conditions and flooded for most of the growth period, 11 million hectares of upland rice are grown. This hectarage, and the 2 million hectares in Africa and 6 million hectares in Latin America total 19 million hectares or about 12% of the world's rice area. Upland rice yields are low, they account for only 5% of world production. Even so, upland rice is important because for upland rice growers, mostly subsistence farmers, among the poorest of the poor, and with few alternate sources of food, rice constitutes a significant part of their diet. In the last 15 years, lowland rice yields have improved substantially while those of upland rice have remained about the same. Less research has been done on upland rice which has more diverse production problems although not necessarily more difficult ones. Therefore, The Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) to the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) asked the international centers concerned with rice to report on their upland rice activities and to develop a strategy to improve upland rice throughout the world. IRRI was asked to coordinate these activities. To review the present state of knowledge and current research activities, each of the centers involved produced a base line paper on upland rice production in their continent. The report for Africa was prepared by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA); Asia, by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI); Latin America, by the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); West Africa, by the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA); and Brazil, by Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA). The information contained in this volume can provide a factual. background on which to base future research and development programs. The papers give a comprehensive account of current upland rice research conducted by national research organizations and by regional and international centers. The conference recommendations will help plan future research to advance upland rice production. M. S. Swaminathan Director General International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines BASE PAPERS UPLAND RICE IN AFRICA IITA Africa accounted for only 3.4% of the world's rice area, 2.1% of rice production, and 16.5% of world rice imports in 1980 (Table 1, App. 1, 2). Increased demand for rice as a staple food in Africa reflects a dietary shift from traditional foods (especially roots and tubers), urbanization, and recent socioeconomic trends. Demand for rice will continue to rise and methods of increasing production in proportion to demand are es- sential to avert serious economic imbalance of payments in developing nations in Africa. Despite the current and widening gap between rice supply and demand, rice production potential in Africa is good, but depends upon soils, climate and water resources, and a relevant research and development program that concentrates on key problems and is supported by interdisciplinary research. Major rice producers in Africa south of the Sahara Desert are Malagasy, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Zaire, Nigeria, Tanzania, Ivory Coast, and Liberia. Of these countries, Malagasy has about one-third of the area and production. Potential for increasing production is good in Kenya, Angola, Cameroon, Mozambique, and Zambia. DEFINITION OF UPLAND RICE AREAS At their meeting in Washington, D. C., on 30 October 1979, representatives of the International Rice Re- Table 1. Area, production, and imports of rice in Africa. 1961-65 1969-71 1975 1980 1981 Area (thousand ha) Africa 3,097 4,010 4,215 4,815 4,817 World 124,112 130,673 142,668 143,362 143,812 Production (thousand t) Africa 5,425 7,336 7,729 8,117 8,168 World 253,013 311,536 359,693 396,115 408,055 1965 1970 1976 1980 Imports (thousand t) Africa 783 801 1,019 1,863 World 7,790 8,990 9,235 11,276 4 AN OVERVIEW OF UPLAND RICE RESEARCH search Institute (IRRI), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), West Africa Rice Develop- ment Association (WARDA), and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) defined upland rice produc- tion systems as systems where: a) there is no control or addition of water beyond rainfall or changes in the water table, b) soil water level is not normally above the soil s urface except during occasional flooding; c) topography is flat or undulating and bunding may or may not be present; and d) other upland crops can be grown during the main rice production season. Rice culture systems were discussed at the IITA conference on rice in Africa in March 1977 (Buddenhagen and Persley 1978). During the conference, a distinction was made between dryland rice grown on freely drained soils and hydromorphic rice grown on soils where the water table may rise near the surface during growing season. In the past, both types were classified as upland rice. Although precise statistics on dryland and hydromorphic rice production systems are difficult to obt in, reasonable estimates available for West Africa (TAC Quinquennial Review Mission on WARDA 1979) con- firm that the dryland upland rice production system is the dominant rice system in West Africa (Table 2).

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