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Chinch Bugs in St E-420 10-06 Chinch Bugs in St. Augustine Lawns Michael E. Merchant and Dale A. Mott* he southern chinch bug, Chinch bug damage can be Blissus insularis Barber, is confused with certain lawn dis- T one of the most impor- eases or other physiological dis- tant insect pests of St. Augustine- orders. For example, brown patch grass in Texas. It can be a problem is a common disease affecting the anywhere St. Augustinegrass is leaf blades of St. Augustinegrass. grown, causing most damage in Brown patch symptoms, how- the Gulf Coast region and in the ever, usually occur in a circular or southern half of the state. semi-circular pattern, as opposed Although it is a serious pest only on St. Au- to the irregular-shaped areas of dead and dying gustinegrass lawns, the southern chinch bug grass that result from chinch bug feeding. Chinch occasionally may feed on zoysiagrass, centipede- bug damage also can be difficult to distinguish grass, bahiagrass or bermudagrass. The common from that caused by drought. Detecting significant chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say), is a numbers of the insects themselves is the best proof closely-related species that is a pest of grain crops of chinch bug damage. in Texas and throughout the Midwest. This species also occasionally damages turfgrass and may be responsible for infrequent reports of chinch bugs in bermudagrass, fescue and zoysiagrass lawns. Identification Expanding, irregular patches of dead or stunted grass surrounded by a halo of yellowing, dying grass often provide the first clue to the presence of chinch bugs. These islands of dying grass tend to increase in size and merge as insect numbers in- crease. Damage can develop rapidly, especially in sunny locations during hot, dry weather (Figure 1). * Extension Urban Entomologist and Extension Agent-IPM, Figure 1. Chinch bug damage to a St. Augustinegrass lawn. respectively, The Texas A&M University System. Note the patches of bermudagrass left unharmed. Adult southern chinch bugs are small and provides a protective home for chinch bugs and 1 1 slender, measuring ⁄6 to ⁄5 of an inch long. They chemically binds with many insecticides, making have black bodies with white wings, each of which such controls less effective. bears a distinctive, triangular black mark. Nor- Proper mowing practices can help reduce mally, some of the adults at any given site will thatch buildup. Excessive thatch forms when soil have full-sized, functional wings. Other ones will microbes are unable to break down dead plant be short-winged and cannot fly. (More details on material as fast as it is added. This can occur when distinguishing chinch bugs from the common grass is mowed too infrequently. For optimum beneficial insect – the big-eyed bug – are in “Tips turfgrass health, no more than 35 to 40 percent of for Professionals” on page 5.) Recently hatched the leaf blade should be removed at a time when nymphs are wingless, yellow or pinkish-red with mowing. This means that lawns generally should a light-colored band across their backs (abdomen). be mowed at least once a week during the growing After each molt the nymphs more closely resemble season. Mulching or recycling mowers shred grass the adults. Before the last molt, nymphs are black clippings into smaller pieces that are decomposed or brownish-black, and have a white spot and two more easily by soil microbes. Research has shown small wing pads on their backs. that proper use of mulching mowers reduces the need for fertilizers and, as a result, reduces the build-up of excessive thatch. Biology and habits When thatch is more than 1 inch thick, it may be Adult chinch bugs in Texas are inactive dur- necessary to have your lawn “vertically mowed.” ing the winter. Reproduction begins with warmer This method of physically removing thatch can be weather in the spring. Under optimal conditions, done by yourself or by a professional lawn mainte- each female can deposit up to 300 eggs, which nance company. Vertical mowing can temporarily hatch in approximately weeks. harm your lawn’s appearance because it destroys The nymphal (immature) stage lasts less than 30 the tightly woven stolon system of St. Augustine- days during warmer weather, while the entire life grass. Therefore, it should be done only when the cycle lasts 7 to 8 weeks. This rapid development grass is actively growing in order for the lawn to allows time for three to five chinch bug genera- recover more quickly. You can find vertical mow- tions each year. However, as the season progresses, ers at many equipment rental stores and can get generations tend to overlap, so all stages are found more information about thatch management from at the same time. the Texas Cooperative Extension publication E-139, Mouthparts of the southern chinch bug consist Thatch Management for Home Lawns. of a long, slender beak, which is held close to the Lawn aeration in combination with application midline of the insect’s underside when the bug is of a top dressing also can help reduce thick layers not feeding. Chinch bug damage is probably due of thatch. Aeration involves punching holes in the not just to the direct effects of feeding, but also to turf to increase air and water penetration. You can phytotoxic effects of the saliva. buy a lawn aeration machine from various retail stores or have a professional lawn care company do the work. Top dressing involves applying a thin layer of sand, soil or compost to the surface of the Managing chinch bugs lawn. The application can correct moderate thatch Cultural control problems by increasing soil-to-thatch contact, thus speeding up microbial decay. More information Managing this pest begins with proper lawn about maintaining St. Augustinegrass lawns is care. By keeping thatch to a minimum, for ex- available from the Texas Cooperative Extension ample, you reduce chinch bug numbers and make publication L-5340, Maintaining St. Augustinegrass other control methods more effective. Thatch is the Lawns. layer of dead plant material found between the Applying excessive fertilizer also enhances green tops of the grass plant and the soil below. It thatch formation and makes the grass more at- possible, apply enough water to wet the soil profile approximately 6 inches deep and let it dry out between irrigations. Frequent watering promotes shallow root systems in St. Augustinegrass, mak- ing it more susceptible to injury by chinch bugs (Figure ). Resistant varieties The most commonly planted St. Augustinegrass varieties (including “Texas common” and “Ra- leigh”) are highly susceptible to chinch bug attack. “Floratam,” an improved cultivar of St. Augustine- grass, no longer appears to be resistant to chinch bugs which means that currently there are no com- mercially available chinch bug-resistant varieties of this grass. Figure 2. Southern chinch bug on St. Augustinegrass blade. Biological control tractive as a food source for chinch bugs. No more than 3 to 4 pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet Chinch bugs are attacked by many predatory should be applied each year to St. Augustinegrass and parasitic insects. Examples include big-eyed in sunny locations. Grass in shady sites needs no bugs (in the genus Geocoris), minute pirate bugs more than pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square (genus Xylocoris), spiders, wasps and ants. Repeat- feet each year. Organic, or slow-release, fertilizers ed insecticide applications can reduce populations reduce the risk of over-fertilization because they of these predators and actually increase chinch release nitrogen more slowly. Local nursery profes- bug numbers. To preserve beneficial insects, apply sionals or your county Extension office can provide insecticides only when necessary. more information on soil sampling and determin- New varieties of insect-pathogenic fungi are ing the proper amount of fertilizer to use on your currently being selected and tested for chinch bug lawn. control. For example, Beauveria bassiana has shown Too little or too much water also can cause potential for controlling many pests. Currently, chinch bug problems. Chinch bugs prefer hot, dry however, there are no consistently effective fungal environments. Dry weather enhances survival of controls for chinch bugs. Likewise, beneficial nem- chinch bug nymphs and eggs by reducing the in- atodes have provided inconsistent results when cidence of disease within chinch bug populations. used on these pests. For homeowners who want to Also, drought-stressed lawns are more susceptible avoid using any chemicals on their lawn, however, to chinch bug injury. On the other hand, over-wa- these products may provide some control. tering causes saturated, oxygen-deprived soils that cannot sustain the microbes needed to decompose Chemical control thatch. Good cultural practices include water and fertil- St. Augustinegrass lawns should be watched ity management, and thatch control. They dramati- closely during the summer for signs of drought cally reduce the need for insecticides to control stress. The lawn should be watered immediately chinch bugs. However, when dead and dying when edges of grass blades begin to curl, grass zones of turfgrass have chinch bugs, some correc- fails to spring back quickly when walked on, or tive action is needed. While chemical insecticides the turf begins to have a dull bluish-gray color. can rapidly reduce chinch bugs when used accord- Due to the various soil types and depths in Texas, ing to label directions, most labeled materials do the amount of water needed will vary. Whenever not last long and may require repeat application. 3 First determine whether a problem truly exists thrin (some Scotts® and Ortho® brands), cyfluthrin when considering pesticides for chinch bug con- (Bayer brands), lambda-cyhalothrin (Spectracide® trol. If your neighborhood is prone to chinch bug brands) or permethrin (e.g., Green Light® and problems, inspect your lawn weekly during the Spectracide®).
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