Le Pare National De Tfil, Cote D'ivoire I. Synthese Des Connaissances II

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Le Pare National De Tfil, Cote D'ivoire I. Synthese Des Connaissances II Le Pare National de Tfil, Cote d'Ivoire I. Synthese des Connaissances II. Bibliographie SERIE DE TROPENBOS La Serie de Tropenbos presente les resultats des etudes et des activites de recherche en relation avec la conservation et !'utilisation adequate des zones forestieres clans les regions tropicales humides. La Serie suivra et comprendra les Series Scientifiques et Techniques. Les etudes publiees clans cette Serie ont ete menees clans le cadre du programme international de Tropenbos. Parfois, cette Serie peut presenter les resultats d'autres etudes qui contribuent aux objectifs du programme Tropenbos. CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Pare Le Pare National de Tai, C6te d'Ivoire I E.P. Riezebos, A.P. Vooren et J.L. Guillaumet (eds.). - Wageningen : La Fondation Tropenbos. - Ill + diskette. - (Serie de Tropenbos ; 8) I: Synthese des eonnaissances. II: Bibliographic. Avec ref. - Avec resume en anglais. ISBN 90-5113-020-1 Mots clefs: forl:ts tropicales ; Cbte d'Ivoire. © 1994 La Fondation Tropenbos Tout droits reserves. La reproduction, sous quelque forme que ee soit, requiert l'autorisation prealable de la Fondation Tropenbos, sauf dans le cas d'objectifs non commerciaux et a condition qu'il soit fait reference de la source. Conception Diamond Communications Impression Krips Repro bv, Meppel Photographie en couverture V. Koch Distribution Backhuys Publishers, B.P. 321, 2300 AH Leiden, Pays-Bas TROPENBOS \W LE PARC NATIONAL DE TAI, C6TE D'IVOIRE I. SYNTHESE DES CONNAISSANCES E.P. Riezebos, A.P. Vooren et J.L. Guillaumet (eds.) II. BIBLIOGRAPHIE P.H.M. Sloot et G.W. Hazeu (eds.) La Fondation Tropenbos Wageningen, Pays-Bas 1994 ) , \ I I I I I , l , I ', t Grabo ..... , _ ,...o \ /,,,.. ' I \ l I \ \ I \ \ l ' I I 'J \ I \-- \ 'l', \ I \ _,..;._•../ ,.J', ' \ \ ,., ' 1 'I .,,. Roure Q viob.li1e permonente . \ Route 0 v1obd11C .ncer101ne per temp� de pluie ' ' -?. ..."> ... .,,. ; P.ue ' ·1 I r"" ' Lim1ti: du pare: nohonol de Tor ---Y- b;':··::.'.:j Zone de prolection du pore _,-.....J...._"' § Pain! de morquage Tabou 50km Sud-ouest de la Cote d'Ivoire avec le Pare National de Tai' TABLE DES MATIERES AVANT-PROPOS 7 INTRODUCTION 9 Espace Tai' 9 Objectifs et modalites de l'etude 9 1 HISTORIQUE ET EVOLUTION DES CONNAISSANCES 12 Apergu historique 12 L'evolution des connaissances 23 2 LE MILIEU PHYSIQUE 28 Geologie 28 Geomorphologie 32 Climat 42 Hydrologie 51 Pedologie 61 3 LE MILIEU BIOTIQUE 66 Laflore 66 La faune 72 4 LE MILIEU ETHNIQUE ET SOCIO-CULTUREL 94 Peuplement et ethnies 94 Aspects culturels 101 Aspects de sante 107 Rapports entre la population et le milieu nature! 110 5 LE MILIEU ECONOMIQUE 112 Apergu general 112 L'infrastructure economique 118 La chasse, la peche et Ja cueillette 121 L'exploitation forestiere 123 L'agriculture 133 Prospections minieres 142 5 6 POLITIQUE DE CONSERVATION 146 La legislation 146 Role de la population 149 Role des organismes nationaux et internationaux 151 7 ESSAI D'INTEGRATION 153 Introduction 153 Interactions milieux physique - biotique 154 Interactions milieux naturel - humain 156 8 PERSPECTIVES 158 Introduction 158 Etat de conservation des aires protegees 159 Menaces 160 Mesures a prendre 162 Propositions de recherche 165 EPILOGUE 172 RESUME 174 SUMMARY (en anglais) 183 ABREVIATIONS 191 COLLABORATEURS A L'OUVRAGE 193 6 AVANT-PROPOS J. Lorougnon Guede Invite a prefacer l'interessant ouvrage de la Fondation Tropenbos, consacre a la Foret de Tai', nous avons trouve les raisons de notre presence au fronton de cet edifice clans la jonction que nous avons, naguere, voulu preconiser entre les activites scientifiques et le developpement economique, social et culturel des pays du Tiers-Monde. Aujourd'hui, les circonstances memes de cette jonction nous amenent a faire deu:x petites remarques, s'agissant en particulier, de la nature et du role des forets clans la biosphere: 1. Les forets sont, parmi Ies ressources naturelles renouvelables, Ies plus abondantes et les plus diversifiees, dans la mesure oil elles fournissent, simultanement, une grande variete de richesses et de services economi­ ques, sociaux, environnementaux et culturels; 2. Depositaires de !'heritage genetique de la planete, les formations sylvatiques constituent des ecosystemes aussi complexes que malleables et dont la capacite d'adaptation aux changements de l'environnement est, malheureusement, limitee. II va, done, sans dire que la gestion des forets doit etre per�ue comme une lourde responsabilite, nationale et internationale, ineluctablement sous-tendue par des interets socio-economiques et ecologiques collectifs. C'est, en verite, avec plaisir et reconfort que nous avons re�u et parcouru cette excellente "monographie" clans laquelle la Fondation Tropenbos a bien voulu faire la synthese de toutes les recherches menees, depuis plusieurs decennies, au niveau de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler "l'Espace Tat'. Synthese resolu­ ment dynamique au-dela de laquelle est projete un ensemble d'actions, en vue de realiser deux objectifs majeurs: !'identification des insuffisances des resultats acquis, d'une part et, d'autre part, la definition de nouveaux programmes de recherches susceptibles d'aboutir a une meilleure connaissance du milieu biotique du Pare National de Ta1 et, par consequent, de garantir davantage la conservation de cet espace. Dans les annees 60, au moment oil notre pays accedait a son independance nationale, le Sud-Quest ivoirien etait represente par un vaste massif forestier situe entre les fleuves Cavally et Sassandra, a peine peuple sur ses franges. Mais, des cette epoque, ce vide du territoire ivoirien commen�ait a faire l'objet 7 d'une pression croissante, aussi bien de la part des exploitants forestiers que de celle des cultivateurs des savanes seches ou d'autres regions, migrants spon­ tanes attires par des terres libres, propices aux riches cultures de rente (cafeiers, cacaoyers) et rendues accessibles par les trouees initiales des forestiers. Quelques annees plus tard, vers 1965, se precisait, au niveau du Gouvernement ivoirien, l'une des options majeurs d'amenagement du territoire de la decennie: elle consistait a peupler et a mettre en valeur la region vide du Sud-Quest, afin de reequilibrer la fagade maritime du pays et de contrebalancer la polarisation intense qui s'exergait sur Abidjan, la capitale, ainsi que sur les regions orienta­ les. Cette politique volontariste se traduisait, tres rapidement, par la mise en place d'un cadre administratif approprie, l'Autorite pour l'Amenagement de la Region du Sud-Quest (ARSQ), par des investissements massifs et par un ensemble de projets d'une ampleur inegalee. La dimension des divers entrepri­ ses creees justifiait, a elle seule, une mise a contribution permanente des scientifiques. Mais d'autres motivations, d'ordre purement scientifique, ont renforce cet iµteret initial. En premier lieu, quelques connaissances deja rassemblees montraient les caracteristiques majeures d'un milieu nature! jusqu'alors preserve, isolat forestier dont la flore et la faune constituaient des domaines d'investigation particulierement riches pour les sciences de la terre et pour les sciences biologiques. En second lieu, l'espace du Sud-Quest, livre aux actions spontanees ou programmees des chercheurs, representait, pour les sciences humaines et economiques, un champs d'observation privilegie, une occasion rare de suivre, en quelques annees, des processus de peuplement, de structura­ tion, de mise en place d'une economie regionale. Enfm, ii n'est, sans doute, pas superflu de signaler que l'ampleur meme des projets et des perspectives a long terme suscitait, chez les chercheurs. ivoiriens, une preoccupation de tous les instants, au moment ou, precisement, la communaute scientifique interna­ tionale denongait les agressions abusives de !'Homme contre son milieu. Dans le Sud-Quest ivoirien, les chercheurs pouvaient encore soit preceder, soit accompagner les differentes phases de l'action anthropique. Aussi, sans l'entraver (car la transformation de la region s'averait ineluctable et indispen­ sable pour la Cote d'Ivoire de demain), etait-il possible de guider cette action, de la canaliser, en degageant, grace aux connaissances et techniques acquises, quelques principes simples. et rationnels d'amenagement ou d'utilisation de l'espace. II est evident que le probleme de recherches ainsi pose ne pouvait etre aborde que par !'effort coordonne de nombreuses disciplines, selon une approche, a la fois, fondam�ntale et appliquee. 8 INTRODUCTION E.P. Riezebos Espace Ta"i La region qui fait l'objet de la presente etude se situe dans le Sud-Quest de la Cote d'Ivoire. Nous l'appellons "Espace Tai1', parce qu'elle comprend, outre le Pare National de Tai (PNT) et la Zone de Protection (ZP) qui l'entoure, une aire peripberique. Pour les besoins de l'etude, les delimitations de cette aire varient d'une partie de l'etude a l'autre: par exemple, le texte traitant des aspects climatiques couvre globalement !'ensemble du Sud-Quest, tandis que, pour la presentation des aspects socio-culturels, la region concernee est definie par les limites administratives de six sous-prefectures qui renferment les aires protegees. Le noyau de la region etudiee, le Pare National, represente l'un des derniers vestiges des forets primaires d'Afrique occidentale ayant survecu aux grandes periodes de secheresse de !'ere quaternaire. L'anciennete de cette foret explique sa grande richesse biologique et !'existence de nombreuses especes endemiques (Cl Nature/WWF). L'importance de cette biodiversite a mene, !'UNESCO a eriger le PNT en Reserve de la Biosphere en 1982, et a l'inscrire sur la liste du Patrimoine Mondial. Des 1926 un Pare Refuge a ete cree, transforme ensuite en Reserve Speciale de Faune, puis en Foret Classee de 560.000 ha. En 1956, cet espace est transforme en une Reserve Integrale pour la Faune et la Flore (425.000 ha). L'actuel PNT, couvrant 330.000 ha, a ete cree en 1972, prolonge au nord par la Reserve de Faune du N'Zo (93.000 ha), et au sud par la Foret Classee de la Haute Dodo.
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