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Natural Hazards DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT VWORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 5 July 2002 Public Disclosure Authorized The Last Straw Integrating Natural Disaster Mitigation with Environmental Public Disclosure Authorized - Management IA C Public Disclosure Authorized ,,T TI~~~~~~~~~~~ Z r I ,_~~~~~~~~_ i A__ Public Disclosure Authorized ~~~h WVrl11ni The Disaster Management Facility (DMF) of the World Bank provides proactive leadership in integrating disaster prevention and mitigation measures into the range of development related activities and improving emergency recovery efforts. The DMF provides technical support to World Bank operations; direction on strategy and policy development; the generation of knowledge through work with partners across Bank regions, networks, and outside the Bank; and learning and training activities for Bank staff and clients. All DMF activities are aimed at promoting disaster risk management as an integral part of sustainable development. The Disaster Risk Management Working Paper Series presents current research, policies and tools under development by the Bank on disaster management issues and practices. These papers reflect work in progress and some may appear in their final form at a later date as publications in the Bank's official Disaster Risk Management Series. Alcira Kreimer, Manager Disaster Management Facility World Bank, MSN F4K-409 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Email: [email protected] World Wide Web: www.worldbank.org/dmf Cover photo: Corbis.com Cover design by Hager Ben-Mahmoud i - -"d liis-'-| i"; WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 5 The Last Straw Integrating Natural Disaster Mitigation with Environmental Management (with examples from Dominica, the Dominican Republic and St. Lucia) Maarten van Aalst Ian Burton The World Bank Washington DC July 2002 Acronyms CARICOM Caribbean Community OECS Organization of Eastem Caribbean States CAS Country Assistance Strategy OECS- OECS Natural Resources Management Unit NRMU 00CC Caribbean Climate Change Center OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, USA CDB Caribbean Development Bank PAHO Pan Amercan Health Organization CDERA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency PGDM Post-Georges Disaster Mitigation Project CERA Central Emergency Relief Organization UN United Nations CGCED Caribbean Group for Cooperation in Economic Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme CIDA Canadian Intemational Development Agency UNEP United Natons Environment Programme CIFEG Intemational Center for Training and Exchanges in the Geosciences UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change CIMH Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology USAID United States Agency for Intemational Development CPACC Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change USGS United States Geological Survey CRED Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters UWI University of the West Indies DFID Department for Intemational Development, UK DMF Disaster Management Facility, World Bank DIPECHO Disaster Preparedness - European Community Humanitarian Office DBMC Dominica Banana Marketing Corporation ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office ECLAC United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EU European Union FAO United Natons Food and Agriculture Organization IFRC Intemational Federabon of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societes GCM General Circulation Model GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross Natonal Product GEF Global Environment Facility IBRD Intemational Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Wodd Bank) IDA Intemational Development Association (World Bank) IDB Inter-American Development Bank ISDR Intemational Strategy for Disaster Reduction IPCC Intemational Panel on Climate Change ISDR Intemational Strategy for Disaster Reduction LIL Leaming and Innovation Loan MACC Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NGO Non govemmental organization OAS Organization of American States iii Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................ vi 1.Introduction ............................................. 1 2.Scope of the Linkages ............................................. 2 3.Country Studies ............................................ 4 3.1. Introduction and Caveat ............................................. 4 3.2. Country Backgrounds ............................................ 5 3.3. Natural Hazards ............................................. 5 3.4. The Effect of Environmental Degradation on Natural Hazard Risk ............................................. 7 3.5. Attention to the Linkages ............................................ 10 3.6. Implementing Hazard Mitigation and Environmental Protection ............................................ 12 3.7. Addressing the Challenges ............................................ 14 4.Theoretical Considerations and Practical Dilemmas ............................................ 17 4.1. A Broader Perspective ............................................ 17 4.2. A Simple Question ............................................ 17 4.3. Growing Risk Factors ............................................ 18 4.4. Misdiagnosis and Misunderstanding ............................................ 20 4.5. Who Decides? Who Acts? ............................................ 22 4.6. The Fragmentary Application of Knowledge ............................................ 23 4.7. Practical Consequences ............................................ 23 5. Conclusions............................................ 25 5.1. The Diagnosis ............................................ 25 5.2. Improved Risk Management ............................................ 26 5.3. Recommendations/Next Steps ............................................ 27 Annexes A. Dominica ............................................ 30 A.1. General Background and Geography ............................................ 30 A.2. Natural Hazards ............................................ 31 A.3. The Effect of Environmental Degradation on Natural Hazard Risk ............................................ 32 A.4. Disaster Mitigation and Environmental Management ............................................ 32 A.5. Wodd Bank Involvement ............................................ 32 B. Dominican Republic ............................................ 35 B.1. General Background and Geography ............................................ 35 B.2. Natural Hazards ............................................ 36 B.3. The Effect of Environmental Degradation on Natural Hazard Risk ............................................ 37 B.4. Disaster Mitigation and Environmental Management ............................................ 37 B.5. Wodd Bank Involvement ............................................ 38 C. St. Lucia ............................................ 43 C.1. General Background and Geography ............................................43 C.2. Natural Hazards ............................................ 44 C.3. The Effect of Environmental Degradation on Natural Hazard Risk ............................................ 44 C.4. Disaster Mitigation and Environmental Management ............................................ 45 iv C.5. World Bank Involvement .............................................................. 47 D. Regional and International Institutions and Initiatives ............................................ 50 D.1. Overview .............................................................. 50 D.2. Regional Institutons .............................................................. 50 D.3. Regional Projects and Programs ............................................................. 51 D.4. Intemafional Organizafions and Donors ............................................................. 52 Sources i) List of contacts .............................................................. 55 ii) Printed reports, books, and articles .............................................................. 56 iii) Intemet resources .............................................................. 59 Figures 3.1. The Caribbean Region, with from left to right the Dominican Republic, Dominica, and St. Lucia ... 4 4.1. The three-way interrelationship between poverty, natural hazards, and the degradation of natural resources and the environment ............................................................. 19 A.1. Map of Dominica .............................................................. 30 B.1. Map of the Dominican Republic ............................................................. 34 C.1. Map of St. Lucia ............................................................... 42 Tables 3.1. Existing hazard maps inDominica, the Dominican Republic, and St. Lucia .. .......................................14 A.1. Major disasters inDominica ............................................................. 31 A.2. Wodd Bank projects inDominica .............................................................. 33 B.1. Major disasters inthe Dominican Republic ............................................................. 36 B.2. World Bank projects inthe Dominican Republic .............................................................. 39 C.1. Major disasters inSt. Lucia .............................................................. 44 C.2. World Bank projects in St. Lucia ............................................................. 48 Boxes 3.1. Natural hazards affectng Dominica, the Dominican Republic, and St.
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