MASARYK UNIVERSITY BRNO Diploma Thesis

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MASARYK UNIVERSITY BRNO FACULTY OF EDUCATION

Diploma thesis

Brno 2018

Supervisor: Author: doc. Mgr. Martin Adam, Ph.D. Bc. Lukáš Opavský

MASARYK UNIVERSITY BRNO

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

Presentation Sentences in Wikipedia: FSP Analysis

Diploma thesis

Brno 2018

Supervisor: Author: doc. Mgr. Martin Adam, Ph.D. Bc. Lukáš Opavský

Declaration

I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. I agree with the placing of this thesis in the library of the Faculty of Education at the Masaryk University and with the access for academic purposes.

Brno, 30th March 2018 …………………………………………. Bc. Lukáš Opavský

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my supervisor, doc. Mgr. Martin Adam, Ph.D. for his kind help and constant guidance throughout my work. Bc. Lukáš Opavský

OPAVSKÝ, Lukáš. Presentation Sentences in Wikipedia: FSP Analysis; Diploma Thesis. Brno: Masaryk University, Faculty of Education, English Language and Literature Department, 2018. XX p. Supervisor: doc. Mgr. Martin Adam, Ph.D.

Annotation

The purpose of this thesis is an analysis of a corpus comprising of opening sentences of articles collected from the online encyclopaedia Wikipedia. Four different quality categories from Wikipedia were chosen, from the total amount of eight, to ensure gathering of a representative sample, for each category there are fifty sentences, the total amount of the sentences altogether is, therefore, two hundred. The sentences will be analysed according to the Firabsian theory of functional sentence perspective in order to discriminate differences both between the quality categories and also within the categories. The aim of this thesis is to gain an insight into the structure of the sentences from the functional perspective, i.e. to discover patterns in the underlying structure of the sentences.

Keywords: functional sentence perspective, FSP, information structure, Firbas, communicative dynamism, CD, theme, transition, rheme, dynamic semantic scales, Presentation Scale, Quality Scale

OPAVSKÝ, Lukáš. Prezentační Věty ve Wikipedii: FSP Analýza; diplomová práce. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, Pedagogická fakulta, Katedra anglického jazyka a literatury, 2018. XX stran. Vedoucí diplomové práce: doc. Mgr. Martin Adam, PhD.

Anotace

Tato diplomová práce si klade za cíl uskutečnění analýzy korpusu sestávajícího se z prvních vět článků, jež byly nashromážděny z online encyklopedie Wikipedia. Byly vybrány čtyři kvalitativní kategorie z celkového počtu osmi kvalitativních kategorií, aby byla zajištěna reprezentativnost vybraného vzorku. Na každou kategorii připadá padesát vět, celkem se tedy jedná o dvě stě vět. Věty budou analyzovány dle Firbasovy teorie funkční větné perspektivy, aby bylo možno rozlišit rozdíly jak mezi jednotlivými kvalitativními kategoriemi, tak i uvnitř těchto jednotlivých kategorií. Cílem této práce je proniknutí do podstaty struktury vět z pohledu funkční perspektivy, to jest odhalit vzory v podpovrchové struktuře vět.

Klíčová slova: funkční větná perspektiva, informační struktura, Firbas, komunikační dynamismus, CD, téma, přechod, réma, dynamické sémantické škály, prezentační škála, kvalifikační škála

Table of Contents I. Introduction ...... 2 I.1 Wikipedia ...... 3 I.2 The corpus ...... 6 I.3 The topic ...... 6 II. Theoretical part ...... 9 II.1 Functional Sentence Perspective ...... 9 II.2 Communicative Dynamism ...... 9 II.3 FSP Factors ...... 10 II.3.1 Linear Modification ...... 10 II.3.2 Semantics ...... 11 II.3.3 Context ...... 11 II.4 Dynamic Semantic Scales ...... 12 II.4.1 Presentation Scale ...... 12 II.4.2 Quality Scale ...... 13 II.4.3 Combined Scale ...... 14 II.4.4 Extended Presentation Scale ...... 15 II.5 Communicative Units ...... 16 II.5.1 Theme ...... 17 II.5.2 Transition ...... 18 II.5.3 Rheme ...... 20 II.6 Research Questions ...... 20 III. Practical part ...... 22 III.1 Approach Towards the Analysis and Terminology ...... 22 III.2 The Analysis of the Corpus Sentences ...... 23 III.2.1 Featured Articles ...... 23 III.2.2 Good Articles ...... 28 III.2.3 B articles ...... 35 III.2.4 Start articles ...... 42 III.3 Findings of the Analysis ...... 49 IV. Conclusion ...... 55

List of Abbreviations and Symbols AofQ the DSF of an Ascription of Quality B the DSF of a Bearer of Quality B# B article (Wikipedia) CD communicative dynamism Com Combined Scale D contextual dependency DSF the dynamic-semantic function DTh Diatheme / diathematic Ext Extended Presentation Scale FA# Featured Article (Wikipedia) FSP functional sentence perspective FSp the DSF of a Further Specification GA# Good article (Wikipedia) Ph the DSF of a Phenomenon to Be Presented Pr- Presentation / Presentational Pr the DSF of a Presentation / the Presentation Scale Q the DSF of a Quality / the Quality Scale Rh rheme / rhematic RhPr rheme proper S# Start article (Wikipedia) Set the DSF of a Setting Sp the DSF of a Specification SVOCA sentence types / patterns (subject – verb – object – complement – adverbial) Th theme / thematic ThPr theme proper ThPro theme proper oriented TME temporal-modal exponent Tr transition / transitional TrPr transition proper */** first / second level distributional subfield

I. Introduction

This thesis will be aimed at studying language structures of presentational sentences from a corpus of collected sentences using an approach devised by Czech scholar Jan Firbas - the functional sentence perspective. The analysis of the information structure of the sentences will be based on the Firbasian approach to information structure, i.e. the framework of functional sentence perspective (FSP). The functional sentence perspective is a theory of uneven distribution of a certain amount of communicative dynamism (CD) among the sentence elements within a distributional field, i.e. a sentence or a clause. The corpus is comprised of two hundred sentences, all of them retrieved from the online encyclopaedia Wikipedia. Four different categories of articles were chosen to represent articles of various quality, while all the articles have the same topic. The aim of this thesis is to analyse whether there can be found patterns and deviations in the information structure of the sentences according to the respective quality classes and also differences both within and between quality classes. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse a set of sentences, compare and contrast them, but most importantly to gain an insight into the structure of the sentences from the functional perspective, i.e. to discover patterns in the underlying structure of the sentences. The FSP is susceptible to most of the languages, at least those of the Indo-European origin, as was proved by Firbas (120), later also mentioned in e.g. Adam’s Presentation sentences: (Syntax, semantics and FSP) (38-39), and its application has an overlap into teaching and translation.

I.1 Wikipedia

One of the phenomena of the nowadays omnipresent Internet is the largest online encyclopaedia – the Wikipedia – which is based on an open content editable by anyone who chooses to contribute. Wikipedia contributors are largely volunteers, who can contribute under their real identity, if they choose so, a pseudonym, or even anonymously, and there are no criteria for the contributors regarding their education (“Wikipedia:About”). Wikipedia’s principles are founded on the Five Pillars: “Wikipedia is an encyclopedia”, “Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view”, “Wikipedia is free content anyone can use, edit, and distribute”, “Editors should treat each other with respect and civility”, and “Wikipedia has no firm rules” (“Wikipedia:Five pillars”). Among the basic principles of this encyclopaedia are sets of rules and criteria aimed at the relevancy of its entries and also a quality scale, by which is every article assessed. For Wikipedia articles, there are eight quality categories, ranging from the best quality class called ‘Featured Article’ down to the lowest quality class called ‘Stub’ (“Template:Grading scheme”). This thesis will investigate the most typical features of the information structure of the opening sentences of the encyclopaedia entries from the chosen four different sets of four different quality classes: Featured Article, Good Article, B and Start classes. The criteria for the different quality classes vary significantly. For Featured Articles, the set of criteria mentioned requires the article to be well-written, comprehensive, well-researched, neutral, stable, to follow style guidelines, to include media and to have an appropriate length. In more detail, the well-written article of this quality should have “its prose . . . engaging and of a professional standard” (“Template:Grading scheme”). It shall be comprehensive, i.e. “neglect . . . no major facts or details and place . . . the subject in context” (“Template:Grading scheme”). The article shall be also well-researched, to be “a thorough and representative survey of the relevant literature. Claims [shall be] verifiable against high-quality reliable sources and . . . supported by inline citations where appropriate” (“Template:Grading scheme”). It shall also be neutral, i.e. to present “views fairly and without bias” (“Template:Grading scheme”). The article shall also be stable, i.e. “not subject to ongoing edit wars and its content does not change significantly from day to day, except in response to the featured article process” (“Template:Grading scheme”). The criteria also mention style guidelines, that shall include a lead, i.e. “a concise lead section that summarizes the topic and prepares the reader for the detail in the subsequent sections” (“Template:Grading scheme”). As the lead, more accurately the very first sentence from the section, is exactly what will be

3 analysed in this thesis, an eminent interest in this aspect is expressed. Other style guidelines include the need for an appropriate structure, i.e. “a substantial but not overwhelming system of hierarchical section headings” (“Template:Grading scheme”) Featured article also shall include stylistically consistent citations. Another requirement for a Featured Article is the presence of supportive media, i.e. “images and other media . . . with succinct captions and acceptable copyright status. Images follow the image use policy. Non-free images or media must satisfy the criteria for inclusion of non-free content and be labelled accordingly” (“Template:Grading scheme”). There are also requirements for the length of such article, stating that the article shall “stay . . . focused on the main topic without going into unnecessary detail and uses summary style” (“Template:Grading scheme”). The Good Article criteria state that such article shall be well-written, verifiable with no original research, broad in its coverage, neutral, stable, and illustrated, if possible, by images. The aforementioned criteria seem similar to the Featured Article set of criteria, yet the requirements are not so strict. The requirement for the article to be well-written states that “the prose is clear and concise, and the spelling and grammar are correct; and it complies with the manual of style guidelines for lead sections, layout, words to watch, fiction, and list incorporation” (“Template:Grading scheme”). Verifiable means that it contains a list of all references (sources of information), presented in accordance with the layout style guideline; all in-line citations are from reliable sources, including those for direct quotations, statistics, published opinion, counter-intuitive or controversial statements that are challenged or likely to be challenged, and contentious material relating to living persons—science-based articles should follow the scientific citation guidelines; it contains no original research; and it contains no copyright violations nor plagiarism. (“Template:Grading scheme”) The article should be broad enough to “address . . . the main aspects of the topic; and [to] stay . . . focused on the topic without going into unnecessary detail” (“Template:Grading scheme”). The article shall also be neutral, so “it represents viewpoints fairly and without editorial bias, giving due weight to each” (“Template:Grading scheme”). It shall also bear signs of stability to “not change significantly from day to day because of an ongoing edit war or content dispute” (“Template:Grading scheme”). The last requirement is for the article to be illustrated, best by images, i.e. “images are tagged with their copyright status, and valid fair use rationales are provided for non-free content; and images are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions” (“Template:Grading scheme”). Both the Featured Articles and Good Articles have to pass an official review to attain their status (“Template:Grading scheme”).

Even less strict rules are demanded for B-Class articles. Generally, the “article is mostly complete and without major problems, but requires some further work to reach good article standards.” (“Template:Grading scheme”). The criteria for B-Class article include suitable referencing, “with inline citations. It has reliable sources, and any important or controversial material which is likely to be challenged is cited. Any format of inline citation is acceptable” (“Template:Grading scheme”). The article shall also cover the topic reasonably, “and . . . not contain obvious omissions or inaccuracies. It [shall] contain . . . a large proportion of the material necessary for an A-Class article, although some sections may need expansion, and some less important topics may be missing” (“Template:Grading scheme”). The article shall also have a defined structure, i.e. the “[c]ontent should be organized into groups of related material, including a lead section and all the sections that can reasonably be included in an article of its kind” (“Template:Grading scheme”). The article shall also be “reasonably well- written [and contain] no major grammatical errors” (). It shall also contain “supporting materials where appropriate” (“Template:Grading scheme”), though this is not strictly required. The article shall also present “its content in an appropriately understandable way. It [shall be] written with as broad an audience in mind as possible” (“Template:Grading scheme”). The Start category is generally defined as an “article that is developing, but which is quite incomplete. It might or might not cite adequate reliable sources” (“Template:Grading scheme”). In more detail, the Start-quality article “has a usable amount of good content but is weak in many areas. Quality of the prose may be distinctly unencyclopedic, and [stylistic requirements] compliance non-existent” (“Template:Grading scheme”). The requirements also mention the facts that the “article should satisfy fundamental content policies [and] [f]requently, the referencing is inadequate, although enough sources are usually provided to establish verifiability” (“Template:Grading scheme”). From the aforementioned class criteria can be seen quite significant differences, with fewer requirements as the classes decline on the qualitative scale. One of the assumptions for the analytic part of this thesis is that the differences between articles of respective quality classes will be reflected also in the differences in the quality and structure of the sentences of respective articles in various classes. It is assumed that the higher the class, the more will the distribution of CD follow the unmarked pattern and bear more relevant information, while the information in the lower classes will gradually show a less relevant and more incomplete information, due to the incompleteness and conciseness of the encyclopaedic entry altogether.

The study of the aforementioned phenomenon of the encyclopaedic entries in the Internet-based encyclopaedia may offer a valuable insight on how the information structure works in presenting information in encyclopaedic entries between different quality classes.

I.2 The corpus

The corpus will comprise of a total of two hundred opening sentences from Wikipedia articles grouped into four sets – each set comprising fifty sentences and thus representing articles from one quality class, randomly selected from the articles that have the same quality class attributed by Wikipedia, while all of the sentences will be simultaneously sharing the same topic. It will always be the very first sentence of an encyclopaedic entry from the Wikipedia. Four categories were selected, from the total sum of eight, representing every other category, i.e. the first, the third, the fifth and the seventh, that is, the Featured Article category, the Good Article category, the B category and the Start category respectively. For each category, there are fifty samples, i.e. fifty sentences. For the sake of clarity, the references throughout this thesis and also in the Corpus Samples section at the end of the thesis will bear the same indicia, e.g. the first sentence from the Featured Article category will be indicated as FA1, the thirty-eighth sentence from B category will be indicated B38 etc. The information presented in the sentences in the corpus, due to the nature of the topic, contain information that needs at least a fundamental explanation, for which the next paragraph is devoted to.

I.3 The topic

Despite the vastness of the encyclopaedic entries in Wikipedia there are not many topics that can be selected for such a study due to the unevenness of the distribution of the articles throughout the quality categories, considering the amount needed for this study, and therefore there was a joint topic chosen for all the sentences in the corpus, such one to be able to cover all the four chosen quality classes with at least fifty representative articles in each of the quality classes and from each class precisely fifty samples will be randomly chosen. The topic chosen is ‘Tropical cyclones’, a category, therefore, comprising of hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones, all three the same phenomenon, differentiated by their names only on the grounds of a geographical location where the cyclones appear. The aforementioned topic was chosen for its satisfactory broadness, allowing the possibility of comparison of the sentences both between the four chosen quality classes and also 6 within the classes itself. It is deemed necessary to provide a brief insight into the problematic and most notably the nomenclature encompassing this topic. According to the website governed by the NOAA, i.e. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which is a bureau operating under the supervision of the U.S. Department of Commerce, there is a simple explanation regarding the nomenclature of hurricanes, typhoons and tropical cyclones. The three aforementioned descriptive names encompass, according to the NOAA, “the same weather phenomenon: tropical cyclones. A tropical cyclone is a generic term used by meteorologists to describe a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or subtropical waters and has closed, low-level circulation” (“What Is the Difference”). Furthermore, the nomenclatural difference is only in “the location where the storm occurs” (“What Is the Difference”). According to NOAA, In the North Atlantic, central North Pacific, and eastern North Pacific, the term hurricane is used. The same type of disturbance in the Northwest Pacific is called a typhoon. Meanwhile, in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, the generic term tropical cyclone is used, regardless of the strength of the wind associated with the weather system. (“What Is the Difference”) Another important information, according to NOAA, is the distinction between the strength of the aforementioned weather phenomenon, measured on a scale from one to five on the “Saffir- Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale” (“Tropical Cyclone Climatology”). The major catastrophic cyclones have the category three and upwards, while the category five is the most devastating, with an enormous impact on the affected area (“Saffir-Simpson”). An attention should be paid also to the phenomenon of the tropical storms’ naming convention. According to the article on tropical cyclones naming, The practice of naming storms (tropical cyclones) began years ago in order to help in the quick identification of storms in warning messages because names are presumed to be far easier to remember than numbers and technical terms. Many agree that appending names to storms makes it easier for the media to report on tropical cyclones, heightens interest in warnings and increases community preparedness. (“Tropical Cyclone Naming”) There were several approaches to distinguish tropical storms in history. It started with arbitrary names, e.g. an “Atlantic storm that ripped off the mast of a boat named Antje became known as Antje's hurricane” (“Tropical Cyclone Naming”). Currently maintained by the World Meteorological Organization, the practice of rotating lists of alphabetically arranged names started in 1953, at the times managed by the U.S. National Hurricane Center. Until 1979 the lists were populated by women’s names only, since 1979 onwards there were men’s names introduced and they alternate with the first storm of a year starting with A, the second with B

7 et cetera, i.e. the 2018 list for Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the North Atlantic starts with Alberto, followed by Beryl, Chris, Debby et cetera. There are six lists in use and they rotate, that is, after the sixth list the first will be used again. Another rule adopted is that if a tropical storm causes an exceptional damage and/or loss of lives, the name of such storm will be permanently removed from the list, as were, e.g., “storm names such as Haiyan (Philippines, 2013), Sandy (USA, 2012), Katrina (USA, 2005), Mitch (Honduras, 1998) and Tracy (Darwin, 1974)” (“Tropical Cyclone Naming”). There are seven different lists worldwide for different parts of the world and the naming conventions differ between them, a fact that is mentioned here and for the sake of brevity will not be explained exhaustively (“Tropical Cyclone Naming”). The information presented above shall be sufficient for a basic orientation within the corpus’ sentences, for the aforementioned terms and names occur commonly there.

II. Theoretical part

II.1 Functional Sentence Perspective

The theory of functional sentence perspective (FSP) is an information processing theory that sees the acts of communication as an interplay of elements within a distributional field heading towards a goal of the communication, which is the act of conveying a message (Adam, Presentation sentences 37). The distributional field is in the theory of FSP a sentence, which, according to Firbas, “serves as a distributional field of prosodic prominence” (15), with its subfields represented by subclauses, semiclauses - understood by Firbas as “a non-finite verb form[s] together with the elements expanding it” (16), and also nominal phrases (15) The FSP theory has itself a number of partial elements that, when joined together in an interplay among them, create an integrated image of the communication flow scalable from the least contributing element towards the most prominent element. The relations between the elements and their communicative value within a distributional field are articulated in the communicative dynamism (CD).

II.2 Communicative Dynamism

Communicative dynamism is a core element of the FSP theory. Every sentence element bears a certain degree of CD and the more CD is present in such an element, the more the element contributes towards the development of the message delivered by means of a distributional field. The most prominent is the element towards which the communication is developed and which therefore carries the most CD of all elements in a distributional field. As Firbas defines it: The element towards which a sentence or subclause is oriented conveys the information that completes the development of the communication taking place within the sentence or subclause. It contributes most to this development and is therefore the most dynamic element within the sentence or the subclause. (6) The various degrees of CD among the elements constituting a distributional field relate directly with a division of said elements across the dynamic semantic scale of theme - transition - rheme, which will be discussed later in the theoretic part of this thesis.

II.3 FSP Factors

In a written text, there are certain factors delimiting the degree of CD of distributional field elements. As Adam comprehensibly explains, there are three non-prosodic factors and they are hierarchically ordered. The least of the three in this hierarchy is the linear modification factor, followed by the semantic factor, while the most important in delimiting the degree of CD is the contextual factor. These three factors in their interplay determine the amount of CD of the elements within a distributional field. The fourth factor, the intonation, is a prosodic factor applicable for the study of spoken communication, and thus not applicable for the purpose of this thesis, and will be therefore not dealt within the confines of this thesis. The three FSP factors will be explained in greater detail in the following subchapters, ordered hierarchically from the lowest to the highest (47-54).

II.3.1 Linear Modification

The lowest position in the hierarchy of the three non-prosodic FSP factors occupies linear modification. According to Adam, it “operates on the basis of word order and, at the same time, along with context and semantics, within the framework of FSP” (Adam, Presentation sentences 40-41). When the distributional field gradually rises from the beginning, i.e. from the lowest point in CD up to the highest point at the end, this development is described as the linear rise in CD and thus following the principle of linear modification and following the pattern of theme - transition - rheme, which will be explained in further detail later in the chapter devoted to these terms. The basic, unmarked distribution of CD follows the linearity principle, i.e. the tendency to put the most dynamic element, i.e. the element carrying the highest amount of CD at the end of a distributional field. Such a principle is called an end-weight principle. In English, though, the linearity principle is not the leading rule influencing the pattern of a distributional field, as the principle standing above said linearity principle is the grammatical principle (SVOCA, or, the Subject - Verb - Object / Complement / Adverbial clause elements), governing the rules of ordering of the sentential element according to their syntactic functions (Chamonikolasová 87). Therefore, in English even a sentence starting with a rhematic subject in the initial position in a distributional field is considered unmarked, i.e. without signs of deviation from the rules of English word order principles as set by the grammatical principle (Adam, Presentation sentences 40-41).

II.3.2 Semantics

Semantic factor occupies the medial position within the hierarchy of the three non- prosodic FSP factors. Firbas describes it as a factor “capable of operating counter to linear modification” (Firbas 41) that delimits an “impact that the semantic character of a linguistic element, as well as the character of its semantic relation, has on the distribution of degrees of CD” (Firbas 41). Firbas underwent an extensive study of the English verb in order to explore its role in competing with other elements within a distributional field. He states, that only in the absence of successful competitors the verb is capable of completing the development of the communication in a distributional field and in other cases, when there is a successful competitor, the verb is surpassed by the competitor, that is carrying a higher degree of CD (Firbas 41). Yet, as Firbas explains, there are certain conditions to be met for the element competing with a verb to be able to surpass the verb. Such an element must be context- independent (this phenomenon will be explained in the following chapter) (41). Another crucial condition to be met is, according to Firbas: the way its semantic character, together with the character of its semantic relations, reacts to linear modification. On the one hand, these semantic characteristics can be such as to induce the context-independent element to exceed the verb in CD irrespective of linear modification; on the other hand, they can be such as to make successful competitorship dependent on linear modification. Occasionally, a significative co- determinative role is played by what will be termed a suggestive clue, a semantic feature offered by the immediately relevant - preceding or following - context. (41-42) The contextual dependency and independency is a key feature associated with the hierarchically highest of the non-prosodic factors, the contextual factor.

II.3.3 Context

Contextual factor soars on top of the hierarchy of the three FSP factors and its influence can revert the influence of both aforementioned FSP factors. Contextuality, in general, is a difference between a known information (contextually dependent), thus retrievable from the preceding context, and a new (irretrievable, therefore contextually independent) information, introduced for the first time in a communication. As Firbas himself mentions, context is a complex phenomenon and as such there are many views on what it comprises of and many approaches to grasp such phenomenon (21-23). Svoboda mentions three types of context: “verbal, situational, and experiential” (Svoboda, “Firbasian Semantic Scales” 219). Verbal context is seen by Svoboda as “the ad-hoc verbal context preceding the sentence” (Diatheme 3), situational as “the ad-hoc context of immediate experience” (Diatheme 3), and experiential 11 as “the context of general experience” (Diatheme 3). All three types of context are furthermore hierarchically distinguishable, with the verbal context superior to the situational and experiential context and the situational superior to the experiential (Svoboda, Diatheme 3). Firbas in the theory of FSP sees the context in means of its immediate relevance, i.e. the information is contextually dependent only if it is retrievable from the immediately relevant context, which he describes as “very short stretches of [preceding] text” (23).

II.4 Dynamic Semantic Scales

The theory of FSP operates on the basis of two basic dynamic semantic scales. They reflect the distribution of communicative dynamism within a distributional field, though such distribution does not necessarily follow a word order of a sentence, hence it has to be distinguished from an interplay of FSP factors. (Adam, “Some Notes” 10-11) The first one operates, according to Firbas, “towards the phenomenon presented by the subject” (66) and in the nomenclature proposed by him is called the Presentation Scale. The second one operates “towards the quality ascribed to the phenomenon expressed by the subject or beyond this quality towards its specification” (Firbas 66) and is called the Quality Scale. In addition to the aforementioned two basic scales, Firbas introduces a Combined Scale, which combines both the presentation and qualitative elements of the two basic scales (67). Moreover, additional research in this field contributed to a more detailed distinction of the dynamic semantic scales, as will be dealt with in the following subchapters where the respective dynamic semantic scales will be discussed in a greater detail.

II.4.1 Presentation Scale

The Presentation Scale performs, in Firbas’ words, “the dynamic semantic function of presentation [where] the subject performs the dynamic semantic function of expressing the phenomenon to be presented” (66). While all the elements are context-independent and arranged from the lowest amount to the highest in respect to the distribution of the CD between the elements, reflecting the interpretative and not any actual linear arrangement of any distributional field, the full sequence is as follows: Setting Presentation of the Phenomenon Phenomenon presented (Set) (Pr) (Ph) Table 1. Adapted from: Chamonikolasová, “Communicative Perspectives”, p. 87

Examples of the implementation of the Presentation Scale are below: A cloud appeared on the horizon Ph Pr Set Table 2.

Beside him stood a tall middle-aged man Set Pr Ph Table 3. Adapted from: Chamonikolasová, “Communicative Perspectives”, p. 88

In addition, the Presentation Scale, according to Chamonikolasová, need not consist of all three aforementioned elements, as only two of them are obligatory - “the Presentation and the Phenomenon presented” (88). The example below illustrates this situation: Father has arrived Ph Pr Table 4. Adapted from: Chamonikolasová, “Communicative Perspectives”, p. 88

II.4.2 Quality Scale

The Quality Scale differs from the Presentation Scale, as Firbas explains, as it performs “the dynamic semantic function of expressing a quality [while] the subject performs the dynamic semantic function of expressing the quality bearer” (66). With the same preconditions as were mentioned with the Presentation Scale, i.e. with all the elements are context-independent and arranged from the lowest amount to the highest in respect to the distribution of the CD between the elements, reflecting the interpretative and not any actual linear arrangement of any distributional field, the full sequence is as follows: Setting Bearer of Quality [Ascription Quality Specification Further Specification of Quality] (Set) (B) ([AofQ]) (Q) (Sp) (FSp) Table 5. Adapted from: Chamonikolasová, “Communicative Perspectives”, p. 87

The Ascription of Quality element is reserved solely for situations where a verb serves as a copula, according to Firbas, where the Quality element itself is expressed “by a non-verbal element” (68). As previously mentioned in the chapter regarding the Presentation Scale, The Quality Scale also does not have to consist of all the elements shown in the table above.

According to Chamonikolasová, “the minimal realization of the Quality Scale is a pair of obligatory units performing the functions of the Quality Bearer (at least an implicit one) and the Quality” (88). The example below illustrates this situation: Your garden is beautiful B AofQ Q Table 6.

Other examples of the implementation of the Presentation Scale are below: Last year our neighbours spent two months in Spain Set B Q Sp FSp Table 7.

My parents bought a new car last week B Q Sp Set Table 8. Adapted from: Chamonikolasová, “Communicative Perspectives”, p. 88

II.4.3 Combined Scale

The Combined Scale represents the conjunction of both scales where the subject embodies both the Ph. and B. functions, thus combining both the Presentation and Quality Scale and forming the Combined Scale. With the same preconditions valid as were mentioned for the Presentation and the Quality Scales, i.e., in short, context-independency and interpretative arrangement of elements and the lowest-to-highest distribution of CD, the combined sequence consisting of all the elements is as follows: Setting Presen- Phenom- Bearer of [Ascription Quality Specifi- Further tation enon Quality of Quality] cation Specification (Set) (Pr) (Ph) (B) ([AofQ]) (Q) (Sp) (FSp) Table 9. Adapted from: Chamonikolasová, “Communicative Perspectives”, p. 88

Firbas gives an example of a sentence adopting the Combined Scale: Ages ago a young king ruled his country capriciously and despotically Set (Ph)B Q Sp FSp Table 10. Adapted from: Firbas, p. 67

The Bearer of Quality, i.e. ‘a young king’, according to Firbas ‘telescopes’ both functions of the Bearer of Quality from the Quality Scale and the Phenomenon from the Presentation Scale, thereby forming the Combined Scale (67). However, as Adam mentions, this Combined Scale may be perceived as purely Quality Scale with the exception of “the absence of a previous introduction of the subject (Pr) into the context of communication” (Adam, Presentation sentences 47) calling for the re-evaluation of this scale as a mere variant of the Quality Scale. Chamonikolasová suggests that between sentences that are perceived as falling into the category of the Combined Scale are differences in whether the dominant dynamic semantic function inclines toward the B-function or the Ph-function. She proposes the division of the Combined Scale into two subtypes - The Combined Presentation Scale and the Combined Quality Scale. In her research, described in the next chapter, the final proposition of alteration of the original DSS concept is described in more detail.

II.4.4 Extended Presentation Scale

Additional research led to a re-evaluation of the division of the three aforementioned dynamic semantic scales. Chamonikolasová and Adam pointed out that the Combined Scale can be divided into two subtypes, the Combined Presentation Scale and the Combined Quality Scale, with the differences between the original Quality Scale and the Combined Quality Scale expressed merely by “the absence of a previous introduction of the subject into the context of communication” (61). Despite the fact of the non-existence of the aforementioned introduction, the proposal is to regard the Combined Quality Scale as the ordinary Quality scale. Chamonikolasová gives an example of a Combined Quality Scale below: Set (Pr) (Ph)B Q Sp Table 11. Adapted from: Chamonikolasová, “Communicative Perspectives”, p. 90

On the contrary, the Combined Presentation Scale, which differs from the original Presentation Scale by an additional Specification, is regarded as a subtype of the original Presentation Scale and henceforth called the Extended Presentation Scale. With its context-independent interpretative arrangement of elements starting from the lowest-to-highest distribution of CD, the sequence is, according to Chamonikolasová, as follows: Set Pr Ph(B) (Q) Sp Table 12. Adapted from: Chamonikolasová, “Communicative Perspectives”, p. 90

Also stresses out that “in both subtypes of the Combined Scale, the non-dominant function of the subject, together with either the Pr-function (in the Combined Quality Scale), or the Q-function (in the Combined Presentation Scale), are only hypothetical” (90). The division of the original scales up to the point of the aforementioned proposed modification is shown below: Presentation Scale → Presentation Scale → Presentation Scale &

→ Combined Presentation Scale → Extended Presentation Scale Combined Scale → Combined Quality Scale → Quality Scale → Quality Scale → Quality Scale

Table 13. Adapted from: “The Presentation Scale in the Theory of Functional Sentence Perspective” p. 62

The Extended Presentation Scale, with its extra Specification in addition to the original Presentation Scale, operates with a newly introduced phenomenon presented: the ‘double rheme’, as introduced by Adam (Presentation Sentences 47). The Extended Presentation Scale in its latest representation, according to Adam, is shown below: Setting Presentation of Phenomenon Specification Phenomenon Presented (Set) (Pr) (Ph) (Sp) Table 14. Adapted from: Adam, Presentation sentences 49

In accordance with the findings this thesis will follow the proposition of the two aforementioned scholars and will operate with the division of the dynamic semantic scales as they are presented in the article The Presentation Scale in the Theory of Functional Sentence Perspective, i.e. the Quality Scale, the Presentation Scale and the Extended Presentation Scale, with the Combined Scale regarded as obsolete.

II.5 Communicative Units

In a communicative unit, each element bears a degree of CD. As Adam postulates, Firbas initially classified communicative units as either thematic, or non-thematic, within the non- thematic units further divided between transitional and rhematic (Presentation sentences 49). Such division is made according to the degree of CD of the respective elements. Svoboda provides a clear description of the main principles of the function of the communicative units: 16

At the level of the clause, the communicative units mostly coincide with the syntactic units (subject, object, adverbial, complement (no matter whether expressed by one morpheme or the whole subordinate clause)) except for the predicative verb, which splits into two communicative units: one is expressed by the notional content of the finite verb and the other by its temporal and modal exponent(s) . . . Statistically, the communicative unit expressed by the temporal and modal exponent(s) of the finite verb is the most stable of all the units, as it conveys the medial degree of CD in relation to the other units of the same clause. (Diatheme 4) The basic division into the theme - transition - rheme structure, i.e. its full interpretative arrangement from the lowest degree of CD to the highest can be further detailed, as is indicated in the table below: Theme Transition Rheme theme proper diatheme transition transition rheme rheme proper proper ThPr DTh TrPr Tr Rh RhPr Table 15. Adapted from: Adam, Presentation sentences 49

According to Adam, the “thematic, the transitional and the rhematic units are not necessarily present in one sentence; two of them, nevertheless, must always be implemented: RhPr and TrPr” (Presentation sentences 51). The following sections will deal with the types of the respective communicative units in a greater detail.

II.5.1 Theme

The least dynamic elements of communicative units in respect of the degree of CD are thematic units. According to Adam, “the thematic units provide a foundation for the message to be conveyed” (Presentation sentences 49). The elements expressing the thematicity are Setting, Bearer of Quality, or context-dependent elements (Adam, Presentation sentences 49). On the scale of CD within the thematic layer, the least dynamic element is the Theme Proper, while the most dynamic element is the Diatheme. Firbas provides a list of thematic functions, hierarchically ordered as follows: (i) Some thematic elements convey information that is non-existent within, i.e. irretrievable from, the immediately relevant preceding context and hence context- independent. (ii) Other thematic elements convey information that has already appeared within this sphere of context, having occurred in the immediately relevant section of the non- thematic layer; for instance, in the non-theme of the immediately preceding

distributional field. Such thematic elements convey retrievable and hence context- dependent information that has been transferred from the non- thematic to the thematic layer. (iii) Other thematic elements repeat information that has occurred in the immediately relevant section of the thematic layer and that now becomes more firmly established in this layer. (80) Subtypes (i) and (ii) function as Diathemes, subtype (iii) as a Theme Proper (Firbas 81), hence forming the two extremes on the thematic scale. Firbas, furthermore, mentions two other types of thematic elements - Theme Proper Oriented elements and also Diatheme Oriented elements, occupying the medial position between the two aforementioned extremes. According to Firbas, a “thematic element - if present - will constitute the starting point of this arrangement” (73). This implies that the thematic element may not always be present and in such situation, the transitional element will be the one with the least CD in a communicative unit. If a theme is present, it “always supplies the starting point of the interpretative arrangement. The opposite, however, does not apply. The starting point of the interpretative arrangement need not be invariably thematic.” (Firbas 73) The thematic layer, the starting point of the communication within a distributional field, is followed and superseded in the degree of CD by the Transitional layer, which conjoins the theme with the non-thematic part of the distributional field.

II.5.2 Transition

In the midst of the dynamic scale, there are transitional units. Falling within the less dynamic elements of the non-thematic group of communicative units, they may be perceived as the bridge between the theme and non-theme of a communicative unit. Into this category belong the Transition Proper, the least dynamic element within this category, and Transition. Transition Proper, as Svoboda postulates, “represents a dividing line between units with a lower degree of CD (thematic units) and units with the same or a higher degree of CD (non-thematic units)” (Diatheme 4). Transition, on the other hand, is, according to Adam, “the most dynamic transitional element” (Presentation sentences 50). The transitional layer is most commonly constituted of a predicative verb that contains notional components and also categorical exponents. According to Firbas, the transition is provided by the following: 1 the TMEs, which act as transition proper; 2 elements that are regarded as transition proper oriented 3 elements performing the AofQ-function or Pr-function; 4 a Q-element operating in the presence of successful competitors. (72)

The notional component of the verb, i.e. its lexical meaning is made up of, according to Adam, “the semantic content or, rarely, by the nominal part of the predicate. It performs the dynamic semantic function of Quality or Presentation” (Presentation sentences 50). If the notional component is context independent and therefore irretrievable from the immediately relevant context, its level of CD is higher and in case there is no successful competitor to the verb, it can effectively become rhematic, i.e. the most dynamic element of the distributional field, thus completing the message (Adam, Presentation sentences 50). In distributional fields, Adam claims, it is usually the verb, i.e. the transition, that distinguishes towards which direction will be the message perspectived, a phenomenon explained earlier in the section devoted to the dynamic semantic scales (Adam, “Prezentační versus kvalifikační škála” 184). The categorical exponents form the Transition Proper. The categorical exponents, according to Firbas, provide a link between the theme and non-theme by Temporal and Modal Exponents (TMEs) (88-9). According to Adam, the categorical exponents are “tense, mood, aspect, person, number and polarity [of the verb and] are signalled, for example, by auxiliaries, endings or suffixes” (Presentation sentences 50), hereby providing a more exhaustive list. Firbas further claims: Performing the transitional role in the development of the communication, the TMEs invariably, and the notional component of the verb more often than not, start building up the core of the message on a foundation provided by one or more elements of the following types: 1 context-dependent elements (including context-dependent B~ elements and Set- elements and context-dependent elements that have acquired the Set-status through context dependence); 2 context-independent Set-elements; 3 context-independent B-elements. (71) The three types mentioned above are the types constituting the thematic layer, which the Transition Proper layer directly follows. Firbas also mentions several special remarks concerning the transitional layer. Conjunctions, for example, according to Firbas: in their ordinary use . . . perform the TrPro-function. In regard to the information conveyed, a conjunction indeed comes close to the TMEs . . . [and i]t lies in the nature of the conjunction that it stands in relation not only to the TMEs of the field it introduces, but also to the TMEs of the field with which it establishes contact. In the latter case it performs a function that . . . can be described as superclausal transition. (79) The transitional layer is superseded in the degrees of CD by the third layer, called the rhematic layer.

II.5.3 Rheme

The elements embodying the most dynamic elements within a communicative unit are Rheme and Rheme Proper. As Adam explains, “the rhematic elements exceed the Tr[ansition] and Th[ematic] units in their degrees of CD” (Presentation sentences 50). According to Adam, the Rheme Proper is the most dynamic element of the whole distributional field, followed by Rheme, the less dynamic, though exceeding in CD all Thematic and Transition units (Presentation sentences 50). In other words, according to Adam, “The Rh[ematic] layer is usually constituted by those rhematic elements that are less dynamic than rheme proper” (Presentation sentences 50). Adam also claims that through “the interplay of FSP factors, an element can become rhematic if it conveys entirely irretrievable information [and] the RhPr layer may be occupied by any element” (Presentation sentences 50). The Rheme Proper element is an information within the distributional field that is introduced in the communication for the very first time, performing the DSF of Phenomenon presented in case of the Presentation Scale implementation, or, performing the DSF of Specification in case the Quality Scale is implemented. If the element of Specification is not present in the distributional field performing the Quality Scale, the Quality is then assigned the role of the Rheme Proper (Adam, Presentation sentences 50). If the Quality element performs the role of Rheme Proper, then the verbal element, according to Adam, performs the DSF of Ascription of Quality, which is usually tied with copular structures within the distributional field (Presentation sentences 50). In case there is more than one occurrence of Specification in a distributional field, the Specification that carries more CD is then referred to as the Further Specification. (Firbas 69)

II.6 Research Questions

The theory of functional sentence perspective is an information processing theory working on a basis of an interplay of all the segments mentioned in the theoretical part of this thesis. By evaluating all the aspects together, the complete and accurate picture of the message analysed comes into the forefront. The differences between the information present in the corpus may give an insight into how an information is presented in the selected discourse topic, as the aim of the thesis is to distinct the patterns beyond the structure of the information presented in the sentences from the corpus. There are several questions stemming out of the thesis elaboration. Based on the fact that the subject analysed are the very first sentences of Wikipedia articles, an assumption could be made that the sentences will adopt the Presentation Scale, for the aim of the lead of the article

20 shall undoubtedly be the presentation of the phenomenon presented there. While there are different quality categories compared, will it be manifested in the different sentence structure and subsequently in a different manner of the information presented? Will there be any similarities present irrespective of the quality categories? The following, practical part, may have answers to the questions raised.

III. Practical part

III.1 Approach Towards the Analysis and Terminology The corpus and its formation are described in one of the initial section of this thesis. What should be explained in much greater detail in this section is the analysis and approaches used in the analysis of the texts (sentences) present in the corpus. As was mentioned before, the corpus assembles from four distinct parts, four categories discriminated by their level of quality according to Wikipedia’s quality categories. The abbreviations used in the corpus follow the ones mentioned in the list of abbreviations, yet the four categories will be for the sake of clarity mentioned explicitly once again. The four categories and their respective abbreviations are: for the Featured Article category, the abbreviation is ‘FA’, followed by the distinct number of the sample. Nota bene, there are fifty samples for each of the four categories, therefore the first sample from the Featured Article will be indicated as FA1, the second as FA2 up to the last indicated as FA50. The other three categories, the Good Article category, the B category and the Start category, the nomenclature will be as follows: for the Good Articles, GA1 to GA50 will be used, for the B category, B1 to B50, and for the Start category, S1 to S50. Other Symbols and abbreviations will be also to be observed in this section, all summed up and mentioned in the abbreviations and symbols section in the initial part of this thesis. To name the most frequent, the majority of the symbols will be stemming from the nomenclature of various elements used in the FSP theory, namely the indications of various DSF functions of the distributional field, i.e. Set, Pr, Ph, B, AofQ, Q, Sp, FSp, and also the nomenclature of the layers, i.e. Th, Tr, and Rh, alongside with the description of the various DSS the distributional fields are expressing, i.e. Pr, Q, Com, and Ext. An asterisk (*) shall be also mentioned here, as it represents a subfield in an analysed sentence that has to be analysed separately into further details; if this subfield is even further divided, it will be indicated by another, doubled asterisk (**), and so forth.

III.2 The Analysis of the Corpus Sentences

III.2.1 Featured Articles

FA1 The 1941 Florida hurricane (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a compact but strong tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected the Bahamas, Florida, and the southeastern United States in October 1941 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the Bahamas, Florida, and the southeastern United States (O,Sp,RhPr) in October 1941 (A,Set,Th).

FA2 In May 2003 (A,Set,Th), a tropical cyclone officially called Very Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 01 (S,B,Th) produced (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the worst flooding (O,Sp,RhPr) in Sri Lanka (A,Set,Th) in 56 years (A,Set,Th).

FA3 Cyclone Elita (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an unusual tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that made landfall on Madagascar three times (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) made (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,RhPr) on Madagascar (A,Set,Th) three times (A,Set,Th).

FA4 Severe Tropical Cyclone Joy (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Australia (O,Sp,Rh) in late 1990 (A,Set,Th), causing the third highest floods on record in Rockhampton, Queensland (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * causing (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the third highest floods on record (O,Sp,RhPr) in Rockhampton, Queensland (A,Set,Th).

FA5 Severe Tropical Cyclone Orson (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the fourth most intense cyclone ever recorded (C,Q,RhPr) in the Australian region (A,Set,Th).

FA6 Hurricane Bob (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that affected the southeast United States in July 1985 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the southeast United States (O,Sp,RhPr) in July 1985 (A,Set,Th).

FA7 Hurricane Carmen (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most intense tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) of the 1974 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA8 Hurricane Carol (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) among the worst tropical cyclones on record (C,Q,Rh) to affect the New England region of the United States (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to affect (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the New England region of the United States (O,Sp,RhPr).

FA9 Hurricane Charley (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the costliest tropical cyclone (C,Q,RhPr) of the 1986 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA10 Hurricane Claudette (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the third tropical storm and first hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA11 Hurricane Daniel (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second strongest hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA12 Hurricane Dean (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the strongest tropical cyclone (C,Q,RhPr) of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA13 Hurricane Diane (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the costliest Atlantic hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) of its time (A,Set,Th).

FA14 Hurricane Dog (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most intense hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) in the 1950 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA15 Hurricane Edith (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the strongest hurricane (C,Q,Rh) to form during the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to form (V,Q,RhPr) during the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA16 Hurricane Eloise (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most destructive tropical cyclone (C,Q,RhPr) of the 1975 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA17 Hurricane Emily (S,B,Th) in 1993 (A,Set,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) record flooding (O,Sp,Rh) in the Outer Banks of North Carolina (A,Set,Th) while remaining just offshore (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * while (TrPro) remaining (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) just offshore (A,Sp,RhPr).

FA18

Hurricane Erika (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the strongest and longest-lasting tropical cyclone (C,Q,RhPr) in the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA19 Hurricane Esther (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the first large tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) to be discovered by satellite imagery (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to be discovered (V,Q,RhPr) by satellite imagery (A,Set,Th).

FA20 Hurricane Fabian (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that hit Bermuda in early September during the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) hit (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Bermuda (O,Sp,RhPr) in early September (A,Set,Th) during the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA21 Hurricane Fay (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the first hurricane (C,Q,Rh) to make landfall on Bermuda since Emily in 1987 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to make (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,RhPr) on Bermuda (A,Set,Th) since Emily in 1987 (A,Set,Th).

FA22 Hurricane Gert (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a large tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that caused extensive flood damage throughout Central America and Mexico in September 1993 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) extensive flood damage (O,Sp,RhPr) throughout Central America and Mexico (A,Set,Th) in September 1993 (A,Set,Th).

FA23 Hurricane Ginger (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second longest-lasting Atlantic hurricane on record (C,Q,RhPr).

FA24 Hurricane Gonzalo (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful Atlantic tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that wrought destruction in the Leeward Islands and Bermuda in October 2014 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) wrought (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) destruction (O,Sp,RhPr) in the Leeward Islands and Bermuda (A,Set,Th) in October 2014 (A,Set,Th).

FA25 Hurricane Gordon (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the first tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) since 1992 (A,Set,Th) to affect the Azores while retaining tropical characteristics (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to affect (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the Azores (O,Sp,Rh) while retaining tropical characteristics (A,FSp,RhPr)**.

** while (TrPro) retaining (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) tropical characteristics (A,Sp,RhPr).

FA26 Hurricane Grace (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a short-lived Category 2 hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that contributed to the formation of the powerful 1991 Perfect Storm (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) contributed (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) to the formation of the powerful 1991 Perfect Storm (O,Sp,Rh).

FA27 Hurricane Gustav (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a Category 2 hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that paralleled the East Coast of the United States in September 2002 during the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) paralleled (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the East Coast of the United States (O,Sp,RhPr) in September 2002 (A,Set,Th) during the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA28 Hurricane Hazel (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the deadliest and costliest hurricane (C,Q,Rh) of the 1954 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA29 Hurricane Ioke, also referred to as Typhoon Ioke (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most intense hurricane ever recorded (C,Q,RhPr) in the Central Pacific (A,Set,Th).

FA30 Hurricane Irene (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that produced somewhat heavy damage across southern Florida during the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) produced (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) somewhat heavy damage (O,Sp,RhPr) across southern Florida (A,Set,Th) during the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA31 Hurricane Irene (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a long-lived Cape Verde-type Atlantic hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA32 Hurricane Iris (S,B,Th) of 2001 (A,Set,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most destructive hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) in Belize (A,Set,Th) since Hurricane Hattie in 1961 (A,Set,Th).

FA33 Hurricane Isabel (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the costliest, deadliest, and strongest hurricane (C,Q,Rh) in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA34

Hurricane Isis (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the deadliest tropical cyclone and only hurricane (C,Q,Rh) to make landfall during the 1998 Pacific hurricane season (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to make (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,RhPr) during the 1998 Pacific hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA35 Hurricane John (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the eleventh named storm, seventh hurricane, and fifth major hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season(A,Set,Th).

FA36 Hurricane Juan (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a significant tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that heavily damaged Canada in late September 2003 (A, Sp,RhPr). * that (S,B,Th) heavily damaged (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Canada (O,Sp,Rh) in late September 2003 (A,Set,Th).

FA37 Hurricane Kenna (S,B,Th) is tied (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) as the fourth-most intense Pacific hurricane (C,Q,Rh) to strike the west coast of Mexico in recorded history (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the west coast of Mexico (O,Sp,RhPr) in recorded history (A,Set,Th).

FA38 Hurricane Kiko (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) one of the strongest tropical cyclones (C,Q,Rh) to have hit the eastern coast of Mexico's Baja California peninsula during recorded history (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to have hit (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the eastern coast of Mexico's Baja California peninsula (O,Sp,RhPr) during recorded history (A,Set,Th).

FA39 Hurricane Kyle (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the fifth longest-lived Atlantic tropical or subtropical cyclone on record (C,Q,RhPr).

FA40 Hurricane Lane (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the thirteenth named storm, ninth hurricane, and sixth major hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

FA41 Hurricane Lenny (S,B,Th) is (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second-strongest November Atlantic hurricane on record (C,Q,RhPr).

FA42 Hurricane Linda (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second-strongest eastern Pacific hurricane on record (C,Q,RhPr).

FA43

Hurricane Nadine (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the fourth longest-lived Atlantic hurricane on record (C,Q,RhPr).

FA44 Hurricane Nate (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an Atlantic hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that threatened Bermuda but remained at sea during early September 2005 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) threatened (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Bermuda (O,Sp,Rh) but remained at sea during early September 2005 (A,FSp,RhPr)** ** but (TrPro) remained (V,Q,RhPr) at sea (A,Set,Th) during early September 2005 (A,Set,Th).

FA45 Hurricane Nora (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) only the third tropical cyclone on record (C,Q,Rh) to reach Arizona as a tropical storm (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to reach (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Arizona (O,Sp,RhPr) as a tropical storm (A,Set,Th).

FA46 Hurricane Rick (S,B,Th) is (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the third-most intense Pacific hurricane on record (C,Q,RhPr).

FA47 Hurricane Vince (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an unusual hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that developed in the northeastern Atlantic basin (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) developed (V,Q,RhPr) in the northeastern Atlantic basin (A,Set,Th).

FA48 Typhoon Gay, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Seniang (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the strongest and longest-lasting storm (C,Q,RhPr) of the 1992 Pacific typhoon season (A,Set,Th).

FA49 Typhoon Rusa (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most powerful typhoon (C,Q,Rh) to strike South Korea in 43 years (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) South Korea (O,Sp,RhPr) in 43 years (A,Set,Th).

FA50 Typhoon Tip, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Warling (S,B,Th), is (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the largest and most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded (C,Q,RhPr).

III.2.2 Good Articles

GA1 Typhoon Zeb, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Iliang (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful typhoon (C,Q,Rh) that struck the island of Luzon in October 1998 (A, Sp,RhPr)*.

* that (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the island of Luzon (O,Sp,RhPr) in October 1998 (A,Set,Th).

GA2 Typhoon Vera , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Bebeng (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that brought significant flooding to the Philippines in July 1983 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) brought (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) significant flooding (O,Sp,RhPr) to the Philippines (A,Set,Th) in July 1983 (A,Set,Th).

GA3 Typhoon Shanshan , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Luis(S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a strong typhoon (C,Q,Rh) that affected parts of East Asia in late September 2006 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) parts of East Asia (O,Sp,RhPr) in late September 2006 (A,Set,Th).

GA4 Typhoon Saomai, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Juan (S,B,Th), was considered (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most powerful typhoon on record (C,Q,Rh) to strike the east coast of the People's Republic of China (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the east coast of the People's Republic of China (O,Sp,RhPr).

GA5 Typhoon Pat, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Luming (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful typhoon (C,Q,Rh) that struck Japan during the summer of 1985 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Japan (O,Sp,RhPr) during the summer of 1985 (A,Set,Th).

GA6 Typhoon Nelson, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ibiang (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the worst tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) to affect Southern China in 16 years (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to affect (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Southern China (O,Sp,RhPr) in 16 years (A,Set,Th).

GA7 Typhoon Mitag, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Basyang, (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the first super typhoon on record (C,Q,RhPr) in the month of March (A,Set,Th).

GA8 Typhoon Maria (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a weak typhoon (C,Q,Rh) which brushed the southeastern coast of Japan during early August 2006 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * which (S,B,Th) brushed (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the southeastern coast of Japan (O,Sp,RhPr) during early August 2006 (A,Set,Th).

GA9 Typhoon Lee, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Dinang (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second storm (C,Q,Rh) to affect the Philippines during December 1981 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to affect (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the Philippines (C,Q,RhPr) during December 1981 (A,Set,Th).

GA10 Typhoon Judy of July 1989 (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a strong tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that caused extensive damage and loss of life in Japan, South Korea and the eastern Soviet Union (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) extensive damage and loss of life (O,Sp,RhPr) in Japan, South Korea and the eastern Soviet Union (A,Set,Th).

GA11 Typhoon Irma (S,B,Th), known in the Philippines as Typhoon Anding, was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful typhoon (C,Q,Rh) that struck the Philippines in November 1981 (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the Philippines (O,Sp,RhPr) in November 1981 (A,Set,Th).

GA12 Super Typhoon Forrest (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful typhoon (C,Q,Rh) that affected Japan in September 1983 (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Japan (O,Sp,RhPr) in September 1983 (A,Set,Th).

GA13 Typhoon Ellen (S,B,Th) was considered (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the worst typhoon (C,Q,Rh) to hit China since 1979 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to hit (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) China (O,Sp,RhPr) since 1979 (A,Set,Th).

GA14 Typhoon Choi-wan (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful typhoon (C,Q,Rh) that became the first Category 5 equivalent-super typhoon to form during the 2009 Pacific typhoon season (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) became (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the first Category 5 equivalent-super typhoon (O,Sp,Rh) to form during the 2009 Pacific typhoon season (A,FSp,RhPr)**. ** to form (V,Q,RhPr) during the 2009 Pacific typhoon season (A,Set,Th).

GA15 Typhoon Abby (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second typhoon (C,Q,Rh) to strike Japan within a span of a few days in August 1983 (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * to strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Japan (O,Sp,RhPr) within a span of a few days (A,Set,Th) in August 1983 (A,Set,Th).

GA16

Hurricane Winifred (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the last tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) to make landfall in the busy 1992 Pacific hurricane season (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * to make (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,RhPr) in the busy 1992 Pacific hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

GA17 Hurricane Tico (S,B,Th) is (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) one of three major hurricanes (C,Q,Rh) to strike Mazatlan (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * to strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Mazatlan (O,Sp,RhPr).

GA18 Hurricane Rick (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second-latest hurricane ever (C,Q,Rh) to make landfall in Mexico (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * to make (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,RhPr) in Mexico (A,Set,Th).

GA19 Hurricane Otto (S,B,Th) produced (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) days of torrential rain (O,Sp,RhPr) over much of the northeastern Caribbean (A,Set,Th) in October 2010 (A,Set,Th).

GA20 Hurricane Olga (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a late season Category 1 North Atlantic hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that formed during the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) formed (V,Q,RhPr) during the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

GA21 Hurricane Neki (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the final tropical cyclone (C,Q,RhPr) of the 2009 Pacific hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

GA22 Hurricane Lorenzo (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a rapidly developing tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that struck the Mexican state of Veracruz in late September 2007 (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the Mexican state of Veracruz (O,Sp,RhPr) in late September 2007 (A,Set,Th).

GA23 Hurricane Lidia (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the strongest tropical cyclone of the 1993 Pacific hurricane season (C,Q,RhPr).

GA24 Hurricane Kristy (S,B,Th) in 2006 (A,Set,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a relatively long-lived tropical cyclone (C,Q,RhPr) in the 2006 Pacific hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

GA25

Hurricane Juliette (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the strongest hurricane and final tropical cyclone of the inactive 1995 Pacific hurricane season (C,Q,RhPr).

GA26 Hurricane Jerry (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) minor damage (O,Sp,Rh) in Texas (A,Set,Th) and flash flooding (O,Sp,RhPr) in Kentucky and Virginia (A,Set,Th) in October 1989 (A,Set,Th).

GA27 Hurricane Isidore (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the ninth named storm and the second hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) in the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

GA28 Hurricane Humberto (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a moderately powerful hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that briefly affected Bermuda in September 2001 (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) briefly affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Bermuda (O,Sp,RhPr) in September 2001 (A,Set,Th).

GA29 Hurricane Gustav (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the only major hurricane (C,Q,Rh) to form during the 1990 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to form (V,Q,RhPr) during the 1990 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

GA30 Hurricane Gil (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the first of several tropical cyclones (C,Q,Rh) to affect Hawaii during the 1983 Pacific hurricane season (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * to affect (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Hawaii (O,Sp,RhPr) during the 1983 Pacific hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

GA31 Hurricane Flora (S,B,Th) is (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) among the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes in recorded history(C,Q,Rh), with a death total of over 7,000(A,Sp,RhPr).

GA32 Hurricane Fausto (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a long-lived tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that formed during the 2002 Pacific hurricane season (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) formed (V,Q,RhPr) during the 2002 Pacific hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

GA33 Hurricane Dot of August 1959 was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) at its time (A,Set,Th) the costliest tropical cyclone (C,Q,RhPr) in Hawaiian history (A,Set,Th).

GA34

Severe Tropical Cyclone Rosita (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected northern Australia from 15 April through 21 April 2000 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) northern Australia (O,Sp,RhPr) from 15 April through 21 April 2000 (A,Set,Th).

GA35 Cyclone Osea (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second of seven cyclones (C,Q,Rh) to affect French Polynesia during the 1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * to affect (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) French Polynesia (O,Sp,RhPr) during the 1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season (A,Set,Th).

GA36 Tropical Cyclone Manou (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a relatively rare May tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected southeastern Madagascar (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) southeastern Madagascar (O,Sp,RhPr).

GA37 Cyclone Mala (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the strongest tropical cyclone (C,Q,RhPr) of the 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season (A,Set,Th).

GA38 Cyclone Lam (S,B,Th) in 2015 (A,Set,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the strongest storm (C,Q,Rh) to strike Australia's Northern Territory since Cyclone Monica in 2006 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Australia's Northern Territory (O,Sp,RhPr) since Cyclone Monica in 2006 (A,Set,Th).

GA39 Cyclone Kamisy (S,B,Th) was considered (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the worst tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) to affect northern Madagascar since 1911 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to affect (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) northern Madagascar (O,Sp,RhPr) since 1911 (A,Set,Th).

GA40 Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a damaging tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that impacted the island nations of Tuvalu and Fiji (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) impacted (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the island nations of Tuvalu and Fiji (O,Sp,RhPr).

GA41 Cyclone Japhet (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a damaging tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected southeast Africa in March 2003 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) southeast Africa (O,Sp,RhPr) in March 2003 (A,Set,Th).

GA42 Tropical Cyclone Hyacinthe (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the wettest tropical cyclone on record (C,Q,RhPr) in the world (A,Set,Th).

GA43 Cyclone Honorinina (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that struck eastern Madagascar in March 1986 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) eastern Madagascar (O,Sp,RhPr) in March 1986 (A,Set,Th).

GA44 Cyclone Hollanda (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the worst tropical cyclone (C,Q,RhPr) in Mauritius (A,Set,Th) in 19 years (A,Set,Th).

GA45 Tropical Cyclone Herbie (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the only known tropical system (C,Q,Rh) to impact Western Australia during the month of May on record (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to impact (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Western Australia (O,Sp,RhPr) during the month of May on record (A,Set,Th).

GA46 Cyclone Filao (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a moderately intense tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that caused widespread flooding in Mozambique in 1988 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) widespread flooding (O,Sp,RhPr) in Mozambique (A,Set,Th) in 1988 (A,Set,Th).

GA47 Cyclone Favio (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the first known tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that passed south of Madagascar to strike Africa as an intense tropical cyclone (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) passed (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) south of Madagascar (O,Sp,RhPr) to strike Africa as an intense tropical cyclone (A,FSp,RhPr)**. ** to strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Africa (O,Sp,RhPr) as an intense tropical cyclone (A,Set,Th).

GA48 Cyclone Connie (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a strong tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected both Mauritius and Réunion in late January 2000 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) both Mauritius and Réunion (O,Sp,RhPr) in late January 2000 (A,Set,Th).

GA49 Severe Tropical Cyclone Clare (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a moderately strong cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that struck Western Australia in January 2006 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Western Australia (O,Sp,RhPr) in January 2006 (A,Set,Th).

GA50

Cyclone Bella (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a destructive tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that passed near the Mauritius outer island of Rodrigues (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) passed (V,Q,RhPr) near the Mauritius outer island of Rodrigues (A,Set,Th).

III.2.3 B articles

B1 The 1891 Martinique hurricane, also known as Hurricane San Magín, (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an intense major hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that struck the island of Martinique and caused massive damage (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the island of Martinique (O,Sp,Rh) and caused massive damage (C,FSp,RhPr)** ** and (TrPro) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) massive damage (O,Sp,RhPr).

B2 The Hurricane of 1900, also known as the Great Galveston Hurricane (S,B,Th), made (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,RhPr) on September 8, 1900 (A,Set,Th), in Galveston, Texas, in the United States (A,Set,Th).

B3 The 1903 Florida hurricane, also known as the 1903 Inchulva hurricane for its sinking of the British steamship Inchulva (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an Atlantic hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that caused extensive wind and flood damage on the Florida peninsula and over the adjourning Southeastern United States in early to middle September 1903 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) extensive wind and flood damage (O,Sp,Rh) on the Florida peninsula and over the adjourning Southeastern United States (A,Set,Th) in early to middle September 1903 (A,Set,Th).

B4 The 1903 New Jersey hurricane, also known as the Vagabond Hurricane by The Press of Atlantic City(S,B,Th), is (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the first known North Atlantic hurricane (C,Q,Rh) to make landfall in the state of New Jersey since records were kept starting in 1851 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to make (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,Rh) in the state of New Jersey (A,Set,Th) since records were kept starting in 1851 (A,Set,Th).

B5 The 1917 Nueva Gerona hurricane (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the strongest Atlantic hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) of the 1917 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

B6 The 1933 Florida–Mexico hurricane (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the first of two Atlantic hurricanes (C,Q,Rh) to strike the Treasure Coast region of Florida in the very active 1933 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Sp,RhPr)*. 35

* to strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the Treasure Coast region of Florida (O,Sp,Rh) in the very active 1933 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

B7 The 1945 Outer Banks hurricane (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a moderate hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that struck Florida and affected the East Coast of the United States in late June, 1945 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Florida (O,Sp,Rh) and affected the East Coast of the United States in late June, 1945 (A,FSp,RhPr)**. ** and (TrPro) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the East Coast of the United States (O,Sp,RhPr) in late June, 1945 (A,Set,Th).

B8 The 1947 Cape Sable hurricane, sometimes known informally as Hurricane King (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a weak tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that became a hurricane and caused catastrophic flooding in South Florida and the Everglades in mid-October 1947 (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) became (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) a hurricane (O,Sp,Rh) and caused catastrophic flooding in South Florida and the Everglades in mid-October 1947 (A,FSp,RhPr)**. ** and (TrPro) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) catastrophic flooding (O,Sp,RhPr) in South Florida and the Everglades (A,Set,Th) in mid-October 1947 (A,Set,Th).

B9 The 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an intense tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected the Bahamas, southernmost Florida, and the Gulf Coast of the United States in September 1947 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the Bahamas, southernmost Florida, and the Gulf Coast of the United States (O,Sp,RhPr) in September 1947 (A,Set,Th).

B10 The 1964 Rameswaram cyclone (also known as the Dhanushkodi cyclone) (S,B,Th) was regarded (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) as one of the most powerful storms (C,Q,Rh) to ever strike Sri Lanka (known then as Ceylon) on record (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to ever strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Sri Lanka (known then as Ceylon) on record (O,Sp,RhPr).

B11 The 1970 Bhola cyclone (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a devastating tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that struck East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and India's West Bengal on 12 November 1970 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and India's West Bengal (O,Sp,RhPr) on 12 November 1970 (A,Set,Th).

B12 The 2006 Central Pacific cyclone, also known as 91C.INVEST or Storm 91C (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an unusual weather event (C,Q,RhPr) of 2006 (A,Set,Th).

B13 The 2013 Somalia cyclone, officially Deep Depression ARB 01 (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second deadliest tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) worldwide (A,Set,Th) in 2013 (A,Set,Th) as well as the deadliest to affect Somalia in its history (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * as well as the deadliest (TrPro) to affect (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Somalia (O,Sp,RhPr) in its history (A,Set,Th).

B14 Severe Tropical Cyclone Ami (RSMC Nadi designation: 05F, JTWC designation: 10P) (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) one of the worst cyclones (C,Q,Rh) to affect Fiji (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to affect (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Fiji (O,Sp,RhPr).

B15 Severe Tropical Cyclone Beni (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an intense tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected four countries, on its 18-day journey across the South Pacific Ocean during January and February 2003 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) four countries (O,Sp,Rh), on its 18-day journey across the South Pacific Ocean during January and February 2003 (A,FSp,RhPr).

B16 Tropical Cyclone Fletcher (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a weak tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that produced torrential rains over parts of Queensland, Australia in February 2014 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) produced (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) torrential rains (O,Sp,RhPr) over parts of Queensland, Australia (A,Set,Th) in February 2014 (A,Set,Th).

B17 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Gafilo (French pronunciation: [ɡafil]; also known as Cyclone Gafilo) (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded (C,Q,RhPr) in the South-West Indian Ocean (A,Set,Th).

B18 Severe Tropical Cyclone Hamish (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that caused extensive damage to the Great Barrier Reef and coastal Queensland, Australia, in March 2009 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) extensive damage (O,Sp,RhPr) to the Great Barrier Reef and coastal Queensland, Australia (A,Set,Th), in March 2009 (A,Set,Th).

B19 Severe Tropical Cyclone Joan (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an intense tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that ravaged areas of Western Australia (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) ravaged (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) areas of Western Australia (O,Sp,RhPr).

B20 Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu (S,B,Th) was considered to be (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the worst tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) to have affected the Solomon Islands on record (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to have affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the Solomon Islands (O,Sp,RhPr) on record (A,Set,Th).

B21 Cyclonic Storm Nilam (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the deadliest tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) to directly affect South India since Cyclone Jal in 2010 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to directly affect (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) South India (O,Sp,RhPr) since Cyclone Jal in 2010 (A,Set,Th).

B22 Severe Tropical Cyclone Ron (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record (C,Q,RhPr) in the South Pacific (A,Set,Th).

B23 Severe Tropical Cyclone Rona–Frank (JTWC designations: 20P, 22P; RSMC Nadi designation: 16F) (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the only tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) to threaten Queensland during the 1998–99 Australian region cyclone season (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to threaten (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Queensland (O,Sp,RhPr) during the 1998–99 Australian region cyclone season (A,Set,Th).

B24 Severe Tropical Cyclone Steve (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected northern Australia from 27 February 2000 until 11 March 2000 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) northern Australia (O,Sp,RhPr) from 27 February 2000 until 11 March 2000 (A,Set,Th).

B25 Severe Tropical Cyclone Susan (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record (C,Q,Rh) within the South Pacific basin (A,Set,Th), which was first noted on December 20, 1997, as a weak tropical disturbance located to the north of American Samoa (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * which (S,B,Th) was first noted (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) on December 20, 1997 (A,Set,Th), as a weak tropical disturbance located to the north of American Samoa (C,Q,RhPr).

B26 Severe Tropical Cyclone Thelma (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected northern Australia from 6 December 1998 until 12 December 1998 (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) northern Australia (O,Sp,Rh) from 6 December 1998 until 12 December 1998 (A,Set,Th).

B27

Cyclonic Storm Viyaru, formerly known as Cyclonic Storm Mahasen (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a relatively weak tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that caused loss of life across six countries in Southern and Southeastern Asia (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) loss of life (O,Sp,Rh) across six countries (A,Set,Th) in Southern and Southeastern Asia (A,Set,Th).

B28 Hurricane Abby (S,B,Th) made (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,RhPr) in Cuba, Florida, and North Carolina (A,Set,Th) in June 1968 (A,Set,Th).

B29 Hurricane Adrian (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an intense, albeit short-lived early-season category 4 hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that took part during the 2011 Pacific hurricane season (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) took part (V,Q,RhPr) during the 2011 Pacific hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

B30 Hurricane Bertha (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) both the longest-lived and easternmost developing July tropical cyclone on record (C,Q,RhPr).

B31 Hurricane Camille (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the third and strongest tropical cyclone and second hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) during the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

B32 Hurricane Diana (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the deadliest tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) during the 1990 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th), killing 139 people in Mexico (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * killing (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) 139 people (O,Sp,RhPr) in Mexico (A,Set,Th).

B33 Hurricane Dolly (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that made landfall in extreme southern Texas in July 2008 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) made (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,RhPr) in extreme southern Texas (A,Set,Th) in July 2008 (A,Set,Th).

B34 Hurricane Earl (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the first major hurricane (C,Q,Rh) to threaten New England since Hurricane Bob in 1991 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to threaten (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) New England (O,Sp,RhPr) since Hurricane Bob (A,Set,Th) in 1991 (A,Set,Th).

B35

Hurricane Felix (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the southernmost landfalling Category 5 hurricane (C,Q,Rh) in the Atlantic (A,Set,Th); surpassing Hurricane Edith of 1971 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * surpassing (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Hurricane Edith (O,Sp,RhPr) of 1971 (A,Set,Th).

B36 Hurricane Fifi (later Hurricane Orlene) (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a catastrophic tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that killed between 3,000 and 10,000 people in Honduras in September 1974, ranking it as the fourth deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) killed (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) between 3,000 and 10,000 people (O,Sp,Rh) in Honduras (A,Set,Th) in September 1974 (A,Set,Th), ranking it as the fourth deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record (A,FSp,RhPr)**. ** ranking (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) it (S,B,Th,D) as (TrPro) the fourth deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record (O,Sp,RhPr).

B37 Hurricane Floyd (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a very powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane (C,Q,Rh) which struck the east coast of the United States (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * which (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the east coast of the United States (O,Sp,RhPr).

B38 Hurricane Hugo (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that caused widespread damage and loss of life in the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Southeast United States (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) widespread damage and loss of life (O,Sp,RhPr) in the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Southeast United States (A,Set,Th).

B39 Hurricane Ike (pronounced /ˈaɪk/) (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that swept through portions of the Greater Antilles and Northern America in September 2008 (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) swept (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) through portions of the Greater Antilles and Northern America (O,Sp,RhPr) in September 2008 (A,Set,Th).

B40 Hurricane Marilyn (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the fifteenth tropical depression and thirteenth named storm (C,Q,Rh) of the unusually busy 1995 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th), following closely on the heels of Hurricane Luis (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * following closely on (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the heels of Hurricane Luis (O,Sp,RhPr).

B41 Hurricane Noel (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the fourteenth named storm and sixth hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

B42 Hurricane Norbert (S,B,Th) is tied (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) with Hurricane Jimena (C,Q,Rh) as the strongest tropical cyclone [to] strike the west coast of Baja California Sur in recorded history (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * as (ThPro) the strongest tropical cyclone (O,Sp,Rh) [to] strike the west coast of Baja California Sur in recorded history (A,FSp,RhPr)**. ** [to] strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the west coast of Baja California Sur (O,Sp,RhPr) in recorded history (A,Set,Th).

B43 Hurricane Opal (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a Category 4 hurricane with the lowest barometric pressure in a hurricane (C,Q,Rh) which did not reach Category 5 strength within the north Atlantic basin (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * which (S,B,Th) did not reach (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Category 5 strength (O,Sp,RhPr) within the north Atlantic basin (A,Set,Th).

B44 Hurricane Patricia (Spanish pronunciation: [paˈtɾisia]) (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded (C,Q,Rh) in the Western Hemisphere (A,Set,Th) in terms of barometric pressure (A, Sp,Rh), and the strongest globally in terms of reliably measured maximum sustained winds (A,Sp,RhPr).

B45 Hurricane Wilma (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded (C,Q,Rh) in the Atlantic basin (A,Set,Th), and was the most intense tropical cyclone recorded in the western hemisphere until Hurricane Patricia in 2015 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * and (TrPro) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most intense tropical cyclone recorded (C,Q,RhPr) in the western hemisphere (A,Set,Th) until Hurricane Patricia in 2015 (A,Set,Th).

B46 Typhoon Haiyan, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Yolanda (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded (C,Q,Rh), devastating portions of Southeast Asia, particularly the Philippines, in early-November 2013 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * devastating (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) portions of Southeast Asia (O,Sp,Rh), particularly the Philippines (A,FSp,RhPr), in early-November 2013 (A,Set,Th).

B47 Typhoon Jangmi, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ofel (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most intense tropical cyclone (C,Q,RhPr) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean (A,Set,Th) during the 2000s (A,Set,Th), tied with Nida in 2009 (A,Set,Th).

B48

Typhoon Muifa, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Unding (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a typhoon (C,Q,RhPr) during the 2004 Pacific typhoon season (A,Set,Th).

B49 Typhoon Nangka (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a large and strong tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) impacting central Japan in July 2015 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * impacting (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) central Japan (O,Sp,RhPr) in July 2015 (A,Set,Th).

B50 Typhoon Sally (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an extremely intense tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that caused widespread damage across southeastern Asia, particularly in China, in September 1996 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) widespread damage (O,Sp,Rh) across southeastern Asia (A,Set,Th), particularly in China (A,Sp,RhPr), in September 1996 (A,Set,Th).

III.2.4 Start articles

S1 Super Typhoon Yuri (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful Category 5 tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that formed in November 1991 (A, Sp,RhPr). * that (S,B,Th) formed (V,Q,RhPr) in November 1991 (A,Set,Th).

S2 Typhoon Wanda (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most intense tropical cyclone on record (C,Q,RhPr) in Hong Kong (A,Set,Th).

S3 Typhoon Songda (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second-costliest typhoon on record (C,Q,RhPr) at the time (A,Set,Th).

S4 Typhoon Nina, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Bebeng (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the fourth-deadliest tropical cyclone on record (C,Q,RhPr).

S5 Typhoon Melor, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Quedan (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second category 5 typhoon (C,Q,RhPR) in 2009 (A,Set,Th).

S6 Typhoon Man-yi (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a storm (C,Q,Rh) that brought very strong winds and flash floods to Japan during mid-September (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) brought (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) very strong winds and flash floods (O,Sp,RhPr) to Japan (A,Set,Th) during mid-September (A,Set,Th).

S7 Typhoon Koppu, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Lando (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a devastating tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that struck Luzon (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Luzon (O,Sp,RhPr).

S8 Super Typhoon Herb, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Huaning (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the strongest and the largest storm (C,Q,RhPr) of 1996 (A, Set,Th).

S9 Typhoon Halong, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Jose (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a violent typhoon (C,Q,RhPr) in the Western Pacific basin (A,Set,Th) in August 2014 (A,Set,Th).

S10 Typhoon Fitow (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the ninth named tropical storm (C,Q,Rh) of the 2007 Pacific typhoon season (A,Set,Th) that made landfall in Japan (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) made (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,RhPr) in Japan (A,Set,Th).

S11 Typhoon Chebi, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Queenie (S,B,Th), is (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a strong typhoon (C,Q,Rh) that impacted Luzon during November 2006 (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) impacted (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Luzon (O,Sp,RhPr) during November 2006(A,Set,Th).

S12 Typhoon Chanthu, known as Tropical Storm Caloy (S,B,Th), was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) one of the weaker typhoons (C,Q,RhPr) of the 2010 Pacific typhoon season (A,Set,Th).

S13 Hurricane Adrian (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that caused widespread flash flooding while remaining offshore of Mexico (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) widespread flash flooding (O,Sp,Rh) while remaining offshore of Mexico (A,FSp,RhPr)**. ** while (TrPro) remaining (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) offshore of Mexico (O,Sp,RhPr).

S14 Hurricane Boris (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second of three storms (C,Q,Rh) to impact the Pacific coast of Mexico in June and July 1996 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to impact (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the Pacific coast of Mexico (O,Sp,RhPr) in June and July 1996 (A,Set,Th).

S15 Hurricane Dora (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) first tropical cyclone on record (C,Q,Rh) to make landfall over the First Coast of Florida (A, Sp,RhPr)*.

* to make (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,RhPr) over the First Coast of Florida (A,Set,Th).

S16 Hurricane Erin (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the fifth named tropical cyclone and the second hurricane of the unusually active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season (C,Q,RhPr).

S17 Hurricane Fausto (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a Pacific hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that caused light damage to Baja California Sur in September 1996 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) light damage (O,Sp,RhPr) to Baja California Sur (O,FSp,RhPr) in September 1996 (A,Set,Th).

S18 Hurricane Fran (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) extensive damage (O,Sp,RhPr) in the United States (A,Set,Th) in early September 1996 (A,Set,Th).

S19 Hurricane Greg (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) which affected western Mexico during the 1999 Pacific hurricane season (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * which (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) western Mexico (O,Sp,RhPr) during the 1999 Pacific hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

S20 Hurricane Hanna (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the deadliest storm (C,Q,RhPr) of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season (A, Sp,Th)*.

S21 Hurricane Jova (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful Pacific hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that made landfall over Jalisco, Mexico (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) made (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,RhPr) over Jalisco, Mexico (A,Set,Th)

S22 Hurricane Juliette (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a long lasting Category 4 hurricane (C,Q,RhPr) in the 2001 Pacific hurricane season (A,Set,Th).

S23 Hurricane Karl (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most destructive tropical cyclone on record (C,Q,Rh) to strike the Mexican state of Veracruz (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the Mexican state of Veracruz (O,Sp,RhPr).

S24 Hurricane Norbert (S,B,Th) produced (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) a 1-in-1,000 year rainfall event (O,Sp,RhPr) in Arizona (A,Set,Th) in early September 2014 (A,Set,Th).

S25 Hurricane Norman (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most recent tropical system (C,Q,Rh) to make landfall in California (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to make (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) landfall (O,Sp,RhPr) in California (A,Set,Th).

S26 Hurricane Roxanne (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a rare and erratic tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that caused extensive flooding in Mexico due to its unusual movement (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) extensive flooding (O,Sp,Rh) in Mexico (A,Set,Th) due to its unusual movement (A,FSp,RhPr).

S27 Hurricane Stan (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a rather weak but deadly tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected areas of Central America in early October 2005 (A,FSp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) areas of Central America (O,Sp,RhPr) in early October 2005 (A,Set,Th).

S28 Hurricane Tina (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the strongest storm (C,Q,Rh) of the 1992 Pacific hurricane season (A,Set,Th) and threatened land for a brief period (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * and (S,B,Th) threatened (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) land (O,Sp,RhPr) for a brief period (A,Set,Th).

S29 Hurricane Tomas (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the latest recorded tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) on a calendar year (A,Set,Th) to strike the Windward Islands (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the Windward Islands (O,Sp,RhPr)

S30 Hurricane Trudy (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a very powerful, very long-lived late-season hurricane (C,Q,Rh) that formed in the October of 1990 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) formed (V,Q,RhPr) in the October of 1990 (A,Set,Th).

S31 Severe Tropical Cyclone Zoe (S,B,Th) was estimated to be (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record (C,Q,RhPr) within the Southern Hemisphere (A,Set,Th).

S32 Xynthia (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a violent European windstorm (C,Q,Rh) which crossed Western Europe between 27 February and 1 March 2010 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * which (S,B,Th) crossed (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Western Europe (O,Sp,Rh) between 27 February and 1 March 2010 (A,Set,Th).

S33

Severe Tropical Cyclone Wilma (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an intense tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected the Samoan Islands, Tonga and New Zealand (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) the Samoan Islands, Tonga and New Zealand (O,Sp,RhPr).

S34 Severe Tropical Cyclone Tomas (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the most intense tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) to strike Fiji since Cyclone Bebe in 1972 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to strike (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Fiji (O,Sp,RhPr) since Cyclone Bebe in 1972 (A,Set,Th).

S35 Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa (S,B,Th) was considered to be (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the worst tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) to affect Polynesia since Cyclone Bebe (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * to affect (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Polynesia (O,Sp,RhPr) since Cyclone Bebe (A,Set,Th).

S36 Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a significant tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh), which impacted six island nations and caused several deaths (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * which (S,B,Th) impacted (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) six island nations (O,Sp,Rh) and caused several deaths (A,FSp,RhPr)** ** and (TrPro) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) several deaths (O,Sp,RhPr).

S37 Severe Tropical Cyclone Monty (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful category 4 tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that formed during late February 2004 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) formed (V,Q,RhPr) during late February 2004 (A,Set,Th)

S38 Severe Tropical Cyclone Martin (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the deadliest tropical cyclone (C,Q,RhPr) of the 1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season (A,Set,Th).

S39 Cyclone Mahina (S,B,Th) is (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the deadliest cyclone (C,Q,RhPr) in recorded Australian history (A,Set,Th).

S40 Cyclone Lusi (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the second severe tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) of the 2013-14 season (A,Set,Th) and affected Fiji, Vanuatu and New Zealand (A,Sp,RhPr)*. * and (TrPro) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Fiji, Vanuatu and New Zealand (O,Sp,RhPr).

S41 Cyclone Ingrid (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) which struck northern Australia during the 2004-05 Australian region cyclone season (A, Sp,RhPr)*.

* which (S,B,Th) struck (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) northern Australia (O,Sp,Rh) during the 2004-05 Australian region cyclone season (A,Set,Th)

S42 Cyclone Ian (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh), that formed on January 2, 2014 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) formed (V,Q,RhPr) on January 2, 2014 (A,Set,Th).

S43 Cyclone Hergen (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an intense European windstorm (C,Q,Rh) that moved across Northern Europe during mid December 2011 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) moved (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) across Northern Europe (A,Sp,Rh) during mid December 2011 (A,FSp,RhPr).

S44 Gudrun (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful storm (C,Q,Rh) which hit Denmark and Sweden on 8 January 2005 and Estonia on 9 January 2005 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * which (S,B,Th) hit (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Denmark and Sweden (O,Sp,RhPr) on 8 January 2005 (A,Set,Th) and Estonia on 9 January 2005 (A,FSp,RhPr)**. ** and (TrPro) (verb ellipted) (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Estonia (O,Sp,RhPr) on 9 January 2005 (A,Set,Th).

S45 Cyclone Grant (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected Queensland and the Northern Territory in Australia (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Queensland and the Northern Territory (O,Sp,RhPr) in Australia (A,Set,Th).

S46 Intense Tropical Cyclone Giovanna (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that affected Madagascar (A, Sp,RhPr)*. *that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Madagascar (O,Sp,RhPr).

S47 Cyclone Drena (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a powerful tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that caused significant damage throughout New Zealand (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) caused (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) significant damage (O,Sp,RhPr) throughout New Zealand (A,Set,Th).

S48 Severe Tropical Cyclone Betsy (S,B,Th) impacted (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) 8 island nations (O,Sp,RhPr).

S49

Cyclone Andrea (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) an intense European windstorm (C,Q,Rh) that affected western and central Europe in early January 2012 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) affected (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) western and central Europe (O,Sp,RhPr) in early January 2012 (A,Set,Th).

S50 Severe Cyclonic Storm Aila (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) the worst natural disaster (C,Q,Rh) to affect Bangladesh since Cyclone Sidr in November 2007 (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * to affect (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) Bangladesh (O,Sp,RhPr) since Cyclone Sidr (A,Set,Th) in November 2007 (A,Set,Th).

III.3 Findings of the Analysis

The analysis itself was a lengthy and meticulous process. During said process, several noteworthy findings were observed. The structure of the sentences throughout the whole corpus is very similar. A majority of sentences contain the copular verb ‘be’ plus its Temporal and Modal Exponents and follow the S-V-C pattern with following adverbials and/or subclauses. Many sentences also have an appositive in the initial subjective noun phrases. It can be observed notably in cases of typhoons, as they have a different nomenclature in the Philippines and in many cases the appositive phrase ‘Typhoon X, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Y’ is the beginning of many such sentences. The proper name of a storm is, except one case mentioned later, always in the initial position of the sentence. There are also other modifications than the one mentioned above; some of the storms have their name modified with adjectives like ‘Super’ typhoon, or ‘Severe Tropical’ or ‘Intense Tropical’ cyclone. These adjectival modifications are connected with the strength of the typhoon. Interestingly, such a modification never occurs with hurricanes. Into other observable phenomena, which directly relate to the FSP analysis of the sentences, pertain the distinction of the dynamic semantic scales of the sentences and also the representation of the distributional fields and subfields. The table below is a concise representation of the aforementioned phenomena: Corpus Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of subclass main first-level second-level sentences sentences distributional subfields subfields implementing implementing fields Presentation Quality Scale Scale FA 50 24 2 0 50 GA 50 37 2 0 50 B 50 38 5 0 50 Start 50 34 3 0 50 Total: 200 133 12 0 200 Table 16.

All the sentences in all the four categories implement the Quality Scale, or, more specifically, as was described in the theoretical part on pages fifteen and sixteen in this thesis in the intermediary stage of the research described there, the Combined Quality Scale, i.e. the scale with the Presentation of the Phenomenon missing and subsequent segue into the Quality Scale. As was mentioned in the theoretical part, the final nomenclature used in this thesis compels me to use the term Quality Scale for the description, and this little detour was done

49 solely for clarification purposes. This finding, i.e. the total adoption of the Quality Scale, is very interesting, as it defies the original assumption that the very first sentence in the lead will be presentational, i.e. will be presenting a Phenomenon on scene. The data from the corpus show that this is not necessarily untrue, yet instead of a proper Presentation of the Phenomenon on scene with a complete sentence, the Phenomenon appears on scene unpresented, in medias res, with the copular verb (‘be’ and its TMEs) performing the DSF of Ascription of Quality, and with the following elements further implementing the Quality Scale. In fact, as shows the Table 16 below, such a configuration is implemented in 95% of the sentences in the whole corpus. Such an approach contributes to the conciseness and informational density of the initial sentence, which is in turn beneficial for the readers of such article and also such sentential development acts in accordance with the Wikipedia stylistic guidelines. An important point to be mentioned is, that such an approach is adopted by not only the top class (FA) corpus examples, but also the examples from other classes in the corpus. Realisation of the main distributional fields and subfields is analysed in further details in this and the following section. The number of the main distributional fields also matches the number of the sentences in the corpus. As for the first-level distributional subfields, there is a certain level of evenness between classes GA, B, and Start. The FA class has only twenty-four first-level distributional subfields, the least of all the classes, which may be tied with the fact that for this particular class there are requirements demanded explicitly for the lead of the article (cf. pp. 3-4), therefore resulting in a more concise layout of the sentences. With regard to the requirements, there is an observable effort for the FA articles to keep the initial sentence concise and readily understandable and to uncoil the flow of information in sentences next to come. Verb Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Percentage occurrences occurrences occurrences occurrences occurrences in the in FA in GA in B in Start in the whole whole corpus corpus was 43 46 46 45 180 90% is 4 2 2 2 10 5% produced 1 1 0 1 3 1.5% struck 1 0 0 0 1 0.5% caused 1 1 0 1 3 1.5% made 0 0 2 0 2 1% impacted 0 0 0 1 1 0.5% Table 17.

Only ten sentences, i.e. 5%, contain in the primary distributional field a verb different from any form of the verb ‘be’. Those verbs are: produced (three instances; FA2, G19, S24), struck (one instance; FA4), caused (three instances; FA17, GA26, S18), made (two instances; B2, B28), and impacted (one instance, S48). Such a distribution of verbs in the corpus indicate a high level of homogeneity in the sample sentences throughout the corpus. As for the details of realisation of distributional subfields, the most frequent realisation of a first-level distributional subfield is through a relative ‘that’ clause. The number of occurrences surpasses highly any other realisation, as it fulfils 55% of all the first-level subclausal realisations in the whole corpus. The next in the number of occurrences is the ‘to + verb’ subclausal realisation with 31% of all the realisations. The next realisations occupy only marginal positions in relation to the whole, with the third realisation having only a 7% allotment and the following even less. With such proportional distribution, there can be an assumption made that there are patterns governing the sentential structure to efficiently convey the message in an orderly and easy to read, and subsequently an easy to absorb manner. The table below indicates the distribution of occurrences in various subclausal realisations of the first-level:

First- Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Percentage level occurrences occurrences occurrences occurrences occurrences in the sub- in FA in GA in B in Start in the whole clausal whole corpus realisa- corpus tion that 12 22 19 19 72 55% which 0 1 3 5 9 7% While 1 0 0 0 1 1% and 0 0 1 2 3 2% to + 10 14 9 8 41 31% verb verb + 1 0 5 0 6 4% ing Table 18.

First-level subclausal Number of occurrences in Percentage of the realisation FA realisations that 12 50% which 0 0% While 1 4% and 0 0% to + verb 10 42%

verb + ing 1 4% Table 19.

First-level subclausal Number of occurrences in Percentage of the realisation GA realisations that 22 59% which 1 3% While 0 0% and 0 0% to + verb 14 38% verb + ing 0 0% Table 20.

First-level subclausal Number of occurrences in B Percentage of the realisation realisations that 19 51% which 3 8% While 0 0% and 1 3% to + verb 9 24% verb + ing 5 14% Table 21.

First-level subclausal Number of occurrences in Percentage of the realisation Start realisations that 19 56% which 5 15% While 0 0% and 2 6% to + verb 8 23% verb + ing 0 0% Table 22.

The second-level subclausal realisation is small in numbers but should be mentioned nevertheless. The totals number of occurrences of second-level subclausal realisation is twelve, while the most frequent one, conjunction ‘and’ occurs five times in the whole corpus. The table below indicates the distribution of occurrences in various subclausal realisations of the second- level:

Second Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Percentag -level occurrence occurrence occurrence occurrence occurrence e in the sub- s in FA s in GA s in B s in Start s in the whole clausal whole corpus realisa- corpus tion while 1 0 0 1 2 17% but 1 0 0 0 1 8% and 0 0 3 2 5 42% to + 0 2 1 0 3 25% verb verb + 0 0 1 0 1 8% ing Table 23.

It shall be also noted that one of the subclauses realised in the Start section of the corpus, namely the sentence S44 in the second-level subclause realised by ‘and’, the verb in this subclause is ellipted, which is also a single occurrence of this phenomenon in the whole corpus. The aforementioned realisations of the subclausal fields give an overview of how are the subclausal patterns construed. There are several other observations that may deserve special attention. For example, there is only one sentence from the whole corpus, where there is Setting in the initial position of the sentence (example FA2), which makes up 0.5% of the whole corpus. The rest of the sentences. i.e. 99.5%, have as the first element the proper name of the storm. Another example worth mentioning is the only occurrence of context-dependency in the whole corpus. As all the sentences were subjected to analysis as stand-alone, therefore without any contextual dependencies, the only contextual dependence is present in the sentence B36: Hurricane Fifi (later Hurricane Orlene) (S,B,Th) was (V,AofQ,TrPr,Tr) a catastrophic tropical cyclone (C,Q,Rh) that killed between 3,000 and 10,000 people in Honduras in September 1974, ranking it as the fourth deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record (A, Sp,RhPr)*. * that (S,B,Th) killed (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) between 3,000 and 10,000 people (O,Sp,Rh) in Honduras (A,Set,Th) in September 1974 (A,Set,Th), ranking it as the fourth deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record (A,FSp,RhPr)**. ** ranking (V,Q,TrPr,Tr) it (S,B,Th,D) as (TrPro) the fourth deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record (O,Sp,RhPr). The contextually-dependent element is the pronoun ‘it’ in the second-level distributional subfield, which substitutes for the noun ‘cyclone’. With this single occurrence, the context dependency represents a mere 0.5% occurrence in the whole corpus.

The B class requires special attention, as it protrudes between the other three classes in many aspects. For instance, there are three examples in this class (B17, B39, B44), in which the pronunciation of the storm’s name is associated with the name of the storm as an additional information. Another observation specific for the B class is an addition of technical nomenclature to further describe a storm (B12, B13, B14, B23). Nowhere else in the corpus were the two aforementioned phenomena observed. It is also noteworthy to mention that the B class has the longest sentences in terms of the number of characters, and, as was shown in the first table, the highest number of first and second-level distributional subfields. It might be a sign of an endeavour to pass a notional threshold dividing averageness from the above-average quality in terms of the article quality. Therefore, an effort to supplement additional information into the lead sentence might be an answer to this observation.

IV. Conclusion

The findings presented in the practical part were sufficiently rich to ultimately draw a conclusion. The relative homogeneity of the sentences was reasonably undemanding to discern, yet the analysis offered many interesting insights into the field of lead sentences of Wikipedia through the framework of functional sentence perspective. On the one hand, some phenomena present in the analysed corpus had none or only a marginal occurrence in the corpus, let us mention the absence of sentences implementing the Presentation Scale despite the initial assumption that the occurrence will be high, due to the presumed presentational nature of the first sentence of the articles, marginal occurrence of Setting in initial positions, of context-dependent elements, and also of verbs different than the verb ‘be’, yet, on the other hand, some other observable occurrences show, thanks to their distinguishable quantity, some trends the majority of the aforementioned corpus items tend to follow. Although the initial assumption was that the quality of the sentences present in the corpus will gradually decline together with the decreasing level of Wikipedia quality classes, no such phenomenon was observed, on the contrary, the only category that was different from the other three was the second worst from the four categories chosen, and the category showed signs of insertion of more information, moreover even more technical, than were present in sentences of the three other categories. That leads to the assumption of the possibilities that the authors of the encyclopaedic entries might be striving to have their article promoted to a higher and more acclaimed category, and therefore they are creating more dense lead sentences, more saturated with information. Yet, as was also mentioned in the practical part of this thesis, an approach adopted by the highest of the analysed classes, the FA class, a subtler approach, based on a sequential flow of information, might be of more benefit than to present as much information as possible in the first sentence, as can be observed in sentences from the B class. The theory of functional sentence perspective has been proven to be susceptible to a majority of the languages, at least those of the Indo-European origin. It does not stand aside or above other linguistic disciplines, such as syntax, semantics, or pragmatics. On the contrary, the theory is deeply integrated, I even dare to use the word fused, with these layers, and operates in coordination with them. Though the rules of a language and the processes of its daily use are functioning on an automatic and subconscious level in its daily use, the awareness of these principles is of utmost importance, when it comes to processes like, e.g. production of meaningful texts, which was the matter of analysis of this thesis, or, learning a language.

The findings made in the practical part of this thesis lead to the important points mentioned above, i.e. production of meaningful texts and language learning, and it is therefore imperative to find a suitable practical application from these findings. The awareness of the FSP principles and the patterns of the CD distribution between the sentential elements is the point of departure towards the practical application of the theory, though not many scholarly articles deal with the theory up to this extent. As the theory changes in time, cf., for example, the development of the dynamic semantic scales on pp.14-16, the primary effort is perspective toward the clarification of some points of the theory, or its alteration in the light of new findings. The practical application, though, withers in the shadow of said effort. Despite this fact, Adam, for example, in his publication A handbook of functional sentence perspective: (FSP in theory and practice): with key outlines several possible practical applications of this theory. He specifically mentions four areas, where the theory will successfully find a practical application. They are: production of well-formed texts, stylistic characteristics based on FSP, the interpretative function of FSP and also dynamic translation reflecting FSP. All these four points stem from the same origin, i.e. the correct and consistent application of the principles of FSP. Adam claims that the correct use of said principles will result in a well-formed, clearly structured text while producing one, that will have qualities such as “transparent theme-rheme articulation and . . . a disambiguated message” (A handbook 56). This is undoubtedly the best practice to be adopted while producing texts of any kind. The same principles apply to translation, with respect to the adherence to the rules of FSP. Again, Adam adumbrates the fact that despite the governing principles of sentence element positions may differ in different languages, the principles of FSP can be observed irrespective of this fact. Moreover, the knowledge of the FSP principles may pose an immense advantage in the field of translation when taken into consideration. It is the correct interpretation of texts, whether in translation or in the same-language interpretation of them, that is paramount and the present study clearly aims to contribute to the fuller understanding of these linguistic phenomena of the English language, with a possible overlap in its representation in other languages. A proper translation, shall such situation arise, shall be carried out with respect to these principles in order to retain the original meaning of the message without unnecessary alterations to this message in the translated text. All the aforementioned practical applications can be applied into the process of teaching a language, irrespective of the fact, whether it is the first language, or a foreign language. In the processes of reading comprehension, as well as writing production, the awareness of the FSP principles and their proper application may result in improved performance in the text

56 processing skills. The texts read shall be then more comprehensible and thus memorable, when the semantical cohesive principles and the FSP principles are adopted. Also in the field of text production, the outcomes shall result in an improved composition of texts, while adhering to the FSP principles. The same principles can be adopted on the interlingual level, i.e. in the field of translation between languages in the environment of language teaching, as well as in a professional field of translation, as was mentioned above. To sum up, the study of FSP is a fascinating and rewarding factor of linguistic studies. The theory itself is rather complex and takes time before an at least partial understanding occurs. Its analytical application, though, can disclose a great deal of interesting information and principles governing the rules of a language and the information processing of a discourse, which can be subsequently applied into practice. The practical application, be it a text comprehension, text production, or translation, is of a great benefit to those aware of the principles of FSP.

Works cited Adam, Martin. A handbook of functional sentence perspective: (FSP in theory and practice):

with key. Masarykova univerzita, 2008.

Adam, Martin. "Some Notes on the Presentational Capacity of Hendiadys-like Verbal Configurations." Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of English and American Studies, Silesian University in Opava - Faculty of Philosophy and Science, 2012, pp. 9-22. Adam, Martin. Presentation sentences: (Syntax, semantics and FSP). Masaryk University, 2013. Adam, Martin. “Prezentační versus kvalifikační škála: interpretace hraničních případů v FSP analýze narativního textu.” Časopis pro moderní filologii, Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Filozofická fakulta, 2014, vol. 96/2014, no. 2, pp. 180-195. Chamonikolasová, Jana. “Communicative Perspectives in the Theory of FSP.” Linguistica Pragensia, vol. 20, no. 2, Jan. 2010, pp. 86–93., doi:10.2478/v10017-010-0006-2. Chamonikolasová, Jana and Martin Adam. “The Presentation Scale in the Theory of Functional Sentence Perspective.” Patterns. A Festschrift for Libuše Dušková, edited by Jan Čermák, Aleš Klégr, Markéta Malá and Pavlína Šaldová. Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, 2005, pp. 59-69. Firbas, Jan. Functional sentence perspective in written and spoken communication. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Svoboda, Aleš. “Firbasian Semantic Scales and Comparative Studies.” Patterns. A Festschrift for Libuše Dušková, edited by Jan Čermák, Aleš Klégr, Markéta Malá and Pavlína Šaldová. Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, 2005, pp. 217-229. Svoboda Aleš. Diatheme: a Study in Thematic Elements, Their Contextual Ties, Thematic Progressions and Scene Progressions Based on a Text from Aelfric. Univ. J.E. Purkyně, 1982. “Template:Grading scheme.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Grading_scheme&oldid= 817586348. Accessed 27 Mar. 2018. “Tropical cyclone naming” World Meteorological Organization, public.wmo.int/en/About- us/FAQs/faqs-tropical-cyclones/tropical-cyclone-naming. Accessed 27 Mar. 2018. US Department of Commerce, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

“Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale” NOAA's National Hurricane Center. nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php. Accessed 27 Mar. 2018. US Department of Commerce, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Tropical Cyclone Climatology” NOAA's National Hurricane Center. nhc.noaa.gov/climo/. Accessed 27 Mar. 2018. US Department of Commerce, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “What Is the Difference between a Hurricane and a Typhoon?” NOAA's National Ocean Service, 28 June 2013, oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/cyclone.html. Accessed 27 Mar. 2018. “Wikipedia:About.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:About&oldid=831910258. Accessed 27 Mar. 2018. “Wikipedia:Five pillars.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Five_pillars&oldid=815197819. Accessed 27 Mar. 2018.

Corpus Samples:

Featured Article Samples:

FA1. “1941 Florida hurricane” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1941_Florida_hurricane&oldid=687139890. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA2. “2003 Sri Lanka cyclone” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_Sri_Lanka_cyclone&oldid=694485651. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA3. “Cyclone Elita” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Elita&oldid=644827537. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA4. “Cyclone Joy” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Joy&oldid=695251397. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA5. “Cyclone Orson” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Orson&oldid=695086717. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA6. “Hurricane Bob (1985)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Bob_%281985%29&oldid=695267662 . Accessed 5 May 2017. FA7. “Hurricane Carmen” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Carmen&oldid=676854718. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA8. “Hurricane Carol” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Carol&oldid=687443315. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA9. “Hurricane Charley (1986)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Charley_%281986%29&oldid= 667714330. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA10. “Hurricane Claudette (2003)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Claudette_%282003%29&oldid= 687444397. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA11. “Hurricane Daniel (2006)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Daniel_%282006%29&oldid= 640063503. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA12. “Hurricane Dean” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.,

en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Dean&oldid=690030045. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA13. “Hurricane Diane” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Diane&oldid=694330521. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA14. “Hurricane Dog (1950)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Dog_%281950%29&oldid=695756918 . Accessed 5 May 2017. FA15. “Hurricane Edith (1971)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Edith_%281971%29&oldid= 691011953. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA16. “Hurricane Eloise” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Eloise&oldid=685348522. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA17. “Hurricane Emily (1993)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Emily_%281993%29&oldid= 692083554. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA18. “Hurricane Erika (1997)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Erika_%281997%29&oldid= 695804856. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA19. “Hurricane Esther” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Esther&oldid=674135997. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA20. “Hurricane Fabian” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Fabian&oldid=695802215. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA21. “Hurricane Fay (2014)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Fay_%282014%29&oldid=694828294. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA22. “Hurricane Gert (1993)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Gert_%281993%29&oldid=68958471 6. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA23. “Hurricane Ginger” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Ginger&oldid=690170226. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA24. “Hurricane Gonzalo” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Gonzalo&oldid=694828262. Accessed 5 May 2017.

FA25. “Hurricane Gordon (2006)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Gordon_%282006%29&oldid= 691517553. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA26. “Hurricane Grace (1991)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Grace_%281991%29&oldid= 688048493. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA27. “Hurricane Gustav (2002)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Gustav_%282002%29&oldid= 695756447. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA28. “Hurricane Hazel” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Hazel&oldid=690288516. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA29. “Hurricane Ioke” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Ioke&oldid=695153784. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA30. “Hurricane Irene (1999)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Irene_%281999%29&oldid= 663257920. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA31. “Hurricane Irene (2005)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Irene_%282005%29&oldid= 692326473. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA32. “Hurricane Iris” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Iris&oldid=693046103. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA33. “Hurricane Isabel” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Isabel&oldid=691845700. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA34. “Hurricane Isis (1998)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Isis_%281998%29&oldid=687374670. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA35. “Hurricane John (2006)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_John_%282006%29&oldid=67072612 9. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA36. “Hurricane Juan” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Juan&oldid=689553552. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA37. “Hurricane Kenna” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.,

en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Kenna&oldid=693046704. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA38. “Hurricane Kiko (1989)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Kiko_%281989%29&oldid=68974820 7. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA39. “Hurricane Kyle (2002)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Kyle_%282002%29&oldid=68301432 1. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA40. “Hurricane Lane (2006)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Lane_%282006%29&oldid=69580286 4. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA41. “Hurricane Lenny” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Lenny&oldid=663857708. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA42. “Hurricane Linda (1997)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Linda_%281997%29&oldid= 692483687. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA43. “Hurricane Nadine (2012)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Nadine_%282012%29&oldid= 694781351. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA44. “Hurricane Nate (2005)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Nate_%282005%29&oldid=63545888 9. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA45. “Hurricane Nora (1997)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Nora_%281997%29&oldid=69348689 7. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA46. “Hurricane Rick (2009)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Rick_%282009%29&oldid=69271283 4. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA47. “Hurricane Vince” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Vince&oldid=695576046. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA48. “Typhoon Gay (1992)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Gay_%281992%29&oldid=692883881. Accessed 5 May 2017. FA49. “Typhoon Rusa” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Rusa&oldid=663153869. Accessed 5 May 2017.

FA50. “Typhoon Tip” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Tip&oldid=692306895. Accessed 5 May 2017.

Good Article Samples:

GA1. “Typhoon Zeb” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Zeb&oldid=686782506. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA2. “Typhoon Vera (1983)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Vera_%281983%29&oldid=684495292 . Accessed 5 May 2017. GA3. “Typhoon Shanshan (2006)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Shanshan_%282006%29&oldid= 694762726. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA4. “Typhoon Saomai” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Saomai&oldid=695671540. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA5. “Typhoon Pat (1985)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Pat_%281985%29&oldid=660001447. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA6. “Typhoon Nelson (1985)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Nelson_%281985%29&oldid=6902863 28. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA7. “Typhoon Mitag (2002)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Mitag_%282002%29&oldid=69457941 2. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA8. “Typhoon Maria (2006)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Maria_%282006%29&oldid=63470871 8. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA9. “Typhoon Lee (1981)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Lee_%281981%29&oldid=689455553. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA10. “Typhoon Judy (1989)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Judy_%281989%29&oldid=634708635. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA11. “Typhoon Irma (1981)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.,

en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Irma_%281981%29&oldid=688844083. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA12. “Typhoon Forrest (1983)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Forrest_%281983%29&oldid= 688211617. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA13. “Typhoon Ellen (1983)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Ellen_%281983%29&oldid=692450127 . Accessed 5 May 2017. GA14. “Typhoon Choi-wan (2009)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Choi-wan_%282009%29&oldid= 674969021. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA15. “Typhoon Abby (1983)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Abby_%281983%29&oldid=68981840 7. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA16. “Hurricane Winifred (1992)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Winifred_%281992%29&oldid= 550880540. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA17. “Hurricane Tico” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Tico&oldid=691906458. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA18. “Hurricane Rick (1997)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Rick_%281997%29&oldid=69495192 7. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA19. “Hurricane Otto (2010)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Otto_%282010%29&oldid=69353893 9. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA20. “Hurricane Olga (2001)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Olga_%282001%29&oldid=60010394 5. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA21. “Hurricane Neki” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Neki&oldid=674924182. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA22. “Hurricane Lorenzo (2007)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Lorenzo_%282007%29&oldid= 683224581. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA23. “Hurricane Lidia (1993)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Lidia_%281993%29&oldid= 684994895. Accessed 5 May 2017.

GA24. “Hurricane Kristy (2006)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Kristy_%282006%29&oldid= 683979892. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA25. “Hurricane Juliette (1995)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Juliette_%281995%29&oldid= 463698121. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA26. “Hurricane Jerry (1989)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Jerry_%281989%29&oldid=67261549 0. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA27. “Hurricane Isidore” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Isidore&oldid=688595147. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA28. “Hurricane Humberto (2001)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Humberto _%282001%29&oldid=545584031. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA29. “Hurricane Gustav (1990)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Gustav_%281990%29&oldid= 588759982. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA30. “Hurricane Gil (1983)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Gil_%281983%29&oldid=674136137. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA31. “Hurricane Flora” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Flora&oldid=695654218. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA32. “Hurricane Fausto (2002)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Fausto_%282002%29&oldid= 694933264. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA33. “Hurricane Dot (1959)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Dot_%281959%29&oldid=674135863. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA34. “Cyclone Rosita” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Rosita&oldid=695088473. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA35. “Cyclone Osea” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Osea&oldid=591117727. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA36. “Cyclone Manou” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.,

en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Manou&oldid=565802098. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA37. “Cyclone Mala” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Mala&oldid=688197742. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA38. “Cyclone Lam” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Lam&oldid=695088480. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA39. “Cyclone Kamisy” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Kamisy&oldid=694484167. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA40. “Cyclone Joni” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Joni&oldid=695164864. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA41. “Cyclone Japhet” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Japhet&oldid=662044859. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA42. “Cyclone Hyacinthe” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Hyacinthe&oldid=681922255. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA43. “Cyclone Honorinina” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Honorinina&oldid=651341212. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA44. “Cyclone Hollanda” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Hollanda&oldid=588749614. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA45. “Cyclone Herbie” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Herbie&oldid=695088457. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA46. “Cyclone Filao” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Filao&oldid=647447190. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA47. “Cyclone Favio” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Favio&oldid=691544763. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA48. “Cyclone Connie” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Connie&oldid=680999131. Accessed 5 May 2017.

GA49. “Cyclone Clare” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Clare&oldid=695088455. Accessed 5 May 2017. GA50. “Cyclone Bella” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Bella&oldid=695238154. Accessed 5 May 2017.

B Samples:

B1. “1891 Martinique hurricane” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1891_Martinique_hurricane&oldid= 634903662. Accessed 5 May 2017. B2. “1900 Galveston hurricane” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1900_Galveston_hurricane&oldid= 695054880. Accessed 5 May 2017. B3. “1903 Florida hurricane” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1903_Florida_hurricane&oldid=674980869. Accessed 5 May 2017. B4. “1903 New Jersey hurricane” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1903_New_Jersey_hurricane&oldid= 683898116. Accessed 5 May 2017. B5. “1917 Nueva Gerona hurricane” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1917_Nueva_Gerona_hurricane &oldid=691568427. Accessed 5 May 2017. B6. “1933 Florida–Mexico hurricane” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1933_Florida%E2%80%93 Mexico_hurricane&oldid=696311112. Accessed 5 May 2017. B7. “1945 Outer Banks hurricane” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1945_Outer_Banks_hurricane&oldid= 673946189. Accessed 5 May 2017. B8. “1947 Cape Sable hurricane” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1947_Cape_Sable_hurricane&oldid= 683271408. Accessed 5 May 2017. B9. “1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1947_Fort_Lauderdale_ hurricane&oldid=682733294. Accessed 5 May 2017. B10. “1964 Rameswaram cyclone” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Rameswaram_cyclone&oldid=

690924461. Accessed 5 May 2017. B11. “1970 Bhola cyclone” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_Bhola_cyclone&oldid=690321438. Accessed 5 May 2017. B12. “2006 Central Pacific cyclone” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006_Central_Pacific_cyclone &oldid=686711819. Accessed 5 May 2017. B13. “2013 Somalia cyclone” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013_Somalia_cyclone&oldid=696026175. Accessed 5 May 2017. B14. “Cyclone Ami” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Ami&oldid=672699122. Accessed 5 May 2017. B15. “Cyclone Beni” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Beni&oldid=695088469. Accessed 5 May 2017. B16. “Cyclone Fletcher” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Fletcher&oldid=695088456. Accessed 5 May 2017. B17. “Cyclone Gafilo” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Gafilo&oldid=693106730. Accessed 5 May 2017. B18. “Cyclone Hamish” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Hamish&oldid=695417453. Accessed 5 May 2017. B19. “Cyclone Joan” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Joan&oldid=695088458. Accessed 5 May 2017. B20. “Cyclone Namu” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Namu&oldid=692894532. Accessed 5 May 2017. B21. “Cyclone Nilam” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Nilam&oldid=692083762. Accessed 5 May 2017. B22. “Cyclone Ron” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Ron&oldid=677569557. Accessed 5 May 2017. B23.

“Cyclone Rona–Frank” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Rona%E2%80%93Frank&oldid=695088 484. Accessed 5 May 2017. B24. “Cyclone Steve” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Steve&oldid=695088476. Accessed 5 May 2017. B25. “Cyclone Susan” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Susan&oldid=692478446. Accessed 5 May 2017. B26. “Cyclone Thelma” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Thelma&oldid=695088470. Accessed 5 May 2017. B27. “Cyclone Viyaru” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Viyaru&oldid=695552209. Accessed 5 May 2017. B28. “Hurricane Abby (1968)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Abby_%281968%29&oldid= 691007258. Accessed 5 May 2017. B29. “Hurricane Adrian (2011)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Adrian_%282011%29&oldid= 679572617. Accessed 5 May 2017. B30. “Hurricane Bertha (2008)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Bertha_%282008%29&oldid= 692560786. Accessed 5 May 2017. B31. “Hurricane Camille” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Camille&oldid=692451737. Accessed 5 May 2017. B32. “Hurricane Diana” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Diana&oldid=695297075. Accessed 5 May 2017. B33. “Hurricane Dolly (2008)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Dolly_%282008%29&oldid= 685136001. Accessed 5 May 2017. B34. “Hurricane Earl (2010)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Earl_%282010%29&oldid=69499961 8. Accessed 5 May 2017. B35. “Hurricane Felix” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.,

en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Felix&oldid=686276505. Accessed 5 May 2017. B36. “Hurricane Fifi–Orlene” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Fifi%E2%80%93Orlene&oldid=69209 8643. Accessed 5 May 2017. B37. “Hurricane Floyd” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Floyd&oldid=681395111. Accessed 5 May 2017. B38. “Hurricane Hugo” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Hugo&oldid=693450139. Accessed 5 May 2017. B39. “Hurricane Ike” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Ike&oldid=693340802. Accessed 5 May 2017. B40. “Hurricane Marilyn” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Marilyn&oldid=684843579. Accessed 5 May 2017. B41. “Hurricane Noel” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Noel&oldid=693954668. Accessed 5 May 2017. B42. “Hurricane Norbert (2008)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Norbert_%282008%29&oldid= 689202288. Accessed 5 May 2017. B43. “Hurricane Opal” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Opal&oldid=696284255. Accessed 5 May 2017. B44. “Hurricane Patricia” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Patricia&oldid=696190592. Accessed 5 May 2017. B45. “Hurricane Wilma” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Wilma&oldid=691122934. Accessed 5 May 2017. B46. “Typhoon Haiyan” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Haiyan&oldid=695429974. Accessed 5 May 2017. B47. “Typhoon Jangmi (2008)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Jangmi_%282008%29&oldid= 694274065. Accessed 5 May 2017.

B48. “Typhoon Muifa (2004)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Muifa_%282004%29&oldid= 672094667. Accessed 5 May 2017. B49. “Typhoon Nangka (2015)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Nangka_%282015%29&oldid= 695300968. Accessed 5 May 2017. B50. “Typhoon Sally (1996)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Sally_%281996%29&oldid=689435395 . Accessed 5 May 2017.

Start Samples:

S1. “Typhoon Yuri (1991)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Yuri_%281991%29&oldid=664237400. Accessed 5 May 2017. S2. “Typhoon Wanda (1962)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Wanda_%281962%29&oldid=6452460 20. Accessed 5 May 2017. S3. “Typhoon Songda (2004)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Songda_%282004%29&oldid= 696065280. Accessed 5 May 2017. S4. “Typhoon Nina (1975)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Nina_%281975%29&oldid=690490842 . Accessed 5 May 2017. S5. “Typhoon Melor (2009)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Melor_%282009%29&oldid=69518627 4. Accessed 5 May 2017. S6. “Typhoon Man-yi (2013)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Man-yi_%282013%29&oldid= 695848077. Accessed 5 May 2017. S7. “Typhoon Koppu (2015)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Koppu_%282015%29&oldid=6960120 72. Accessed 5 May 2017. S8. “Typhoon Herb” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Herb&oldid=694898422. Accessed 5 May 2017. S9. “Typhoon Halong (2014)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Halong_%282014%29&oldid=

686335465. Accessed 5 May 2017. S10. “Typhoon Fitow (2007)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Fitow_%282007%29&oldid=69534013 1. Accessed 5 May 2017. S11. “Typhoon Chebi” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Chebi&oldid=695337450. Accessed 5 May 2017. S12. “Typhoon Chanthu (2010)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Chanthu_%282010%29&oldid= 688240046. Accessed 5 May 2017. S13. “Hurricane Adrian (1999)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Adrian_%281999%29&oldid= 620646222. Accessed 5 May 2017. S14. “Hurricane Boris (1996)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Boris_%281996%29&oldid= 622656111. Accessed 5 May 2017. S15. “Hurricane Dora” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Dora&oldid=693048671. Accessed 5 May 2017. S16. “Hurricane Erin (1995)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Erin_%281995%29&oldid=668376758 . Accessed 5 May 2017. S17. “Hurricane Fausto (1996)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Fausto_%281996%29&oldid= 694813339. Accessed 5 May 2017. S18. “Hurricane Fran” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Fran&oldid=687549862. Accessed 5 May 2017. S19. “Hurricane Greg (1999)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Greg_%281999%29&oldid=66605875 2. Accessed 5 May 2017. S20. “Hurricane Hanna (2008)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Hanna_%282008%29&oldid= 695755508. Accessed 5 May 2017. S21. “Hurricane Jova (2011)” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Jova_%282011%29&oldid=69057859 5. Accessed 5 May 2017. S22.

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S47. “Cyclone Drena” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Drena&oldid=684102687. Accessed 5 May 2017. S48. “Cyclone Betsy” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Betsy&oldid=696047067. Accessed 5 May 2017. S49. “Cyclone Andrea” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Andrea&oldid=680379558. Accessed 5 May 2017. S50. “Cyclone Aila” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Aila&oldid=689311271. Accessed 5 May 2017.