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Atoll Research Bulletin No. 95 May 15, 1963 CHARLES H. LAMOUREUX ROTANY DEPT. UNI\'ERSITY OF HAWAII HONOLULU 14, HAWAII ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN E&ts of Humi-anc Hattie on thBn'tih Honduras Re$ and Cay4 Octohr'~30-31, 1961 by D. R. Stoddart Issued by THE PACIFIC SCIENCE BOARD National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Washington, D. C., U.S.A. ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN No. 95 Effects of Hurricane Hattie on the British Honduras Reefs and Cays, October 30-31, 1961 by D. R. Stoddart Issued by THE PACIFIC SCIEXCE BOARD National Academy of Sciences--National Eesearch Council Washington, D. C. May 15: 1~53 It is a pleasure to commend the far-sighted policy of the Office of Naval Research, with its emphasis on basic research, as a result of which a grant has made possible the continuation of the Coral Atoll Program of the Pacific Science Board. It is of interest to note, historically, that much of the funda- mental information on atolls of the Pacific was gathered bv the U. S. Navls South Pacific Exploring Expedition, over one hundred years ago, under the comand of Captain Charles Wilkes. The continuing nature of such sci.entific interest by the Navy is shown by the support for the Pacific Scj-ence Board's research programs during the past fifteen years. The preparation and issuance of the Atoll Research Bulletin is assisted by funds from Contract ~onr-2300(12). The sole responsibility for all statements made by authors of papers in the Atoll Research Bulletin rests with them, and they do not necessarily represent the views of the Pacific Science Board or of the editors of the Bulletin. Editorial Staff F. R. Fosberg, editor M.-H. Sachet, assistant editor Correspondence concerning the Atoll Research Bulletin should be addressed to the above: Pacific Vegetation Project $ National Research Council 2101 Constitution Ave., N. W. Washington 25, D. C., U.S.A. CONTENTS Page PREFACE I. INTRODUCTION Description of the reef area 11. HURRICANE HATTIE Development of Hurricane Hattie Hurricane Hattie in British Honduras waters Half Moon Cay, Lighthouse Reef Sandbore Cay, Lighthouse Reef Mauger Cay, Turneffe Cay Bokel, Turneffe Cay Caulker, Barrier Reef Lagoon Belize City Barrier reef lagoon Tobacco and South Water Cays, Barrier Reef Stann Creek and nearby area Mango Creek Punta Gorda Other areas Changing wind and wave conditions, 2100 h 30 October - 1200 h 31 October Storm surge Wave action Direction of water movement Rainfall 111. REEF DANAGE DURING HURRICAI\JE HATTIE Paunch Cay Reef Sergeant's Cay Reef Reef-patch south of English Cay Rendezvous Reef Cay Glory Carrie Bow Cay Peter Douglas Cay Comment IV. HUEtFiICANE DANAGE TO NORTHERN BARRIER REEF CAYS Ambergris Cay Cay Caulker Cay Chapel Cays between Cay Chapel and Belize St. George! s Cay St. George's East Cay Paunch Cay Sergeant 1 s Cay Gofffs Cay English Cay Page The Southern Triangles Rendezvous Cay Other sand cays of the Rorthern Barrier Reef HURRICANE DANAGE TO CENTRAL BARRIER REEF CAYS A. Cays between Rendezvous and Weewee Cays Cay Glory Tobacco Cay Cays between Tobacco and South Water cays South Water Cay Carrie Bow Cay Curlew Cay B. Cays ~f Central Barrier Reef Lagoon Weewee Cay to Baker's Rendezvous Cary Cay Trappl s Cay Islands between Trappls Cay and Gladden Spit Laughing Bird Cay Owen Cay Scipio Cay Colson Cay Bugle Cay Other barrier reef and lagoon cays Cays of southern barrier reef VI. HURRICANE DAMAGE ON TURNEFFE ISLANDS The Northern Cays The Cockroach Group Pelican Cay Soldier and Blackbird Cays Calabash Cays The Deadman Group Cay Bokel The Eastern Sand Ridge Turneffe lagoon mangroves Crickozeen Creek slumping VII. HURRICANE DM-IAGE ON LIGHTHOUSE REEF Sandbore Cay Northern Cay Saddle Cay Half Moon Cay Effect on vegetation Bird colony Long Cay Hat Cay VIII. SUNMARY OF PHYSIOGRAPHIC EFFECTS Zonation of danage Erosional effects Page Depositional effects Incidental physiographic effects Intertidal beachrock Cay sandstone Promenade rock Shingle rock Other rock IX. VEGETATIONAL EFFECTS OF THE HURRICANE Vegetation types and zonation of damage Summary of vegetational effects X. HUIUN AND ECONOMIC RESULTS OF THE HURRICANE Settlement Economy Fauna XI. POST-HURRICANE ADJUST1:ENTS AND PROSPECT Topography Vegetation Recent spread of coconuts and changing hurricane effects Conclusion XII. APPENDICES 1. Early British Honduras hurricanes and their effects 2. Some I'daya pottery from Grand Bogue Point, Turneffe Islands, British Honduras, by Euan W. NacKie XIII. REFERENCES CITED Figures After page 1. Location of British Honduras Cays 6 2. Track of Hurricane Hattie, 27-31October 1961 20 3. Pressure and winds in the Caribbean, 1800 hrs Belize time, 30 October 1961 II 4. Atmospheric pressure, 30-31 October 1961 I I 5. Anemometer trace, Stanley Field, Belize, 30-31 October 1961 11 6. Wind streamlines for 2100, 2200, 2300 h, 30 October 7. Wind strearclines for 0000, 0100, 0200 h, 31October 8. Wind streamlines for 0300, 0400, 0500 h, 31October I' 9. Wind streamlines for 0600, 0700, 0800 h, 31October 10. Wind streamlines for 0900, 1000, 1100 h, 31 October 11. Hurricane Hattie in British Honduran waters (derived from wind and streamline charts) II 12. Proq-ess of storm surge I I After page Dominant directions of water movement during Hurricane Hattie 20 Degree of reef damage during Hurricane Hattie 29 Rendezvous Reef in 1960, 1962 I I Ambergris Cay 50 Cay Caulker and Cay Chapel 11 Location of St. George's Cay II Hurricane damage at Saint George's Cay 11 St. George's Cay East Sandbore, 1960 11 Paunch Cay, 1960 II Sergeant's Cay, 1960, 1962 II Goofls Cay, 1960, 1962 11 English Cay, 1960, 1962 11 The Triangles and Deepw2ter Channel 11 Sketch map of Robinson Point Cay II Spanish Cay, 1961 I I Rendezvous Cay, 1959-61, 1962 11 kiddle Long Cay 69 Cay Glory, 1960 I I Tobacco Cay, 1960, 1962 II South kiater Cay, 1960, 1962 I I Carrie Bow Cay, 1960, 1962 11 Curlew Cay, 1960 11 Cays of central barrier reef lagoon I I Bottom topography in part of central barrier reef lanoon Cary Cay, 1962 Trapp' s or lfoho Cay, 1962 Buttonwood Cay, 1961 Laughing Bird Cay, 1962 Owen Cay, 1962 . Colson Cay and Scipio Cay, 1962 West end of Bugle Cay, 1962 Pelican Cay, Cay I1 of the Cockroach Group, 1962 Cockroach Cay: Cay VI of the Cockroach group, 1960 (with Cockroach v), 1962 Soldier Cay, 1960, 1962 Little Calabash Cay, 1960, 1962 Big Calabash Cay, 1960, 1962 Deadman Cay I, 1960, 1962 Deadman Cay 11, 1960, 1962 Deadnan Cay IVY 1960, 1962 Deadman V, 1960, 1962 Cay Bokel, 1961, 1962 Traverse at Grand Bogue Point, Turneffe Islands Aerial view from north of Crickozeen Creek slumning Sandbore Cay, 1960, 1962 Hurrican'g chan~e- on the porth shbre of' Northern Cay, 1961, 1962 Half Moon Cay: topography in l96i Half Moon Cay: topographic change during Hurricane Hattie Half Moon Cay: composition, 1962 11 Half Moon Cay: vegetation change 1961-1962 II Pattern of hurricane damage to sand cays 111 Section of cay sandstone at Northern Cay II Direction of tree fall during Hurricane Hattie 119 Maya pottery from Grand Bogue 134 Hurricane Hattie passed across the British Honduras coast on October 30-31, 1961, and this paper nresents in some detail the effects of the storm on coral reefs and particularly on reef islands in its track. I am much indebted to the Royal Society of London for support- ing the re-survey expedition, which lasted from February to Lay 1962: and also to Miss Evelyn L. Pruitt, Head, Geography Branch, Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, Washington, who arranged trans- atlantic transportation for m. Without this great assistance, this investigation would not have taken place. huch of this report necessarily deals with pre-hurricane conditions - in outline only for the atolls (~urneffe,Lighthouse and Glover! s Reefs) which have been described in a previous paper (stoddart, 1962b), in greater detail for the hitherto undescribed cays of the barrier reef. This material was gathered during two earlier expeditions: The Cambridge Expedition to British Honduras 1959-60, led by J .E. Thorpe, and an expedition in 1961 sponsored by the Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, and the Office of Naval Research,Washington. I am most grateful to my companions on the first expedition; and to Professor R.J. Russell and iG.ss E.L. Pruitt for their great help on the second. A special word of thanks must go to my assistants, filr. JoD. Poxon and Mr. Stephen P. Kurray, for their aid. On all these expeditions, my plant collections have been identified by Dr. F.R. Fosberg; to Dr. Fosberg, and to Dr. I!:.H. Sachet, both of the Pacific Vegetation Project, go my very best tharks, not only for this, but for many other kindnesses. This whole projzct has been carried out under the direction of Professor J.A. Steers, of Cambridge, who has given encouragement and adviceat all stages; I trust his influence may be seen in the following pages. Since 1959 I have bsen supported by funds from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, held at the Department of Geography, Cambridge, England. One is embarrassed by the nw.bers of ~eoplewho have so freely given their help during these investigations, especially after the hurricane, when most had more to occupy their ~cindsthan wandering geomorphologists. I must thank in particular Sir C.H. Thornley and Sir P.G.H. Stallard, successively Governors of British Honduras, for very practical assistance, and the Government cf the Colony for customs exemption and other favours; my good friends Dr. and hrs. Stuart Heap and I?";.
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