DOCSLIB.ORG

The Dictator's Modernity Dilemma: Theory and Evidence from South Korea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Dictator's Modernity Dilemma: Theory and Evidence from South Korea The Dictator's Modernity Dilemma: Theory and Evidence From South Korea The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Cho, Joan E. 2016. The Dictator's Modernity Dilemma: Theory and Evidence From South Korea. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493342 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Dictator’s Modernity Dilemma: Theory and Evidence from South Korea A dissertation presented by Joan Eun Cho to The Department of Government in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Political Science Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April 2016 ©2016 — Joan Eun Cho All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Daniel Ziblatt Joan Eun Cho The Dictator’s Modernity Dilemma: Theory and Evidence from South Korea Abstract Under what conditions are political institutions more or less effective at neutralizing opposition forces? To date, political scientists have generated conflicting evidence about the effects of economic development and political institutions on democratization. I argue that the co-opting effect of institutions depends on the strength of opposition groups, which in turn hinges on socioeconomic changes that develop nonlinearly over time. This disserta- tion identifies the threshold at which the cumulative changes of modernization translate into mass mobilization against the incumbent authoritarian regime, and demonstrates that the timing of democratization is conditional on generational turnover in key groups in civil so- ciety. The empirical chapters draw on a wide range of new qualitative and quantitative data from South Korea, a case for which existing scholarship generates contradictory findings that suggest political institutions and socioeconomic modernization explain both authoritar- ian resilience and democratization. I use archival materials to construct an original events dataset and employ subnational analysis to empirically demonstrate the importance of dis- tinguishing the short- versus long-term effects of socioeconomic development on regime change. The first empirical chapter demonstrates the differences between the short- versus long- term effect of industrialization on citizens’ voting behavior and collective action against the iii authoritarian regimes of Park Chung Hee (1961-1979) and Chun Doo Hwan (1980-1988). The analysis estimates the controlled direct effect of industrial complexes on number of labor protests during the 1987 “Great Workers’ Struggle” in a given county and finds that a sustained presence of industrial complexes increased labor protests during the democratic transition period. The second empirical chapter examines whether and how access to mass media—a key feature of modernization—impacted regime support during the earlier phases of economic development under Park Chung Hee’s pre-Yushin regime (1961-1972). I find that greater access to mass media was correlated with more opposition to the authoritarian incumbent but only when the government’s control of the media was weaker. The third and final empirical chapter directly examines the interaction between co-opting effects of institutions and social changes resulting from modernization that empower civil society. I empirically test whether voting for the opposition party in a multiparty election had a pos- itive or negative effect on participation in mass anti-regime protests during the 1987 “June Democratic Uprising.” I find that voting for the opposition party overall had a dampen- ing effect on protest. However, the significant presence of social activists mitigated the dampening effect of election. These empirical chapters collectively demonstrate that while socioeconomic change and democratization do hang together over time, they do so in a non-liner fashion. iv | Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgements x Note on Romanization xii 1 Modernization and Generational Turnover Under Authoritarianism 1 1.1 Introduction . .1 1.2 Authoritarianism, Development, and Democracy in South Korea . .3 1.3 Toward a Theory of Modernization, Generational Change, and Democracy .6 1.4 The 386 Generation and Democracy in South Korea . 11 1.5 Overview of the Three Empirical Chapters . 21 1.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Research . 25 2 Long-term Effect of Industrialization on Labor Activism 28 2.1 Introduction . 28 2.2 Literature . 31 2.3 Background . 34 2.4 Data & Methods . 48 2.5 Results . 51 2.6 Conclusion . 57 3 Media Exposure and Regime Support 59 3.1 Introduction . 59 3.2 Existing Literature and the Argument . 61 3.3 Context . 64 3.4 Research Design . 71 3.5 Results . 78 3.6 Conclusion . 86 4 Authoritarian Elections and Anti-regime Protests 88 4.1 Introduction . 88 4.2 Theorizing Elections, Mobilizing Structures, and Protest . 90 v 4.3 Context . 95 4.4 Data & Methods . 99 4.5 Findings . 106 4.6 Conclusion . 111 A Appendix to Chapter 1: Protest Data and Coding Manual 113 A.1 Data . 113 A.2 Concept and Measure of Events . 114 A.3 Coding Variables . 115 B Appendix to Chapter 1: Additional Tables 123 C Appendix to Chapter 2: Additional Tables 126 D Appendix to Chapter 3: Additional Tables 130 E Appendix to Chapter 4: Additional Tables 133 F Appendix to Chapter 4: Additional Figures 137 Bibliography 139 vi | List of Figures 1.1 Number of Public Versus Private College-Level Institutions, 1962-1987 . 16 1.2 Expansion of Tertiary Education and Student Enrollment,1962-1987 . 17 1.3 Turnout for National Assembly and Presidential Elections, 1948-2012 . 20 2.1 Number of Labor Disputes and Labor Unions, 1963-1991 . 42 2.2 Number of Labor Protest in 1987 and Location of Industrial Complexes . 43 2.3 ACDE of ICs as a Function of the Fixed Level of Manufacturing Firms in 1987...................................... 53 2.4 Coefficient on Industrial Complex (Presence of IC) . 56 2.5 Quantile-Quantile (QQ) Plots of Each Covariate Used to Match . 56 3.1 Variation in Radio Signal Strength . 76 3.2 Radio Signal and Radio Sets in 1967 . 77 3.3 Newspaper Coverage of Presidential Elections in 1963 and 1967 . 79 3.4 Newspaper Circulation and Vote for Presidential Party, 1963 and 1967 . 79 4.1 Protest Sites During the June Democratic Uprising . 102 4.2 Relationship Between NKDP Vote Share and Protest Intensity at Different Degrees of Access to Mobilizing Structures with 95% Confidence Intervals 109 F.1 Bivariate Correlation Between Student Population (1985) and Number of Student Associations (1983) . 137 F.2 Number of Mass Events With More Than 10,000 Participants . 138 vii | List of Tables 1.1 South Korea’s Political Generations . 12 1.2 Spread of Mass Media in Selective Years (Ratio of News Media to Total Households) . 15 2.1 Number and Size of Industrial Complexes by Administrative Region, 1963- 1987...................................... 36 2.2 Estimated Effects of Industrial Complexes on Labor Protest Fixing Number of Manufacturing Firms in 1987 . 52 2.3 Estimated Effects of Industrial Complexes on Labor Protest Fixing Popu- lation in 1985 . 54 2.4 Matching Results . 56 3.1 Newspaper Circulation and Vote for Ruling Party . 81 3.2 Newspaper Circulation and Vote for Ruling Party . 82 3.3 Determinants of Radio Signal Strength, 1967 and 1971 . 84 3.4 Radio Signal Strength and Vote for Ruling Party, 1967 and 1971 . 85 4.1 Hypotheses on the Relationship between Elections and Protest . 100 4.2 Number of Districts and Events (Per 100,000 People) for Each Province . 102 4.3 Predictors of Protest Intensity during the 1987 June Democratic Struggle . 108 B.1 Number of Political Protest by Organizing Groups, 1945-1972 . 124 B.2 Main Social Groups Participating in Protest . 125 C.1 Summary Statistics . 126 C.2 The Great Workers’ Struggle Protests and Electoral Support for the Oppo- sition Candidates in the First Democratic Presidential Election in 1987 . 127 C.3 First Stage Estimates from the Sequential g-estimation Model of Table 2.2 128 C.4 First Stage Estimates from the Sequential g-estimation Model of Table 2.3 129 D.1 Summary Statistics: Newspaper . 130 D.2 Summary Statistics: Radio . 130 D.3 Robustness Check I: Newspaper Circulation and Vote for Ruling Party . 131 D.4 Robustness Check II: Newspaper Circulation and Vote for Ruling Party . 132 viii E.1 1985 NKDP Vote Share and Combined Vote Shares of the Opposition Can- didates (Kim Young Sam and Kim Dae Jung) in the First Democratic Pres- idential Elections in 1987 . 133 E.2 Results Using Different Measures of NKDP Vote Share . 134 E.3 Summary Statistics . 135 E.4 Robustness Checks: Predictors of Protest Intensity . 136 ix | Acknowledgements I dedicate this dissertation to my parents—Hee Sang Cho and Kwang Ja Park—and grandparents who have inspired me to study the authoritarian period and democratization process in South Korea. Their experiences and stories not only informed and reminded me of my Korean roots, but instilled in me a curiosity to study the political history of my “motherland.” I am greatly indebted to my parents for the sacrifices they made to provide me with the best life experiences and education in the United Kingdom, South Korea, and the United States to freely explore and pursue my dreams. I am very fortunate to have worked with brilliant scholars during my undergraduate and graduate education. I express my sincere gratitude to my teachers and mentors from the University of Rochester (Bonnie Meguid, Mark Kayser, Richard Neimi, and Bingham Powell) and Harvard University (Daniel Ziblatt, Steve Levitsky, and Paul Chang), who have influenced and shaped me to become a scholar of political science. My dissertation advi- sor, Daniel Ziblatt, provided me with constant intellectual guidance and support since my first year of graduate school.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Electoral Politics in South Korea
    South Korea: Aurel Croissant Electoral Politics in South Korea Aurel Croissant Introduction In December 1997, South Korean democracy faced the fifteenth presidential elections since the Republic of Korea became independent in August 1948. For the first time in almost 50 years, elections led to a take-over of power by the opposition. Simultaneously, the election marked the tenth anniversary of Korean democracy, which successfully passed its first ‘turnover test’ (Huntington, 1991) when elected President Kim Dae-jung was inaugurated on 25 February 1998. For South Korea, which had had six constitutions in only five decades and in which no president had left office peacefully before democratization took place in 1987, the last 15 years have marked a period of unprecedented democratic continuity and political stability. Because of this, some observers already call South Korea ‘the most powerful democracy in East Asia after Japan’ (Diamond and Shin, 2000: 1). The victory of the opposition over the party in power and, above all, the turnover of the presidency in 1998 seem to indicate that Korean democracy is on the road to full consolidation (Diamond and Shin, 2000: 3). This chapter will focus on the role elections and the electoral system have played in the political development of South Korea since independence, and especially after democratization in 1987-88. Five questions structure the analysis: 1. How has the electoral system developed in South Korea since independence in 1948? 2. What functions have elections and electoral systems had in South Korea during the last five decades? 3. What have been the patterns of electoral politics and electoral reform in South Korea? 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and v/hite photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 Nortti Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313.761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Future Political Implications for the Conservatives in South Korea
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis and Dissertation Collection 2016-12 One-party dominance: future political implications for the conservatives in South Korea Yu, David J. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/51642 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS ONE-PARTY DOMINANCE: FUTURE POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONSERVATIVES IN SOUTH KOREA by David J. Yu December 2016 Thesis Advisor: Robert Weiner Second Reader: Jessica Piombo Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED (Leave blank) December 2016 Master’s thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS ONE-PARTY DOMINANCE: FUTURE POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONSERVATIVES IN SOUTH KOREA 6. AUTHOR(S) David J. Yu 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Sketch of Dissertation
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Committing to the Party: The Costs of Governance in East Asian Democracies A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and International Affairs by Kuniaki Nemoto Committee in charge: Professor Ellis Krauss, Chair Professor Stephan Haggard, Co-Chair Professor Megumi Naoi Professor Matthew Shugart Professor Carlos Waisman 2009 Copyright Kuniaki Nemoto, 2009 All rights reserved SIGNATURE PAGE The Dissertation of Kuniaki Nemoto is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Chair University of California, San Diego 2009 iii DEDICATION To Nemoto Norikuni and Nemoto Tokiko iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE ................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Democratization of South Korea: What Role Does Economic Development Play?
    The Democratization of South Korea: What Role Does Economic Development Play? CHALMERS JOHNSON What is the relationship, if any, between the movement toward democracy in Korea and the high levels of economic development achieved there?* One obvious conclusion that arises from a consideration of the Korean case is that the relationship is not the one identified in the Western theory of '%ourgeoisUrevolutions. It is questionable whether economic develop- ment in Korea has produced a genuine middle class and, even if it has, the Korean middle class does not have an interest in and demonstrably has not championed political democracy during the first five Korean republics. The Korean developmental state is not antagonistic to the interests of the entrepreneurial-managerial elite in Korea, and it is thus meaningless to speak of a private sector favoring democracy as a way of controlling the public sector. Korea's possessing class is not a ruling class in the Marxist sense; it is rather the collaborator of a military-bureaucratic elite in a joint project of nationalist development. This configuration of political econ- omy is quite compatible with authoritarian government for extended periods of time. But there is a relationship between economic development and the ad- vent of democracy in the Korea of the 1980s. Economic development caused conditions that in social science theory are called societal dise- qulibrium. The demands for democracy of the 1980s constituted efforts to resynchronize the Korean value structure with its division of labor and to overcome the sense of injustice and unfairness that Koreans felt in the 1980s but not in the 1960s.' Korea's strategy of economic development, modeled after that of Japan, resulted in a pattern of markedly unbalanced development: high levels of economic development, significant levels of social development, and low levels of political development.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Democratic Consolidation in South Korea
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1996 An Analysis of Democratic Consolidation in South Korea Sangmook Lee Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Lee, Sangmook, "An Analysis of Democratic Consolidation in South Korea" (1996). Master's Theses. 5013. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/5013 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION INSOUTH KOREA by Sangmook Lee A Thesis Submitted to the· Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Political Science WesternMichigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 1996 Copyright by Sangmook Lee 1996 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have provided crucialsupport along the way. Special thanks goes to my committee chair, Dr. Lawrence Ziring, for his encouragement, guidance, and suggestions throughout this study. I also thank the members of my committee, Dr. Alan C. Isaak and Dr. Peter Kobrak, who read this draft very carefully and made numerous comments which greatly improved the quality of my thesis. This paper is dedicated to my family without whom it could hardly have been completed. I should like to thank my parents, my father, Byungkee Lee, and my mother, SuknamLee, who provided much support and encouragement throughout my graduate career.
    [Show full text]
  • Hesli Skorea.Pdf
    Vicki L. Hesli is professor of political science at the University of Iowa. She is co- author (with John E. Turner, Dong-Suh Bark, and Hoon Yu) of two books on South Korea: Villages Astir: Community Development, Tradition, and Change in Korea and Community Development and Rational Choice: The Case of Korea. She is co-author of articles appearing in the American Political Science Review, British Journal of Politics, Journal of Politics, Electoral Studies, and PS: Political Science and Politics. Jae Mook Lee a Post-doc fellow at the Institute for State Governance Studies at Yonsei University in Seoul. His fellowship is funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea. chapter South Korea: A Success Story Revised July 2012 Vicki L. Hesli and Jae Mook Lee 1 University of Iowa Institute for State Governance Studies at Yonsei University ᭤ CHAPTER OUTLINE Introduction History Korea under Japanese Rule Partition of Korea and the Korean War South Korea under the Authoritarian Rule Democratization in South Korea Culture and Development Political Culture Culture and the Economy Political Institutions The Presidency The Legislature The Prime Minister and the State Council The Courts Civil Service Local Government 1. The authors wish to thank Hyeon Seok Park for his contribution to preparing this revision. Bases of Political Conflict Organizational Expressions of Conflict Political Parties Organizational Interests The State and the Economy Korea’s Economic Development Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and Korean Economy Conclusion References Suggestions for Further Reading Additional Online Resources ᭤ INTRODUCTION South Korea and North Korea share the Korean peninsula but were parti - tioned from one another at the end of World War II with the implementation of an agreement made between U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Your Unpublished Thesis, Submitted for a Degree at Williams College and Administered by the Williams College Libraries, Will Be Made Available for Research Use
    WILLIAMS COLLEGE LIBRARIES COPYRIGHT ASSIGNMENT AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR A STUDENT THESIS Your unpublished thesis, submitted for a degree at Williams College and administered by the Williams College Libraries, will be made available for research use. You may, through this form, provide instructions regarding copyright, access, dissemination and reproduction of your thesis. The College has the right in all cases to maintain and preserve theses both in hardcopy and electronic format, and to make such copies as the Libraries require for their research and archival functions. _ The faculty advisor/s to the student writing the thesis claims joint authorship in this work. _ !/we have included in this thesis copyrighted material for which !/we have not received permission from the copyright holder/s. If you do not secure copyright permissions by the time your thesis is submitted, you will still be allowed to submit. However, if the necessary copyright permissions are not received, e-posting of your thesis may be affected. Copyrighted material may include images (tables, drawings, photographs, figures,maps, graphs, etc.), sound files, video material, data sets, and large portions of text. I. COPYRIGHT An author by law owns the copyright to his/her work, whether or not a copyright symbol and date are placed on the piece. Please choose one of the options below with respect to the copyright in your thesis. I/we choose not to retain the copyright to the thesis, and hereby assign the copyright to Williams College. Selecting this option will assign copyright to the College. If the author/s wishes later to publish the work, he/she/they will need to obtain permission to do so from the Libraries, which will be granted except in unusual circumstances.
    [Show full text]
  • Yunan Bagaskara Pratama Nim 100910101020
    DigitalDigital RepositoryRepository UniversitasUniversitas JemberJember KEMENANGAN PARK GEUN-HYE DALAM PEMILIHAN PRESIDEN 2012 DI KOREA SELATAN (THE VICTORY OF PARK GEUN-HYE IN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 2012 OF SOUTH KOREA) SKRIPSI diajukan guna melengkapi tugas akhir dan memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk menyelesaikan Studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional (S1) dan mencapai gelar Sarjana Sosial Oleh YUNAN BAGASKARA PRATAMA NIM 100910101020 JURUSAN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS JEMBER 2017 i DigitalDigital RepositoryRepository UniversitasUniversitas JemberJember PERSEMBAHAN Skripsi ini saya persembahkan untuk: 1. Kedua orang tuaku tercinta, Mama ku Yuni Lestari dan Ayahku Slamet Rochani 2. Adik ku tercinta Yunan Karisma Amar Sakti 3. Guru-guruku yang mulia sejak Taman Kanak-Kanak hingga Perguruan Tinggi 4. Almamater Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Jember khususnya Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional yang selalu kubanggakan. ii DigitalDigital RepositoryRepository UniversitasUniversitas JemberJember MOTTO “I learned that courage was not absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.” "Saya belajar bahwa keberanian bukanlah ketiadaan rasa takut, tapi kemenangan di atasnya. Pria pemberani bukan dia yang tidak merasa takut, tapi siapa yang menaklukkan ketakutan itu.” (Nelson Mandela)1*) “Everyone can rise above their circumstances and achieve success if they are dedicated to and passionate about what they do.” “Setiap orang dapat mengatasi keadaan mereka dan mencapai kesuksesan jika mereka berdedikasi dan bersemangat dengan apa yang mereka lakukan.” (Nelson Mandela)2**) “I will never forget the will of the people who believed in me wherever I went during the election campaign.” "Saya tidak akan pernah melupakan kemauan orang-orang yang percaya kepada saya kemanapun saya pergi saat kampanye pemilihan." (Park Geun-Hye)3***) 1*).Nelson Mandela Quotes diakses dari: http://www.azquotes.com/author/9365-Nelson_Mandela 2**)Ibid.
    [Show full text]
  • © Copyright 2019 Emily Marie Anderson Hall
    © Copyright 2019 Emily Marie Anderson Hall Kim Sŏnghwan’s ‘Mr. Kobau’: Editorial Cartoons as Genre Weapons in South Korean Search for Democracy, 1945-1972 Emily Hall A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2019 Reading Committee: Hwasook B. Nam, Chair Clark W. Sorensen Mark Metzler Program Authorized to Offer Degree: History University of Washington Abstract Kim Sŏnghwan’s ‘Mr. Kobau’: Editorial Cartoons as Genre Weapons in South Korean Search for Democracy, 1945-1972 Emily Marie Anderson Hall Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Hwasook Bergquist Nam History This dissertation examines the early life and struggles of Kim Sŏnghwan (b. 1932), until the implementation of Park Chung Hee’s Yusin Constitutional Revision in 1972. On February 1, 1955, Kim Sŏnghwan introduced a four-panel comic, “Mr. Kobau,” in the Tonga ilbo, leading to a profound transformation of South Korean newspaper cartoons. This series became the most popular, longest lasting editorial cartoon in South Korean history, and a potent genre weapon against authoritarianism. Kim Sŏnghwan did not initially pursue cartooning as part of a political agenda. Instead, the political situation of the mid-1950s and the limited freedom of expression in the press created the circumstances for the politicization of his “gag” comic. Recognizing the ambiguous position of cartoons in South Korean newspapers and censorship laws, Kim Sŏnghwan crafted sharp social and political criticism, masked in humor, even when criticism of the government was strictly regulated. In the process, he experienced fines, arrests, and even a minor psychological breakdown, but survived and maintained his critical voice through three dictatorial regimes and South Korea’s democratic transition.
    [Show full text]
  • Police, Paramilitaries, Nationalists and Gangsters: the Processes of State Building in Korea
    Police, Paramilitaries, Nationalists and Gangsters: The Processes of State Building in Korea By Jonson Nathaniel Porteux A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science) in the University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Allen Hicken, Co-Chair Professor Allan Stam, Co-Chair Associate Professor Mary Gallagher Associate Professor Nojin Kwak Assistant Professor Kenneth McElwain © Jonson N. Porteux 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to the following organizations with made the research for this dissertation possible with generous funding and/or affiliation: the Department of Political Science and the Nam Center for Korean Studies (and the staff!) at the University of Michigan, the IIE Fulbright Foundation (grant # PD2051299), the Academy of Korean Studies (KSPS), Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOE) (AKS-2011-BAA-2102), and the Institute for Political Studies at Seoul National University. The University of Michigan Internal Review Board (IRB) approved this research project: (HUM00035137). In addition to the funding and institutional support for this project, it would not have been possible if it were not for the help of the following individuals: Abe Hiroaki, Ahn T.K., An Heung Jin, Desmond Arias, Baek Chang Jae, Kathleen and Shawn Carlton, Thomas Chadefaux, Bruce Cumings, Cho Sung-kwon, Choi Lyong, William R. Clark, Joshua Gubler, Mary Gallagher, Allen Hicken, Ronald Inglehart, Kim Hahn-yup, Kim Sunil, Kim Chang Kil, Kim Nam Kyu, Kim Jung Kil, Kim Yeon Kyung, Kwak Nojin, Kwon Aelee, Lim Ahreum, Kenneth McElwain, Robert Mickey, Moon Chung-in, Ono Yoshikuni, Park Won-ho, Kyoko and Yutsuki Porteux, Pyo Hak Kil, Megan Reif, Allan Stam, Song Kyung-ah, Derek Stafford, Lee Stenso, Kharis Templeman, Umeda Michio, Meredith (Jung-en) Woo, and Yim Jiyon.
    [Show full text]
  • U·M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedtbrougb, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrightmaterial had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copyfor an additional charge. Contact U?-AI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9300328 Democratic transition in South Korea, 1985-1988: The eclectic approach Kim., Jang Sil, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 1992 V·M·I 300 N.
    [Show full text]