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U·M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedtbrougb, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrightmaterial had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copyfor an additional charge. Contact U?-AI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9300328 Democratic transition in South Korea, 1985-1988: The eclectic approach Kim., Jang Sil, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 1992 V·M·I 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Democratic Transition in South Korea, 1985-1988: The Eclectic Approach A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AUGUST 1992 By Jang-sil Kim Dissertation Committee: Dae-Sook SUh, Chairperson Glenn D. Paige Michael Haas Jim Dator Hagen Roo iii (c) copyright by Jang sil Kim 1992 All Rights Reserved iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without several persons' assistance. During the preparation of this dissertation, I have become greatly indebted to the committee members, Dae-sook Suh, Glenn D. Paige, Michael Haas, Jim Dator, and Hagen Koo. They gave me invaluable suggestions and criticisms to improve the quality of my dissertation. Special thanks go to professor Juan J. Linz and Professor Cheng Tun-jen who read my dissertation draft and provided me with probing questions and advices. My appreciation should be also extended to several persons who helped me in the process of gathering materials and undertaking-the field work. They include Former Minister of Sports Lee Young-ho, Planning Director Chun Byong-min, Senior Editor of Wolgan Choson Cho Kap-che, Professor Lee Dal-gon and Chin Tok-Kyu, Vice Section Chief Chung Sang-kon and Ha Young-che, my colleague Kim Ha-young. I would like to thank Director General of Bureau in the Ministry of Information Suh Chong-hwan, President Cho Che­ hwan and Lee Ch'an-chun who personally helped me through various ways. Especially, I acknowledge the support of my family who endured difficulties during my graduate studies, especially, my wife, Hye-jung, and daughter Ji-young. Finally, this dissertation is dedicated to the deceased mother. v ABSTRACT South Korea has made significant strides toward political development during the second half of the 1980's after protracted political conflicts between the repressive authoritarian regimes and the persistent opposition forces. This dissertation seeks to explore the experience of dramatic Korean democratization from 1985 to 1988 under the general theoretical framework of democratic transition. Two theoretical frameworks were used: the genetic (or agency-oriented) theories that emphasize the strategic choice of political actors who initiated the democratization movement and the structural determination theories that emphasize the structural conditions that facilitate the democratization process. Two types of theories have merits and relevances in explaining particular facets or stages of democratic transition. Structural determination theories are useful in understanding the preconditions of democratic ,transition and providing broad boundaries of opportunities and constraints. On the other hand, genetic theories have strength in explaining the concrete forms, dynamics, and timing. In explaining the recent Korean experience of democratic transition, this study adopts the eclectic approach combining these two theories on democratization. Hence, the basic premise underlying this study is that the democratic transition in Korea comes from the interplay vi or internal tensions within an authoritarian regime and popular pressures from below, which were generated by the maturity of structural environment, such as socioeconomic development, the change of political cUlture, favorable international factors, and the timely occurrence of the unexpected events. Among them, the socioeconomic development was the most important factor that increased demands and pressures for democracy, animated by the resurrection of civil society, such as the eruption of enormous autonomous organizations of students, workers, intellectuals, and church activists. Facing strong challenges, the government hardliners initially tried to repress the opposition forces through imposition of increased physical forces, but, in the process, they committed serious blunders, which provoked the moral indignation of the people against the regime. As the internal political demonstrations and the international concern for the democracy in Korea were increased, the "government was pressured into finally accepting the opposition demands for democratization. Through the June 29th Declaration and transition elections, the sixth Republic was born and the process of evolution toward democracy began. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........ ....... iv Abstract .•• ... .. • • • • 0 • • v List of Tables • • • • • • • x List of Figures •.••..•••.••..••.• xii Chapter I. Introduction. 1 I. The purpose of the study • • 1 II. The scope and method of the study • •• 6 III. overview. ••••••••••••.••9 Notes • . ... ....... ... 12 Chapter II. The theoretical analysis of the democratic transition •• •• . 16 I. structure determination theory • e- 17 II. Genetic theory . ... 58 III. An alternative framework • • 83 Notes • 91 Chapter III. Historical analysis of ~orean politics •• 94 I. The authoritarian regime under the First RepUblic • • • • • • • • 94 II. The failed democratic experiment under the Second RepUblic •••• 97 III. The authoritarian regime under the Third RepUblic •.••••••••• 101 IV. The highly authoritarian Yushin system under the Fourth RepUblic ••.. 105 viii v. The reemerging authoritarian Fifth Republic ••••••• . .. 113 Notes ••• .. ...... .. .. ... 126 Chapter IV. From authoritarian regime to democracy: the politics of transition, 1985-1988 ••••••••••••••• 129 I. Abertura and resurrection of civil society .••••. 129 II. The 12th National Assembly election 134 III. Tug of war for constitutional revision between the rUling forces and opposition forces ••••••• 141 IV. Democratic transition from deadlock. • 158 V. Transition elections and the emergence of the sixth Republic ••••••••• 169 Notes • .. ..... ...... 180 Chapter V. The contributing factors of democratization in Korea • • • • • • • . 185 I. Socioeconomic development ••• .. 185 II. The change of political culture • 194 III. Influence of the international factors ....•...•... 201 V. Unexpected accidents •••••••••• 212 Notes • •••••••••••• •. • e. • • • • • 217 Chapter VI. The leading actors in the Korean democratization process ••••• 218 I. Popular demands for democracy • 218 II. Activation of the civil society and democratization movement groups 224 III. The response of rUling groups. • • . • 258 Notes 269 ix Chapter VII. Conclusion 270 Notes 277 Bibliography 278 Notes 333 x L:IS'!' OF TABLES 3-1. The outcome of National Assembly election in 1981 •••••• 123 4-1. The results of 1985 National Assembly election .............. 138 4-2. The election returns of five largest cities ............ 139 4-3. The change of labor unions • 166 4-4. The December 1987 Presidential election returns by region ••••••••••• 173 4-5. The April 1988 National Assembly election returns by region •••• •••• •• 177 4-6. Number of participants in the NKDP's rallies ................... 180 4-7. The sit-in demonstrators in Myongdong Cathedral ••••• ••••.•. 182 4-8. The number of those who took in prison in the June 26th Peace March ••••• 182 4-9. The statistics of the June uprising • 183 5-1. Key economic and social indicators of development in Korea ••••••• 186 5-2. Trend of urbanization .. ... .... 188 5-3. Education development in Korea ••••••• 190 5-4. Mass media development in Korea ••••••• 192 5-5. The trend of printing media growth 193 6-1. Indicators of political crisis •• 230 6-2. The number of labor unions, members, and strike occurrence since 1984 •••••• 242 6-3. Collective action of the students, 1984-1987 •••...•••••••••.•. 251 xi 6-4. The number of students committing suicide for anti-government struggles •••• 252 6-5. students punished by the government, 1985-1987 •••••••••••••• 252 7-1. Types of democratization processes ••••. 277 xii LIST OF FIGURES 2-1. Combination of the four groups and their results ••••...• • 61 2-2. The flow
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