An Analysis of Democratic Consolidation in South Korea

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

An Analysis of Democratic Consolidation in South Korea Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1996 An Analysis of Democratic Consolidation in South Korea Sangmook Lee Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Lee, Sangmook, "An Analysis of Democratic Consolidation in South Korea" (1996). Master's Theses. 5013. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/5013 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION INSOUTH KOREA by Sangmook Lee A Thesis Submitted to the· Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Political Science WesternMichigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 1996 Copyright by Sangmook Lee 1996 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have provided crucialsupport along the way. Special thanks goes to my committee chair, Dr. Lawrence Ziring, for his encouragement, guidance, and suggestions throughout this study. I also thank the members of my committee, Dr. Alan C. Isaak and Dr. Peter Kobrak, who read this draft very carefully and made numerous comments which greatly improved the quality of my thesis. This paper is dedicated to my family without whom it could hardly have been completed. I should like to thank my parents, my father, Byungkee Lee, and my mother, SuknamLee, who provided much support and encouragement throughout my graduate career. My special thanks goes to my lovely wife, K younghee Ma, who has given me more than enough understanding, support, and assistance. Last but most important thing is that to my pretty daughter, Yuna Lee, I offer my love and thanks for this among the other changes she has brought into my life. Appreciation is also extended to Dr. Chung-Hee Lee for his endless guidance and encouragement throughout my academic life. Additional acknowledgment is extended to Mrs. JoNel Hemingway and Mr. Peter Boylan for their editorial advice and assistance. Sangmook Lee ll AN ANALYSIS OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATIONIN SOUTH KOREA Sangmook Lee, M. A. WesternMichigan University, 1996 This thesis focuses on the process of democratic consolidation in South Korea. Under the assumption that South Korea's democratic.. consolidation phase has not been completed, the thesis examines the problems and prospects of South Korean• democratic consolidation in terms of its political, economic, and social aspects. In particular, from a comparative perspective on the Third Wave of democratization, the thesis deals with the changes, dynamics, and characteristics of South Korean democratization. Using a maximalist conception of democratic consolidation, the thesis analyzes how South Korean democracy is becoming consolidated in the political and socioeconomic spheres. South Korea is undergoing a democratic consolidation process. The long-term prospect for South Korean democracy is bright. However, consolidating democracy is not easy job and it cannot be established in a short time. It is necessary to increase the government's efficiency to manage sociopolitical conflicts and to drive reform continuously. Ultimately, when South Korea has established both political democracy and socioeconomic democracy, it will be a consolidated and stable democracy. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................... 11 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... vt LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. Vll CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 II. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THETHIRD WAVE OF DEMOCRATIZATION................................................................... 9 A Conceptual Review of Democratic Transitions....................................... 12 The Causes of Democratization................................................... 19 The Process of Democratization. .. .. .. 23 The Process of Democratic Transition................................... 24 The Process of Democratic Consolidation .... ............... .............. .... 37 III. SOUTH KOREA'S POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT.... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ... ... .. .... .. 50 Political Culture ....................................................................................... 51 The Characteristics of Traditional Political Culture ....................... 52 The Changing Political Culture .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 The Partition of the Korean Peninsula .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 Political History .. .. .. .. .. ... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. 59 Democratic Experiments .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 lll Table of Contents --- Continued CHAPTER The Authoritarian Legacy. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64 IV. A PROCESS OF DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS IN SOUTH KOREA . 72 The Democratic Transition Phase................. :............................................ 73 The6.29 Declaration ofRoh Tae Woo......................................... 74 A Grand Conservative Ruling Coalition . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 77 The Mode ofDemocratic Transition............................................. 82 The Democratic Consolidation Phase. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 84 Eliminating Corruption................................................................. 85 Civilian Control Over the Military. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 87 Political Reform. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 89 Economic Reform. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 91 V. THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATIONIN SOUTH KOREA .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ... .. .... .. .. ....... .... 94 Political Institutionalization. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 96 The Political Party System. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 The Legislature. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 102 Economic Development. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 105 Development ofCivil Society. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 111 IV Table of Contents --- Continued CHAPTER Political Leadership . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 121 VI. CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................... 128 Summary ...................................................... :......................................... 128 The Future of South Korean Democratic Consolidation . .. .. .. .. 142 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................. 145 V LIST OF TABLES 1. Authoritarian Regimes and Liberalization/Democratization Processes, 1974-1990 ········································································································ 34 2. Distribution of Legislature Seats in the 1988 Parliamentary Election ................. 78 3. South Korea's Principal Economic Indicators, 1985-1990.................................. 81 VI LIST OF FIGURES 1. Types of Democratization From Authoritarian Rule.......................................... 25 2. Modalities of Transition to Democracy From Authoritarian Rule...................... 28 3. Modes of Transition to Democracy . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 4. Democratic Transitions With/without Elite Settlements....................... .............. 45 Vil CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION From 1948, when an independent government was established in South Korea, "liberal democracy" has been the stated objective of all its governments. Although authoritarian governments ruled the country for approximately 30 years, democratic aspiration remained strong and intense (Han, 1987, p. 267). And while the unification of the Korean Peninsula is a long term goal, establishing democratic government is acknowledged to be the primary objective of the South Korean nation. Since the rnid-1970sthe spread of democracy to so many countries in Southern Europe, Latin America, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Africa has been remarkable (Wiarda, 1993, p. 83). South Korea is no exception. In June 1987 South Korea experienced the first phase of democratization. Roh Tae Woo, then the presidential candidate of the ruling party (Democratic Justice Party), made his so-called 6.29 (June 29) Declaration, which fully and quite unexpectedly accepted the demands of an opposition alliance of party leaders and radical students, as well as intellectuals, progressive journalists, and clergy. They had called for Amending the Constitution for the popular election of the President; liftingthe ban on political dissidents including Kim Dae Jung [ one of the political leaders of the opposition];.. removing major restrictions on the basic rights of the press, publication, assembly and association; and reinstating the system of local autonomy (Paik, 1994, p. 733). 1 2 This event, of course, meant that the ruling elite of Chun Doo Hwan' s authoritarian regime had succumbed to intensive and mounting pressures for democratization from the political opposition and the general
Recommended publications
  • Electoral Politics in South Korea
    South Korea: Aurel Croissant Electoral Politics in South Korea Aurel Croissant Introduction In December 1997, South Korean democracy faced the fifteenth presidential elections since the Republic of Korea became independent in August 1948. For the first time in almost 50 years, elections led to a take-over of power by the opposition. Simultaneously, the election marked the tenth anniversary of Korean democracy, which successfully passed its first ‘turnover test’ (Huntington, 1991) when elected President Kim Dae-jung was inaugurated on 25 February 1998. For South Korea, which had had six constitutions in only five decades and in which no president had left office peacefully before democratization took place in 1987, the last 15 years have marked a period of unprecedented democratic continuity and political stability. Because of this, some observers already call South Korea ‘the most powerful democracy in East Asia after Japan’ (Diamond and Shin, 2000: 1). The victory of the opposition over the party in power and, above all, the turnover of the presidency in 1998 seem to indicate that Korean democracy is on the road to full consolidation (Diamond and Shin, 2000: 3). This chapter will focus on the role elections and the electoral system have played in the political development of South Korea since independence, and especially after democratization in 1987-88. Five questions structure the analysis: 1. How has the electoral system developed in South Korea since independence in 1948? 2. What functions have elections and electoral systems had in South Korea during the last five decades? 3. What have been the patterns of electoral politics and electoral reform in South Korea? 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Effective Evangelistic Strategies for North Korean Defectors (Talbukmin) in South Korea
    ABSTRACT Effective Evangelistic Strategies for North Korean Defectors (Talbukmin) in South Korea South Korean churches eagerness for spreading the gospel to North Koreans is a passion. However, because of the barriers between the two Koreas, spreading the Good News is nearly impossible. In the middle of the 1990’s, numerous North Koreans defected to China to avoid starvation. Many South Korean missionaries met North Koreans directly and offered the gospel along with necessities for survival in China. Since the early of 2000’s, many Talbukmin have entered South Korea so South Korean churches have directly met North Koreans and spread the gospel. However, the fruits of evangelism are few. South Korean churches find that Talbukmin are very different from South Koreans in large part due to the sixty-year division. South Korean churches do not know or fully understand the characteristics of the Talbukmin. The evangelism strategies and ministry programs of South Korean churches, which are designed for South Koreans, do not adapt well to serve the Talbukmin. This research lists and describes the following five theories to be used in the development of the effective evangelistic strategies for use with the Talbukmin and for use to interpret the interviews and questionnaires: the conversion theory, the contextualization theory, the homogenous principle, the worldview transformation theory, and the Nevius Mission Plan. In the following research exploration of the evangelization of Talbukmin in South Korea occurs through two major research agendas. The first agenda is concerned with the study of the characteristics of Talbukmin to be used for the evangelists’ understanding of the depth of differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Title, Table of Contents, Acknowledgements
    ☯ A TURNING POINT: DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN THE ROK AND STRATEGIC READJUSTMENT IN THE U.S.-ROK ALLIANCE Alexandre Y. Mansourov ii About APCSS The Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (APCSS) is a Department of Defense regional study, conference, and research center established in Honolulu, Hawaii, on September 4, 1995. The Center staff and faculty of 127, including civilians, multi-service active duty military and contract workers, support the U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) and complements PACOM's theater security cooperation strategy of maintaining positive security relationships with nations in the Asia-Pacific region. With its non-warfighting, academic focus, the APCSS builds upon strong bilateral relationships between PACOM and 45 Asia-Pacific region governments, and their armed forces, by focusing on a broader multilateral approach to addressing regional security issues and concerns. The Center’s mission is “to provide a forum where current and future military and civilian leaders from Asia-Pacific nations gather to enhance security cooperation through programs of executive education, professional exchange, and policy-relevant research.” The APCSS principles are transparency, non- attribution, and mutual respect. Its website is http://www.apcss.org/. The Center embraces its vision as an internationally recognized, premier study, research, and conference institution, actively contributing to stability and security in the Asia-Pacific Region. iii ROK Turning Point ALEXANDRE Y. MANSOUROV EDITOR ©ASIA-PACIFIC CENTER FOR SECURITY STUDIES HONOLULU, HAWAII 2005 Alexandre Y. Mansourov iv Copyright @ 2005 by the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Published 2005 by the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Honolulu, Hawaii Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Confidence And/Or Control? Seeking a New Relationship Between North
    Hans-Joachim Schmidt Confidence and/or Control? Seeking a new relationship between North and South Korea PRIF Reports No. 62 ã Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF) 2002 Correspondence to: HSFK Leimenrode 29 60322 Frankfurt am Main Germany Telephone: +49 (0)69/95 91 04-0 Fax: +49(0)69/55 84 81 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http:/www.hsfk.de Translation: Katharine Hughes MA, Oxford ISBN: 3-933293-64-2 € 10,– Summary The final curtain has not yet fallen on the East-West conflict in the Korean peninsula. The heavily armed forces of North and South Korea are still at a stand-off, with almost two million soldiers, supported by 37,000 US troops on the South Korean side. Since the end of the Korean War in 1953, which led to the partition of Korea, both countries find themselves technically still at war. So far, there has merely been a cease-fire in force. While South Korea has since developed into a stable democracy and one of the most economically advanced nations in Asia, the Stalinist rule in the DPRK (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) is threatening to disintegrate. The economic situation there deteriorated drastically during the 1990s due to economic mismanagement and a number of natural disasters. Despite this worsening economic plight, North Korea possesses the world’s fifth largest army, with almost 1.2 million soldiers, and spends 25-33 % of its GNP on military defence (South Korea spends approx. 3 %). This fuels the fear that the Communist regime in the DPRK could very soon collapse.
    [Show full text]
  • Corporate Hierarchies, Genres of Management, and Shifting Control in South Korea’S Corporate World
    Ranks & Files: Corporate Hierarchies, Genres of Management, and Shifting Control in South Korea’s Corporate World by Michael Morgan Prentice A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Matthew Hull, Chair Associate Professor Juhn Young Ahn Professor Gerald F. Davis Associate Professor Michael Paul Lempert Professor Barbra A. Meek Professor Erik A. Mueggler Michael Morgan Prentice [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0003-2981-7850 © Michael Morgan Prentice 2017 Acknowledgments A doctoral program is inexorably linked to the document – this one – that summarizes the education, research, and development of a student and their ideas over the course of many years. The single authorship of such documents is often an aftereffect only once a text is completed. Indeed, while I have written all the words on these pages and am responsible for them, the influences behind the words extend to many people and places over the course of many years whose myriad contributions must be mentioned. This dissertation project has been generously funded at various stages. Prefield work research and coursework were funded through summer and academic year FLAS Grants from the University of Michigan, a Korea Foundation pre-doctoral fellowship, and a SeAH-Haiam Arts & Sciences summer fellowship. Research in South Korea was aided by a Korea Foundation Language Grant, a Fulbright-IIE Research grant, a Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant, and a Rackham Centennial Award. The dissertation writing stage was supported by the Rackham Humanities fellowship, a Social Sciences Research Council Korean Studies Dissertation Workshop, and the Core University Program for Korean Studies through the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and Korean Studies Promotion Service of the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS-2016-OLU-2240001).
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on the Future Sustainability of Sejong, South Korea's Multifunctional Administrative City, Focusing on Implementation
    A Study on the Future Sustainability of Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 93 Sejong, South Korea’s Multifunctional Administrative City, Focusing on Implementation of Transit Oriented Development A Study on the Future Sustainability of Sejong, South Korea’s Multifunctional Jeongmuk Kang Administrative City, Focusing on Implementation of Transit Oriented Development Jeongmuk Kang Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences Master Thesis E, in Sustainable Development, 30 credits Printed at Department of Earth Sciences, Master’s Thesis Geotryckeriet, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 2012. E, 30 credits Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 93 A Study on the Future Sustainability of Sejong, South Korea’s Multifunctional Administrative City, Focusing on Implementation of Transit Oriented Development Jeongmuk Kang Supervisor: Gloria Gallardo Evaluator: Anders Larsson Contents List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................ iii Summary .............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Dictator's Modernity Dilemma: Theory and Evidence from South Korea
    The Dictator's Modernity Dilemma: Theory and Evidence From South Korea The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Cho, Joan E. 2016. The Dictator's Modernity Dilemma: Theory and Evidence From South Korea. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493342 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Dictator’s Modernity Dilemma: Theory and Evidence from South Korea A dissertation presented by Joan Eun Cho to The Department of Government in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Political Science Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April 2016 ©2016 — Joan Eun Cho All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Daniel Ziblatt Joan Eun Cho The Dictator’s Modernity Dilemma: Theory and Evidence from South Korea Abstract Under what conditions are political institutions more or less effective at neutralizing opposition forces? To date, political scientists have generated conflicting evidence about the effects of economic development and political institutions on democratization. I argue that the co-opting effect of institutions depends on the strength of opposition groups, which in turn hinges on socioeconomic changes that develop nonlinearly over time. This disserta- tion identifies the threshold at which the cumulative changes of modernization translate into mass mobilization against the incumbent authoritarian regime, and demonstrates that the timing of democratization is conditional on generational turnover in key groups in civil so- ciety.
    [Show full text]
  • HRNK, NYU School of Law, the Hurford Foundation, CFR's Winston
    20th Annual Timothy A. Gelatt Dialogue on the Rule of Law in East Asia International Human Rights: North Korea, China and the UN Tuesday, November 11, 2014 1:30–7:00 p.m. Greenberg Lounge 40 Washington Square South NYU School of Law International Human Rights: North Korea, China and the UN 1:30 p.m. Welcome Jerome Cohen, Professor and Co-Director, US-Asia Law Institute, NYU School of Law; Adjunct Senior Fellow for Asia, Council on Foreign Relations Greg Scarlatoiu, Executive Director, The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 1:40 p.m. The Current Context Keynote: An Overview: The DPRK and the World Stephen Bosworth, Senior Fellow, Harvard Kennedy School of Government; Chairman, US-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University; Former US Ambassador to South Korea, US Special Repre- sentative for North Korea Policy; Dean, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University Comment: Are We Prisoners of Korean History? Charles Armstrong, Korea Foundation Professor of Korean Studies in the Social Sciences, Columbia University Discussion Moderator: Dr. Myung-Soo Lee, Senior Research Scholar, US-Asia Law Institute, NYU School of Law 2:30 p.m. The Refugee Problem, International Law and China’s Role My Struggles as a Defector in North Korea, China and South Korea Hyeonseo Lee, Refugee Activist China’s Forced Repatriation of North Korean Refugees and International Law Roberta Cohen, Non-Resident Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution; Co-Chair, The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea Rescuing North Korean Refugees: The Story of Asia’s Underground Railroad Melanie Kirkpatrick, Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute; author of Escape from North Korea: The Untold Story of Asia’s Underground Railroad Discussion Moderator: Philip Alston, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law; Faculty Director and Co-Chair, Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, NYU School of Law 3:45 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Communication for Social Integration Between North and South Koreans Table of Contents
    Guide to Communication for Social Integration Between North and South Koreans Table of Contents Introduction 2 Importance of History 4 Perceptions and Thoughts on North Korean People 6 To Live as Neighbors 16 (Methods and Recommendations on Achieving Successful Communication to Live as Neighbors) Introduction During the first half of 2019, Misunderstandings and conflict there were over 33,000 defec- can occur in conversations even tors in South Korea. We are cur- between people who were born rently living in a time when, while in the same country and are the Korean Peninsula is still di- aware of the same cultural cues. vided, the chances of meeting a But imagine how much more North Korean are high. If that is careful one must be when talking the case, are we capable of com- with people who were raised in a municating with them with no different culture and educational problems? system. Therefore, as a human rights organization, this group fo- ‘Am I prepared to meet and live cuses on the value of human be- with people who have lived in ings and considers the possibility North Korea right now? ‘ of people meeting when North Korea is more politically open in ‘Am I prepared to interact with the future. We have collected tips and understand them?’ for a smoother conversation. “I believe that reunification must begin from the heart.” - A North Korean defector, Chae Seo-Yeon - 2 Publisher: Kim Tae-Hoon Editor in chief: Nam Bada Authors Kwon Yeong-Tae | Ministry of Unification Lecturer Park Jin-Seong | Seoul Bulgwang Middle School History Teacher Song Hyun-Jin | Ewha Women’s University Unification Studies Researcher Kim Young-Ji | Ewha Women’s University Unification Studies Researcher Yujin (Julia) Jung | University of Missouri Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • South Korean Corporate Culture and Its Lessons for Building Corporate Culture in China
    South Korean Corporate Culture and Its Lessons for Building Corporate Culture in China Choong Y. Lee, University Professor, Pittsburg State University, USA Jennifer Y. Lee, University of Pennsylvania, USA ABSTRACT Corporate culture, as a management theory and method, emerged as an important component of organizational success in the late twentieth century. Korea’s unique style of corporate culture is a critical element to its economic success. Both China and Korea still have a strong influence of Confucianism on everyday life; Confucianism is the most dominating component in both countries’ cultures. The Western style of management philosophy, with its associated corporate culture, is generally regarded as the most efficient and effective philosophy. However, the successful experience of Korean business based on its own corporate culture has also gained attention and praise from all over the world. Many experts and businesspersons in China are looking at the Korean style of management and its unique corporate culture with serious interest, and are considering it as the most suitable style of management for China to have continued success in its economy. In fact, corporate culture in China is only at the beginning of building its own management culture and philosophy, and is facing many problems and challenges today. The success of Korea and its economy based on its unique corporate culture and management philosophy gives China and its businesses new perspectives and ideas. This paper will analyze the formation of corporate culture in Korea, and discuss deeper understanding of Korean corporate culture, including its background and influencing factors. Also, this paper will talk about the current situation and existing problems in China regarding corporate culture and propose some ideas that Chinese businesses could learn from Korea’s success.
    [Show full text]
  • MASTER THESIS Dealing with Difficult Heritage in Seoul
    MASTER THESIS Dealing with difficult heritage in Seoul (South Korea): The case study of Japanese General Government Building By So Young Hwang Submitted to Professors Kenza Benali, Marc Saner and Scott Simon Master of Arts, Geography with specialization in Science, Society and Policy University of Ottawa /Department of Geography November 19 2016 © So Young Hwang, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 ii ABSTRACT The case concerning demolition of the Japanese General Government Building in Seoul, South Korea, from the Japanese colonialism has been discussed since Korea’s liberation in 1945, but the building had been used for many functions during that time frame. This building was finally demolished during the period 1995 to 1997, despite the national (pro-conservation group) and international (Japanese scholars and jounalists) protestations. This research analysed newspaper articles to study the conflict between pro-demolition and pro-conservation groups in the newspapers to see how, and why the conflict proceeded. Korean newspaper archives were used to search four newspapers (Dong-A, Han-Gyeo-Re, Kyeong-Hyang, and Mae-Il-Kyeong-Je) from the time period of 1991 to 1998, using the keyword ‘Japanese General Government Building’. The collected data was analysed with qualitative methodology to understand the conflicts in the newspapers. This analysis revealed three reasons put forward by the pro-conservation, Memorial and Educational Value, Art and Use Value, and Economic Value and, two reasons of pro-demolition, the Memorial Obstacle and Socio-cultural obstacle (Feng-shui as spiritual obstacle). Most reasons for pro-conservation and pro-demolition groups were classic arguments relating to other difficult heritage buildings, however, two different reasons are pertinent to this particular case: First, the government did not present any practical reasons to destroy the building.
    [Show full text]
  • K-Pop: South Korea and International Relations S1840797
    Eliana Maria Pia Satriano [email protected] s1840797 Word count: 12534 Title: K-pop: South Korea and International Relations s1840797 Table of Contents: 1. Chapter 1 K-pop and International Relations………………………………..……..…..3-12 1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………..…..3-5 1.2 K-pop: from the National to the International Market: The History of K-pop………5-6 1.3 The Drivers Behind the K-pop Industry..………………………………….….….…6-10 1.4 The Involvement of the South Korean Government with Cultural Industries.…… 10-12 2. Chapter 2 Soft Power and Diplomacy, Music and Politics ……………………………13-17 2.1 The Interaction of Culture and Politics: Soft Power and Diplomacy………………13-15 2.2 Music and Politics - K-pop and Politics……………………………………………15-17 3. Chapter 3 Methodology and the Case Study of BTS……………………………..……18-22 3.1 Methodology………………………………………………………………….……18-19 3.2 K-Pop and BTS……………………………………………………………….……19-20 3.3 Who is BTS?………………………………………………………………….……20-22 3.4 BTS - Beyond Korea……………………………………………………………….…22 4. Chapter 4 Analysis ……………………………………………………….…….…….. 23-38 4.1 One Dream One Korea and Inter-Korea Summit……….…………………..……..23-27 4.2 BTS - Love Myself and Generation Unlimited Campaign…………………….…..27-32 4.3 Korea -France Friendship Concert..………………………………………..….…..33-35 4.4 Award of Cultural Merit…………………………………………….………….…..35-37 4.5 Discussion and Conclusion…………………………………………………….…..37-38 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………….….39-47 !2 s1840797 CHAPTER 1: K-pop and International Relations (Seventeen 2017) 1.1 Introduction: South Korea, despite its problematic past, has undergone a fast development in the past decades and is now regarded as one of the most developed nations. A large part of its development comes from the growth of Korean popular culture, mostly known as Hallyu (Korean Wave).
    [Show full text]