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Syllabus: the Balkans in the Age of Nationalism SYLLABUS: THE BALKANS IN THE AGE OF NATIONALISM SYLLABUS: THE BALKANS IN THE AGE OF NATIONALISM [This class was taught at Swarthmore College: a version of the1995 lecture texts is online.] Instructor: Steven Sowards Office: Humanities Librarian's office, McCabe Library (Main Level) Trotter 182, MWF 10:30-11:20, Fall 1995 This course is an introduction to the history of Southeastern Europe since the 1790s. Each week's work will examine a key episode in Balkan affairs through a combination of lectures, readings, and discussion of associated issues. The class will not follow the history of any one Balkan country comprehensively. Instead, we will direct our attention to relevant developments which address questions like these: 1. How does Balkan history relate to European history? 2. What is a nation, a nationality, an ethnic group? 3. What has nationalism meant for the Balkans? The course emphasizes the history of Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, and Yugoslavia, with some attention to events in Ottoman Turkey, Albania, the Habsburg Monarchy and Hungary as appropriate. The class begins with some historical background. The recent history of the Balkans has yet to be written, but we should be able to use historical knowledge to begin our understanding of it. READING Reading for the class consists of three textbooks and a set of photocopied articles. These three books have been ordered by the College Bookstore: Richard Clogg, A Concise History of Greece (1992) Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920 (1986) Joseph Held (ed.), The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century (1992) The photocopied readings will be sold in the History Office: if you want to take or audit the course, you must buy a set of these readings during the first week of class (to help defray the expenses). EVALUATION Grading in the course will be as follows: 1. Map quiz on Balkan geography 5% 2. Take-home mid-term essay 20% 3. First version of term paper 25% 4. Second version of term paper 15% 5. Take-home final essay 20% 6. Class participation, discussion and attendance 15% The map quiz is pass/fail: you may take it over and over until you pass it, but you must pass it to get the points. The mid-term essay will expand on classroom discussion of one of the weekly topics covered during the first four weeks of class. The term paper will require you to read and compare several historical treatments of a controversial episode or concept. This does not mean restating a factual narrative: it means comparing and critiquing versions of the truth as offered by various historians. Because good writing requires rewriting, you will turn in two versions of your paper, a first draft and a final revision. Each version will be graded, separately and on the basis of different criteria. The final essay will expand on classroom discussion of one of the weekly topics covered during the course as a whole. The grade for participation includes attendance, participation in discussion and the simulation, and demonstrated knowledge of the course material. There will be additional information about the written asignments later in the course. SCHEDULE OF CLASSES, READINGS AND ASSIGNMENTS BalkNat.html[26.06.17, 16:36:02] SYLLABUS: THE BALKANS IN THE AGE OF NATIONALISM Each week addresses a topic. The lectures and assigned readings for the week lead up to a discussion on Friday. Readings from Clogg, Jelavich and Held are identified for each week; all other citations refer to materials in the photocopied reader. You need to do the reading in order to contribute to the discussion. Some questions are suggested for each topic, so that you can do the reading with appropriate issues and themes in mind. You will encounter many unfamiliar names and terms in the readings and lectures. The weekly "Identifications" section lists some of the most important ones, as well as some with unfamiliar spelling. These lists should help you concentrate on the most significant personalities and concepts. Important geographic terms appear on the map exercise. Topic 1: Defining the "Balkans:" An other Europe Reading: Clogg, pp. 1-6. Maria Todorova, "The Balkans: From Discovery to Invention," Slavic Review 53/2 (Summer 1994), pp. 453-482. Bram Stoker, Dracula (1897), Chapter I, pp. 1-15. G. F. Abbott, The Tale of A Tour in Macedonia (1903), Chapter I, pp. 1-11. William McPherson, "What Went Wrong? William McPherson in Romania," Granta 33 (Summer 1990), pp. 9-26. Monday, Sept. 4 -- Introduction to the course. The geography and ethnic geography of the Balkans to 1500 Wednesday, Sept. 6 -- "Asia begins at the Landstrasse:" Comparing Eastern European and European histories Friday, Sept. 8 -- Discussion Read the Todorova article first: what problems does she warn us about as we read about the Balkans? Then read the chapters from Dracula and the two travellers' accounts (one from 1903, the other from 1990) and keep these questions in mind: What do we mean by "Balkan"? How is it defined by the contrasting concept of "European?" What are "Orientalism" and "Balkanism?" How do they affect the way history is written and read? Is Balkan history part of European history? Are the Balkans a defective version of Western Europe? Why are historians interested in travellers' accounts of the Balkans? What are some of the problems with these sources? There are some recurring motifs in Dracula and the travel accounts: watch for them. They include images of crossing borders, the use of superlatives (things in the Balkans are the best, the worst, and so on), comparison of things Western and Eastern, and assertions that in the "East" the abnormal is normal. Identifications for Week 1: transhumance, Illyrians, Achaeans/Ionians/Dorians, irredenta/irredentism, katharevousa and dimotiki, Dacia, Magyars, Vlachs, Cyril and Methodius, Cyrillic script, usufruct fief, Crown of St. Stephen, Ladino, Volksdeutsch, Fourth Crusade (1204), Battle of Kosovo (1389), Battle of Mohacs (1526), Rumeli and Anatoli, ghazis, Prince Klemens von Metternich, Edward Said, "discourse," Oscar Halecki, William McNeill, Philhellenism, neo-serfdom and second serfdom, "Petstotin godini pod tursko igo." *************************************************************** Topic 2: The "Old Regimes" in the Balkans Reading: Clogg, pp. 7-22. Jelavich, pp. 3-25. Traian Stoianovich, "Factors in the Decline of Ottoman Society in the Balkans," Slavic Review 21/4 (December 1962), pp. 623-632. Bela K. Kiraly, "Introduction," Hungary in the Late Eighteenth Century: The Decline of Enlightened Despotism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), pp. 1-11. Susana S. Macesich, "The French Revolution, Napoleon and the Balkan Enlightenment," East European Quarterly 9/4 (Winter 1975), pp. 455-470. Monday, Sept. 11 -- The principles of Ottoman rule in the Balkans Wednesday, Sept. 13 -- Hungary and the limits of Habsburg authority (Map quiz, in class on Wednesday) Friday, Sept. 15 -- Discussion The Ottoman and Habsburg Empires arose well in advance of modern concepts of the state or the nation. While this class focuses on their decline, remember that these entities dominated the Balkans for more than four centuries. What features define nations and states in the modern sense? What contrasting features were at the foundation of the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires? How did individuals define their own identity, and their relationship to people around them? Were the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires fundamentally systems in competition, or were they fundamentally alike? What was it that made these societies capable of surviving under Balkan conditions for so long? Why did the Habsburg and Ottoman systems cease to be successful in the years after the middle of the 1700s? Are the disruptive forces coming from inside Balkan society, or from the outside? BalkNat.html[26.06.17, 16:36:02] SYLLABUS: THE BALKANS IN THE AGE OF NATIONALISM Identifications for Week 2: Osman/Osmanli/Ottoman, Seljuk Turks, Sultan Mehmet II the Conquerer, Sunni and Shi'i Muslims, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, sheriat, devshirme, ulema, janissaries, divan, timariot/timar, spahi/spahilik, miri vakf and mulk lands, chiftlik, "millet" system, Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews, grand vezir, ayans/notables, klephts and hajduks, raya(h), armatoloi, hospodars, Phanariots, Adamantios Koraes, Rhigas Velestinlos (Pheraios), Vuk Karadzic, Pasvanoglu, Osman Pasha, Ali Pasha of Jannina, Mohammed Ali of Egypt, Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji (1774), Illyrian Provinces, "Tu, felix Austria, nube," Count Rudolph of Habsburg, Counter-Reformation, Hungarian Diet, viceroy/governor/ban/palatin, Pragmatic Sanction (1713), Empress Maria Theresa, Jansenists, Emperor Joseph II, Enlightened despotism, Toleration Patent (1781), Emperor Leopold, Golden Bull (1222), Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), Peace of Szatmar (1711), jus resistendi, bene possessionati. ************************************************************** Topic 3: The earliest national revolutions Reading: Clogg, pp. 23-46. Jelavich, pp. 26-83. Theodore Kolokotrones, Kolokotrones: The Klepht and the Warrior: Sixty Years of Peril and Daring: An Autobiography (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1892), pp. 83-89, 120-121, 125-132, and 246-254. Monday, Sept. 18 -- The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian state Wednesday, Sept. 20 -- The Greek Revolution and the Greek state Friday, Sept. 22 -- Discussion The first "national revolutions" took place in Balkan countries soon after the French Revolution, and during the Napoleonic Wars. Many treatments of "modern" Balkan history
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