0 Further reading

General The best general introduction to the whole period is: Thomson, D., since Napoleon (Penguin, 1966). There are also a number of good series available such as the Fontana History of Europe and Longman 's A General History of Europe. The relevant volumes in these series are as follows: Rude, G., Revolutionary Europe, 1783-1815 (Fontana, 1964). Droz, J., Europe between Revolutions, 1815-1848 (Fontana, 1967). Grenville, J.A.S., Europe Reshaped, 1848-1878 (Fontana, 1976). Stone, N., Europe Transformed, 1878-1919 (Fontana, 1983). Wiskemann, E., Europe of the Dictators, 1919-1945 (Fontana, 1966). Ford, F.L., Europe, 1780-1830 (Longman, 1967). Hearder, H., Europe in the Nineteenth Century, 1830-1880 (Longman, 1966). Roberts, J., Europe, 1880-1945 (Longman, 1967).

For more specialist subjects there are various contributions by expert authorities included in: The New Cambridge Modern History, vols. IX-XII (Cambridge, 1957). Cipolla, C.M. (ed.), Fontana Economic History of Europe (Fontana, 1963).

Other useful books of a general nature include: Hinsley, F.H., Power and the Pursuit of Peace (Cambridge University Press, 1963). Kennedy, P., Strategy and Diplomacy 1870-1945 (Allen & Unwin, 1983). Seaman, L.C.B., From Vienna to Versailles (Methuen, 1955). Seton-Watson, H., Nations and States (Methuen, 1977).

Books of documentary extracts include: Brooks, S., Nineteenth Century Europe (Macmillan, 1983). Brown, R. and Daniels, C., Twentieth Century Europe (Macmillan, 1981). Welch, D., Modern European History, 1871-1975 (Heinemann, 1994). The Longman Seminar Studies in History series provides excellent introductions to debates and docu­ mentary extracts on a wide variety of subjects.

Chapter 1 For French history in general the best source is: Cobban, A., A History of Modern France (Penguin, 1965-6), 3 vols. For the French Revolution a useful selection would be: Blanning, T.C.W., The French Revolutionary Wars (Hodder & Stoughton, 1995). Blanning, T.C.W., The French Revolution: Aristocrats versus Bourgeois? (Macmillan, 1987). Goodwin, A., The French Revolution (Hutchinson, 1953).

480 FURTHER READING Hampson, N., A Social History of the French Revolution (Routledge, 1963). Price, R., A Concise History of France (Cambridge, 1992). Rayner, E.G. and Stapley, R.F., The French Revolution (Hodder & Stoughton, 1995). Rude, G., The Crowd in the French Revolution (Oxford, 1959). Rude, G., Interpretations of the French Revolution (Historical Association pamphlet, 1961). Shennan, J.H., France before the Revolution (Routledge, Lancaster Pamphlets, 1995). Temple, N., The Road to 1789: From Reform to Revolution in France (University of Wales, 1992). Thompson, J.M., The French Revolution (Blackwell, 1943). Townson, D., France in Revolution (Hodder & Stoughton, 1990). Wright, D.G., Revolution and Terror in France, 1789-1795 (Longman, 1974).

Chapter2 Barnett, D., Bonaparte (Allen & Unwin, 1978). Best, G., War and Society in Revolutionary Europe (Fontana, 1982). Ellis, G., The Napoleonic Empire (Macmillan, 1991). Geyl, P., Napoleon: For and Against (Cape, 1949). Markham, F.M.H., Napoleon and the Awakening of Europe (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954). Stiles, A., Napoleon, France and Europe (Hodder & Stoughton, 1993). Thompson, J.M., Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall (Blackwell, 1952). Woolf, S., Napoleon's Integration of Europe (Routledge, 1991). Wright, D.G., Napoleon and Europe (Longman, 1954).

Chapter3 Hobsbawm, E.J., The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962). Kissinger, H., A World Restored (Gollancz, 1973). Sked, A. (ed.), Europe's Balance of Power, 1815-1848 (Macmillan, 1979). Walker, M. (ed.), Metternich's Europe (Macmillan, 1948). Webster, C.K., The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815 (Bell, 1919).

Chapter4 Gildea, R., Barricades and Borders (Oxford, 1987). Hobsbawm, E.J., The Age of Revolution, Europe 1789-1848 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962). Jones, P., The 1848 Revolutions (Longman, 1981). Kohn, H., Nationalism: its Meaning and History (Anvil Books, 1955). Schenk, R.G., The Mind of the European Romantics (Constable, 1966). Stearns, P.N., The Revolutions of 1848 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974). Talmon, J.L., Romanticism and Revolt, Europe 1815-48 (Thames & Hudson, 1967).

Chapters Bury, J.P.T., France, 1814-1940 (Methuen, 1954). Lough, J., An Introduction to Nineteenth Century France (Longman, 1978). Randell, K., France: Monarchy, Republic and Empire (Hodder & Stoughton, 1991). Magraw, R., France 1815-1914: The Bourgeois Century (Fontana, 1983). Woodward, E.L., French Revolutions (Oxford 1934).

Chapter6 There are several general histories of Italy. These include: Carrie, R.A., Italy from Napoleon to Mussolini (Columbia, 1950). Duggan, C., A Concise History of Italy (Cambridge, 1994). Mack Smith, D., The Making of Italy, 1796-1866 (Macmillan, 1968).

FURTHER READING 481 Woolf, S., A History of Italy, 1700-1860 (Methuen, 1979). On the 'idealistic' period of the Risorgimento there are not so many books in English. There are several on Mazzini, including: Griffith, G.O., Mazzini: Prophet of Modern Europe (Hodder & Stoughton, 1932). Hales, E.E.Y., Mazzini and the Secret Societies: The Making of a Myth (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1956). Riall, L., The Italian Risorgimento (Routledge, 1994).

Chapter7 There are numerous general histories of Germany. These include: Fulbrook, M., A Concise History of Germany (Cambridge, 1991). Mann, G., The History of Germany since 1789 (Chatto & Windus, 1968). Martel, G., Modern Germany Reconsidered, 1870-1945 (Routledge, 1992). Ramm, A., Germany 1789-1918 (Methuen, 1967). Sagarra, E., An Introduction to Nineteenth Century Germany (Longman, 1980). Taylor, A.J.P., The Course of German History (Methuen, 1969). A selection should also include: Hamerow, T.S., Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1815-1871 (Princeton, 1958). Henderson, W.O., The Zollverein (Cambridge, 1939). Kohn, H., The Mind of Germany (Macmillan, 1965).

Chapters There is a handful of general histories readily available. These include: Bridge, F.R., The Habsburg Monarchy among the Great Powers, 1815-1918 (Berg, 1991). Macartney, C.A., The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809-1918 (Hamish Hamilton, 1941). In addition Hungarian nationalism is covered by: Barany, G., Stephen Szecheny and the Awakening of Hungarian Nationalism, 1791-1841 (Princeton, 1968). Macartney, G.A., Hungary: A Short History (Edinburgh, 1962).

Chapter9 Deak, I., The Lawful Revolution (Columbia, 1979). Fetjo, F. (ed.), The Opening of an Era: 1848, An Historical Symposium (Wingate, 1948). Kranzberg, M., 1848: A Turning Point? (Heath, 1959). Namier, L., The Revolution of the Intellectuals (Oxford, 1948). Price, R., The Revolutions of 1848 (Macmillan, 1988). Robertson, P., Revolutions of 1848: A Social Study (Harper & Row, 1952). Sperber, J., The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 (Cambridge, 1994). Stearns, P.N., The Revolutions of 1848 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974).

Chapter 10 The general histories of include the following: Freeborn, R., A Short History of Modern Russia (Hodder & Stoughton, 1966). Kochan, L., The Making of Modern Russia (Pelican, 1963). Sherman, R., Russia, 1815-81 (Hodder & Stoughton, 1991). Summer, B.H., Survey of Russian History (Methuen, 1961). Westwood, J.N., Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812-1971(Oxford,1973). The reforms of Alexander II are dealt with by: Mosse, W.E., Alexander II and the Modernisation of Russia (English Universities Press, 1958).

482 FURTHER READING Chapter 11 Anderson, M.S., The , 1774-1923 (Macmillan, 1966). Crawley, M., Greek Independence, 1823-1833 (Cambridge, 1955). Gooch, B.D., The Origins of the Crimean War (Heath, 1969). Hibbert, C., The Destruction of Lord Raglan (Longman, 1961).

Chapter 12 Bury, J.P.T., Napoleon 111 and the Second Empire (English Universities Press, 1964). Gooch, G.P., The Second Empire (Longman, 1960). McMillan, J.E., Napoleon llI (Longman, 1991). Simpson, F.A., Louis Napoleon and the Recovery of France (Longman, 1965). Smith, W.H.C., Second Empire and Commune: France, 1848-1871(Longman,1985). Zeldin, T., The Political System of Napoleon llI (Macmillan, 1958). Zeldin, T., Emile Ollivier and the Liberal Empire of Napoleon llI (Oxford, 1963).

Chapter 13 Beales, D., The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy (Allen & Unwin, 1971). Coppa, F.J., Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence (Longman, 1992). Gooch, J., The Unification of Italy (Routledge, Lancaster Pamphlets, 1986). Hearder, H., Cavour (Basil Blackwell, Historical Association Pamphlets, 1972). Mack Smith, D., Cavour and Garibaldi 1860 (Cambridge, 1954). Mack Smith, D., Victor Emmanuel, Cavour and the Risorgimento (Oxford, 1971). Ramm, A., The Risorgimento (Historical Association, 1972). Riall, L., The Italian Risorgimento (Routledge, 1994). Ridley, J., Garibaldi (Constable, 1974). Stiles, A., The Unification of Italy (Hodder & Stoughton, 1989).

Chapter 14 Abrams, L., Bismarck and the , 1871-1918 (Routledge, Lancaster Pamphlets Series, 1995). Eyck, E., Bismarck and the German Empire (Allen & Unwin, 1950). Medlicott, W.N., Bismarck and Modern Germany (Athlone Press, 1965). Pflanze, 0., Bismarck and the Development of Germany (Princeton, 1963). Stiles, A., The Unification of Germany, I815-1890 (Hodder & Stoughton, 1989). Taylor, A.J.P., Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman (Hamish Hamilton, 1955). Waller, B., Bismarck and Germany, 1862-1890 (Longman, 1986).

Chapter 15 Betts, R., The False Dawn: European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford 1976). Fieldhouse, D.K., The Colonial Empires: A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century (London, 1966). Fieldhouse, D.K., The Theory of Capitalist Imperialism (Longman, 1967). Fieldhouse, D.K., Economics and Empire (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973). Fieldhouse, D.K., Colonialism 1870-1945 (London, 1981). Gallacher, J.A. and Robinson, R.E., and the Victorians (Macmillan, 1961). Hobsbawm, E.J., The Age of Empire, 1870-1914 (London, 1987). Kiernan, V., European Empires from Conquest to Collapse (Fontana, 1984 ). Louis, W.R., Imperialism: The Robinson and Controversy (New York, 1976). Mackenzie, J., The Partition of Africa (Routledge, Lancaster Pamphlets, 1983). Owen, R. and Sutcliffe, R., Studies in the Theory of Imperialism (Longman, 1972). Porter, B., The Lion's Share: A Short History of British Imperialsim, 1850-1970 (Longman, 1984).

FURTHER READING 483 Porter, B., European Imperialism, I860-I945 (Macmillan, 1994). Wehler, H., The German Empire, I87I-I9I8 (Berg, 1984).

Chapter 16 Langer, W.L., European Alliances and Alignments (American Book Supply Co., 1943). Medlicott, W.N., The and After (Methuen, 1938). Taylor, A.J.P., The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, I848-I9I8 (Oxford, 1954). Waller, B., Bismarck at the Crossroads (Athlone Press, 1974).

Chapter 17 Mack Smith, D., Italy: A Modern History (Ann Arbor, 1959). Salamone, A.W., Italy from the Risorgimento to Fascism (David & Charles, 1970). Seton-Watson, C., Italy from Liberalism to Fascism (Methuen, 1976).

Chapter 18 The biographies of Bismarck can be supplemented with: Balfour, M., The Kaiser and His Times (Penguin, 1975). Berghahn, V.R., Germany and the Approach of War in I914 (Macmillan, 1993). Craig, G., Germany, I866-I945 (Oxford, 1978). Evans, R.J. (ed.), Society and Politics in Wilhelmine Germany (Croom Helm, 1978). Kohut, T., Wilhelm II and the Germans (Oxford, 1991).

Chapter 19 Bury, J.P.T., France, I8I4-I940 (Methuen, 1954). Bury, J.P.T., Gambetta and the Making of the Third Republic (Harvard University Press, 1967). Chapman, G., The Third Republic of France, I87I-I894 (Longman, 1962), Vol. 1. Johnson, D., The Dreyfus Affair (Blandford, 1966). Randell, K., The Third Republic, I870-I914 (Hodder & Stoughton, 1991)

Chapter20 Kochan, L., The Making of Modern Russia (Jonathan Cape, 1962). Lynch, M., Reaction and Revolutions: Russia, I88I-I924 (Hodder & Stoughton, 1992). Seton-Watson, H., The Decline of Imperial Russia (Methuen, 1952). Shub, D., Lenin (Pelican, 1966). Wolfe, B.D., Three who made a Revolution (Penguin, 1956).

Chapter21 Crankshaw, E., The Fall of the House of Hapsburg (Longman, 1963). Jenks, W.A., Austria under the Iron Ring, I879-I893 (Virginia, 1965). May, A.J., The Habsburg Monarchy, I867-I914 (Harvard University Press, 1965). Mason, J.W., The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, I867-I9I8 (Longman, 1985). Pelling, N., The Habsburg Empire (Hodder & Stoughton, 1995).

Chapter22 Evans, R.J.W. and Strandmann, H.P. von (eds), The Coming of the First World War (Oxford, 1988). Henig, R., The Origins of the First World War (Routledge, Lancaster Pamphlets, 1993). Remak, J., The Origins of , I87I-I914 (Holt, Rinehardt & Winston, 1967). Schmidt, B.E., The Origins of the First World War (Historical Association, 1958).

484 FURTHER READING Turner, L.C.F., The Corning of the First World War (Warne, 1968).

Chapter23 The First World War: Ferro, M., The Great War (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987). Taylor, A.J.P., The First World War (Hamish Hamilton, 1963). Turner L.C.F., The First World War (Warne, 1967). The impact of the war: Carsten, F.L., Revolution in (Temple Smith, 1972). Ferro, M., The Russian Revolution of February 1917 (Routledge, 1972). Ferro, M., October 1917 (Routledge, 1979). Hill, C.E., Lenin and the Russian Revolution (English Universities Press, 1947). Laver, J., Russia, 1914-41 (Hodder & Stoughton, 1991). Marwick, A. (ed.), Total War and Social Change (Macmillan, 1988). Nicolson, H., Peacemaking, 1919 (Methuen, 1964). Pares, B., The Fall of the Russian Monarchy (Vintage Books, 1961). Sharp, A., The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking in Paris, 1919 (Macmillan, 1991). White, J.D., The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921 (Hodder & Stoughton, 1994). Wood, A., The Russian Revolution (Longman, 1978). Wood, A., The Origins of the Russian Revolution (Routledge, Lancaster Pamphlets, 1993). Zerman, Z.A.B., The Break-Up of the Habsburg Empire, 1914-1918 (Oxford, 1944).

Chapter24 Dexter, B., The Years of Opportunity (Viking, 1967). Gathorne-Hardy, G.M., A Short History of International Affairs, 1920-1939 (Oxford, 1950). Gilbert, M., Britain and Germany between the Wars (Longman, 1964). Henig, R., Versailles and After, 1919-1933 (Routledge, 1984). Northedge, F.S., The League of Nations (Leicester, 1988). Walters, F.P., History of the League of Nations (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1951), 2 vols.

Chapter25 Carr, H., A History of Soviet Russia (Penguin, 1950-64), 7 vols. Conquest, R., The Great Purge (Macmillan, 1969). Deutscher, I., Stalin (Oxford, 1949). Deutscher, I., Trotsky (Oxford, 1954-63), 3 vols. Gill, G., Stalinisrn (Macmillan, 1990). Ward, C., Stalin's Russia (Routledge, 1993).

Chapter26 Bayne-Jardine, C.C., Mussolini and Italy (Longman, 1966). Blinkhorn, M., Mussolini and Fascist Italy (Routledge, Lancaster Pamphlets Series, 1994). Fermi, L., Mussolini (Chicago, 1961). Hibbert, C., Benito Mussolini (Longman, 1962). Morgan, P., Italian Fascism, 1919-1945 (Macmillan, 1995).

Chapter27 Bullock, A., Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (Odhams, 1952). Carsten, F.O., The Rise of Fascism (Batsford, 1967). Elliott, B.J., Hitler and Germany (Longman, 1966). Eyck, E., The Weimar Republic (Harvard, 1962-4).

FURTHER READING 485 Fest, J., The Face of the Third Reich (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970). Geary, R., Hitler and Nazism (Routledge, Lancaster Pamphlets Series, 1993). Hiden, J.W., The Weimar Republic (Longman, 1974). Kershaw, I., The Nazi Dictatorship (Edward Arnold, 1985). Laver, J., Nazi Germany, 1933--45 (Hodder & Stoughton, 1991). Laver, J., Hitler (Hodder & Stoughton, 1995). Nicholls, A.J., Weimar and the Rise of Hitler (Macmillan, 1991). Shirer, W.L., The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (Secker, 1960). Williamson, D.G., The Third Reich (Longman, 1982).

Chapter28 Gelber, H.G., The Coming of the Second World War (Warne, 1967). Gilbert, M., The Roots of Appeasement (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966). Henig, R., The Origins of the Second World War, 1933-39 (Routledge, Lancaster Pamphlets Series, 1985). Hiden, J.W., Germany and Europe, 1919-1939 (Longman, 1977). Rayner, E.G., The Great Dictators (Hodder & Stoughton, 1992). Robbins, K., Appeasement (Basil Blackwell, Historical Association Pamphlets, 1988). Taylor, A.J.P., The Origins of the Second World War (Hamish Hamilton, 1961). Thomas, H., The Spanish Civil War (Penguin, 1961). Wheeler-Bennett, J.W., Munich (Macmillan, 1948). Wiskemann, E., Europe of the Dictators, 1919-1945 (Fontana, 1966).

Chapter29 Calvacoressi, P. and Wint, J., Total War: Causes and Course of the Second World War (Pelican, 1968). Churchill, W.S., The Second World War (Cassell, 1948-54). Falls, C., The Second World War: A Short History (Methuen, 1948). Shirer, W.L., The Collapse of the Third Republic (Heinemann, 1970). Werth, A., Russia at War (Barrie & Rockliff, 1963). Wilmot, C., The Struggle in Europe (Fontana, 1959). Wright, G., The Ordeal of Total War, 1939--45 (Harper & Row, 1968).

Chapter JO Ball, S., The Cold War (Hodder & Stoughton, 1995). Fleming, D.F., The Cold War and its Origins (Allen & Unwin, 1961), 2 vols. Lane, P., Europe since 1945 (Batsford, 1985). Laver, J., Joseph Stalin (Hodder & Stoughton, 1993). Leffler, M.P. and Painter, D.S., The Origins of the Cold War (Routledge, 1994). McCauley, M., Communist Power in Europe, 1944--1949 (Macmillan, 1979). McCauley, M., The Origins of the Cold War (Longman, 1983). Mcinnis, E., Hiscocks, R. and Spencer, R., The Shaping of Post-War Germany (Dent, 1960). Rayner, E.G., The Cold War (Hodder & Stoughton, 1992). Wood, A., Stalin and Stalinism (Routledge, Lancaster Pamphlets Series, 1990). Yergin, D., Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Penguin, 1990).

Chapter31 Betts, R., France and Decolonisation (Macmillan, 1991). Chamberlain, M.E., Decolonisation: The Fall of European Empires (Basil Blackwell, Historical Association Pamphlets, 1985). Darwin, J., Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World (Macmillan, 1988).

486 FURTHER READING Hargreaves, J.D., Decolonisation in Africa (Longman, 1988). Holland, R.F., European Decolonisation, 1918-1981 (Macmillan, 1985). Wilson, H.S., African Decolonisation (Edward Arnold, 1994).

Chapter32 Balfour, M., West Germany (Croom Helm, 1982). Daltrop, A., Politics and the European Community (Longman, 1982). Grosser, A., The Western Alliance (Macmillan, 1980). Mowat, R.C., Creating the European Community (Blandford, 1973). Urwin, W., since 1945 (Longman, 1968). Werth, A., De Gaulle (Penguin, 1965).

Chapter33 Ash, T.G., Polish Revolution (Cape, 1983). Bialev, S., Stalin's Successors (Cambridge, 1980). Brown, J.F., The New (Praeger, 1966). Childs, D., The GDR: Moscow's German Ally (Allen & Unwin, 1983). Cohen, S.F., Rabinowitch, A. and Sharlet, R., The Soviet Union since Stalin (Macmillan, 1980). Lewis, P.G., Central Europe since 1945 (Longman, 1994). Lomax, B., Hungary, 1956 (Alison & Busby, 1976). Remington, R.A., The (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1971). Silber, L. and Little, A., The Death of Yugoslavia (Penguin, 1995). Wilson, D., Tito's Yugoslavia (Cambridge, 1979).

Chapter34 Armstrong, D. and Goldstein E. (eds), The End of the Cold War (Frank Cass, 1990). Daniels, R.V., The End of the Communist Revolution (Routledge, 1993). Hosking, G., The Awakening of the Soviet Union (Heinemann, 1990). James, H. and Stone, M., When the Wall Came Down (Routledge, 1993). Rothschild, J., Return to Diversity (Oxford, 1993). Swain, G. and Swain, N., Eastern Europe since 1945 (Macmillan, 1993). Turner, H.A., Germany from Partition to Reunification (Yale, 1992). Walker, R., Six Years that Shook the World (Manchester University Press, 1993).

Chapter35 Johnstone, D., The Politics of Euromissiles (Verso, 1984). Nash, H.T., Nuclear Weapons and International Behaviour (Sidjhoff-Leyden, 1975). Newhouse, J., Cold Dawn (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973). Sheehan, M., The Arms Race (Martin Robertson, 1983).

Chapter36 Feld, W., The European Community in World Affairs (Westview Press, 1976). Fitzmaurice, J., The European Parliament (Penguin, 1979). Herman, V. and Lodge, J., The European Parliament and the European Community (Macmillan, 1978). Nelson, B., Roberts, D. and Veit, W. (eds), The European Community in the 1990s (Berg, 1992). Pinder, J., European Community: The Building of a Union (Oxford, 1991). Silber, L. and Little, A., The Death of Yugoslavia (Penguin, 1995). Urwin, D. and Paterson, W., Politics in Western Europe Today (Longman, 1990).

FURTHER READING 487 Q1ndex

Abyssinia 186, 215, 320--2 (1922) 409 Azeglio, Massimo d' 80, 164, Acerbo Law (1923) 346 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 210 Ackerman, Convention of 414 Azerbaijan 403 (1826) 135 Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902) Adelfia 75--6 187,276 Bl 464, 466 Adenauer, Konrad 394, 404, Anglo-Russian Agreement baccalaureate 22 422,460 (1907) 278-9 'Bach System' 259--60 Aehrenthal, Count Alois von Angola 419 Backfire bomber 464 279,280 annoblis 2, 3 Baden 24, 89 Afghanistan 423, 465, 467 Anschluss 374 Badeni Ordinance (1897) 266, Africa 149, 185--6, 414--19 anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs) 268 Agadir 281 463 Baghdad 297 'Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera' 66 Anti-Comintern Pact (1937) 321 Bakunin, Michael 130 Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of Apartheid 415 Balbo, Italo 79, 80, 348 (1818) 43 appeasement320,369-72 Balkan League 281 Albania 281, 377, 397, 454 'April Theses' 301 134, 141, 201-4, 205, Alexander, King of Yugoslavia Arakcheyev, Alexei 125 281-2,385,453-5 319 Archangel 292 Baltic republics 448, 449, 470 Alexander I, Tsar 24, 29, 39, 41, 'Aretine Army' 75 Bao Dai Solution 412 43,46, 124--5, 126 Armed Forces Movement 419 Barras, Comte de 11, 14, 19 Alexander II, Tsar 127-8, 131, Armed Neutrality of the North Barthou, Louis 319 141,203,248 13 Baruch Plan (1946) 403, 462 Alexander III, Tsar 205, 247 Armenia 135 Bastille 6 Alexandra, Tsarina 247, 256, 'Army of the Holy Faith' 75 battles 300 Arndt, Ernst 87 Aboukir Bay (1798) 14 Alge'

488 INDEX Dien-Bien-Phu (1954) 412, Berchtold, Chancellor 283, 292 Brandenburg, Count von 119 457 Beria, Lavrenty 338, 432 Brandt, Willy 461 Eylau (1807) 24 Berlin 55, 91-2, 356--7, 391, 392 Brazzaville Conference (1944) Falkland Islands (1914) 297 Berlin Airlift 404 417 Fleurus (1794) 13 Berlin Conference (1884--85) Brezhnev, Leonid 459, 460, 464 Friedland (1807) 24 186, 191 Brezhnev Doctrine (1968) 450 of the Frontiers (1914) 295 Berlin Decree (1806) 25 Briand, Aristide 314, 316 Hohenlinden (1800) 13 Berlin Wall 451, 458--9 Brissot, Jacques 9 Inkerman (1854) 140 Bernhardi, Friedrich von 291 Britain 10, 15, 23, 24, 28, 59, Isandhlwana (1879) 192, 193 Berry, Due de 65 134,173,203,227,276--7, Jemappes (1793) 10 Besika Bay 138, 203 284,373,373-4,378,384--5, Jena (1806) 24 39, 134, 141, 203, 385 423 Jutland (1916) 297 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald and the Concert of Europe Konieh (1832) 136 von 230 42-6 Koniggratz (1866) 170, 262 Beust, Count 263 British imperialism 185, 186, Leipzig (1813) 30 Bevin Declaration (1947) 413 191,317-18 Leyte Gulf (1944) 393 Biafra 416 and the end of isolation 273-6 Lissa (1866) 170 Bismarck, Otto von 114, 145, appeasement369-72,376 Liitzen (1814) 30, 88 150,189, 191, 192, 193,238, decolonisation 409-10, Magenta (1859) 157, 159 273 413-16 Marengo (1800) 13 rise to power 167-8 and the EEC 426--7, 476, 477, Mareth (1943) 389 and the Unification of 478 Masurian Lakes (1914) 294 Germany 167-84 British Expeditionary Force Midway (1942) 386 foreign policy objectives (BEF) 296, 384 Mukden(1905)277 200--1 Broglie, Due de 68 Navarino (1827) 135 Alliance system 200--9, 285 Brumaire, Coup de (1799) 14 Neerwinden (1793) 10 decline of the Bismarckian Briining, Chancellor 359 Nizib (1839) 137 system 205-7, 272-3 Brunswick Manifesto 9 Novara (1849) 76 and the imperial political Brusilov, General 297 Passchendaele (1917) 297 system 219, 223-6 Bucharest 453 Rieti (1821) 76 fall from power 227-30 Budapest 97, 102, 391 Salamanca (1812) 28 Bjorko Agreement (1905) 277 Bujak, Zbigniew 441 Sedan (1870) 173 Black Hand 280, 283 Bukharin, Nikolay 331, 338 Solferino (1859) 157 'Black Partition' 131 Bulgaria 201-4, 205, 298, 391, Somme (1916) 297, 298 134, 141, 178, 200 431,454 Stalingrad (1942-3) 389 Blanc, Louis 53, 70, 106 Billow, Bernhard von 226, 230, Talavera (1809) 28 blitzkrieg 358, 380, 383-4 276,281 Tannenberg (1914) 294 Bloch, Ivan 291-2, 292 Buonarotti, Filippo 54, 75 Trafalgar (1805) 23, 28 'Bloody Sunday' (1905) 252-3 Biirgerbraukellar Putsch 356 Tsuchima (1905) 277 Blum, Leon 369 Valmy (1793) 10 Bohemia 96, 100, 101, 112, 170, Cadoudal, Georges 21 Vittoria (1813) 28 263 cahiers de doleances 4 Vittoria Veneto (1918) 298, Boigny, Houphouet 417 Calonne, Comte de 3, 4 342 Bologna 75 Cambodia 149, 457 Wagram (1809) 29 Bolsheviks 252, 301, 325 Campaign for Nuclear Waterloo (1815) 31, 32 Bonaparte, Jerome 26, 30 Disarmament (CND) 462 Ypres, Second Battle of Bonaparte, Joseph 26, 28 Camphausen, Baron 114 (1915) 297, 298 Bonaparte, Louis 26 Canning, George 44-6 24, 107, 355, 356--7 Bonaparte, Napoleon see Caprivi, General Georg Leo Bazaine, Marshal 173 Napoleon von 228 Beauharnais, Josephine de 19 Bosnia and Herzegovina 202-3, Carbonari 54, 76 Begun, Josef 446 263,269,279-80,455, Carlsbad Decrees (1819) 90 9, 10, 69, 418--19 471-3 Carnot, Lazare 13, 14 Belleville Programme (1869) Boulanger, General Georges Carnot, President Sadi 240 237 205,239-40 Carrier, Jean Baptiste 11 Benes, President 376 Boxer Rebellion (1899) 191, Carter, President Jimmy 464, Bennigsen, Rudolf von 223 227,275 466

INDEX 489 Casablanca Conference (1943) 404, 432, 435, 468 Danube River Commission 141 389 Cominform 401, 434 Danzig 311, 377 'cash and carry' 385 Comintem 329, 401 Dardanelles 134 Castlereagh, Lord 31, 39, 43, Common Agricultural Policy Darwin, Charles 195 43-4 (CAP) 427, 477--8 Dawes Plan 314 Cattaneo, Carlo 78, 106, 112 Commonwealth of Nations 426 De Gaulle, Charles 384, 417, Cavaignac, General Eugene 113 communes 128-9 418,421-2,426 Cavour, Count Camillo di 78-9, Concert of Europe 43---0, 141 Deak, Ferenc 261, 262 148,212 Concordat(1801)22-3,243 Debacle (1940) 234, 384, 418 and the transformation of Concordat (1929) 348 Decembrists 125---0 Piedmont 154, 155---0 Confederation of the Rhine 26, Declaration of the Rights of and the Unification of Italy 86 Man and the Citizen 6 156--7,158,161-2, 164, Confederation Generale du decolonisation 400, 408-20 178--80 Travail (CGT) 243, 245 Delcasse, Theophile 277 Ceau§escu, Nicolae 437-8, 439, Confederation of Independent Delors Report (1989) 428 453 States (CIS) 449, 469-71 democracy 52 Central African Federation 416 Conference on Security and Democratic Forum 453 Chaadayev, Peter 127 Cooperation in Europe Denmark 88, 93, 169, 383, 392, Challenger 466 (CSCE) 476 476,477 Chamberlain, Austen 316 Congo 185---0, 192, 238, 418-19 Depretis, Angostino 213-14 Chamberlain, Joseph 193, 273, Congress System 42-3 Derby, Lord 193 275 Conspiracy of the Equals (1796) Deroulede, Paul 239, 240 Chamberlain, Neville 370, 371, 14 detente 459---01 374,376,377,378,383-4 Constantine, King of Greece Deutscher, Isaac 336, 338 Chambord, Comte de 235, 239 298 Devonshire Declaration (1923) Champs de Mars 9 Constitutional Democratic 410 Chapelier Law 8 Party (Kadets) 253, 255 Dimitrov, Georgi 402, 431 Charles X 42, 65-7 constitutionalism 52 Directory 13, 14 Charles Albert 76, 80, 105, 112, Continental System 24---0, 123 Disraeli, Benjamin 178, 185, 116 Co-Prosperity Sphere 318 193,203 Charter 77 452 Coppino Law (1877) 213 Dobrowsky, Abbe 101 Chateaubriand, Vicomte Corfu Incident (1923) 316 'Doctrinaires' 64 Frarn,;ois Rene de 9, 19 Corsica 418 'Dolchstoss' 354 Chechnya 471, 475 Council of Europe 424, 425 Dollfus, Doctor Engelbert 319, CHEKA326 CPSU 444, 446 374 'Chevaliers de la Foi' 66 Credit Lyonnais 146 domaine extraordinaire 22 Chiang Kai-shek 411 Credit Mobilier 146 Dreadnought, HMS 279 Childers, Erskine 291 Crispi, Francesco 207, 213, Dreikaiserbund 201, 204 China 185, 186--7, 405---0, 460 214--15,216 Dreyfus Affair 240-2 'Christian Mass' 75 Croatia 102, 104, 115-16, 454--5, (1879) 204, 207 Churchill, Winston 284, 297, 473 Dubeek, Alexander 439 376,384,386,391,396,398 Cruise missiles 466 Dudayev, Dzhokar 471 Cisalpine Republic 13 Cuban Missiles Crisis (1961) Dulles, John Foster 457 'Cisleithania' 262-3 459 Dumas 254--5, 256, 300 Clemenceau, Georges 238, 239, Curzon Line 306, 391 Dumbarton Oaks 400 240,242,245,299,300,304 Cyprus203,414,423 Dumouriez, General 10 Clinton, President William 474 Czechoslovakia 302, 306, 374--7, Dunkirk 384 Cliveden Set 371 397--8,402,431,439,452, Dzerzhinsky, Felix 326 Code Napoleon 22 461 Codrington, Admiral Edward East Germany 405, 435---0, 135 D-Day (1944) 390-1 450-1,458-9,468 Cold War 400---0 D'Annunzio, Gabriele 342 Eastern Question 133-42 collectivisation 331-2, 429-30 Dahomey 149, 186 Ebert, Friedrich 303, 354 Colonial League 229 Daily Telegraph 227, 230 Economic Council 229 Combes, Emile 242, 243 Danton, Georges 9 Eden, Sir Anthony 372, 425, 457 Combined Joint Task Forces Danube Control Commission Edward VII 227, 277 (CJTF) 476 398 Egypt137--8,186, 191,385,409

490 INDEX 1848 Revolutions 105-22 Ferry, Jules 105, 193, 237, 238, impact on Italy 74-5 causes of 50--62 239 impact on Germany 85--0 in Italy 105---{), 112-13, 116, FIDES417 Freycinet, Charles de 238 153-4 Fig!, Dr 397 Front de Liberation Nationale in France 106--7, 113, 118 'Final Solution' 387-8 (FLN) 418 in the Habsburg Monarchy Finland 39, 124, 130, 383, 477 Fructidor, Coup de (1797) 14 108-12, 115-16, 119-20 Fischer, Fritz 228-9, 284 in Germany 107-8, 113-15, Fiume 342 Gagern, Heinrich von 107 118-19 Five-Year Plans 331-4 Gaj, Ljudevit 102 Eisenhower, General Dwight 'flexible response' 467-8 Galen, Count 58-9 389,391,406,422,457 Foch, Marshal Ferdinand 298, Galicia 55, 104 Emancipation Act (1861) 128-9 307 Gallagher, R.E. 188, 191-2 Ems telegramme 173 Force Publique 419 Gallipoli 297 Enabling Law (1933) 360-1 Ford, Gerald 464 Gambetta, Leon 150, 189, 193, Encyclopedie, I' 2 Fouche, Joseph 11, 13, 31 235,237,238 Enosis 414 Fountainebleau Decree (1807) Gandhi, Mahatma 410 Enrages 10, 11 25 Gapon, Father 252-3 Entente Cordiale (1904) 276--7 Fourier, Charles 53, 70 Garibaldi, Giuseppe 74, 116, 157, EOKA 414, 423 Fourteen Points 298 160-1,162,164,210,346 Erfurt Union 119 franc de germinal 22 Gastein, Convention of (1865) Estates-General 4 France 41, 134, 173, 200-1, 169 European Coal and Steel 214-15,276--7,378,384, Gdansk 440 Community (ECSC) 424-5 417-18 General Agreement on Tariffs European Defence Community French Revolution 1-18 and Trade (GATT) 478 (EDC) 405, 425 Napoleon and France 19-36 Geneva Agreements (1954) 457 European Economic Restoration France 63-72 Geneva Conference (1955) 458 Community (EEC) 419, and the 1848 Revolution Geneva Protocol 315 422,424-8,476-8 106--7, 113, 118 Genoa 73, 80 objectives of 425--0 Second Empire 143-52 Georgia 135, 470 and Britain 426--7, 476, 477, French Imperialism 185, 186, German Confederation 85, 88-9 478 191,317-18 German-Polish Pact (1934) 319, weaknesses of 427 Third Republic 234-46 377 European Free Trade inter-war 369, 373, 373-4, 376 Germanisation 225---{) Association (EFTA) 426 post-1945 421-2 Germany 306--7, 422 European Monetary Union Francis I, Emperor 98, 100 during the Vormiirz 84-95 (EMU) 428 Francis Joseph, Emperor 119, and the 1848 Revolutions European Union (EU see 259,262 107-8, 113-15, 118-19 EEC) Franco, General Francisco 368 Bismarck and Unification Evian Agreement (1962) 418 Franco-Italian Agreement 167-84 Exceptional Law (1878) 224 (1902) 276 German and Italian Exchange Rate Mechanism Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) Unification compared (ERM) 428 272-3 178-80 Frankfurt 107, 170 German Imperialism 185,186, Falaise Pocket 390 Frankfurt Assembly 114, 193,224,318 Palange Espanol 368 118-19 Imperial Germany 219-33 Falk Laws 223 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke and the fall of the Falkland Islands 420 269,283 Hohenzollerns 303 Farmers' League 229 Frederick William III 24, 88, 89 the "German Question" Fascist Party 344---{) Frederick William IV 58, 89, 93, 313-15 Fashoda Crisis (1898) 186, 196, 107-8,109, 118-19, 168 Weimar Republic 353---{)7 275 Frei Korps 88, 303, 355 and Hitler 355---{)5, 372, federalists 10, 11 FRELIM0419 374-80 Ferdinand I, Emperor 58, 98, French Community 417 post1945396--7,404-5 100, 119 French Revolution 1-18 German Democratic Ferdinand II, King of the Two causes 1-2 Republic (GDR) 405, Sicilies 105, 112 course of2-15 435--{),450-1,458-9,468 Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg 205 legacy of 37-8 reunification 468-9

INDEX 491 Ghana 416 Haussmann, Baron 147 266-8 Gheorghiu-Dej, Georghe 437 Havel, Vaclav 452 post-war Hungary 402, 431, Giap, General Nguyen 412, 457 Heath, Edward 426 437,452-3,458 Gierek, Edward 437, 440 Hebert, Jacques 10, 11, 12 Husak, Dr Gustav 439, 452 Gioberti, Vincenzo 79, 153 Heimwehr 374 Giolitti, Giovanni 213, 214, Heligoland Agreement (1890) Iceland 423 216-17,343,344-5 272 Ignatyev, Count Nikolai 131, Girondins 9, 10, 11 Helsinki Agreements (1975) 202 Giscard d'Estaing, Valery 422 461 Iliescu, Ion 453 Gladstone, William Ewart 203, Helvetian Republic 13 Illyria 41, 102 223 Henlein, Konrad 376 India 410, 411-12 glasnost 443, 446 'Henri V' 68, 235 Indian Mutiny (1857) 195 Gleichschaltung 362-5 Herder, Johann 52, 87 Indo-China 149, 185, 411, Gleiwitz incident 378 Herzen, Alexander 127 412-13 Gliicksburg, Christian von 93 Hess, Rudolph 356, 397 Indonesia 412 Goebbels, Joseph 356, 397 Hesse 170 Intermediate Range Ballistic Goering, Hermann 357, 372, Himmler, Heinrich 362, 397 Missiles (IRBMs) 422 379,397 Hindenburg, General Paul von Iran 403, 414 Goltz, General von der 291 294,300,359,362 'lrangate' 468 Gomulka, Wladyslaw 402, 431, Hiroshima 393 'Iron Ring' 265 436-7 Hitler, Adolf 318, 319-20, 369, Ironside, General Edmund 370 Gorbachev, Mikhail 443, 444, 371,372,383,385,387-8, Irving, David 387 446-8,449-50,451,455, 389,391,392 Iskra ('The Spark') 252 466-7 background 355-6 Istria 397 Gorgey, Artur 120 the March on Berlin 356-7 Italy 147-8, 178, 276, 297, Gorky, Maxim 326 rise to power in Germany 389-90 Gort, Lord John 384 358-65 before 1848 73-83 Great Depression 316-17 Second World War 374-80 alternative models of Greece 45-6, 135-6, 298, 385, Hitler Youth 362 unification 77-80 403,423,431 Ho Chi Minh 410 and the revolutions of 1848 Grenada 423-4, 467 Hoare, Sir Samuel 320 105-6, 112-13, 116, Grevy, Jules 237, 238, 239 Hobson, John 188 153-4 Grey, Sir Edward 227 Rocha, Emil 377 obstacles to unification 154-6 Groner, General 303 Hohenzollern Candidature 150, achievement of unification Grossdeutschland 114, 115, 168 173 147-8,156-64,260 Grosz, Karoly 453 Holland 69 Italian Unification and Guernica 369 Holocaust 387-8 German Unification 149, 417 Holstein, Baron Fritz von 272 compared 178-80 Guizot, Francois 64, 68, 69, 70, Holstein, Heinrich von 173 Italian imperialism 185, 186, 71, 106, 137 Holstein 93, 169, 170 318 Holy Alliance 42-3, 44, 90 Kingdom of Italy 162-4, Habsburg Monarchy 113, 114 Honecker, Erich 450-1 210-18 before 1848 84, 86, 89, 91, Hong Kong 420 Mussolini and Italy 343-52 96-104 Rossbach Protocol 379, 380 post-war 397 and the 1848 revolutions Hotzendorff, Conrad von 280, 417 108-12, 115-16, 119-20 292 Izvolsky 279, 280 1849-1914 258-71 House, Colonel Edward 290 disintegration of 302 Hoxha, Enver 454 Jacobins 9, 10, 11, 13, 14 Haig, Sir Douglas 297, 298 Hull, Cordell 373 Jahn, Friedrich 88 Haiphong 412 Humboldt, Wilhelm von 87 Jameson Raid 275 Hambach Festival (1832) 90 'Hundred Days' (1815) 31-2 Japan 186-7, 275-6, 318, Hamburg393 Hungary 98, 100, 261-2, 302, 318-19,393,410-11 Hankey, Sir Maurice 371 398 Jaruzielski, General 440, 441, Hanoi 411, 412 Metternich and 102-4 452 Hanover 170 and the 1848 Revolutions Jaures, Jean 245 Hardenberg, Karl von 29, 37, 87 111, 115-16, 120 J ellacic, Josip 116, 119 Harzburg Front 358 during the Ausgleich 262, Joffre, Joseph 300

492 INDEX John, King of Portugal 45 Lafayette, Marquis de 6, 67, 68 Liitzow, Adolf von 88 John Paul II, Pope 440, 452 Laibach, Congress of (1821) 44 Luxembourg, Rosa 355, 451 Joseph II, Emperor 97 Lamberg, Count 116 Lvov, 300 July Revolution (1830) 66--9, 76 'Land and Freedom' 131 lycees 22 Jungdeutschlandbund 291 Langson Affair (1885) 238 Lyons 68, 69 Laos 457 Kadar, Janos 402, 431, 437, 452 Lasalle, Ferdinand 224 Maastricht Agreement (1991) 476 Kamenev, Lev 331 Laval, Pierre 319, 320, 384 Macedonia 204, 455 Kampfzeit 224--5 Le Queux, William 291 MacMahon, Marshal Maurice Kanzel Paragraph 223 League of Communists 434, 454 de 173, 235, 235--6, 237 Kapp Putsch (1920) 355 League of German Maidens 362 Macmillan, Harold 415, 422, Karadzic, Radovan 473 League of Nations 303, 307, 426,458,462 Karageorge 135, 279 311-13,315,316,370,398 Maginot Line 319, 373 Karl, Emperor 302 Lebanon 137 Magyarisation 103, 267 Kars 141 lebensraum 318, 357 Mahan, Admiral Alfred Thayer Kasavubu, Joseph 419 Legion of Honour 23 273 Katanga 419 Leipzig 451 Mahmud II, Sultan 136, 137 Katkov, Mikhail 247 'lend-lease' 385 Maiziere, Lothar de 451, 469 Katyn 436 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Makarios, Archbishop 414 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) 316 188,252,253,301-2,325, 416 Kemal Mustapha (Atattirk) 306 326,327--8,329,334,339 Malaya 413 Kennedy, President John 426, 459 Leningrad 335, 389, 393 Malta 23 Kennedy,Paul274,370 Leo XIII, Pope 240 Malenkov, Georgei 432 Kenya 186, 416 Leopold II 185, 186, 192 277, 318-19 Kerensky, Alexander 301 Leopoldville 418 Manin, Daniel 116 Keynes, John Maynard 314 Lesseps, Ferdinand de 149 Mannerheim, Marshal 383 KGB 450, 453, 470 liberalism 50, 52 Manteuffel, Otto von 114 Khilafat Party 410 Libya 186, 424, 467 Mao Tse-tung 405, 410 Khrushchev, Nikita 432--4, 458, Liebknecht, Karl 355, 451 Marat, Jean 10 459 Ligue des Droites de !'Homme Marchand, Captain Jean 275 Kipling, Rudyard 195 242 Marmon!, Marshal Auguste de Kirov, Andrei 336, 339 Ligue de la Patrie Fram;aise 242 66 Kissinger, Henry 460 Ligue des Patriotes 239 Marshall Plan (1947) 403--4 Kitchener, General 275 Ligurian Republic 13 Marx, Karl 53, 86 Kleindeutschland 114, 115, 119, Linz Programme (1882) 265 Masaryk, Thomas 302, 402 167, 178 List, Friedrich 91 Matteotti, Giacomo 346 Kohl, Chancellor Helmut 468-9 Lithuania 446--7 Max of Baden, Prince 303 kolkhozy 331-2 Lloyd George, David 300 Maximilian, Archduke 149 Kollar, Jan 101 Lombardy 41, 73, 78, 100, 157 Mazzini, Giuseppe 51, 54, 77-8, Kolowrat, Count 98-100, 101 London Convention (1840) 137 112, 116, 153, 164 Konia, Stanislaw 440 Loubet, Emile 240 Mediterranean Agreements KOR (Committee for the Louis I of Bavaria 107 (1887) 205--6, 207 Defence of the Workers) Louis XVI 2, 10 Mehemet Ali 45, 69, 136--8 440 Louis XVIII 31, 63, 65 Mein Kamp/356--7 Korea 277 Louis Napoleon (see Napoleon Melikov, General Loris 131 Koriagen, Anatole 446 III) Meline tariff (1892) 243 Kornilov, General Lavr 301 Louis Philippe 66--8, 69, 106 Mendes-France, Pierre 457 Kosovo454 Low Countries 13, 384 Mensheviks 252, 253, 301 Kossuth, Lajos 103, 116, 157 Lucca 73, 116 Menshikov, Prince 138 Krenz, Egon 451 Ludendorff, General Erich 294, Metternich, Prince Clemens 37, Kronstadt mutiny 328 298,300,303,356 38,39,46,47, 73, 105, 135 Kruger telegramme 196, 274--5 Lueger, Karl 268 outlook and principles 38 kulaks 248, 329 Lugard, Lord Frederick 410 system 42, 90 Kulturkamp/201, 223-4 Lumumba, Patrice 419 and the internal problems of Kun, Bela 305 Lusaka 416 the Habsburg Monarchy Kut el Amara, siege of 297 Lusitania 297 98-104 La Farina, Giuseppe 154 Liittwitz, General von 355 fall from power 108-11

INDEX 493 Milan 105--{), 215 and the Grand Empire 23-8 Nkrumah, Kwame 416 Milan Decree (1807) 25 and Italy 74-5 NKVD 335, 336--7, 338, 339 Militaru, General 453 and Germany 85--{), 87-8 North Atlantic Treaty Milosevic, Slobodan 454, 473 downfall 28-32 Organisation (NATO) 475 Milyutin, General 130 Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon) creation of 405 Mirabeau, Comte de 4, 7, 86 68, 70, 116, 117, 156--7,157, internal divisions 421-4, Mirbach, Count 327 158, 170, 173,235 467-8 Mittelafrika 231 rise to power 118, 143-4 purposes of 422-3 230, 318 character 144--{) North German Confederation Modena 73, 116, 157-8 and the Liberal Empire 171-2,220-1 Modrow, Hans 451 147-50 Northern 416 45, 138, 139, 141, 455 and the Crimean War 138 Norway 39, 383-4, 477 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact downfall 150-2 notables 2 (1939) 377-8 Narodna Obrana 280 Novicov, Jean 195 Moltke, General Helmuth von Narodna Volnaya 131 Novotny, Antonin 439 168, 181,280,292,294,295 Nassau 89, 170 nuclear disarmament 461-4, Monroe Doctrine 45 Nassau Conference (1962) 414 466--7 Montez, Lola 107 Nasser, Gama) Abdel 414 Nuremburg Trials 379, 397 Montgomery, General Bernard National Assembly 4 Nyasaland 416 389,391 National Congress Party 410, Montijo, Eugenie de 144 411 Organisation de l'Armee Montpensier, Due de 70 National Convention 9, 10 Secrete (OAS) 418 Morant Bay Rebellion (1865) National Liberty Party 170-1 Obrenovich, Milosh 135 195 National Republicans 239-40 October Diploma (1860) 260 Moravia 112, 261 National Salvation Front 453 October Manifesto 254 Mordacq, Lieutenant Colonel National Service League 290 Ollivier, Emile 148, 150 Henri 292 National Society 153-4, 158 Operation Barbarossa 385--{) Morny, Due de 148 nationalism 50, 51-2 Operation Otto 374 Morocco 186, 196, 277, 281, 368 National Socialist German Operation Sea Lion 384 Moscow Soviet revolt (1905) Workers Party (Nazis) 356, Opportunists 237, 239 254 356--7,397 Orders in Council 25 Mossadeq, Mohammed 414 nature of 356--7 Ostpolitik 460-1 Mountbatten, Lord Louis 412 and the Nazi Revolution Otto, Crown Prince of Bavaria Mozambique 416, 419 358--{)1 136 MPLA419 and Gleichschaltung 362-5 96, 133-8, 141, multiple independently targeted and the Nazi 201-4,280,281 re-entry vehicles (MIRVS) 387-9 OVRA349 463,464 Navy League 229, 274 Owen, Robert 53 Munich Settlement (1938) 376 Necker, Jacques 4, 6 Murad IV, Sultan 203 needle gun 170 Pact of Steel (1936) 321, 377 Murat, Joachim 39, 75 neo-Guelphism 79 Pakistan 412 Mussolini, Benito 318, 320, Neutrality Act (1937) 373 Palacky, Franticek 98, 101, 112, 343-52,369,374,389,392 New Economic Policy (NEP) 263 rise to power 217, 344-7 328-9 Palermo 160-1 and the Fascist state 347-9 New Imperialism 185-99 Palestine 413 and the Italian economy Nicaragua 468 Palmerston, Lord 69, 70, 137, 349-51 Nice 10, 148, 157, 158 164 Nicholas I, Tsar 46, 120, 125, Panama Scandal (1892-3) 240, Nagasaki 393 126--7, 136, 138 242 Nagorno Karabakh 448, 475 Nicholas II, Tsar 247, 253, 254, Pan-German League 229 Nagy, Imre 437, 453 256,300 Pan-Slavism 127, 131, 201, 202 Naples 26, 75, 112, 211 Nigeria 186, 416 Papal Infallibility, Declaration Napoleon I 19-36, 70, 134 nihilism 130-1 of (1870) 212, 223 character 19-20 Nivelle, Robert 300 Papal States 69, 105, 157-8, rise to power 13, 14, 15, 20-1 Nivelle Offensive (1917) 297 161-2,212 domestic reforms in France Nixon, President Richard 460, Papen, Franz von 359 21-3 464 Paris, Comte de 235, 239

494 INDEX Paris 6, 13, 70, 113, 147, 175---{}, PSI (Parti Socialist d'ltalie) 215 between the Wars 325-41, 237,422 Public Safety, Committee of 10 373 Paris Commune 176 post-1945 398, 401-3, 429-42, Paris Peace Conferences 303-4, Quadruple Alliance (1814) 42-3 459---{}0,465 397 1985-91 443-56 Paris Summit (1960) 458 Radetsky, Field-Marshal Russification 126-7, 248 parlements 2 Johann 106, 113, 154--5 Ruthenia 377 Parma 73, 116, 157--8, 215 Rakosi, Matyas 402 Rykov, Alexei 331, 338 Pasha, Ibrahim 45, 136, 137 Rasputin, Gregory 247, 256, 300 Paulus, General von 389 Reagan, President Ronald 464, Saint-Simon, Comte de 53, 144 'peaceful coexistence' 462 465--{},467--8 Sakharov, Andrei 446 Pearl Harbor 386 realpolitik 180 Sammlungspolitik 229 Pearson, Karl 194--5 Reichstadt Agreement (1876) sans-culottes 6, 9, 10, 12, 14 Peking 149 203 Savoy, Duke of 116 Pelloux, General 216 Reichstadt, Due de 143 Savoy 10, 148, 157, 158 Pepe, General 76 Reichstag 171, 221, 353, 361 Saxony 39, 107, 170 perestroika 444--8 Reparations 313-14 Schacht, Dr 358, 359 Persia 279 Reykjavik disarmament talks Scheidemann, Philip 303 Pesti Hirlap 103 467 Schindler, Oskar 388 Petain, Marshal Henri 297, 384 Reynaud, Paul 384 Schleicher, General Alfred von Petrograd 300, 335 Rhineland 13, 150, 304, 316, 359,362 Philike H etairia 45 319-20 Schleswig 93, 169, 170, 226 philosophes 2 Rhodes, Cecil 186, 274--5 Schlieffen, General Alfred von Piedmont 73, 76, 78-9, 80, 106, Richelieu, Due de 64--5 284 112, 154, 154---{}, 180, Risk Theory 274 Schlieffen Plan 284, 292, 295---{} 210--11 Risorgimento 73 Schmerling, Anton von 168, pieds noirs 418 Rivet Law (1871) 235 261-2 Pilsudski, Josef 302 Roberts, Field Marshal Lord Schmidt, Helmut 461 Pius IX, Pope 80, 105, 153 Frederick 290 Schiinbrunn, Peace of (1809) 29 Pius X, Pope 243 Robespierre, Maximilien 9, 11, Schiinerer, Georg von 265 Plekhanov, George 131, 252 12-13 Schumpeter, Joseph 195 Plevna 203 Robinson, J.A. 188, 191-2 Schuschnigg, Chancellor von Plombieres, Pact of (1858) 157 Rogers, General Bernard 468 374 Pobedonostsev, Constantin 247 Rohm, Ernst 362 Schiitzstaffel (SS) 357, 362 Poincare, Raymond 245, 281, Roman Republic 13, 116 Seekt, General von 355, 358 314 romanticism 50, 51 Selassie, Haile 385 Poland 13, 39, 124, 126, 130, Rome 116, 164, 178, 212, 215 Senegal 149, 186, 191 168,302,306,391 Rommel, Field-Marshal Erwin September Massacres (1792) 10 and Hitler 377-9, 383 385,389,390 Serbia 102, 135, 202, 205, 269, post-1945 397--8, 436-7, Roosevelt, President Franklin 279-80,281-2 439-41,452 D.317,378,385,386,391, Seyss-Inquart, Artur von 374 Polaris 414, 426 396, 411 Shatalin Plan (1990) 446 Polignac, Prince Jules de 66, 149 Rosebery, Lord 191, 195 Shevardnadze, Edouard 470 Popieluszko, Jerzy 441 Roumelia 204, 205 Sicily 73, 76, 105, 160--1, 215, populism 131 Rousseau, Jean Jacques 2, 11 389 Portugal 45, 419 Ruhr, occupation of the 314 Sieyes, Comte de 4, 7, 14, 15, 17 Potsdam Conference (1945) Rumania 141, 203, 298, 391, Silesia 112 393,396 398,437-8,453 Simon, Jules 235---{} Prague 97, 115, 377, 392 Russia 13, 39, 41, 133-4, 138-41, Slovakia 377 Prairial, Coup de (1795) 14 185, 186,201-4,275,284, Slovenia 454--5, 473 Pravda (Truth) 256 469-71,473-5 Sobchak, Anatoly 446 Pressburg, Peace of (1806) 24 the Age of Reform 127-31 Social Charter 476 Princip, Gavrillo 283 Imperial 1801-81123-32 Social Democratic Party Proudhon, Pierre 53, 70 Imperial (1881-1914) 247-57 (Russia) 252, 253, 254, 255 13, 24, 29, 39, 86-7, 89, 1905 Revolution 252-4 Social Revolutionaries (SRs) 93, 107-8, 114--15, 119, 1917 Revolutions 300--2, 252,253,255,301 167-8, 180,221,223,353 325---{} social imperialism 193-5

INDEX 495 socialism 50, 53-4 Taaffe, Count Edward 263, 265, Intermediate Nuclear Forces 'Society of Thirty' 4 268 (INF) 467, 468 Socialist Unity Party (SED) 436 Tadjikistan 470 Kutchuk-Kainardji (1774) Solidarity 439-41, 451, 452 Talleyrand, Abbe 31, 39 134 Sonnino, Baron Sidney 216, 217 Tanganyika 186, 416 Lausanne (1912) 281 South Africa 415, 416 Tanlongo Scandal 214 Lausanne (1923) 306 416 416 Locarno (1925) 316 Spain 13, 28-9, 45, 70, 176, Teheran Conference (1943) 391 London (1827) 46 368-9 Templar, General Gerald 413 London (1852) 169 Spartacists 303, 335 Terror, Great 336-8, 339 London (1913) 281 Speer, Alfred 318, 394 Terror, Reign of 11-12 Luneville (1801) 13, 19, 86 Spinola, General de 419 Thatcher, Margaret 416, 427, Miinchengratz (1833) 47, 137 Sputnik I 458 465 Neuilly (1919) 305 SS-20 mobile launcher 464 Thermidor, Coup de (1794) Nuclear Non-Proliferation St Petersburg Soviet of 13-14 (1968) 462-3 Workers' Deputies 254 Thiers, Adolphe 66, 69, 106, Paris, First (1814) 31 Stadion, Count 119 118,137,150,176,234,235, Paris, Second (1815) 31, 39 Stalin, Joseph 325, 329-39, 391, 237 Paris (1856) 141, 147, 178 403,406,436,457 Third Republic 234-46 Portsmouth (1905) 277 rise to power 329-31 Republic of the Dukes 235 Prague (1866) 170 and the Five Year Plans Republic of the Republicans Rapallo (1922) 315, 329, 342, 331-4 237-8 358 and the Purges 336-8 weaknesses of 238-9 Reinsurance (1887) 206-7, 'cult of personality' 335, 430 scandals 239-42 272 and the Soviet Empire 430-2 challenge 243-5 Riga (1921) 306 and post-war USSR 429-30 collapse of 384 Rome (1957) 425-6 Stambulov, Stephan 205, 279 Thyssen, Fritz 358, 359 Saint-Germain (1919) 305 Stanley, Henry Morton 185, 195 Tilsit, Pacification of (1807) 24, San Stefano (1877) 203 Stanleyville 419 86 Sevres (1920) 306 'Star Wars' 464 Tirpitz, Admiral von 229, 230, Shimonosheki (1895) 274 Stasi 436, 451 231,274,297 Trianon (1920) 305 Stavisky, Serge Alexandre 369 Tisza, Kolomon 267 Unkiar Skelessi (1833) 136-7 Stein, Baron Karl von 29, 86-7 Tito, Marshal 391, 402, 403, 431, Versailles (1919) 303-4, 307, Stolypin, Peter 254-6 434,439 358,408 Straits Convention (1841) 138 Tocqueville, Alexis de 2, 106, Trepov,General131 Strategic Arms Limitation 113 Trieste 397 Talks (SALT) 463-4, 466 Todleben, General Eduard 140, (1882) 205, 206, Strategic Arms Reduction Talks 203 272 (START) 466 Tomasek, Cardinal 452 Triple Entente (1907) 231 Stresa Front 319, 330, 321 Tonkin238 Troppau, Congress of (1820) Stresemann, Gustav 314, 316, 'transformisme' 213-14, 216-17 43-4 356,358 Transylvania 104, 115-16, 385, Trotsky, Leon 247, 254, 300, Stiirmabteilung (SA) 356, 362 455 301-2,325,327-8,330-1 Sturzo, Don 343 Treaties Truman, Harry S. 403 186, 191, 275 Adrianople (1829) 135-6, 136 Truman Doctrine 403 Sudetenland 374-6 Austrian State (1955) 457-8 Trusteeship 410 Suez Canal 149, 414 Bardo (1881) 238 Tudeh 403 Sukarno, Achmad 410, 412 Basel (1795) 13 Tukhachevsky, Marshal 338 Svoboda, General Jan 437 Berlin (1878) 203-4, 275 Tunis 186, 205, 238 Sweden477 Brest-Litovsk (1918) 298, Turkey 45-6, 306, 403, 423 Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) 301-2,325 Tuscany 73, 78, 116, 157-8 306 Bucharest (1812) 134 Tyminski, Stanislaw 452 Syndicalism 243 Bucharest (1913) 282 Syria 136, 149 Campo Formio (1797) 13 U2 'spy plane' 458 Szechenyi, Count Istvan 102, Chaumont (1814) 31 Uganda 186, 416 103 Franco-German (1963) 422 Ukraine470 Szeczen, Count 260-1 Frankfurt (1871) 176 Ulbricht, Walter 402, 435-6

496 INDEX 'Ultras' 64, 65 Anglo-Boer (1879--81) 191 Wellington, Duke of 28, 31, 44 Umberto, King 216 Anglo-Boer (1899-1902) 191, Weltpolitik 193 Unilateral Declaration of 275 Western European Union Independence (UDI) 416 Arab-Jewish (1948-9) 413 (WEU) 405, 475--6 United Nations (UN) 391, Austro-French (1809) 29 Westminster, Statute of (1931) 398--400 Austro-Piedmontese 106 410 Union of Liberation Party 252 Austro-Prussian or 'Seven Westphalia 86 Union of Struggle for the Weeks' (1866) 149-50, William I, Kaiser 168, 173, 176, Liberation of the Working 169-70,262 223,226 Class 252 Balkan Wars (1912-13) 217, William II, Kaiser 207, 219, Ustasha 388 281-2 226--30,272,273-4,275, USA 149, 316--17, 373, 378, Crimean (1854--56) 138-41, 277,278,303 403-4,422,423-4,460,464, 147,156,260 Wilson, Harold 426--7 467,473-5 Danish War (1864) 169 Wilson, Woodrow 298, 303, 342, Uzbekistan 470 Egyptian-Turkish (1839-40) 370 137 Wilson Scandal 239 Vandenberg, Senator Arthur First World War (1914--18) Windischgrlitz, Field-Marshal 404 272-310, 355 Alfred 115, 119 Vanguard I 458 Franco-Prussian (1870-1) Witte, Sergei 250, 252, 254 Varennes, the flight to 9 150-2,164, 172--8,234 Wolseley, General Lord Garnet Vendemiaire, Coup de (1795) Greek War of Independence 195 14 (1821-32) 44, 45--6, Venetia 13,41, 73, 116, 164, 170 135--6 Yalta Conference (1945) 391, Verdun 297 Italian Unification (1859) 396 Verona, Congress of (1822) 44, 147--8,157-8,260 Yeltsin, Boris 444, 448, 449, 450, 65 Korean (1950-53) 405--6 470,475 Versailles Settlement (1919) Libyan (1911-12) 217, 281 Yezhovschina 338 303-4 Peninsula (1808--13) 28 Yorck, General Count Hans Vichy government 384, 388 'of the Running Dogs' 413 von 88 Victor Emmanuel I, King Russian 'Great Patriotic' War Young Committee (1929) 316 154--5,161-2 (1812) 29-30 Young Italy 77 Victor, Emmanuel III, King Russo-Japanese (1905) 187, Young Czechs 265 216,346,347 252,277 Young Turks 280 Victoria, Queen 275 Russo-Turkish (1806--12) 134 Ypsilantis, Alexander 45, 135 Vienna Settlement (1815) 37, Russo-Turkish (1828-9) 135 Yugoslavia 302, 342, 385, 391, 38,39-42,89, 150 Russo-Turkish (1877-8) 129, 403,431,434,454--5,471-3, Viet Minh 411, 412, 457 203 476 Vietnam 412-13, 457 Second World War (1939-45) Vilagos, Capitulation of (1849) 368-95,410-11 Zabern Affair (1913) 222, 230 120 Serbo-Turkish (1876) 203 416 Villafranca, Peace of (1859) 157 'Seven Weeks War' (1866) ZANU 416 Villelle, Comte de 65, 66 164 186, 272, 416 Vilnius 446--7 Sino-Japanese (1894--5) ZAPU 416 VONS452 186--7,274 Zarkovic, President 434 Vormiirz 84--95 Spanish Civil War (1936--9) Zasulich, Vera 131 368-9 zemstvas 129 Wafd409 Vietnam 411, 412-13, 423 'zero option' 467-8 Waldeck-Rousseau, Pierre 241 Warsaw Pact 405, 432, 435, 458, Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 470 Walesa, Lech 440, 441, 452 467--8 Zhivkov, Todor 454 45, 138, 139, 141 'Watergate' 464 Zhivkov, Vladimir 454 Wallenburg, Raoul 388 Wavell, Lord 385, 412 Zimmermann Telegram (1917) Wallon Amendment 235 Wehler, Hans-Ulrich 193, 224, 298 Wall Street Crash (1929) 317 228-9 Zinoviev, Grigoriy 329-30, Wannsee Conference (1942) Wehrverein 230, 290 331 387 Wehrwirtschaft 372 'Zinoviev letter' 329 Wars Weimar Republic 303, 314, Zola, Emile 240 Abyssinian (1935--6) 320-2 353--67 Zollverein 90-1, 101, 262

INDEX 497