Doctoral Dissertation THE GINGER FOX’S TWO CROWNS CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION AND GOVERNMENT IN SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBOURG’S REALMS 1410–1419 By Márta Kondor Supervisor: Katalin Szende Submitted to the Medieval Studies Department, Central European University, Budapest in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval Studies, CEU eTD Collection Budapest 2017 Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION 6 I.1. Sigismund and His First Crowns in a Historical Perspective 6 I.1.1. Historiography and Present State of Research 6 I.1.2. Research Questions and Methodology 13 I.2. The Luxembourg Lion and its Share in Late-Medieval Europe (A Historical Introduction) 16 I.2.1. The Luxembourg Dynasty and East-Central-Europe 16 I.2.2. Sigismund’s Election as King of the Romans in 1410/1411 21 II. THE PERSONAL UNION IN CHARTERS 28 II.1. One King – One Land: Chancery Practice in the Kingdom of Hungary 28 II.2. Wearing Two Crowns: the First Years (1411–1414) 33 II.2.1. New Phenomena in the Hungarian Chancery Practice after 1411 33 II.2.1.1. Rex Romanorum: New Title, New Seal 33 II.2.1.2. Imperial Issues – Non-Imperial Chanceries 42 II.2.2. Beginnings of Sigismund’s Imperial Chancery 46 III. THE ADMINISTRATION: MOBILE AND RESIDENT 59 III.1. The Actors 62 III.1.1. At the Travelling King’s Court 62 III.1.1.1. High Dignitaries at the Travelling Court 63 III.1.1.1.1. Hungarian Notables 63 III.1.1.1.2. Imperial Court Dignitaries and the Imperial Elite 68 III.1.1.2. Counsellors (consiliarii, Räte) and Referents 73 III.1.2. In the Travelling King’s Lands 81 III.1.2.1. Hungary: The Queen, the Vicars and the Barons (1413-1419) 81 III.1.2.1.1. The Queen 81 III.1.2.1.2. Royal Vicars 93 CEU eTD Collection III.1.2.1.3. The Barons 103 III.1.2.2. Holy Roman Empire (1411–1419): Governors and Officials 109 III.1.2.2.1. Ruling in Place of the King: Governorship of the Elector Palatine 110 III.1.2.2.2. Sigismund’s “Own” Imperial Administrative Team 115 1 III.2. Scenes and Institutions 117 III.2.1. The Royal Court 117 III.2.2. The Royal Council and the Fields of its Activity 121 III.2.3. Administration of Justice: Central Judicial Courts in Sigismund’s Lands 129 III.2.3.1. The Personal Jurisdiction of the King 132 IV. SPATIAL FEATURES OF THE SIGISMUND-ADMINISTRATION 139 IV.1. Temporary Residences and Whereabouts in the Holy Roman Empire 140 IV.2. Permanent Centers – Royal Residences 148 IV.2.1. Buda and Visegrád 148 IV.2.2. Plans of a Capital? The Cases of Pressburg and Nuremberg 159 V. CONCLUSION: SIGISMUND’S RULE AND HIS MULTIPLE KINGDOM 166 V.1. Dynastic or Universal, Medieval or Modern? 166 V.2. Two Crowns – Sigismund’s Multiple Kingdom 174 APPENDICES 181 BIBLIOGRAPHY 214 CEU eTD Collection 2 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: WRITING ORGANS IN THE KINGDOM OF HUNGARY ......................................................................................................... 31 FIGURE 2: DOCUMENT FORMS OF THE HUNGARIAN CHANCERIES ..................................................................................................... 32 FIGURE 3: SIGISMUND’S HUNGARIAN SEALS ................................................................................................................................ 42 FIGURE 4: SIGISMUND’S GERMAN SEALS .................................................................................................................................... 48 FIGURE 5: CHANGES IN HUNGARIAN CHANCERY PRACTICE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMPERIAL CHANCERY 1411–1412 .................... 57 FIGURE 6: SIGISMUND AND HIS BARONS (SIMPLIFIED ITINERARIES 1410–1418) ............................................................................... 65 FIGURE 7: THE IMPERIAL ELITE AS REFERENT, CO-SEALER AND GUARANTOR ....................................................................................... 71 FIGURE 8: REFERENTS OF THE IMPERIAL CHANCERY II. ................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 9: BARBARA’S CHARTERS .............................................................................................................................................. 85 FIGURE 10: HUNGARIAN HIGH DIGNITARIES 1410–1420 ............................................................................................................. 98 FIGURE 11: VICARIAL RIGHTS IN THE EMPIRE AND IN THE KINGDOM OF HUNGARY ............................................................................ 102 FIGURE 12: CHANCERY NOTES ON DOCUMENTS ISSUED IN SIGISMUND’S NAME IN HUNGARY 1412–1418 ........................................... 106 FIGURE 13: SIGISMUND’S STAYS IN THE EMPIRE 1414–1419 ...................................................................................................... 143 LIST OF IMAGES IMAGE 1: COAT OF ARMS OF HENRY V, COUNT OF LUXEMBOURG ................................................................................................... 18 IMAGE 2: SECRET CHANCERY CORROBORATION ............................................................................................................................ 35 IMAGE 3: SIGISMUND’S FOURTH HUNGARIAN SECRET SEAL ............................................................................................................ 38 IMAGE 4: SIGISMUND’S FIFTH HUNGARIAN SECRET SEAL ................................................................................................................ 38 IMAGE 5: SIGISMUND’S SECOND MIDDLE SEAL ............................................................................................................................. 39 IMAGE 6: SIGISMUND’S SECOND HUNGARIAN GREAT SEAL ............................................................................................................. 40 IMAGE 7: SIGISMUND’S GERMAN SECRET SEAL ............................................................................................................................ 48 IMAGE 8: QUEEN BARBARA’S SEAL ........................................................................................................................................... 87 IMAGE 9: CHARTER REFERENCE TO THE “LAW COURT OF THE GREAT SEAL” 1416............................................................................. 134 IMAGE 10: COAT OF ARMS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ÓBUDA .......................................................................................................... 152 IMAGE 11: THE ROYAL PALACE OF BUDA IN THE 1420S .............................................................................................................. 153 IMAGE 12: THE ROYAL PALACE OF VISEGRÁD AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY ............................................................. 154 IMAGE 13: GROUND PLAN OF THE VISEGRÁD PALACE AT THE END OF THE SIGISMUND PERIOD ............................................................ 155 IMAGE 14: CHARLEMAGNE AND SIGISMUND ............................................................................................................................. 165 IMAGE 15: ICONOGRAPHIC PATTERNS ON SIGISMUND’S SEALS AND COINS ...................................................................................... 177 CEU eTD Collection 3 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: THE LUXEMBURG DYNASTY 1180–1440 ............................................................................................................... 182 APPENDIX 2: CENTRAL JUDICIAL COURTS IN HUNGARY IN THE 11TH–15TH CENTURIES ......................................................................... 183 APPENDIX 3: CHANCELLORS AND VICE-CHANCELLORS OF THE HUNGARIAN AND IMPERIAL CHANCERIES (1387–1437) ............................ 184 APPENDIX 4: CHANGES OF THE CORROBORATIO AND INTITULATIO IN THE HUNGARIAN CHARTERS IN 1411 ............................................ 186 APPENDIX 5: CHARTER ANNOUNCING THE INTRODUCTION OF SIGISMUND’S FIFTH HUNGARIAN SECRET SEAL ......................................... 188 APPENDIX 6: ENTRIES IN THE REICHSREGISTERBUCH (FOL. 1R–11R) .............................................................................................. 189 APPENDIX 7: PALATINE NICHOLAS GARAI’S SERVICES RENDERED FOR SIGISMUND ............................................................................. 191 APPENDIX 8: RELATORS OF DOCUMENTS ISSUED BY THE HUNGARIAN SECRET CHANCERY ................................................................... 192 APPENDIX 9: GUARANTORS OF LOANS GRANTED TO SIGISMUND ................................................................................................... 194 APPENDIX 10: WITNESSES AND CO-SEALERS OF SIGISMUND’S CHARTERS ........................................................................................ 196 APPENDIX 11: REFERENTS OF THE IMPERIAL CHANCERY ............................................................................................................... 198 APPENDIX 12: QUEEN BARBARA’S CHARTER ISSUING .................................................................................................................. 208 APPENDIX 13: SIGISMUND’S WHEREABOUTS IN THE KINGDOM OF HUNGARY 1404–1412 ................................................................ 209 APPENDIX 14: SIGISMUND’S WHEREABOUTS IN THE EMPIRE 1412–1419 ...................................................................................... 212 CEU eTD Collection 4 ABBREVIATIONS OF ARCHIVES, ARCHIVE STOCKS AND DIPLOMATIC TERMS DOZA = Vienna, Deutschordenszentralarchiv. MNL OL DF = Budapest, National Archives of Hungary, Photographic Collection. Collectio Diplomatica Hungarica.