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EXCAVATIONS at the ROMAN FORT of CRAWFORD, LANARKSHIRE | 149 Extra-Mural Class in Archaeology at Edinburgh University

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EXCAVATIONS at the ROMAN FORT of CRAWFORD, LANARKSHIRE | 149 Extra-Mural Class in Archaeology at Edinburgh University Excavation Romae th t sa n for Crawfordf o t , Lanarkshire by Gordon Maxwell INTRODUCTION The existence of a Roman fort in the neighbourhood of Crawford, although suspected by General Roy,i was not proved until 1938 when excavation carried out by Dr J K St Joseph2 on a site lying about 400 yds N of the village on the right bank of the Clyde put the matter beyon doubtl d al for e tTh . (NG 954214S RN ) occupie smoderatela y strong positio narroa n no w plateau of hard glacial gravel protected on the south by the Clyde, and on the E and W by the Camps Wate Berried an r s Burn respectively; site acces th ewoul N froo t se mth d have been impeded in Roman times by marshy ground (fig 1). Strategically, however, it was of great importance. At this point the Roman roads from Annandale and Nithsdale met, the latter probably crossing the Clyde to the SW of the site; the route then left the valley of the Clyde, avoidin e gorge-likgth e defile between Crawfor Abingtond dan climbed an , d northward over Raggengile th l Pas rejoio st f Coldchapel Clydo e nth S e e for th e jussitin e th o t t t f Th .musg o t also have been influence presencmuce s da th areconsiderable a y hf b th a o en i e native populationJ e nee th observo dt y b s a e regular intervals betwee e garrisonnth s guardin e Romagth n road notee networkb y d thama importance t I th .t stils site elth wa recognisef o e medievan di l times when Crawford Castle, originally a seat of the Lindsays, but later ceded to the Douglas family, Romae th f o nS site.e th 4wao t Doubtles s builyd 0 5 t s from this time onwar usefors e dth dwa t quarrconstructioa e s th a r yfo associates castlrepair e it n o th d f ean o r d buildings evidence .Th e for prehistoric use of the site is discussed below (pp 187—8). In the spring of 1961, with the assistance of Dr Anne S Robertson, the author supervised triaa l corneforexcavatioe W traininpara s th a S tf f o te o r th gn n i cours techniquee th n ei s of archaeological investigation. Participant thin si s course were drawn from senior pupils attend- inFife gth e County Schools Easter Cam t Abingtonpa resulte firse th Th .t f season'so s work wer promisino es g that excavation continue sam nexe e yearo th th tw tr en sdo limitefo d scale, although now with the assistance of the senior pupils and staff of Lanarkshire Education Authority schools. In 1964 the author joined the staff of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and was authorised to continue the excavation of the site as part of the preparatory field-work for the forthcoming Inventory of Lanarkshire. The primary object of investigatioe th defencess recoveo it t fors d e ascertaiplae d th an ntwa rf th an ,no n whe site nth e was in use. However, the fort at Crawford is of such an unusual size, smaller than most forts thaassociatee ar t d with quingenary cohorts, t mucye hd biggean 5 r tha fortletna s , thawa t i t also considered desirable that at least a little should be learned about its internal layout. Accord- ingly excavatio continues nwa d unti autume th l f 1966no , usually wit assistance hth f felloo e w officers of the Commission, but in the final season with a team of diggers drawn largely from the 148 I PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2 FIG 1 Location maps MAXWELL: EXCAVATIONS AT THE ROMAN FORT OF CRAWFORD, LANARKSHIRE | 149 Extra-mural Class in Archaeology at Edinburgh University. The present report is thus the result weeks7 1 f o ' fiele worth d n ki wit hsmala l labour force spread ove years x indebtem si ra I . d Commissionere th o t permissior sfo publiso nt materiae hth l derived fro e lasmth t three years' wor advancn ki e abbreviateth f o e d descriptio e wholth f eo n excavatio e e giveth b n o ni nt Inventory. THE EXCAVATION Although the defences of the fort are much denuded, it seemed, on superficial examination easgroundn e a th ye f b matte o o t , defino rt e their limits positioe .Th fouf no r anglefore th t f so appeared to be clearly visible and the artificial scarping of the edge of the plateau was very conspicuous; however, it was soon discovered that these were only relative guides to the position of the defences. The fort had in fact undergone at least two major alterations, and the visible quadrilateral platform s describea , d above e sideE th line d f th s,o e an represente N e th n do intervallu cresme th lase stree t th tlin W f periodd o te appearean S , e whilth havo dn t eo e been altered by recent agricultural operations. It was further discovered that the depth of the defence works was as much as 190 ft in places, a remarkable extent for such a small fort. Consequently impossibls iwa t obtaio et ncompleta sidesE d , an whereS sectio defencee e eth th n beend o sha n interrupte r obliteratedo modera y db n road medievae th , outbuildinge l castlth d ean f Castleso - mains farm available ,th hal whilf W o fe eth groun encumberes dwa d wit hkitchea n garden severad an l trees t wasI . , moreover, difficul folloo t t we th wit t hproba bu coursy e eth an f eo outermost ditches s theia , r profile beed ha sn obscure deliberaty db e re-fillin r re-cuttingo n gi Roman times. Nevertheless it proved possible to establish that there were three major phases developmene th n i fort'e th f so t defence system firse th t n phasI . fore eth t measure t frof 0 md38 t transverself 5 22 y b yW oveo t tura r E r earto f h rampart abou thicknesstn i 1t 8f . Immediately beyon ditcheso dtw thiinnee y th la s, r being abou thirt A widef . e oute8 dft t th ,0 ditch 1 r , measuring widthn aboui separatet s f 8 twa , frontdN e froth , mn o thes distanca t f y 2 eb 3 f eo wher mor, whern ra W r lest ee i o e sth parallen innee o t th f mucs ro 5 t a l 8 ditches y s hb a d an , it followed a divergent course. secone th n I d phase ther practicalls ewa alteratioo yn thicknese th rampare n ni th f so r o t the area enclosed, but the ditch system was subjected to a fairly drastic overhaul. The inner ditch was re-cut to approximately the same width and depth as before, but the outer was com- pletel awayg ydu , being replace ditca y db h measurin widthn i t f 0 :g2 thi s seem havo st e been of normal V-section except in the southern half of the W front where a mid-rib was left standing by the Roman diggers. The outermost ditch was re-cut and although its width seems to have varied generan i ,widenes wa t li abou. o dt ft 4 1 t In the third phase the defences were largely re-cast. Although the length of the fort remained the same the width was increased by filling both the inner ditches on the N and S fronts and building a new rampart on top of them. The external dimensions of the fort were now 300 ft from N to S by 385 ft transversely. The outermost second-period ditch was re-used, although beyon g distanca t du ditc a s w t d t i requirabouf hne wa et o re-cut f e no a b 0 d d 4 to e t di an ,t i frontN e th , We however n ditcth o ;w n ne ho e divergeth , d fro oldee mmucs th a rs untihwa t i l as 85 ft to the N of it. Near the NW angle the space between the ditches was apparently filled with obstacles. The detailed evidence for this interpretation of the fort's history follows immediately. 150 ( PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2 Northern Defences , pi5 s d 14a-15a(figan 4 s ) reasone th r sFo stated abov onle eth y s thi sid whicswa n eo t provehi d possibl obtaio et n a continuous section through the defences, and even here the task, already formidable by reason of its sheer magnitude - the total length was over 170 ft - was made more difficult by persistent weatherd ba . MAXWELL: EXCAVATION THT SA E ROMAN FOR CRAWFORDF TO , LANARKSHIR1 15 | E e sectioth e intervalluf o nth d Firsten S m Period. e e firsstreeth th t t f A o periot s dwa preserved for a length of 10 ft. It consisted of a 6 to 9 in layer of natural gravel overlying two bands of grey and yellow clay - an unusual but not unparalleled arrangement in the construction of a Roman road.<> Of the composition of the rampart which stood to the N of this intervallum road, very saie b onls littl da reae n yth eca r parsurviveds ha t thad an ,t onlheigha o yt .
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