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News: European Agency Leader Urges Long-Term Environmental Policy, p. 410 Meeting: Strengthening a Network for Geoscience Data Sets, p. 411 Meeting: Modeling the Evolution of Polar Ice Sheets, p. 411 Meeting: Understanding How Climate Change Could Affect Tornadoes, p. 412 About AGU: Supporting Young Geoscientists at Fall Meeting, p. 413 About AGU: Two New Features for Thriving Earth Exchange, p. 413 Research Spotlight: Plasmasphere, Climate, Martian Meteorite, and More, p. 416

VOLUME 95 NUMBER 45 11 NOVEMBER 2014

Drilling a Small Basaltic Volcano NEWS to Reveal Potential Hazards

Terrestrial basaltic volcanic fields consist business district (Figure 1), erupted about of tens to hundreds of single-­ eruptive-​­ episode​­ 550 years ago. It is a symmetrical, approxi- Scientists Engage With the Public (monogenetic) volcanoes. These fields are mately ­6-kilometer-​wide shield volcano ris- During Lava Flow Threat among the most common volcanic features ing about 260 meters above sea level with an on Earth’s surface and can cover areas up estimated dense-rock volume of 1.78 cubic On 27 June, lava from K lauea, an active volcano on the island of Hawai`i, began flowing to thousands of square kilometers. Although kilometers. This is about half of the esti- ī to the northeast, threatening the residents in P hoa, a community in the District of Puna, such fields commonly are active for hun- mated erupted magma volume of the field. ā as well as the only highway accessible to this area. Scientists from the U.S. Geological dreds of thousands of years, individual erup- Rangitoto comprises a gently dipping lava Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) and the Hawai`i County Civil Defense tions are rare (perhaps one every thousand field and several small scoria cones at the have been monitoring the volcano’s lava flow and communicating with affected residents or tens of thousands of years). The eruptions summit, although the absence of deep dis- through public meetings since 24 August. Eos recently spoke with Michael Poland, a are small and short-lived and last several days section of the volcano has prevented the geophysicist at HVO and a member of the Eos Editorial Advisory Board, to discuss how he to decades, producing a small cone or crater. development of a stratigraphic framework of and his colleagues communicated this threat to the public. Despite the low eruption frequency of each volcanic events. Volcanic ash sourced from volcano within the field, the spread of human Rangitoto and preserved in nearby lake sedi- infrastructure into these fields in many parts ments suggests that the volcano may have Eos: What is the status of the lava flow initial advance rate was quite high. The flow, of the world necessitates a better understand- been active intermittently, starting about right now? confined by older flows, was quite narrow at ing of future hazards. 1500 years ago and persisting for about Poland: As of Friday morning [31 Octo- first, which allowed it to move quite quickly. Mexico City, Mexico, is an example of a 1000 years [Shane et al., 2013]. This finding ber] local time, the flow front has stalled. It’s As we tracked the flow’s direction, and metropolitan area built close to or on basal- challenges the fundamental model for the about 155 meters from Pāhoa Village Road, once it became clear that it was mov- tic fields. Long-term storage of nuclear waste mechanisms and hazards associated with which is the main street through Pāhoa. ing quickly, we issued a press release on within a basaltic field in Nevada has been these small volcanoes, typically considered There are a lot of breakouts of lava above 22 August to alert the community to the previously proposed. These are just a few monogenetic. that point, but the leading edge of the flow is potential hazards it posed. The release examples of where future volcanic activity not presently pushing downslope. That’s not was distributed to local news outlets and would significantly impact society. Drilling Investigation likely to be the case forever, but there’s at beyond. Therefore, several major questions need least a temporary halt in the advance of the Eos: What has been the most effective to be addressed: (1) How long do such erup- The new finding prompted a new scien- flow for now. medium you have used to communicate the tions last? (2) How does the magma rise to tific drilling initiative by a consortium of We expect that it will probably change threat to the public? the surface, and does its ascent provide mea- geologists from the University of Auckland as time goes on. That’s the way this flow Poland: I think the most effective thing surable phenomena that could act as precur- and Massey University, funded by New Zea- has behaved in the past several weeks: It we’ve done is to participate in a series of sor signals? (3) How does the style of erup- land’s Earthquake Commission, to investi- advances and then stalls, which seems to be regular community meetings organized tion change during the event, and thus, what gate Rangitoto’s eruption history. The aim the normal life cycle of this particular flow and run by the Hawai`i County mayor’s spectrum of hazards would be expected? of the project was to drill through the entire and pāhoehoe flows in general. office and Civil Defense. Initially, multiple volcano edifice to recover a continuous Eos: What kind of damage has happened meetings were held each week, but the Rangitoto Island Volcano record of deposits. Hence, there is the poten- to the area? county is now holding weekly meetings in tial to develop an unparalleled insight into Poland: Thus far no homes have been Pāhoa. In addition to these large commu- Auckland City, New Zealand, is built the birth, life, and death of a small mono- destroyed. The flow has burned a farm shed nity meetings, HVO participated in other on the Auckland Volcanic Field (AVF) (Fig- genetic volcano that will have wider appli- and cattle structures, and it has traversed Hawai`i County–led meetings specifically ure 1) [Kermode, 1992]. The AVF has been cations to understanding these systems some private land, where it has destroyed for nearby residential subdivisions. the intense focus of hazard and risk studies globally. much of an orchard. There is a cemetery The meetings have reached a tremen- because of the city’s large population (~1.4 mil- The team selected a drill site at an eleva- above Pāhoa that was inundated by lava. dous number of people, with attendance lion people) and its economic significance to tion of about 120 meters above sea level Also, a few weeks ago the lava ignited brush often 300–400 people and occasionally New Zealand [Houghton et al., 2006]. The field on the western flank of the volcano (Fig- fires, but they were quickly put out by the exceeding 600. The meetings, usually Web- comprises at least 50 volcanic centers and has ure 1) to optimize the thickness (and thus Hawai`i County Fire Department. In residen- cast via local online news sources, include been active for the past 250,000 years. completeness) of the stratigraphic record tial areas, the fire department is standing by a lava flow update by an HVO scientist, as The youngest volcano, Rangitoto Island, to prevent any widespread fires. well as briefings by the civil defense direc- which is only 8 kilometers from the central Drilling cont. on page 410 Eos: How did you know it was time to tor and the mayor, who provide updates start alerting the public about the threat of a on what county agencies are doing to lava flow to their neighborhoods? mitigate the impacts. After these presen- Poland: It became fairly clear early on tations, additional HVO staff, along with based on where the flow was located and various representatives from other agen- the rate of advance that it was heading cies and organizations, are available to toward the island’s Puna District. While dif- answer questions from the public. This has ficult to tell exactly where the lava would go, been an effective way of interacting with we are able to broadly forecast the direction the community because it’s one-on-one of flows based on topography, and it was communication with the people who are clear that it was moving toward Pāhoa. directly impacted by this lava flow. What made this flow special—and we’ve had flows in this area before that have pushed in this same direction—was that its News cont. on page 410

Fig. 1. (middle) Digital elevation map of Rangitoto volcano showing the location of the drill site (courtesy of Gabor Kereszturi) and (left) the composition of basalt lavas found in the core, plot- ted in parts per million of strontium at depth. The column shows numbered lava flows and pyro- clastic ash in core. (right) Map of the Auckland Volcanic Field in North Island, New Zealand. USGS Lava from Kīlauea destroys a fence on private property near Pāhoa Village Road. 409 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 45 11 NOVEMBER 2014

Drilling hazards associated with such volcanoes cont. from page 409 globally. Acknowledgments obtained while avoiding the potentially evident in the sequence (Figure 1), sug- chaotic deposits of the main vent region gesting that multiple magma batches were The drilling investigation team comprised near the summit. Drilling was completed in erupted. In particular, the youngest lavas Paul Augustinus, Tamzin Linnell, Jan Lind- approximately 3 weeks in February 2014. (0–25 meters) are distinguished by their say, and Ian Smith (University of Auckland) TRANSACTIONS The approximately ­150-meter-​­deep drill low magnesium oxide levels and high abun- AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION and Shane Cronin (Massey University). The Newspaper of the Earth and Space Sciences hole resulted in excellent core recovery dance of some trace elements (e.g., stron- (>95%). The upper 128 meters of core com- tium; Figure 1). References Editors prise at least 27 lava flows with thicknesses The core places the lava compositions in in the range 0.3–15 meters, representing a time series, which can be correlated to Houghton, B. F., C. Bonadonna, C. E. Gregg, D. M. Christina M. S. Cohen: California Institute Johnston, W. J. Cousins, J. W. Cole, and P. Del of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., USA; cohen@ the main ­shield-​­building phase. The lavas the surface lava field. This will allow a geo- srl.caltech.edu overlie marine sediments interbedded with metrical reconstruction of the shield growth. Carlo (2006), Proximal tephra hazards: Recent lava and pyroclastic (explosive) deposits. Additional petrologic investigations are eruption studies applied to volcanic risk in the José D. Fuentes: Department of Meteorology, Auckland volcanic field, New Zealand,J. Volca - Pennsylvania State University, University Park, The pyroclastic sequence comprises about under way to provide insight into magma 8 meters of phreatomagmatic (­water-​­magma ascent processes. This will ultimately lead nol. Geotherm. Res., 155, 138−149. Pa., USA; [email protected] Kermode, L. O. (1992), Geology of the Auckland Wendy S. Gordon: University of Texas at Aus- interaction) ash and lapilli, representing the to better models for magma production and urban area, Geol. Map 2, scale 1:50,000, Inst. of tin, Austin,Tex., USA; [email protected] subaqueous birth of the volcano. Miocene eruption duration. Chronological investi- Geol. Nucl. Sci., Lower Hutt, New Zealand. (about 20 million years ago) sediments were gations, including radiocarbon dating and David Halpern: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Shane, P., M. Gehrels, A. ­Zawalna-​Geer, P. Pasadena, Calif., USA; davidhalpern29@gmail​ encountered at about 150 meters. paleomagnetic secular variation studies, are Augustinus, J. Lindsay, and I. Chaillou (2013), .com in progress, in an attempt to constrain the Longevity of a small shield volcano revealed Preliminary Results duration of volcanism. by crypto-tephra studies (Rangitoto volcano, Carol A. Stein: Department of Earth and New Zealand): Change in eruptive behavior Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at The drilling attracted significant attention Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA; [email protected] A preliminary geochemical investiga- from the media, including TV, radio, and of a basaltic field, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., tion of the core revealed a suite of relatively newspaper items in New Zealand and Aus- 257, 174−183. Editor in Chief uniform transitional basalts (magnesium tralia. Eventually, the research will contrib- Barbara T. Richman: AGU, Washington, D. C., oxide between 8.1 and 9.7 weight percent). ute to public and scientific awareness of the —Phil Shane, University of Auckland, New Zealand; USA; eos_ [email protected] However, distinct compositional trends are history of Rangitoto volcano and volcanic email:­ pa.shane@​ auckland​ .ac​ .nz​ Editorial Advisory Board M. Lee Allison Earth and Space Science something that could be forecast with any Informatics News great accuracy. cont. from page 409 Lora S. Armstrong Volcanology, Geochemistry, Eos: What advice would you give to and Petrology other scientists who may have to communi- Michael A. Ellis Earth and Planetary Eos: Was it difficult to explain the science our website with a better understanding cate a complex situation to the public? Surface Processes behind the lava flow to the public? of what it means. They’re also asking very Poland: I don’t think there’s a one-size- Arlene M. Fiore Atmospheric Sciences Poland: Many long-time Hawai`i residents specific questions at the community meet- fits-all approach. You need to identify your Nicola J. Fox Space Physics and Aeronomy have been following HVO’s daily eruption ings, such as, “Do you think the deflation target audience and determine the best updates for decades and are quite knowl- that’s happening right now will affect the way to deliver your message clearly and Biogeosciences Steve Frolking edgeable about the volcano. But at first, it lava flow?” To us, this attests to the value concisely. Edward J. Garnero Study of the Earth’s was a little difficult to communicate with the of the weekly meetings. But I also don’t think we should assume Deep Interior public because there was, in some cases, a Eos: What kind of response did you get that our audience is unable to grasp diffi- Michael N. Gooseff Hydrology bit of a gap between the concepts we were from the public once you started sharing cult concepts. They’ve shown us that they Kristine C. Harper History of Geophysics trying to explain and the public’s ability to information about the lava flow and the are capable of learning about how volca- Keith D. Koper Seismology perceive what we were saying. threat to their homes? noes work, especially over a prolonged However, it’s been amazing to watch the Poland: Initially, there was an element disaster such as this. It provides an oppor- Robert E. Kopp Geomagnetism public’s level of understanding increase of shock that the lava flow was heading tunity to educate people as best we can. and Paleomagnetism over the past 2 months. So something in their direction. There has also been I’m gratified by that, because they can John W. Lane Near-Surface Geophysics like the inflation and deflation cycles of a sense of frustration because the flow take a more active look at their own envi- Xin-Zhong Liang Global Environmental Change Kīlauea might have initially been a for- advances in fits and starts, moving for- ronment, and I think that’s a good out- Jian Lin Tectonophysics eign concept to many people attending ward about 400 meters a day and then come of this. the meetings. After hearing about it at the stopping for days. Then it would advance Figen Mekik Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology weekly meetings, some of those people 100 meters a day and stop again. So it was are now looking at deformation data on frustrating for the public because it wasn’t —Tricia McCarter, Staff Writer Jerry L. Miller Ocean Sciences Michael A. Mischna Planetary Sciences Thomas H. Painter Cryosphere Sciences European Agency Leader in terms of purchasing power parity is Roger A. Pielke Sr. Natural Hazards expected to triple, and the use of natural Michael Poland Geodesy Urges Long-Term Environmental Policy resources could increase by 80%, he said. “This is not really compatible with Eric M. Riggs Education A 23 October agreement by European innovation” over the past 5−6 years that can the idea of living well within the limits Adrian Tuck Nonlinear Geophysics Union (EU) leaders to reduce domestic help provide fundamentally different ways of the planet,” Bruyninckx said, noting Sergio Vinciguerra Mineral and Rock Physics greenhouse gas emissions is a good exam- of approaching environmental concerns that a long-term horizon and new policy Earle Williams Atmospheric ple of developing and implementing a and could lead to a more sustainable envi- approaches are crucial for dealing more and Space Electricity needed long-term, sustainable environmen- ronment, Bruyninckx said. The three core effectively with the significant problems of Mary Lou Zoback Societal Impacts tal policy agenda for Europe. So says Hans visions of a 2050 environmental agenda climate change, biodiversity loss, ecosys- and Policy Sciences Bruyninckx, executive director of the Euro- are a ­low-​­carbon society, a “circular econ- tem degradation, and resource depletion, pean Environment Agency (EEA), an EU omy” where nothing is wasted, and ecosys- among others. “In the long run, on a finite Staff agency. tem resilience that can deal with shocks planet, you cannot have a little bit of sus- Editorial and Production: Randy Showstack, The agreement, which targets a reduction and unexpected events and changes in the tainability. The environment is a boundary Senior Writer; Ernie Balcerak and Mohi Kumar, by 2030 of EU domestic greenhouse gas emis- future, he said. condition, and so we will have to organize Science Writers/Editors;­ ­Faith A. Ishii, Program ­Manager; Tricia McCarter, Production Assistant; sions by at least 40% below the 1990 level, Bruyninckx added that current develop- the social and the economic within that Liz Castenson, Editor’s Assistant; JoAnna Wendel, also aims to increase the share of EU renew- ment and environmental protection efforts boundary condition.” Writer; Valerie Bassett, Electronic Graphics able energy to at least 27% by 2030. That have been successful to a degree but are not Since about 1990, there has been a dra- Specialist agreement is part of a trend toward a ­longer-​ sufficient for the long term. He applauded matic decoupling between energy use, Advertising: Tel: +1-202-777-7536; E-mail: term agenda for the environment, Bruyninckx efforts that have reduced the proportion of which has fallen substantially due in large ­[email protected]; Christy Hanson, Manager; explained during a 30 October presentation people living in extreme poverty and said part to efficiency efforts, and economic Marketing: Mirelle Moscovitch, Marketing Analyst on Europe’s 2050 environmental agenda at that all people—not just those in developed growth, which has increased by 40%, ©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights the Woodrow Wilson International Center for countries—deserve to live a decent life. according to EEA data. However, that has Reserved. Material in this issue may be photo- Scholars in Washington, D. C. He also noted successes such as cutting not all been good news because resource copied by individual scientists for research or class- room use. Permission is also granted to use short Other recent documents related to that industrial pollution and improving air and use has remained fairly steady, Bruyninckx quotes, figures, and tables for publication in sci- trend include road maps for moving to a water quality. The “efficiency paradigm” noted. “This [decoupling] is a major achieve- entific books and journals. For permission for any competitive ­low-​­carbon economy in 2050, of reducing pollution has worked well, ment. But the efficiency gains have not led other uses, contact the AGU Publications Office. for a single European transport area, for a Bruyninckx stated. However, he cautioned to an overall decrease in resource use,” he Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union ­resource-​­efficient Europe, and for energy. that with the Earth’s population expected said. (ISSN 0096-3941) is published weekly except In addition, Bruyninckx said that the EU’s to reach about 9 billion people by 2050, “We have been very successful in regu- the last week of December by the American 7th Environmental Action Programme is with an increase in ­middle-​class consum- lating efficiency, but is this the answer to Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Wash- ington, DC 20009, USA. Periodical Class postage a guiding document for his agency. That ers, and with what he labeled as unsustain- the long-term natural resource limits on the paid at Washington, D. C., and at additional action program includes a goal that “in 2050, able systems of production and consump- planet?” he asked. “The sort of incremental mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address we live well, within the planet’s ecological tion, the human environmental impact institutionalism has worked quite well on a changes to Member Service Center, 2000 Florida limits.” on the planet continues to create a strain number of environmental issues, but it is not Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA. Member Service Center: 8:00 A.M.–6:00 P.M. Eastern time; The framing of a 2050 environmental on natural resource use. Between now enough to get us to 2050 when we take a cir- Tel: +1-202-462-6900; Fax: +1-202-328-0566; Tel. agenda in Europe has been “a major policy and 2050, global gross domestic product cular economy, ecosystem resilience, and orders in U.S.: 1-800-966-2481; E-mail: service@ a low-­ ​­carbon society as the goals that we agu.org. Information on institutional subscrip- need to reach.” tions is available from the Wiley institutional sales team (­[email protected]). Use Bruyninckx held out hope that change AGU’s Geophysical Electronic Manuscript Sub- can happen quickly to move toward imple- missions system to submit a manuscript: http:​// menting a ­longer-​term environmental pol- eos-submit.agu.org. icy agenda for Europe. He cited as posi- Views expressed in this publication do not neces- tive examples the changes in communica- sarily reflect official positions of the American tion since the advent of the Internet and . Geophysical Union unless expressly stated recent comments by United Nations Secre- Christine W. McEntee, Executive Director/CEO tary General Ban ­Ki-moon and others call- http://www.agu.org/pubs/eos ing for a green economy. “So,” Bruyninckx said, “things can change in a very short time period in very fundamental ways.”

—Randy Showstack, Staff Writer

410 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 45 11 NOVEMBER 2014

building. Those addressed under the second by the U.S. Global Change Research Pro- topic were as follows: data life cycle, data gram, was proposed as a typical use case MEETINGS citation, and data integration frameworks for ­cross-​­agency data tracing. Earth Science and related technical progress; experience Information Partners (ESIP) will take up and best practices on data interoperability; activities (1) to facilitate discussion across connections among distributed data reposi- “curation centers,” including institutional Strengthening an Interagency Network tories and their future; and vocabularies repositories, domain repositories, archives, for data annotation and services especially etc., as proxies for the agencies and (2) to for Geoscience Data Sets related to data discovery and use. circulate best practices of creating, publish- GeoData participants voiced their desire ing, and using vocabularies. GeoData 2014: Strengthening the Connections, to learn more from data interoperability suc- The Research Data Alliance will facili- Building the Interagency Network; cess stories, such as those associated with tate the work of developing a new data life Boulder, Colorado, 17–19 June 2014 ­DATA.gov, the National Snow and Ice Data cycle conceptual model. Moreover, work- Center, the World Meteorological Organiza- shop participants suggested continuing the More than 85 invited participants from complement EarthCube by extending the tion Information System, the Rolling Deck discussion and sharing ways to increase government, academia, and the private sec- scope of the discourse beyond the NSF- to Repository program, the Giovanni portal, collaboration/­coordination at events in the tor attended the GeoData 2014 Workshop. funded geoscience research community. and the Open Geospatial Consortium Sensor near future, such as the 2014 AGU Fall Meet- The GeoData in the title of this workshop GeoData 2014 built on the success of the Observation Service. Also in high demand is ing and the ESIP 2015 Winter Meeting. represents data sets collected and curated first GeoData meeting in 2011. Keynote talks a list of ­machine-​­readable data formats and We are grateful to NSF for sponsoring the by the broad “Geo” community supported at GeoData 2014 reviewed the progress of application programming interfaces. Soft- workshop; the National Center for Atmo- by numerous U.S. federal agencies: the three GeoData 2011 topics: data citation, ware documentation and data searching spheric Research for providing space and Department of Energy, the Environmen- data integration, and data life cycle. Panels received particular attention, and existing facilities; and the organizing committee, tal Protection Agency, NASA, the National and breakouts centered on two topic areas: efforts and their future potentials were dis- session chairs and moderators, and sup- Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, (1) social, political, and financial issues and cussed. In particular, the semantic markup porting staff for making the workshop a big the National Science Foundation (NSF), (2) technical issues of connecting geodata for search engines was highlighted as a success. Details of the workshop are acces- the Department of Agriculture, and the U.S. within and among governmental agencies. direction for future work. sible at http://tw​ .rpi​ .edu/​ web/​ Workshop/​­ ​ Geological Survey, among others. Specific themes addressed under the first A few ­working-​­level collaborations ­Community/​­GeoData2014. The GeoData workshop series was initi- topic were as follows: governmental open around geodata were proposed at the end of ated alongside the NSF EarthCube initia- data; interagency geodata coordination the workshop. An information portal of data —Xiaogang Ma and Peter Fox, Tetherless World tive. EarthCube seeks a ­community-​­driven, efforts—progress and political/­sociological science educational materials and early-­ Constellation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, interoperable, ­geoscience-​­wide geoinformat- challenges; feedback from the academic career scholarships will be developed. N.Y.; email: max7@­ rpi​ .edu;​ and Matthew S. May- ics infrastructure in concert with other agen- and commercial sectors; and establishing The Global Change Information System ernik, National Center for Atmospheric Research, cies. The GeoData workshop series aims to a collaborative environment and culture (http://data­ .​ globalchange­ .gov),​ developed Boulder, Colo.

velocities from interferometric synthetic aper- This work was performed at the California Modeling the Evolution of Polar Ice Sheets ture radar sensors such as ­TerraSAR-X, ­Alos/​ Institute of Technology’s Jet Propulsion Lab- ­Palsar, and the ­NASA–​­Indian Space Research oratory under a contract with NASA’s Cryo- Ice Sheet System Model Workshop; Organization Synthetic Aperture Radar sphere Science Program. Bergen, Norway, 2−4 June 2014 (NiSAR­) mission starting in 2020. —Eric Larour and Nicole Schlegel, Jet Propul- The workshop was funded by BCCR and sion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, The Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) team, basal friction from remote sensing data, the World Climate Research Program Cli- Pasadena; email: eric­ .​ larour@­ jpl​ .​ nasa­ .gov;​ and which is funded primarily by NASA (Cryo- (3) how to project the evolution of an ice mate and Cryosphere working group, which Mathieu Morlighem, University of California, Irvine sphere and Modeling, Analysis and Predic- stream into the future, and (4) how to quan- also provided funding for early-career scien- tion programs), as well as the Jet Propulsion tify the uncertainty of such projections. In tists from four different countries to attend Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, addition, a lecture was given at BCCR focus- the workshop. Meetings cont. on page 412 and National Science Foundation’s Office of ing on the challenges of modeling the evolu- Polar Programs, organized a workshop in tion of polar ice sheets with ISSM. collaboration with the Bjerknes Centre for The participants included 24 cryospheric Climate Research (BCCR) at the University scientists from around the world whose of Bergen in Norway, in June 2014. interests varied from traditional ice sheet This is the third in a series of ISSM work- modeling and paleoreconstructions to inter- shops dedicated to teaching cryospheric sci- actions between the ice sheets and the entists how to model the evolution of polar ocean and atmosphere. ice sheets in a changing climate. The work- Strong links were created between ISSM A Gift For You shops are based on ISSM, the open-­source and the participants, and new priorities were ­community-​based ice sheet modeling soft- identified to answer some key scientific ques- ware capable of simulating the evolution of tions, such as (1) coupling ISSM with ocean large-scale polar ice sheets using a combi- and atmospheric circulation models to bet- nation of ­higher-​­order physics and massive ter capture the interaction between ground- scalability, as well as data assimilation and ing line dynamics, subcavity melting, and ­adjoint-​based inverse methods. This frame- ocean circulation under ice shelves, as well work’s goal is to improve predictions of the as the feedback between surface mass bal- contribution of ice sheets to sea level rise, ance, atmospheric circulation, and ice sheet Register now to receive discounted rates which requires ­ocean−ice ­sheet–­atmosphere dynamics; (2) the development of moving coupling capabilities and the integration of boundaries to more accurately capture the Pre-Registration Deadline: NASA data from missions such as Operation dynamics of calving front and grounding IceBridge; Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation line retreat of polar ice sheets over long time 14 November, 11:59 P.M. EST Satellite 1 (­ICESat-1); and the Gravity Recov- periods ranging from decades to thousands ery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). of years; and (3) better integration of exist- Over the span of 3 days, the ISSM team ing data sets from in situ and satellite obser- taught tutorials on ice sheet modeling, vations, in particular surface altimetry from including (1) how to model the flow of out- ­ICESat-1, ­CryoSat-2, IceBridge,­ and the soon to 013-1671 let glaciers and ice sheets, (2) how to invert be launched ICESat-2­ mission and surface

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411 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 45 11 NOVEMBER 2014

Meetings cont. from page 411 AGU GEOCALENDAR This column announces upcoming meetings and symposia of interest to Earth and space scientists. To submit an announcement for the AGU GeoCalendar, go to http://​­geocalendar​ Understanding How Climate Change .agu​.org/​­submission​-form/. There is no fee for these brief listings.

Could Affect Tornadoes ■■18–20 January 2015 ENGAGE Workshop— ■■3–5 May 2015 ASABE 1st Climate Change Encouraging Networks between Geoscience Symposium—Adaptation and Mitigation, and Geoscience Education, Arlington, Virgina, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Organizer: American So- First International Summit on Tornadoes and Climate Change; USA. Organizer: Incorporated Research Institu- ciety of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. Crete, Greece, 25−30 May 2014 tions for Seismology. (Website: http://www​.iris​ (Website: http://www.​ asabe­ .org/​ meetings​­ ​ .edu/hq/​­workshops/​2015/​01/​­engage​_­workshop) -events/­ 2015/​ 05/​ asabe​­ -1st​ -​ climate­ -change​ ​ Current understanding of how tornadoes by reporting bias. Because tornadoes often -­symposium​-­adaptation​-and​-­mitigation​.aspx) ■■2–5 March 2015 Fifth Interagency Confer- might change with global warming is lim- cluster in space and time, the need for data ence on Research in the Watersheds (ICRW5), ■■26–31 July 2015 AGU Champman Confer- ited. Incomplete data sets and the small- sets that collate information at the event Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Organizer: Cen- ence—The Width of the Tropics: Climate scale nature of tornadic events make it dif- and cluster levels was mentioned. A discus- ter for Forested Wetlands Research. (Website: Variations and Their Impacts, Santa Fe, New ficult to draw definitive conclusions. A con- sion by the sponsors ensued on the topic of http://​www​.­hydrologicscience​.org/icrw5/). Regis- Mexico, USA. Organizer: AGU. (Website: http://​ sensus report on the climate of extreme extending the databases to include cluster tration deadline: 15 December 2014. chapman­ .agu​ .org/​ tropics/)​­ storms found little evidence of trends in tor- and environmental information. nado frequency in the United States. How- Despite the challenges in data quality, it ever new research suggests a potential cli- was demonstrated that there is useful infor- What’s on the Web? mate change footprint on tornadoes. Some mation in the available records that can be Read the latest offerings from the AGU Blogosphere: of this research was presented at the First used to better understand tornado climatol- International Summit on Tornadoes and Cli- ogy. One study showed that after accounting The Landslide Blog: “Mount Mannen mate Change, hosted by Aegean Confer- for population density and county size, the in Norway: An imminent large rockslide” ences. The summit took place at the Minoa region of central Kansas has the highest inci- (http://ow.ly/DvQz5) Palace in Chania, Greece, from 25 to 30 May dence of tornadoes in the state. Discussions 2014. Thirty delegates from eight countries— on the physical mechanism for this finding Dan’s Wild Wild Science Journal: Greece, the United States, Germany, the focused on genesis locations. Another study “Amazing photos from Astro Reid United Kingdom, China, Japan, Israel, and showed statistical evidence that the oceans highlight a fragile Earth and an even more Taiwan—participated. might contain a small amount of information fragile climate” (http://ow.ly/DJyGW) Delegates emphasized caution when inter- about the character of the upcoming tor- Mountain Beltway: “Geomystery: What preting historical records. They noted that nado season a month in advance. are these white lines?” (http://ow.ly/Dz5m7) it can be misleading to draw conclusions There were presentations of work being GeoEd Trek: “The IAGD: Making geology about the effects of climate change on tor- conducted to assess socioeconomic fac- accessible to all” (http://ow.ly/DpY0Y) nadoes from upward trends in the available tors that affect the vulnerability to tornado reports. Sudden upswings in the number of impacts and also novel methodologies to Georneys: “Peridot at the Smithsonian” tornado reports might have more to do with objectively assess damage that has been (http://ow.ly/Dso1M) increased awareness of tornadoes’ influ- inflicted by tornadoes. It was gratifying to Dan’s Wild Wild Science Journal blog dis- ence by the media, better communications, note that there is scientific interest in torna- plays some photographs taken by astronaut and popular culture. Some of the significant does impacting many jurisdictions world- Reid Wiseman, shown here aboard the challenges with the data sets of tornado wide, with research on four continents being International Space Station. The blog post and other severe weather reports, like hail, represented at this meeting, including work uses Wiseman’s pictures to help illustrate include population bias, paucity of meteo- in developing nations, small island states, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate and countries with greater experience with rological measurements, variability in the Change’s latest report. NASA/ReidWiseman sources of reports, institutional data verifi- recording tornadoes. cation and archiving, inconsistent attribu- The summit was sponsored by Climatek, tion of Enhanced Fujita Scale classification Inc., and the Risk Prediction Initiative. Travel to events, and the fact that the scale is based awards were given to student delegates. A on damage (compounding the population few scientists received travel and accom- bias). Researchers need to seriously con- modation subsidies. The summit was suc- sider these issues when analyzing and inter- cessful in fostering dialogue on this impor- preting the data. tant topic. Planning for the second summit is Some delegates noted that frequency is under way. but one component of tornado climate. It was shown that the number of tornado days —James Elsner, Florida State University, Tallahas- and the spatial density of tornadoes are see; email:­ jelsner@­ fsu​ .edu;​ and Mark Guishard, 2014 Career Opportunities worthwhile analytics that are less affected Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s Networking Lunch

This networking lunch is an opportunity for early-career or student members to find out about careers from national labs and agencies, to industry, consulting, and non- Visit the Roommate Board governmental organizations, from geoscience professionals. Meet new people by sharing a room. Get your tickets when you register for the AGU Fall Meeting. Stay at your favorite hotel. Save money. fallmeeting.agu.org fallmeeting.agu.org

Open up Your Data and Observations A new kind of open access journal, Earth and Space Science covers Earth, planetary, and space sciences and incorporates related fields of environ- mental science, geo- and space-engineering, and biogeochemistry. Earth and Space Science strives for rapid decisions and publication overseen by a distinguished editorial team led by John Orcutt as editor in chief. Paper types include

l Regular Articles reporting research findings across the Earth and space sciences l Technical Reports that present and interpret key data sets and observations that contribute to a broader scientific understanding of the Earth and its environment, the solar system, and beyond, and/or that add to the understanding of these observations by presenting methodology, mapping, modeling, and theory Publication Fees Waived for Articles Submitted Before 19 December. earthspacescience.agu.org

412 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 45 11 NOVEMBER 2014

in Atmospheric Research and Science scientists with similar interests. Networking, (SOARS) Program, and AGU. research presentation, and mentoring oppor- ABOUT AGU The Minorities Striving and Pursuing tunities offered to students at the Fall Meet- Higher Degrees of Success in Earth System ing help them to develop as scientists and to Sciences (MS PHD’S) program provides engage with others in their discipline. networking, mentoring, and professional The Bright STaRS poster session, the des- Supporting Young Geoscientists at Fall Meeting development opportunities to undergradu- ignated undergraduate poster session, and ate and graduate students from underrepre- MS PHD’S presentations are open to all Three events for high school, undergradu- present their research. The Undergraduate sented groups who are pursuing geoscience meeting attendees, so please stop by to meet ate, and graduate students will occur at this Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean, and Space Sci- careers. AGU supports this NSF- and ­NASA-​ the students and learn about their research year’s Fall Meeting. ence Research and Outreach Showcase will ­funded program by covering Fall Meet- projects. The Bright Students Training as Research feature completed and ongoing projects that ing registration costs for MS PHD’S student If you’d like to go a step further in helping Scientists (Bright STaRS) program provides are first-­ ​­authored and presented by college attendees. New student members of the MS young scientists, consider being a mentor. middle and high school students who have students. The session, which will be held on PHD’S program will give a short presentation Mentoring can provide much-needed sup- participated in summer research projects Wednesday, 17 December, from 8:00 a.m. to that highlights their academic background, port and guidance at critical decision points with a dedicated forum to present their 12:20 p.m. in the Moscone South poster hall, research experiences, and professional in students’ careers, and through mentor- research results to the geoscience commu- is cosponsored by the Council on Under- goals, after which they will receive feed- ship you can influence the future scientists nity. This year, up to 150 students from the graduate Research’s Geoscience Division, back from peers and mentors on their pro- of your field. San Francisco Bay area and beyond are the Research Experiences for Undergradu- fessional presentation skills. These presenta- To find out more about mentoring and expected to participate in the Bright STaRS ates Program of the National Science Foun- tions will take place on Sunday, 14 Decem- about education and public outreach pro- poster session, which will be held on Thurs- dation (NSF) Division of Earth Sciences, ber, from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. in the grams at the AGU Fall Meeting and through- day, 18 December, from 8:00 a.m. to 12:20 ­UNAVCO’s Research Experiences in Solid Moscone South Mezzanine, rooms 224–226. out the year, visit http://​­education​.agu​.org/. p.m. in the Moscone South poster hall. Earth Science for Students (­RESESS) Pro- The AGU Fall Meeting is an opportu- The AGU Fall Meeting also provides gram, the University Corporation for Atmo- nity for students to see current geoscience —Kara Gadeken, Intern, Education and Public undergraduate students with the chance to spheric Research’s Significant Opportunities research and to meet other students and Outreach, AGU; email:­ kgadeken@­ agu​ .org​

science project leaders (Thursday, and also getting involved with one of the Two New Features 18 December, 5:00–7:00 p.m.). current projects. for AGU’s Thriving Earth Exchange For more details, see http://​ ­thrivingearthexchange​.org/​fall​-­meeting​ —Natasha Udu-gama, Director of Community We are pleased to announce two new TEX’s first structured discussion is also -2014/. Partnerships, Thriving Earth Exchange, AGU; email: features to AGU’s Thriving Earth Exchange online, hosted in collaboration with the Please consider joining the Thriving Earth nudu­ -gama@​ agu​ .org;​ and Raj Pandya, Program (TEX): crowd funding and structured Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Cli- Exchange for one of these exciting events Director, Thriving Earth Exchange, AGU discussion. mate CoLab. Climate CoLab offers space for Around the world, communities large community members and experts to create, and small are grappling with challenges analyze, and select actionable proposals to of living in the Anthropocene. Since address climate change. This discussion is TEX was chartered in 2012, it has been a also TEX’s first international project: explor- forum for community leaders, sponsors, ing how villages in the Pamir Mountains and scientists to work together to under- (spanning the ­Afghan-​­Tajik border) might stand and address these challenges. This use climate science and their traditional approach—working as partners in all calendars to anticipate and respond to cli- aspects of science—is the heart of com- mate change. The discussion can be found munity science. at http://climatecolab​­ .org/​ web/​ guest/​ plans/​ ​ TEX advances community science by -/​plans/​­contestId/​1301102. offering tools to form teams, explore ideas, These partnerships offer new modes design solutions, raise funds, and produce of engagement with the Thriving Earth results. TEX also supports all levels of sci- Exchange and better support community sci- entific engagement, from sharing scientific ence projects. expertise to forming long-term relation- To learn more about community science, ships with communities that move knowl- TEX, and the new partnerships, Fall Meeting edge into practice and bring new ideas into participants are invited to any or all of the research. following interactive events: A joint meeting, hosted by the U.S. and Canadian scienti c community, Through TEX’s new partnership with •• A union session will explore the theory Experiment, a ­science-​­focused ­crowd-​ and strategies of community science (U24A, covering a diverse program across the Earth and space sciences ­funding platform that has raised more than Tuesday, 16 December, 4:05–4:40 p.m.). $1 million since 2010, leaders of TEX proj- •• A hands-on workshop will improve ja.agu.org ects hope to raise a few thousand dollars in participants’ ability to lead community seed money. The first round of TEX projects conversations about resilience (Thursday, is on Experiment now (available at https://​ 18 December, 1:40–3:40 p.m.). ­experiment​.com/​­institutions/​tex) and is •• A networking reception will feature open to funding until 24 November. interaction with successful community

with disabilities, veterans or any other legally pro- Applicants should send curriculum vitae, bibliog- tected group. raphy, description of research and teaching interests, CLASSIFIED diversity/inclusion experience, and the names of UW Earth & Space Sciences, Geobiology & four references to Geobiology Search Committee c/o Sedimentary Geology - Assistant Professor April Huff. Electronic materials are preferred and The Department of Earth and Space Sciences may be sent to [email protected]. Hard copies can be at the University of Washington invites applications mailed to: April Huff, Department of Earth and Space ADVERTISING INFORMATION for a tenure-track position in geobiology and sedi- Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310, mentary geology. Preferred research areas include, Seattle, WA 98195-1310. Preference will be given to Eos is published every Tuesday, except the last week of December. For a classified or display adver- but are not limited to, biogeochemistry, paleontol- applications received prior to January 6, 2015. tisement to be published in a future issue of Eos, electronic copy must reach us by 11:59 P.M. Eastern ogy and/or sedimentary geology, focusing on the University of Washington faculty engage in time, 9 days prior (Sunday) to publication, except around certain holidays, which have earlier dead- use of pre-Quaternary stratigraphic records as a teaching, research and service. The University lines. No cancellations accepted after deadline. basis for investigation of the reciprocal interactions of Washington is an affirmative action and equal between the Earth (lithosphere, hydrosphere and opportunity employer. All qualified applicants For inquiries on advertising pricing and availability: atmosphere), life and environments through time. will receive consideration for employment with- We are particularly interested in individuals who out regard to, among other things, race, religion, E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +1-202-777-7536 Facsimile: +1-202-777-7478 pursue interdisciplinary research, can contribute to color, national origin, sex, age, status as protected the study of sedimentary rocks, use innovative geo- veterans, or status as qualified individuals with chemical, biological and/or computing techniques disabilities. POSITIONS AVAILABLE undergraduate majors. To create an atmosphere in their research and who can utilize these in their supportive of research, Dartmouth College offers teaching. A proven ability to incorporate fieldwork Hydrology Biogeosciences new faculty members grants for research-related into teaching and research will be advantageous. expenses, a quarter of sabbatical leave for each The successful applicant will be able to contribute Assistant Professor in Hydrogeology/Hydrol- Environmental biogeochemistry/Geobiology- three academic years in residence, and flexible to core undergraduate teaching in the fields of geo- ogy at Syracuse University Dartmouth College. scheduling of teaching responsibilities. biology and Earth history, as well as teach more As part of an interdisciplinary water initiative, The Department of Earth Sciences at Dart- Dartmouth College, a member of the Ivy advanced classes in sedimentary geology and Syracuse University solicits applications for a tenure mouth College invites applications for a junior rank League, is located in Hanover, New Hampshire stratigraphy. Opportunities for collaboration exist track joint faculty position in Earth Sciences (75%) tenure-track position in the general areas of biogeo- (on the Vermont border). Dartmouth has a beauti- with departmental research groups in isotopic and Civil & Environmental Engineering (25%) at chemistry and geobiology. We especially welcome ful, historic campus located in a scenic area on geochemistry, Quaternary studies and surface pro- the level of Assistant Professor. We seek applicants applications from candidates with research inter- the Connecticut River. Recreational opportunities cesses, the Burke Museum, Program on Climate to expand our current interdisciplinary research ests that include microbially-mediated biogeochem- abound all year round. To learn more about Dart- Change, Astrobiology Program, the Departments program in water science and engineering and who ical interactions in processes of mineralization, mouth College and the Department of Earth Sci- of Atmospheric Sciences and Biology, and the apply quantitative methods to understand ground- weathering, and sequestration of contaminants; ences, visit http://www.dartmouth.edu/~earthsci. Schools of Oceanography and Environmental and water and surface water systems at a broad range hydrocarbon formation and degradation; biogeo- To submit an application, send curriculum vitae, Forest Sciences. of spatial and temporal scales. Research areas of chemical cycling in fluvial and/or cold environ- statements of teaching and research interests and The College of the Environment seeks to attract specialization may include, but are not limited to: ments, including river-channel, floodplain, and objectives, reprints or preprints of up to three of your and promote a diverse workforce to maintain the numerical modeling of complex systems including lacustrine ecosystem response to environmental most significant publications, and the name, address excellence of the University, and to offer students reactive flow and solute transport, hydrogeophys- change. Particular attention will be given to candi- (including street address), e-mail address and fax/ richly varied disciplines, perspectives and ways of ics, and the application of hydroinformatics to inte- dates who combine a focus on understanding fun- phone numbers of at least three references to: knowing and learning. Willingness to work collab- grate observations and models. Candidates whose damental processes with state-of-the-art laboratory Environmental Biogeochemistry/Geobiology oratively with faculty and to mentor students from research expertise lends itself to interdisciplinary and/or field research programs that complement Search Committee a wide range of disciplines, cultures and academic collaboration across Earth Sciences and Civil & and contribute to ongoing research activities in the Department of Earth Sciences backgrounds is essential. Environmental Engineering and complement our Department as well as in Dartmouth’s Geisel School Dartmouth College 6105 Fairchild Hall Applicants should have a Ph.D. degree (or existing strengths in field-based studies, surface of Medicine and Thayer School of Engineering. The Hanover, NH 03755 foreign equivalent) in a relevant field by the start water-groundwater interaction, environmental geo- successful candidate will continue Dartmouth’s e-mail: [email protected] of the appointment and will be expected to par- chemistry, and watershed hydrology and biogeo- strong traditions in graduate and undergraduate Applications received by November 7, 2014 will ticipate in undergraduate and graduate teaching, chemistry are encouraged to apply. research and teaching. Teaching responsibilities receive first consideration. The appointment will be independent research, and service. The College of The new position will support the University’s consist of three courses spread over three of four effective July 1, 2015. the Environment and the Department of Earth and Water Science & Engineering Initiative, which is an ten-week terms. Dartmouth is an equal opportunity/ affirma- Space Science offers a range of networking, mentor- interdisciplinary program to strengthen research The Department of Earth Sciences is home tive action employer with a strong commitment to ing and professional development opportunities for and graduate training related to water science and to 11 tenured and tenure-track faculty members diversity. In that spirit, we are particularly interested junior faculty. Appointment is expected to be filled engineering across the Colleges of Arts & Sciences in the School of Arts and Sciences, and enjoys in receiving applications from a broad spectrum of at the Assistant Professor level. This is a full-time strong Ph.D. and M.S. programs and outstanding people, including women, persons of color, persons appointment with a 9-month service period. Classified cont. on page 414 413 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 45 11 NOVEMBER 2014

instructions, visit Husky Hire at www.jobs.uconn. funded by industry as well as by U.S. and foreign Classified edu. The University of Connecticut is an EEO/AA government agencies and institutes. The College cont. from page 413 employer. (Search # 2015115) maintains a comprehensive pool of geophysical equipment including GPR, seismic (active and UW faculty positions: one in Oceanography, passive), magnetic, and gravity instruments as and Engineering & Computer Science at Syracuse participate in the University-wide Marine, Estuarine one in Aquatic and Fishery Sciences well as extensive rock physics characterization (http://water.syr.edu). Syracuse has a nationally and Environmental Science Graduate Education The College of the Environment at the Univer- laboratories. Through collaboration with industry, recognized legacy of scholarship advancing under- program (www.mees.umd.edu). A Ph.D. in ocean- sity of Washington (http://coenv.uw.edu) invites we have a suite of 3D seismic and microseismic standing of hydrologic systems and how they are ography, ecology, microbiology or related field applications for two new tenure-track assistant pro- data volumes that are used for teaching, algorithm impacted by earth processes and human activities. is required; postdoctoral experience is strongly fessor positions, as part of its continuing commit- calibration, seismic geomorphological analysis, Successful candidates will develop a dynamic, recommended. The appointments will be tenure ment to research and education on Earth’s polar crustal imaging, and a range of open source soft- internationally recognized and externally-funded track with 9-month support. Preference will be regions through the Future of Ice Initiative (http:// ware for lithospheric-scale research. Information research program and contribute to the instruction, given to candidates at the Assistant Professor level, ice.uw.edu). This campus-wide initiative focuses on about the School and College, the facilities and research, and service efforts of the interdisciplinary but exceptional candidates at higher appointment developing partnerships with diverse stakeholders the entities that it houses can be found at http:/ water initiative, Earth Sciences, and Civil & Envi- levels will be considered. Applicant review will in the polar regions, where the triple challenges geology.ou.edu. ronmental Engineering. emphasize the candidate’s track record of publica- of climate change, new economic pressures, and Review of applications will begin December 1, Review of applications will begin December 1, tions and grant capture commensurate to career rapid social and political disruption intersect. 2014, and on-campus interviews will start early in 2014 and continue until the position is filled. To be stage, as well as the ability to develop a dynamic Descriptions of the positions, one in the School of 2015. The search will continue until the position considered, applicants should submit a cover letter, externally-funded research program with an inter- Oceanography and one in the School of Aquatic is filled. The anticipated starting date is August curriculum vitae, statement of research and teach- national profile. Candidates should email copies of and Fishery Sciences, are given below. University 15, 2015. Applicants are requested to submit a ing interests, copies of three relevant publications, their letter of application, curriculum vitae, state- of Washington faculty engage in teaching, research complete vita/resume, statement of research and and the names and contact information of three ref- ment of future research directions, graduate teach- and service. The successful candidates are expect- teaching interests, and a list of five references erences. A Ph.D. in earth sciences, environmental ing interests, copies of up to three publications and ed to enhance the University of Washington’s mul- who can be contacted, including phone numbers, engineering, or a related field is required. To apply, the contact information of three academic referees tidisciplinary research in polar science, develop e-mail addresses, and mailing addresses. Ques- visit www.sujobopps.com. by December 31, 2014 to: facultyposition@umces. an externally funded research program, mentor tions or information requests may be addressed Syracuse University is interested in candidates edu. the next generation of scientists, and contribute to to Chair of the Geophysics Search Committee, who have the communication skills and cross- More information about the faculty positions rigorous education serving an increasingly diverse at (405) 325-3253, or ougeophysicssearchchair@ cultural abilities to maximize their effectiveness and HPL/UMCES can be found at: http://www. student population at the graduate and undergradu- ou.edu. Applications and nominations should be with diverse groups of colleagues, students and umces.edu/about/employment . UMCES is an EEO/ ate levels. The University of Washington promotes addressed to Geophysics Search Committee, Uni- community members. Women, military veterans, AA employer. Individuals with disabilities, veterans, diversity and inclusivity among our students, versity of Oklahoma, Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 E. individuals with disabilities, and members of other women and minorities are encouraged to apply. faculty, staff, and public; for each of these faculty Boyd Street, Room 710, Norman, OK 73019-1008. traditionally underrepresented groups are encour- positions, we seek applicants committed to these The University of Oklahoma is an Affirmative aged to apply. Syracuse University is an equal Professor - Climate, Oceanography Massachu- principles. Action, Equal Opportunity Employer. Women and opportunity employer, as well as a federal contrac- setts Institute of Technology (MIT). Assistant Professor, tenure-track, School of minorities are encouraged to apply. Protected vet- tor required to take affirmative action on behalf of MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Oceanography (SO). We seek to hire an integra- erans and individuals with disabilities are encour- protected veterans. Planetary Sciences seeks to expand its vibrant and tive scientist who will contribute to understanding aged to apply. interdisciplinary approach to research and educa- biological processes and ongoing changes in HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING POSITION AT tion in climate science. We seek applications from high-latitude (polar or subpolar) marine ecosys- Faculty Positions in Geology, Geochemistry & UTSA outstanding candidates working in climate related tems. We are interested particularly, though not Geophysics The Department of Civil and Environmental fields. We particularly encourage applicants work- exclusively, in candidates whose research focuses Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Engineering at the University of Texas-San Antonio ing in the fields of ocean dynamics, oceans and on the physiology, ecology or biogeography of The Department of Earth, Atmospheric and (UTSA) seeks a tenure-track Assistant Professor in climate, and/or marine biogeochemical cycles. lower trophic levels. Research approaches may Planetary Sciences at MIT seeks applications for Hydraulic Engineering expected to start in August Requirements: Applicants must hold a Ph.D. by include field observations, remote sensing, labo- faculty positions in geology, geochemistry, and 2015. Recent Ph.D. candidates with a strong com- the start of employment. We seek highly motivated ratory experimentation, genomics and bioinfor- geophysics. We particularly encourage applicants mitment to research and innovative teaching tech- candidates with a strong commitment to excellence matics, or modeling. Applicants should describe whose work crosses traditional disciplinary niques are encouraged to apply. in research, teaching and student advising. A keen how their research and teaching will enhance boundaries. The intent is to hire at the assistant The successful candidate must be able to interest in relating to complementary research in collaborative linkages between disciplines within professor level, but more senior appointments can support the teaching mission of the Department the Department and/or in the MIT/Woods Hole SO and among other partners in the Future of be considered. and build a successful funded research program. Joint Program in Oceanography is important. Ice Initiative. Questions pertaining to this search Applicants must hold a Ph.D. in geoscience Interdisciplinary activities in research and teaching Preference will be given to appointments at can be addressed to Dr. Jody Deming (jdeming@ or a related field by the start of employment and interactions with the faculty of other depart- the rank of Assistant Professor but a more senior uw.edu). Information on SO can be found at http:// and must demonstrate ability to excel in teach- ments within the College of Engineering are highly appointment can be considered for an individual ocean.washington.edu. ing at the graduate and undergraduate levels. encouraged. UTSA has more than 30,000 students with exceptional qualifications. Assistant Professor, tenure-track, School of A complete application must include a cur- and is the second largest component in the Univer- Review of applications will begin immediately. Aquatic and Fishery Sciences (SAFS). We seek riculum vitae, one- to two-page descriptions of sity of Texas System. The Civil and Environmental To receive consideration, a complete application to hire an integrative scientist who will advance research and teaching plans, and three letters of Engineering Department is housed within the must be received by 12/31/2014. Applicants should understanding of ecological processes and ongo- recommendation. College of Engineering and is ABET accredited submit a curriculum vitae and two-page descrip- ing changes in high-latitude (polar or subpolar) Applications are being accepted at Academic with programs at the bachelors, masters and PhD tions of research and teaching plans and arrange marine or freshwater ecosystems. We seek an Jobs Online https://academicjobsonline.org/ajo/ levels. Please review the full advertisement at for three letters of reference to be submitted direct- ecologist whose research focuses on basic and/ jobs/4798 http://engineering.utsa.edu/ce/OpenPositions/­ ­ ly by professional referees. or applied questions and may include, but is not To receive full consideration, a complete appli- HydraulicsPosition10.2014.pdf Questions regarding the search may be limited to, high latitude fisheries or broader eco- cation must be received by December 1, 2014. addressed to Prof. Mick Follows, Search Committee system studies across multiple trophic levels from Search Contact: Ms. Karen Fosher, HR Admin- Ocean Sciences Chair ([email protected]). zooplankton to seabirds and marine mammals. istrator, EAPS, 54-924 Massachusetts Institute Applications are being accepted at Academic Applicants should describe how their research of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cam- Faculty Positions at the UMCES Horn Point Jobs Online at and teaching will enhance collaborative link- bridge, MA 02139; [email protected]; 617-253-2132 Laboratory. https://academicjobsonline.org/ajo/jobs/4822 ages within SAFS and among other partners in MIT is an equal opportunity/affirmative action The University of Maryland Center for Environ- Questions regarding the application procedure the Future of Ice Initiative. Questions pertaining employer. Applications from women, minorities, mental Science (UMCES: www.umces.edu), Horn can be addressed to Ms. Karen Fosher, HR Admin- to this search can be addressed to Dr. Gordon veterans, older workers, and individuals with dis- Point Laboratory invites applications for three istrator, EAPS, 54-924 Massachusetts Institute of Holtgrieve ([email protected]) until 19 November abilities are strongly encouraged. tenure-track faculty positions in ocean and estua- Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, and afterwards to Dr. George Hunt (geohunt2@ rine science. We seek candidates whose research is MA 02139; [email protected]; 617-253-2132 uw.edu). Information on SAFS can be found at Preceptor (teaching/curriculum development) relevant to understanding fundamental processes MIT is an equal opportunity/affirmative action http://fish.washington.edu/. in Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard and the environmental challenges associated with employer. Applications from women, minorities, To apply, send curriculum vitae with publica- University. climate change and variability, eutrophication, veterans, older workers, and individuals with dis- tion list, statements of research and teaching inter- The Department of Earth and Planetary Sci- and ecosystem resilience under multi-stressors in abilities are strongly encouraged. ests with reference to diversity/inclusivity, and the ences seeks applications for a preceptor. The coastal and oceanic systems. Applications are wel- names and contact information of four references. successful applicant should be well versed on the come from all disciplines relevant to the Horn Point UConn Marine Sciences - Postdoctoral Fellow I Applications should clearly indicate the position issues of earth sciences, and have experience in Laboratory, however selection priority will be given The Department of the Marine Sciences at sought - in SAFS or in SO. Electronic materials developing, teaching, and supporting sections to hiring faculty with research expertise in the fol- ­UConn, Avery Point is seeking a postdoctoral schol- are preferred; send to [email protected]. Hard copies and labs. A graduate degree is required (Ph.D. lowing areas: a) Microbial Ecology with an empha- ar to study the ocean’s role in glacial-interglacial can be sent to Future of Ice Initiative - Quaternary preferred) along with evidence of successful prior sis on the structure and function of microbial com- CO2 cycles. The candidate will work with Dr. David Research Center, University of Washington, Box teaching and administrative experience. Salary munities; b) Benthic Processes including organism Lund to develop and synthesize stable isotope and 351310, Seattle, WA 98195-1310. Applications should will be highly competitive and commensurate modification of physical and/or biogeochemical trace element archives of ocean chemistry over the be received prior to December 15th, 2014, to ensure with experience. The position is renewable on a processes in sediments; and c) Coastal Wetland or last 20,000 years. The project is part of a multi-insti- full consideration. yearly basis for up to eight years, contingent upon Seagrass Ecology with emphasis on ecogeomor- tutional data and model inter-comparison effort to University of Washington is an affirmative performance and curricular needs. For greater phological or biogeochemical processes. understand the ocean’s biogeochemical response action and equal opportunity employer. All detail about this position and to apply, visit: The successful candidate is expected to main- to perturbations in the deep circulation. For details qualified applicants will receive consideration for https://academicpositions.harvard.edu/. Applica- tain an externally funded research program and to on the position, qualifications, and application employment without regard to, among other things, tions should include: i) a cover letter that discuss- race, religion, color, national origin, sex, age, status es how this position would fit into the applicant’s as protected veterans, or status as qualified indi- career trajectory; ii) the names and addresses viduals with disabilities. The University of Wash- of three referees; iii) a CV; and iv) a statement of ington is recognized for supporting the work-life teaching experiences and philosophy. The three balance of its faculty. A PhD is required at the time letters of recommendation should be submitted of appointment. separately and at least one letter must discuss the applicant’s experience with teaching, administra- Solid Earth Geophysics tion skills, and other educational work. Review of applications will begin on November 28; prefer- ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN GEOPHYSICS ences will be given to applications received by CONOCOPHILLIPS SCHOOL OF GEOLOGY AND this date. GEOPHYSICS MEWBOURNE COLLEGE OF EARTH & ENER- Interdisciplinary/Other GYUNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA The University of Oklahoma invites applications FACULTY POSITION IN ENERGY GEOSCI- for a tenure-track position in Geophysics at the ENCES, VIRGINIA TECH rank of Assistant Professor. The school has a strong The Department of Geosciences at Virginia seismic program and is looking for a faculty mem- Polytechnic Institute & State University (“Virginia ber to broaden the scope of the program in non- Tech”) Tech invites applicants for a tenure track seismic methods. We seek a dynamic colleague position in energy geosciences. We seek a broad- who will teach and supervise students at all levels, thinking, multi-disciplinary scientist employing while conducting an independent, externally fund- a combination of field, analytical, experimental ed research program in his/her field of expertise. and/or theoretical approaches to understanding The candidate should hold a Ph.D., have a complex problems related to energy resources. demonstrated research record, and an interest in Energy geosciences includes the origin of both teaching undergraduates and mentoring graduate conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon students. Potential areas of interest include grav- occurrences, natural and enhanced geothermal ity, magnetics, electromagnetics, and GPS applied systems, research related to the materials and to crustal processes. Salary, benefits, and start-up natural resources that produce energy, and the funds will be competitive and commensurate with genesis of deposits that produce the materials for experience. The ConocoPhillips School of Geol- energy generation. ogy and Geophysics has a large, vibrant faculty The successful candidate will be expected with a broad range of research activities and to establish an active externally funded research strong ties to the petroleum industry. The student program and develop strong ties with stakehold- body currently includes 182 undergraduates and ers and constituents (private and public sectors), 110 MS and PhD students. The Mewbourne College teach a range of undergraduate and graduate of Earth & Energy possesses extensive software courses, advise and mentor students, maintain and computing labs with PC and Linux platforms an exemplary record of scholarly activity, and networked to our own dedicated cluster within contribute to university and professional service. the OU supercomputer center (OSCER). The Applicants must have a doctorate in geosciences College hosts numerous industrial consortia, a or a related discipline. The position is adver- research institute focused on seismic monitoring, tised at the Assistant Professor level, but highly and a field campus in Colorado for field courses in geology and geophysics. The geophysics group conducts active research projects that are Classified cont. on next page

414 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 45 11 NOVEMBER 2014

School of the Environment Washington mountain glaciers, sea level rise, ice/ocean or Classified State University Assistant, Associate or Full ice/atmosphere interactions, and climate system cont. from page 414 Professor feedbacks. Assistant, Associate or Full Professor, Structur- The successful candidate will be expected al Geology/Tectonics, Washington State University to develop a world-class independent program qualified mid-career applicants may also be to involve students in research, 5) the ability to Washington State University (WSU) is cur- of research, have a strong commitment to both considered. contribute to the graduate (MS) degree program, rently seeking to fill a tenure-track/tenured graduate and undergraduate teaching, and initi- The Department of Geosciences is a col- 6) ability to work with a diverse student body Assistant, Associate or Full Professor position in ate and sustain research collaborations across laborative group of 22 Earth Science faculty and 7) a demonstrated capacity to pursue impor- the area of Structural Geology/Tectonics. This disciplines. A doctorate is required at the time of with expertise in three focus areas: Solid Earth tant problems in the Earth sciences using field- position is a permanent, 9-month faculty position appointment. Materials and Processes, Resources and Hazards, based and quantitative techniques. Preferred located on the Pullman Campus. This position is Please apply online at: https://academicjobsonline​ and History of Earth and Life. Candidates who qualifications include postdoctoral experience, part of a multi-year series of new hires intended .org/­ ajo/​­ jobs/4981.​ Review of applications will wish to be considered for this position should college-level teaching experience in the courses to contribute to the growth and development of commence December 1, 2014. The position will apply online at: https://listings.jobs.vt.edu/ listed above, ability to teach Introductory Geol- the School of the Environment, an interdisciplin- remain open until filled. Questions related to postings/52633. Please submit online a vitae, ogy, and potential to develop local field research ary academic unit at WSU that focuses on Earth, your submission may be directed to csaplar@ transmittal letter, statement regarding research/ projects. The ideal candidate will engage in col- Water, and the Environment. Duties include stanford.edu. teaching interests, and names/addresses of four laboration within the Geology Department and developing and teaching undergraduate and Stanford University is an equal opportunity references (including contact phone numbers the Advanced Materials Science and Engineer- graduate courses and mentoring MS and PhD employer and is committed to increasing the and email addresses). Questions regarding the ing Center (AMSEC) and will enhance without graduate students. The successful candidate will diversity of its faculty. It welcomes nominations search may be directed to Professor Robert duplicating existing departmental strengths in develop an internationally recognized research of and applications from women, members of Bodnar ([email protected]) who serves as chair of the igneous petrology/volcanology, field geology, program in structural geology/tectonics. Specific minority groups, protected veterans and individu- departmental search committee. geomorphology, geophysics, tectonics, geosci- areas of emphasis within this broad field are als with disabilities, as well as from others who Women and minority candidates are encour- ence education, and planetary geology, as well open, but we are particularly interested in can- would bring additional dimensions to the univer- aged to apply. Virginia Tech is an equal oppor- as emerging directions in engineering geology didates who will develop an externally funded sity’s research, teaching and clinical missions. tunity/affirmative action employer. Employment and ore-forming systems. For more information research program that includes a strong field- eligibility verification required upon employ- see http://geology.wwu.edu/dept/ and http:// based component. The stable isotope lab at Duke (DEVIL) seeks ment. The review of applications will begin on www.wwu.edu/amsec/. Required: Assistant Professor: Earned doctor- new clients for December 15, 2014, with the intent to have the Interested candidates must apply online. ate in a discipline related to structural geology 13C,15N, 2H and 18O analyses. Quick turn- position filled before August 10, 2015. To see a full position description and log in and tectonics, at time of employment; record of around for EA, GC-C, to WWU’s Electronic Application System for research accomplishments as demonstrated by TCEA, dual inlet, GasBench. 20% discount for Geochemist/Petrologist. The Department of Employment (EASE), please go to https://jobs. peer-reviewed publications and/or extramural first-time clients. Geology at Occidental College invites applica- wwu.edu/JobPosting.aspx?JPID=6211. Appli- grantsmanship; demonstrated ability and/or Contact Jon Karr at [email protected] or tions for an Assistant or Associate Professor cations must include a cover letter outlining potential to successfully teach and mentor stu- 919-660-7418. in Geochemistry or Petrology. Occidental is a teaching and research experience and accom- dents at the graduate and undergraduate levels. http://nicholas.duke.edu/devil/ nationally ranked liberal arts college recognized plishments with specific reference made to the Associate Professor: in addition, 6 years of expe- for its diverse student body and outstanding required and preferred qualifications described rience as an Assistant Professor or equivalent. Student Opportunities undergraduate research program. We seek a col- above. The application should also include a Professor: in addition, 6 years of experience as league who values undergraduate teaching and C.V., graduate school transcripts, as well as goals an Associate Professor or equivalent, and nation- Ph.D Positions: Passive Seismology Applied can sustain an active research program involving and plans for teaching and research at WWU. al/international reputation in their field. to Mineral Exploration undergraduates. Training applicable to teach- The names and contact information for letters Preferred: Demonstrated ability to: develop We seek motivated individuals with experi- ing mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry is of reference from four persons familiar with collaborations; teach field camp and other field- ence in seismology for at least one fully funded required; these courses should enhance students’ the candidate’s research and teaching must be based courses; lead field trips at the undergradu- Ph.D position at The University of Western understanding of chemical processes acting on provided; one of these references must be from ate and graduate level; and develop a strong Australia. the earth, and increase students’ expertise in outside the applicant’s current institution. Review field-based research component. The research involves the analysis of broad- quantitative and instrumental methods. The suc- of all application materials will begin on January For questions about the position contact Jeff band seismic data from Western Australia to cessful candidate will also contribute to teaching 5, 2015; position is open until filled. Questions Vervoort at (509) 335-5597; [email protected] determine crustal structure in this economically introductory geology and engage undergraduates regarding this position should be directed to To apply visit: https://www.wsujobs.com. significant area. The research will use techniques in research projects. the search committee chair, Liz Schermer (Liz. Application materials must include a letter adapted from exploration seismology, including: Applications should include a statement of [email protected]) or the Geology Department describing how your experience and training - 2D and 3D full-wavefield elastic modelling; teaching and research interests in the context chair, Bernie Housen (Bernard.Housen@wwu. meet qualifications for the position, a research - Imaging and waveform inversion of 2D seis- of a liberal arts college. Candidates should edu). WWU is an EO/AA employer and encourag- plan, a statement of teaching philosophy, current mic data from local mine blasts; specifically address their ability to 1) teach in es applications from women, minorities, persons vitae, and names and contact information for - 2D teleseismic migration and image-domain a socioeconomically, ethnically and culturally with disabilities, and veterans. three professional references. Screening begins adjoint-state; and diverse environment, and 2) engage students in January 6, 2015. EEO/AA/ADA - Ambient noise tomography. an ongoing research program. Submit statement, POSTDOCTORAL POSITION Meteor Fireball Full details at http://www.cet.edu.au/ a curriculum vitae, 1-3 significant publications, Modeling at Purdue University. Faculty Position in Cryospheric Science at about-us/careers-and-research-opportunities/ and contact information for three referees to The Planetary Program at Purdue University Stanford University research-opportunities. Dr. Margi Rusmore, Search Committee Chair, at is seeking an individual interested in joining a We invite applications for a tenure-track fac- [email protected]. Search committee mem- 3-year effort to model large meteor fireballs, such ulty position in the Department of Geophysics Ph.D. and MS Student Opportunities in Geological bers will meet interested candidates at the GSA as that which devastated Chelyabinsk, Russia in in the broadly defined field of cryospheric sci- Sciences at Case Western Reserve University. and AGU meetings; email the committee to make 2013. The position is initially a one-year appoint- ence. The appointment will be at the junior level Students with backgrounds in geology, physics, arrangements. Members of underrepresented ment with the possibility of extension for up to (Assistant or untenured Associate Professor). We engineering and related fields are encouraged groups are especially encouraged to apply. three years. We seek someone with strong quan- are most interested in scientists addressing the to apply for our graduate programs in Earth, Review of applications will begin October 15, titative and modeling skills that can apply hydro- dynamics of the cryosphere through geophysical environmental and planetary sciences. Finan- 2014, and will continue until the search closes on code models and numerical equations of state to observations and/or theoretical/computational cial assistance is available. For more informa- December 31, 2014. understand the formation of shock waves around models. Areas of particular interest include, but tion, see http://geology.case.edu or contact an asteroid entering the Earth’s atmosphere and are not limited to, polar ice sheets, permafrost, ­eeps-gradinfo@​case.edu Mineralogy/Petrology Western Washington follow its subsequent fragmentation and evapora- University. invites applications for a tenure- tion above the surface. A familiarity with UNIX is track Assistant Professor starting September required and experience in FORTRAN program- 2015, with research and teaching specialties in ming is desirable. mineralogy or petrology. Western Washington Applicants must have a Ph.D. in a field related University is a nationally recognized, public, to Physics or Geophysics and appropriate com- masters-granting institution located in the Pacific puter and modeling skills. Salary and benefits are Northwest at the base of the North Cascade highly competitive. The appointment can begin Mountains. We seek a colleague whose research as early as January 2015. Applications should interests could include metamorphism and the include a CV, bibliography and names of at least dynamics of orogenic systems, low-temperature three referees. We prefer electronic submission alteration processes, generation of ore deposits, directly to [email protected]. Applications or planetary geology. Required qualifications for completed by January 1, 2015 will be given full the position include 1) a PhD in an appropriate consideration, although the search will continue Earth Science field at the time of appointment, 2) until the position is filled. A background check is the ability to develop a high-quality undergradu- required for employment in this position. ate teaching program including courses in Min- Purdue University is an EEO/AA employer fully eralogy and Optical Petrography, and contribute committed to achieving a diverse workforce. All to field courses such as Field Camp or Field individuals, including minorities, women, indi- Petrology, 3) the ability to establish an external- viduals with disabilities, and protected veterans ly-supported research program, 4) the ability are encouraged to apply.

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415 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 45 11 NOVEMBER 2014

Studying electric fields sample, the authors found abundant mag- 100% saturation, at a temperature of –50°C, in dipolarization fronts netic minerals, including maghemite and and at an air pressure of 800 pascals, about goethite, two minerals that form during near- 100 times less than Earth’s average air pres- In Earth’s magnetotail, sharp increases surface hydrothermalism. sure at sea level. Then they investigated at in the magnetic field known as dipolariza- Other characteristics suggest that the sam- what temperature range salt, when in direct tion fronts are associated with high-speed ple most likely originated in the Noachian contact with water ice, would melt and form plasma flows that connect Earth’s iono- crust, lending credence to the idea that the brine solutions. sphere via electric currents. Some aspects minerals may be responsible for Mars’s mag- The scientists found that bulk amounts of these dipolarization fronts have puzzled netic anomalies. The authors suggest that of salt could not form solutions by absorb- scientists; in particular, the dip in magnetic investigating regions of similar lithology ing water vapor from the air within the short field that occurs just ahead of the dipolariza- on Mars will help in the study of the plan- period of the day when conditions are favor- tion front layer is not well understood. Sun et’s magnetic field, which will lead to a bet- able but that salts in direct contact with et al. analyze observations made using the ter understanding of the planet’s evolution. water ice could melt and form liquid brines Cluster satellites to elucidate the details of (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1002/​ in these short periods. They conclude that electric fields associated with dipolarization 2014GL060464, 2014) —JW liquid brines could form in the subsurface fronts. The study shows that a type of elec- of Mars’s equatorial regions where ice is tric current known as a Hall current domi- Observing auroral storms on Saturn present, as well as on the surface and shal- Tugend Julie nates in the dipolarization front region and low subsurface of Mars’s polar regions dur- A simplified map showing the geology of the in the region where the magnetic field dips, Saturn’s poles, like the Earth’s, experience ing seasons when water ice, in the form of Bay of Biscay and the Pyrenees Mountains. but this current flows in opposite directions auroral storms when solar wind—streams of either snow or frost, is present on salty Mar- in these two regions. (Journal of Geophysi- ­high-​­energy plasma—interacts with its mag- tian soils. The results have important impli- Previous studies indicate that before it cal Research: Space Physics, doi:10.1002/​ netosphere. By using instruments aboard cations for understanding the habitability became the Pyrenees Mountains, the con- 2014JA020045, 2014) —EB spacecraft, scientists have been able to of Mars, the scientists state. (Geophysical tinental crust in the region was stretched study Saturn’s auroras but are still far from Research Letters, doi:10.1002/2014GL060302,​ and thinned by rifting. Although the east- Measuring plasma flowing through understanding them completely. 2014) —JO ern section of this rift system was folded Saturn’s magnetosphere Nichols et al. studied the formation of and compressed to make the Pyrenees, the two auroral storms in April and May 2013 Forced versus internal variability weather section is preserved in the Bay of In Saturn’s magnetosphere, neutral water using instruments aboard the Hubble in Northern Hemisphere climate Biscay. released from the moon Enceladus becomes Space Telescope. The authors found that Using seismic, gravity, and field map- ionized. Where does this ionized gas go? the auroral storms were likely caused by Some commonly used procedures do not ping observations, the authors identified and Previous studies have indicated that some of magnetic reconnection—in which mag- correctly isolate the internal variability in mapped several former rift systems from the this plasma must flow away from the planet netic field lines from the Sun and Saturn the Northern Hemisphere climate system, a Bay of Biscay to the Pyrenees. Using these through the magnetosphere and become connect, store, and then release energy— recent study argues. Mann et al. sought to geological and geophysical observations, the lost to the solar wind. Using measurements in Saturn’s magnetotail lobes. Further, the separate the variability internal to the North- authors found that the architecture of the for- from the ion mass spectrometer on the Cas- authors found that the magnetic reconnec- ern Hemisphere temperature system from mer rift systems strongly controlled the forma- sini satellite, Thomsen et al. quantify how tion was caused by ­high-​­density pockets of the external, or forced, variability driven by tion of the Pyrenees Mountains. (Tectonics, much plasma drifts radially outward through solar wind reaching Saturn’s magnetotail. natural factors such as volcanic eruptions doi:10.1002/​2014TC003529, 2014) —CS Saturn’s middle magnetosphere. They esti- The authors note that their observations and anthropogenic factors such as green- mated the net mass loss between 1800 and probably account for most auroral storms house gas emissions. CyroSat-2 mission provides better 0300 local time to be about 34 kilograms observed on Saturn, confirming a previ- The researchers compared observed tem- data for Antarctic ice loss per second. The new measurements are ously suggested hypothesis for how Sat- perature variations in the Northern Hemi- in agreement with a previous study that urn’s auroral storms form and evolve. The sphere with an ensemble of synthetic tem- Scientists depend on satellites orbiting used a different analysis technique. (Jour- findings provide insight into the dynam- perature histories generated from several dif- Earth to observe the Antarctic and take mea- nal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, ics of Saturn’s atmosphere, which can help ferent model simulations of only the forced surements on the rate at which ice sheets doi:10.1002/​2014JA019912, 2014) —EB inform research on the atmospheres of component of the temperature variations. lose mass as climate warms. Although many other gas giants. (Geophysical Research Let- They found that recent Northern Hemi- of these satellites are spatially limited, the Minerals in Martian meteorite ters, doi:10.1002/​2014GL060186, 2014) —JW sphere mean temperatures fall within the ­CryoSat-2 mission was designed to overcome illuminate magnetic mysteries range of expected internal variability. these limitations and has provided 96% cov- Cultivating salt-loving microbes Furthermore, they show that procedures erage of the Antarctic ice sheets. Since magnetic anomalies on Mars were on Mars used by some recent studies to estimate McMillan et al. looked at 3 years’ worth of detected in ­Noachian-​aged crust (about one source of internal variability known data from CryoSat-2’s­ altimeter, which uses 4.4 billion years old) by the Mars Global Sur- Some scientists suspect that life on Earth as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation radio waves to measure the altitude changes veyor mission in the 1990s, scientists have began in cold, salty waters around scorch- (AMO) actually inflated the true size of the of the ice sheet’s surface, to determine how been searching for their mineral origins. So ing hydrothermal vents deep beneath the AMO. Those studies then incorrectly attrib- quickly Antarctic ice sheets have lost mass. far, meteorite samples from Mars have not ocean’s surface. Others wonder whether sim- uted some of the recent Northern Hemi- The authors found that between 2010 and yielded rocks with enough magnetic miner- ilar conditions could exist on Mars. Indeed, sphere temperature increases to the AMO. 2013, the West Antarctic, the East Antarc- als to account for the anomalies. they even wonder if liquid water, an essen- The authors note that the AMO has actually tic, and the Antarctic Peninsula decreased Gattecceca et al. present new findings tial ingredient for life, presently exists on been in a cooling phase recently, offsetting in mass by 134, 3, and 23 gigatons per year, from sample NWA 7034, which they note Mars. The process by which salt absorbs some anthropogenic warming. (Geophysical respectively. Furthermore, better measure- has “a unique magnetic mineralogy.” Using water vapor from the atmosphere to create Research Letters, doi:10.1002/2014GL059233,​ ments of the West Antarctic revealed that multiple instruments to analyze the mag- saline solutions on Earth would take much 2014) —EB ice thinning has accelerated over the last netic and physical properties of the Martian longer under the harsh, extremely cold, and decade. dry Martian conditions. However, observa- A window into The authors note that measurements pro- tions do suggest evidence of brine flows the Pyrenees Mountains’ geologic past vided by ­CryoSat-2 advance the ability to near the Martian equator and even the for- track changes in the Antarctic ice sheet, mation of small pools of liquid brines in Forming a natural geographic border which will provide invaluable information polar regions. between France and Spain, the Pyrenees in the study of climate change. (Geophysical One possible explanation is that brine Mountains were built over millions of years Research Letters, doi:10.1002/2014GL060111,​ could form in the short Martian day when as continents collided. Mountains develop 2014) —JW conditions are most favorable. To test this, on the sites of former oceans and rift sys- Fischer et al. conducted two sets of experi- tems, yet a record of this precollision geo- Using celerity to measure ments using a 160-­ centimeter-​­ long​ cylindri- logic history does not often survive the pro- hydrological processes cal tube called the Michigan Mars Environ- cess of mountain building. In the case of mental Chamber, which can recreate the the Pyrenees, however, Tugend et al. found The last major advance in catchment

Luc Labenne Luc temperatures, humidity levels, and air pres- that by looking in the nearby Bay of Biscay, hydrology was the discovery that while This Martian rock exhibits unique magnetic sures on Mars. located off the western coast of Spain and headwaters respond promptly to changes in mineralogy. The cut surface reveals its brecci- First, the researchers tested whether salt France, they could get a glimpse of the pre- water input, much of the resulting river flow ated nature. would absorb water vapor from the air with collision crustal architecture in the region. is months or years old. The classical way of testing catchment models is to use measure- ments that reflect celerities—the measure Model of Earth’s plasmasphere Now, Ozhogin et al. have of how fast the storage of water responds to is incompatible with measurements evaluated the diffusive a perturbation—of the response to an input equilibrium model using event such as changes in rain or snowfall. A widely used model of Earth’s plasma- data from the Radio Plasma However, McDonnell and Beven point out sphere does not match observations, a new Imager on board the that testing catchment models against both study indicates. Electron density in the Imager for Magnetopause-­ ​ celerity and tracer velocity—the measure of plasmasphere—the region of cold, dense to-​­Aurora Global Explora- how fast the water particles are moving— plasma that lies above about 1000 kilome- tion (IMAGE) satellite. The can help improve model realism and reduce ters in altitude—plays a key role in space data consist of 700 plas- uncertainties and errors. weather and affects how electromagnetic maspheric electron den- The authors argue that combining celerity signals propagate. sity profiles based on more and velocity information is a better way to A theoretical model of the distribution than 85,000 individual research the dynamics of headwaters since of plasma developed in the early 1960s, measurements made from they are controlled by different mechanisms. known as the diffusive equilibrium model, June 2000 to July 2005. The authors propose that if both veloci- is still widely in use. However, scientists The authors have found ties and celerities are used in modeling, a have noted that the model is based on a that the model is essen- more accurate portrayal of how water moves number of simplifying assumptions, some tially incompatible with through a catchment can be rendered. P. Ozhogin. Blue marble image: Visible Earth/NASAVisible marble image: Blue Ozhogin. P. the measurements unless a (Water Resources Research, doi:10.1002/​ of which may not be valid. In addition, The ratio of the electron densities provided by the modi- it has been difficult to verify the model large number of free param- fied “best fit” version of the diffusive equilibrium model 2013WR015141, 2014) —JW because it describes the density of elec- eters are introduced. (Jour- to the electron densities measured by the Imager for trons along a magnetic field line, and nal of Geophysical Research: ­Magnetopause-​to-​­Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) until recently, no such observations were Space Physics, doi:10.1002/​ Radio Plasma Imager on 24 February 2005. —Ernie Balcerak, Staff Writer; Jessica Orwig, available. 2014JA019982, 2014) —EB Julia Rosen, and Colin Schultz, Writers; and JoAnna Wendel, Staff Writer

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