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Greek Mythology (Classics 101A)

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Greek Mythology (Classics 101A) Greek mythology (Classics 101a) Lecture Outline: The Homeric Epics and the Composition Question I. Homer -nothing certain is known of his life -according to tradition he was from Ionia, possibly from Chios or Smyrna -legend has it that he was blind II. The “Homeric Question” -most ancient and modern scholars up to the 18th century assumed that Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey -Josephus, an ancient historian, is a notable early exception -in the 18th century, Robert Wood posed the idea regarding oral composition again; F.A. Wolf suggested that Homer composed shorter poems which were later put together into the form that we now have them -Wolf’s suggestion led scholars to try to separate out the original parts of the poem from later additions = Analyst School -Other scholars analyzed the actual language of the epics, noting that the Greek of the epics is a combination of Aeolic forms (early) and Ionic forms (late), with some Attic forms present as well. -Historical clues in the text are also problematic since there are artifacts from different time periods. Examples: -both bronze and iron are used -two marriage systems operate texts are a mixture of different periods of time as well as dialects -Unitarian Approach focused on the epic as a whole, on its merits, its design, etc. III. Milman Parry and Albert Lord -in the 1930s, the work of Milman Parry and Albert Lord convincingly demonstrated the oral nature of the Homeric poems. -they showed that epithets and formulaic lines and passages are the building blocks of the oral poet -Epithet: noun-adjective group that fits into a particular position of the metrical line. Examples: swift-footed Achilles ox-eyed Hera rosy-fingered Dawn much-suffering Odysseus the epics are improvisational poetry in many respects, as the oral poet never delivers the same version twice IV. The Iliad -background to Trojan War -judgment of Paris -Helen and Paris -violation of Xenia V. Achilles -son of Thetis, a goddess, and Peleus a mortal. She tries to make her son immortal but fails. -fated to die an early but glorious death at Troy. In addition, Troy will not be able to be taken without him -Thetis tries to circumvent this fate, to no avail. Greek mythology (Classics 101) Lecture Outline: The Iliad (Books 1-8) I. Book One -opens with invocation to the Muses for inspiration -first word, menis (wrath) identifies main topic of the epic: the wrath of Achilles and its affect upon him and upon the Greeks Chief events in Book One: Chryses, priest of Apollo, tries to give ransom money for the return of his daughter Chryseis; Agamemnon refuses to return girl Chryses prays to Apollo to send plague upon the Greeks Calchas’ explanation of plague Quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles Withdrawal of Achilles of battle Chryseis put on board ship to be returned to her father Agamemnon sends men to take Briseis from Achilles Achilles prays to his mother Thetis Chryseis is returned to her father Thetis asks Zeus to punish the Greeks for their treatment of Achilles; Zeus agrees. II. Book Two Chief events in Book Two: Agamemnon’s False Dream Agamemnon’s test of the troops Thersites episode Catalogue of the ships III. Book Three Chief events in Book Three: Paris and Menelaus agree to duel “Helen on the wall” (Teichoscopia) Actual duel between Paris and Menelaus IV. Book Four Chief events in Book Four: Truce is broken by the Trojan Pandarus (at Athena’s urging) Menelaus is wounded and healed Agamemnon urges troops on Battle scenes V. Book Five Chief events in Book Five: Aristeia of Diomedes: Diomedes is wounded by Pandarus Athena aids Diomedes Diomedes fights Aeneas and Pandarus Diomedes kills Pandarus Aphrodite rescues Aeneas Diomedes wounds Aphrodite Diomedes goes after Aeneas (now protected by Apollo) Athena and Diomedes fight against Ares Diomedes wounds Ares VI. Book Six Chief events in Book Six : Hector returns to Troy to ask women to pray to Athena Glaucus and Diomedes scene Hector in Troy: Hector with Paris and Helen Hector with Andromache and Astyanax full picture of Hector VII. Book Seven Chief events in Book Seven : Ajax and Hector fight to a draw Antenor suggests that Trojans give Helen and her possessions back to the Greeks; Paris says he will give the possessions back but not Helen. Both sides bury their dead VIII Book Eight Chief events in Book Eight : A battle book in which the Trojans have the advantage Zeus forbids the gods to participate in the battle Zeus supports the Trojans in battle, to Athena’s and Hera’s dismay Athena and Hera try to go into battle Zeus foretells the fate of Patroclus and Achilles’ return to battle . Greek mythology (Classics 101) Lecture Outline: The Iliad (Books 9-12) I. Book Nine Key Events in Book Nine: Assembly: Diomedes criticizes Agamemnon for his defeatist attitude Meeting with “elders”: Nestor points out Agamemnon’s responsibility Agamemnon acknowledges his role Embassy to Achilles: Phoenix Odysseus Ajax Refusal of Achilles to accept Agamemnon’s gifts (why?) II. Book Ten Key Events in Book Ten: Diomedes and Odysseus apprehend the Trojan spy Dolon Diomedes and Odysseus raid the camp of the Thracian Rhesus and slaughter troops Description of boar’s tusk helmet III. Book Eleven Key Events in Book Eleven: Battle scenes with Agamemnon at the forefront Agamemnon is wounded Battle scenes with Diomedes and Odysseus; Diomedes is wounded, Odysseus is hemmed in Achilles sends Patroclus to ask Nestor who has been wounded Nestor’s plan IV. Book Twelve Key Events in Book Twelve: A battle book: Battle at the wall built around Greek ships Trojans dominate Glaucus and Sarpedon fight in forefront Wall is breached Greek mythology (Classics 101) Lecture Outline: The Iliad (Books 13-16) I. Book Thirteen Key Events in Book Thirteen: Poseidon urges the Greeks on in battle (assuming the persona of Calchas) various battle scenes at the ships II. Book Fourteen Key Events in Book Fourteen: Nestor meets with the wounded Greek leaders (Agamemnon, Diomedes and Odysseus) seduction of Zeus by Hera Greeks rout Trojans III. Book Fifteen Key Events in Book Fifteen: Zeus awakens and sees that Poseidon is helping the Greeks and the Trojans are being defeated; Zeus reverses the situation Zeus foretells the deaths of Patroclus and Hector and the defeat of Troy. Zeus continues to aid the Trojans (for the time being) to honor Thetis’ request. Iris tells Poseidon to stop helping the Greeks. IV. Book Sixteen Key Events in Book Sixteen: Patroclus pleads with Achilles to send him out in battle, wearing his armor Achilles agrees (note his words of warning) The Greek ships are set on fire Arming of Patroclus Patroclus and the Myrmidons enter battle Battle between Sarpedon and Patroclus Patroclus kills Sarpedon (note: even Zeus cannot prevent Sarpedon’s fate) Trojans fight for Sarpedon’s body, but withdraw Greeks strip Sarpedon’s armor Patroclus presses on, unmindful of Achilles’ warning Hector (+ Apollo and Euphorbus) kills Patroclus Greek mythology (Classics 101) Lecture Outline: The Iliad (Books 17-24) I. Key Events in Book 17: Fight over the corpse of Patroclus Hector strips Patroclus of Achilles’ armor and puts it on Description of Achilles’ horses and their grief II. Key events in Book 18: Achilles learns of Patroclus’ death and recognizes his part in his destruction Thetis goes to Hephaistos to get new armor for Achilles Fight over Patroclus’ body continues; body is retrieved Description of Achilles’ new armor (ekphrasis) III. Key Events in Book 19: Thetis delivers armor to Achilles and tells Achilles to call an assembly and renounce his anger against Agamemnon Agamemnon and Achilles are reconciled Briseis and gifts are given to Achilles Greek elders beg Achilles to eat Achilles laments over the body of Patroclus Athena gives Achilles ambrosia and nectar to keep him from weakening Achilles arms himself and returns to battle Achilles’ horse Xanthus foretells Achilles’ death IV. Key Events in Book 20: Zeus calls an assembly of the gods and tells the gods to help whichever side they want The gods join the battle and even fight one another Achilles fights Aeneas Hector and Achilles square off but Apollo saves Hector Continuing battle scenes with Achilles V. Key Events in Book 21: Achilles’ rampage continues Achilles divides Trojan army in half: he chases half toward the city he forces the other half toward the river Xanthus, which becomes filled with the dead Achilles captures 12 Trojan youths whom he will later sacrifice on Patroclus’ pyre Achilles kills Lycaon, son of Priam, as he supplicates him River Xanthus rises against Achilles Gods fight one another All Trojans who can retreat within the walls of the city VI. Key Events in Book 22: Hector remains outside the walls of Troy despite Priam’s and Hecuba’s pleas Hector is chased by Achilles around the walls of Troy Athena (as Deiphobus) tells Hector to face Achilles Hector addresses Achilles before they engage in battle and asks that they each respect the body of the defeated one Battle between Hector and Achilles; Hector is slain Hector’s body is mutilated Hecuba and Priam learn of Hector’s death and lament from the walls of Troy Andromache learns of Hector’s death VII. Key Events in Book 23: Burial of Patroclus Funeral games in honor of Patroclus VIII. Key Events in Book 24: Achilles continues to defile Hector’s body by dragging it around Patroclus’ tomb. The gods decide the desecration of Hector’s body must stop. Thetis informs Achilles that he must accept Priam’s ransom; Iris tells Priam that he should go to Achilles with gifts to ransom his son’s body.
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