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Bottom Sediknts 0 August 1960-August 1961

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U.S. DEPARTMENT Of COMMERCE National Technical Information Serwice PB-260 212 RADIOLOGKAL CONTENT OF COLORADO RIVER BASIN BOTTOM SEDIKNTS 0 AUGUST 1960-AUGUST 1961 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DENVER~COLORADO JUNE1963 bIBLIOCRAPHIC DATA 2. 3; Recipient's Accession No. MEET PB-260 212 8. 8. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Radiological Content of CoSorado River Basin Jun 63 6. Bottom Sediments, Auqust 1960-Auqust 1961 '. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Rept. No. PR-Ig . PerforminR OrganiFation Name mnd Address 10. Prolect/.l ask/U'ork Unit No. Public Health Service; Denver, Colo. Div. of Water Supply and Pollution Control. 11. Contract/Grant No. -~ 2. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period Covered 1 5. Supplementary Notes Report on Colorado River Basin Water Qualit> Control Project, 6. Abstracts Data on the radium content of bottom sediment material collected in 1960 and 1361 throughout the Colorado River Ba.sin is provided, For the sediment surveys reported, 254 samples representing 121 different sampling stations were collected. Forty-nine samples representing 20 different sampling stations were collected in locations where the sed2-ment was not influenced by uranium mining and milling activity (background locations) , Detailed tables of the results of radium-226, gross alpha, and gross beta determinations on the sediments collected are included. 7. Key Woads and Document Analysis. 170. Descriptors 7b. Identifiers 0pen;Ended Terms Colorad o River Basin Public health * Radioac tive con tamination Leaching Radioactive wastes Hydrology *Sediments *Water pollution sampling uranium ores 7c. COSATI Field 'Group 8H 18. Aoailahtlity Statement 19. Security Class (This 21. No. of Pages Report) XED 62 20. Sxurity Class (This 22. Price Page UNCLASSI FlED RADIOLOGICAL CONTENT OF . '; COLORADO RIVER BASIN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS I' August 1960 - August 1961 ..I U. S, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Bureau of State Services Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control Region VI11 Colorado River Basin Water kuality Control Project June 1963 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The generous cooperation and assistance of the following in the conduct of the field sampling are gratefully acknowledged: U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau 3f Reclaamtioc, Region 3, Boulder City, Nevada; National Park Service, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Boulder City, Nevada; Fish and Wildlife Eervice, Havasu National Wildlife Refuge, Parker, Arizona, and Imperial National Wildlife Refuge, Yuma, Arizona. 'fie cooperation uf the sew9 Basin states in all Project activities is greatly appreciated. Id?. KAI)IOLOGICAL CONTENT OF ,"; . ! COLORADO RImR BASIN BOTTOEI SEDIPIENTS August 1960 - August 1961 J INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Studies which concern the disposal of and subsequent fate of radioactive materials in the water environment must consider all phases I of this environment. This includes the water itself, suspended and bottom sediment material, fish, algae and other aquatic biota. Many i I inveatigators have demonstrated that sediments and aquatic life can acctimulate significant amounts of radioactivity from overlying waters. The radioactivity contained in these sediments end possibly that from decaying aquatic life can be leached back to the watei phase. f -' f a In the United States vast deposirs of uranium ores are located in the Colorado Plateau area, central Wyoming, and the Grants-Ambrosia Lake areas of New Mexico, with lesser deposits in the western Dakotas, southern Oregon, and northeastern Washington. There were in 1961 twenty- six operating uranium mills and four upgrading plants in the western United States. Table I presents a listing of these facilities and their design capacities. From this tsble it is seen that, on the basis of design capacity, about 30 percent of the total national uranium ore production is milled in the Colorado River Basin. With respect to the waters of the Colorado River Basin, major sources of radioactive con- tamfnation have bem those associated with the mining and milling of these uranium-bearing ores. Figure 1 shows the location of uranium mills and upgrading plants in the Colorado River Basin. Uranium-bearing ores generally average about 0.25 percent uranium as U3O8 (2). The milling processes are designed principally to extract uranium froF the ore. The bulk of the ore processed becomes a waste product containing large amounts of radioacti-!e constituents other than the uranium originaLly present in the raw ore. Detailed ""t . descriptions of processing and waste disposal operations at various uranium mills are given in recent Public Health Service reports. (1)(3) Radioactive waste products associated with discharges from uranium milling operations include uranium, radium, thorium, and all of their decay products in varying amounts. By far the most important of these radionuclides is Ra-226 because cf its extremely low Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) in water (4)(5), its bone-seeking characteristics, and its long half-life of 1.22 years. Studies of the effects of waste discharges from uranium mills on the waters of the Colorado River Basin have been carried out by the ,. Public Health Fervice since 1950. In 1950 samples of river water were collected at locations above and below several uranium mills. These data showed thae the dissolved radium content of river water below uranium mills was increased considerably by waste discharges from the ,: c I la u YlLL SITCS COLORADO RIVER BAS1 N WATER QUALITY CONTROL PROJEC f ¶CALL IN MlLf 9 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,^ WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE MA a --REGION Vlll DENVF R,FIGURE COLORADO 1 , TABLE I - Uranium Proccssin!: Plants - 1561 (1) . Desi n Cap city Figure 1 (Tons of Oi-e CoInpaiijr Location 02 Mill Cotie No. per Day) A. COLORADO RIVER BASIN U. S.Atomic Energy Coinmission,11 i-!o n t ice 1lo , u . 1 350 Climax Uratiium Co. Grcm Junction, Co lo. 2 330 Guiinison Mining Co .Lj muulinisoil, Culo. 3 200 Kerr-McGee Industries SIILprOck, 01.1 N. M. 4- 300 Rare Metals Corp. 02 AmericizAi Tuba City, Ai-iz. -, 300 Texas-Z inc Minerals C91-p. Mt-::icaii Hat, Utah 6 1,030 Trace Elemcnts Co. Maybe 11, Co lo. 7 3 00 Uaion Carbide Nuc lcar Co. Ri.?le, Colo. 9 1,000 Ucion Carbide iu’crclear Co. Uravan, Cu lo. ,-., I, 000 Uranium Reduction Co. Noab, Utm 10 1,500 Vanadium Corp. 0: America Duranzo, Co 10. 11 7 50 TOTAL 7,230 Union Carbide Nuc lear Co .a/ Green River, Utah 12 Unioa Carbide Nuclear Co. 1 j 31 S 1ic!c Rock C,>lo. 13 V&LiadiurliCorp. Arilerica oE -3-1- PI.;, r i cme il i: V a 11 e y , Utah 14 Vanadium Corp. of America 31 Na t ur ita, Co lo. 15 B. OTHERS Cotter Corp . Canon City, Colo. 2 00 Anaconda Co. Graiits , N .PI. 3,000 I Homes take-W. M. Par Lr,sevsL/ Grants, N. M. 7 50 H3mestake-Sapin Partners Grants, N. M. 1,500 Kermac Nuclear Fucls Corp. Grants, N. M. 3,300 Phillips Petroleul,i Co. Grants, N. PI. 1,725 Lakeview Mining C0.11 Lalceviei:, Ore. .? 10 Mines Development, Inc. Edgemoiit, South Dai:o ta 400 Susquehanna-Vestern, Inc. Fall City, Texas 2 00 Vitro Cnemical Co. Salt Lake City, U. GOO Dat.:i EXiniiig Co. Ford, \‘ashiiigton 400 Federal-Raiorock-Gas Hi11s Partners Fremoiit CO., kyoning 520 C-lc~beMining Co Ncl trona Co. , L!yoining 490 Pc tro toinic s Co .-21 Carbon Co. , \:‘yomiiig 2co Susquehantia-l:ester.n, Itic. River ton, l.lyoniirig I; 00 1Jtah Construction and 14iiiiiiZ Co. Fremont Co., Kjroming 520 lTestern Nuclear , Iiic. Jeffrey City, l!yo!ning 345 \?yo. Mining & Milling Corp.- 2 31 Natrona Co. 1:yomir.z TOTAL 15,620 -11 Inactive -21 Under construc tioil -31 Upgrading plants . ,. ...... - -......-.. .) . I._.-I - - 3 , milling operations. In the fall of 1955 a second short-term survey was performed on streams in the vicirrlty of eight uranium mills, seven of which were in the Colorado River Basin (6). At this time, in addition to river water, bottom muds 3nd biota (algae and insects) were collected. Although radium analyses were not performed on the river muds, gross alpha and beta analyses showed accumulation factors of 100 times back- ground or more in the muds. A detaile.J survey was conducted in 1956 (7) on two of the most seriously polluted streams in the Colorado River Basin. The latter study showed that radium content of river muds immediately below che uranium mills was 1,000 to 2,000 times natural background concentrations. ! The Animas River surveys :6) (9) were the first studics which pro- vided detailed information concerning the effect of ladium-bearing bottom I sediments upon the stream environnient. These studies clearly demonstrated that considerable radium was leached out of the sediments with the result that the dissolved radium content of the river water was above the Maximum Permissible Concentrat ica value for radium-226. One of the questions raised in the Animas River studie; w3s that of the leachability of radim from uranium mill waste solids and river sediments, and the factors w:.ich influenced such leacSing. Accordingly, detailed laboratory investigations were undertaken along these lines (io). These studies showed that the major factor coatrolling leachability of radium was the liquid-to-suliu ratio (volume of liquid per unit weight of solids). A more detailed discussion of these findings is presented in Appendix A. i The objectives of rhe three Basinwide sediment surveys conducted by the Colorado River Basin Project during August 1960 to August 1961 were to determine: (a) che radioact;.-ity Luruen of Basin sediments; (b) distribution of tltis radicactivlty throughout the Bas.in; (c) the difference between natural background cotrcentratio. 3 of radioactivity, and radio- activity resulting from waste disposal operations; and (d) effects of river hydrology on sediment deposition and tran..port.
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  • August, 1961 Italian Prime Minister Fanfani's Visit to Moscow, August 1961

    August, 1961 Italian Prime Minister Fanfani's Visit to Moscow, August 1961

    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified August, 1961 Italian Prime Minister Fanfani's Visit to Moscow, August 1961 Citation: “Italian Prime Minister Fanfani's Visit to Moscow, August 1961,” August, 1961, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Translated for CWIHP by Niccolo Petrelli. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113361 Summary: A series of talks between Fanfani and Khrushchev in Moscow in early August 1961. The focus of the talks is on the ongoing Berlin Crisis and "the German question." Other topics include relations between Italy and the Soviet Union, East/West tensions, and nuclear disarmament. Original Language: Italian Contents: English Translation Fanfani and Segni's Visit to Moscow (August 1961) KHRUSHCHEV: Mr. President, Minister of Foreign Affairs, members of the delegation, please let me welcome you once again. We are very pleased that you accepted our invitation and you came to Moscow. Of course we do not want to make you supporters of communism. During your stay in our country you will have the opportunity to know us better, to see how we live and therefore you will learn to understand us better, which in turn will allow you to strengthen your friendship with us or by contrast to better fight against us. In both cases this visit will prove helpful to you. We usually allow our guests to speak first, Mr. President of the Council please. FANFANI: I would like to thank you once again for your invitation and for your welcome. In my speech at the airport I was sincerely willing to demonstrate the spirit with which we welcomed your kind invitation.