Tram- Based Systems Cyprien Richer
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Appraising territorial effects of tram- based systems Cyprien Richer To cite this version: Cyprien Richer. Appraising territorial effects of tram- based systems: 1 st PHASE – State oftheart. [Research Report] CEREMA, Cité des Mobilités, 25 avenue François Mitterrand, CS 92 803, 69674 Bron Cedex. 2012. halshs-01386524 HAL Id: halshs-01386524 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01386524 Submitted on 24 Oct 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Sustainable Integrated Tram-based Transport Options for Peripheral European Regions Janvier 2012 SINTROPHER WP2 Appraising territorial effects of tram- based systems 1st PHASE – State of the art Sophie HASIAK and Cyprien RICHER CETE-Nord Picardie/ SITURV. Projet SINTROPHER WP2-Phase 1 Documentary Form Information of the document Title Sintropher WP2- Appraising territorial effects of tram-based systems - State of the art Key Words appraising, tramway, Town Planning, Territorial effects, public Transport Geographical Key Words France, Great Britain, Germany, Valenciennes Date of the document Januray 2012 Authors Name of the organization Centre d'Etudes Techniques de l'Equipement Nord Picardie of affiliation Initials of the organization CETE Nord Picardie of affiliation Address 2 rue de Bruxelles - BP 275 59019 LILLE Cedex Author N°1 First Name, Name Sophie HASIAK Quality, role Project manager, author Division Transport & Mobilities Department - mobilities and territories group Addresses e-mail [email protected] N°2 Author First Name, Name Cyprien RICHER Quality, role Research Fellow, author Division Transport & Mobilities Department - mobilities and territories group Addresses e-mail [email protected] Geographical Key Words Amiens, metropolitan surface inhabitant of Lille, Lille, Valencians, Sponsoring Organization Name of the organization SITURV Name of division Addresses Zone Industrielle n°4 - BP12 - 59880 Saint-Szulve Addresses e-mail Contractual Information Status of the report Study Report 1 CETE-Nord Picardie/ SITURV. Projet SINTROPHER WP2-Phase 1 Contents list Introduction.................................................................................................................................4 I. Appraising territorial effects of tramway systems : positioning................................................7 I.1 Relationships between infrastructures and territories........................................................7 I.1.1 The scientific literature is skeptical about transport impacts.....................................7 I.1.2 A vocabulary to be adapted : impact or congruence?...............................................9 I.2 The case of trams and light railway systems....................................................................11 I.2.1 Definition of tram railway systems ..........................................................................11 I.2.2 Evolution of tram networks in Europe....................................................................13 I.2.3 Debate about the relevance of modes......................................................................16 I.3 Practical experience of appraising tramway lines: issues and limits................................19 I.3.1 Appraising : a fervent obligation?............................................................................19 I.3.2 The territorial expected effects of trams : what sort of expectations needed to be assessed?..........................................................................................................................20 I.3.3 Many expectations for modest gains: a risky assessment?.......................................24 II The French case : a collective enthusiasm for modern tramway but a discrete practice of ex post assessment ........................................................................................................................26 II.1 The “French” tram : a combine tool of transport and town planning policies................26 II.1.1 An obligation of coherence between transport and town planning policies required by local actors..................................................................................................................27 II.1.1.a A regulatory environment in favor of sustainable travels................................27 II.1.1.b Specific tools developed by local actors for a better coordination between transport systems and urban development...................................................................29 II.1.2 Does the tram projects governance have a potential influence on the conception of the tram line?....................................................................................................................35 II.1.2.a Different structures for the contracting authority of tram projects.................35 II.1.2.b A decision-making process based on various phases of participatory consultation ................................................................................................................37 II.1.2.c The French government action : to strive for a tram model?transport ..........39 II.1.2.d Impact of the financial package on the project design....................................41 II.1.3 Tram projects designed for a dual function: transport and new image of the city..45 II.1.3.a Can we talk about standardized arguments of French tram projects ? ..........45 II.1.3.b A transport system to rethink the city development ......................................47 II.2 assessments of French tram projects..............................................................................49 II.2.1 The regulatory context...........................................................................................49 II.2.2 Some methodological supports to accompany authorities in the ex-post evaluation .........................................................................................................................................51 II.2.3 The ex ante assessment's practice...........................................................................53 II.2.4 The ex-post assessment's practice..........................................................................54 II.2.5 Which territorial effects are actually put forward?.................................................55 II.2.5.a Some perceptible tram effects on public space and landscape........................59 II.2.5.b Urban changes along tram lines......................................................................64 II.2.5.c Are Tramway and trades discordant ?.............................................................64 II.2.5.d Tramway and job creation..............................................................................66 II.2.5.e What evolutions have been measured on land and real estate prices in the tram corridor?..............................................................................................................66 2 CETE-Nord Picardie/ SITURV. Projet SINTROPHER WP2-Phase 1 II.2.5.f Urban planning operations in the tram corridor .............................................70 III. Decision-making models for trams in Europe : contrasted paths........................................72 III.1 The United Kingdom : an economic rationality ..........................................................72 III.1.1 Institutional context and local transport structure ...............................................72 III.1.2 Funding system and principles of tram assessments : the key “cost-benefit analysis”...........................................................................................................................74 III.1.3 Limits of the UK model and difficulties in the implementation of tram projects...75 III.2 Germany: a functional rationality..................................................................................78 III.2.1 A model organization of public transport .............................................................78 III.2.2 Investment choices primarily made according functional concerns......................80 III.2.3 A strategy for a co-development of the city and of transport...............................82 III.3 France: a political rationality .....................................................................................86 III.3.1 The tram on the political agenda ..........................................................................86 III.3.2 The French decision-making model is both questionable and efficient.................88 III.3.3 Urban regeneration and image effect : a reflection of the political role of the tram? .........................................................................................................................................92 IV. An exploratory analysis of the territorial effects of “tram-based systems”..........................95 IV.1 A scientific approach ....................................................................................................95 IV.1.1 Recall of our positioning ......................................................................................95